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Mete Han, built the first regular army in the world and his system is still in use . In the Army Forces of Turkey, BC. 209 as the date of establishment. In BC. 209 , Mete Han became the emperor and built the first regular army and that is the date of establishment of the Army Forces of Turkey and other Turkic nations.They were one of the best examples of mounted-archery. The others are Mongols and Scythians. Scythians were older than those two and some claims that Scythians were the ancestors of Turks and Mongols.Taqi ad-Din, an astronomer, engineer and mathematician. He was the author of more than ninety books on a wide variety of subjects, including astronomy, clocks , engineering , mathematics, mechanics, optics and natural philosophy. He was the first one that calculated the axial tilt as 23° 28' 40", with the error of 1' 40".The Montgolfier brothers are often credited with the first manned balloon flight in Paris in 1783. However, almost one and a half centuries earlier, a Turkish scientist, Hezarfen Ahmet Celebi (1609-1640), flew across the Bosphorous from the Galata tower to Uskudar (after being inspired by the Tenth Century Turkish scientist Ismail Cevheri, who plummeted to his death during a flying experiment). The Emperor Sultan Murad IV, among many onlookers, was delighted and personally congratulated Celebi. But religious leaders and palace advisers soon changed his mind. Celebi was sent into exile (in Algeria), a victim of religious closed-mindedness; the scientist died, broken-hearted, at the youthful age of 31. His contemporary, the great Galileo, was condemned to lifelong imprisonment (via house arrest) in 1633, found to have breached the conditions laid down by the Inquisition... also a victim of religious lunacy.When Kara Mustafa Pasha came through Vienna, he was so sure that he would capture the city that he began to plan the parade resulting from the successful invasion. Polish King Jean Sobiesky arrived in the nick of time to dash the Pasha’s hopes... who left all belongings in front of the Vienna ramparts and retreated towards Belgrade with his army. King Sobiesky, savior of Vienna, took what was left behind. Along with the treasures taken from Topkapi Palace, sacks of coffee seeds were found. When the Austrians saw the coffee seeds they figured, “it seems that Turks eat goat feces” and decided to throw away the seeds. A Viennese man who lived in the Ottoman lands recognized the coffee seeds, informed the Europeans, and coffee in the Western world was born.The Piri Reis Map of 1513 is the first surviving map that shows the Americas (the Vinland map may be older but only shows a part of North America). The Piri Reis map shows North America, South America, Greenland and Antarctica which had not yet been discovered.This is certainly no "cultural contribution," just a fun little claim to fame. The Ottoman Navy was practically nonexistent by 1908, as the previous sultan was afraid keyed-up sailors might provide a revolutionary threat. However, when Greece bought a submarine, the Ottomans didn't want to be left behind; they ordered two, delivered in 1886. Trouble is, the British built subs wouldn't submerge. However, the submarines were able to fire torpedoes to target ships successfully. Thus the Ottoman Navy became the first Navy to fire a torpedo to a target from a submarine.Ḳoca Mimar Sinan Ağa was the chief Ottoman architect for sultans Selim I, Suleiman I, Selim II and Murad III. He was, during a period of fifty years, responsible for the construction or the supervision of every major building in the Ottoman Empire. More than three hundred structures are credited to his name, exclusive of his more modest projects, such as his Koran schools (sibyan mektebs). His masterpiece is the Selimiye Mosque in Edirne, although his most famous work is the Suleiman Mosque in Istanbul. He had under him an extensive governmental department and trained many assistants who, in turn, distinguished themselves, including Sedefhar Mehmet Ağa, architect of the Sultan Ahmed Mosque. He is considered the greatest architect of the classical period, and is often compared to Michelangelo as a Western contemporary. The stature of Michelangelo and his plans for St Peter's Basilica in Rome were well-known in Istanbul, since he (and also Leonardo da Vinci) received an invitation to build a bridge over the Bosphorus.Yoghurt. I don’t think Turks discovered yoghurt but they spread it to the world. A Turkish citizen even founded a company in America and became the entrepreneur of the year in 2013.They built lots of roads and caravansary to improve the trading. Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire did the same and Seljuks and Ottomans tried to do the same. I see it as a big contribution but mostly peoples doesn’t care about these things, even Turks.And here is my favorite. Originally a Turkish invention called "kenef" or "hela"; centuries later, the French adopted the idea. (Holdwater: That one is much more believable, as cleanliness holds a high priority in the Moslem religion. However, what a claim to fame.... to be the inventor of the toilet.)Here is a part of the Piri Reis map.And here is the banner of the Army Forces of Turkey.

... No matter how prejudiced you are against Russians, at first you do not notice that you are fascinated, and then you cannot and do not want to get rid of these spells. Determining why this happens is just as impossible as explaining the work of fantasy or penetrating the mystery of witchcraft.Marquis Astolphe de Custine, "Russia in 1839"In Russia, etiquette evolved over the centuries.The main thing that should be understood Russian do not tolerate falsehood in a relationship. Do not tolerate lies and double standards.Be friendly but let it be a sincere desire.If you say or want something, then you can add from the heart or from the whole soul.If you can help someone then give help.If your woman is carrying a heavy bag then offer your help. And if she refuses out of politeness, then you still need to help her. It is customary to carry a heavy bag. About the woman you should take care.If you see a crying person, then it is appropriate to offer a handkerchief and ask about the reason.Russian do not put a barrier to communication as is customary in the Western world.To understand Russian culture more, you should learn Russian.Russians read a lot, love history, everyone loves music, a lot of people who love classical music, opera and ballet.Many have certain preferences in watching movies. Russians try to watch all the world premieres and better before the premiere.Sincerity of relationships always comes first.Do not try to be buttoned on all buttons. I mean no need to be an inanimate dummy.Russians are very sensitive to lies and falsity.In Russian families it is very common to receive guests. There is a Russian proverb - Guest came - set everything on the table.At the same time, if the relationship is not very close, then it is worth warning in advance about the visit. There is a Russian proverb - a guest who was not invited worse than a Tatar man (This is from history. The Tatars attacked the Russian kingdom without declaring war, I want to inform you in advance about your intentions). At the same time, if the relationship is very friendly, then without etiquette you can come and it does not matter whether it will be night or day.There is a Russian song:A real friend never leave you in troubleHe never asks too many questionsThat's what it means to be a faithful, a true friendA real friend never leave you in troubleHe never asks too many questionsThat's what it means to be a faithful, a true friendRussians love to sing or sometimes sing. Many are very musical. During the USSR, any guests were accompanied by singing or playing the guitar or piano.The Russian school has lessons in singing and music, and one can say that everyone has a small musical education.Also, any Russian is taught to draw. As a rule, many have drawing as a hobby.If you decide to go to visit Russian, be sure to prepare a gift. The most important thing is to make a gift sincere and it does not matter if it is an inexpensive book or postcard or a bottle of expensive whiskey.At the same time, it would be inappropriate if for example a person gave you a very expensive gift earlier and you make a smaller gift. This is disrespectful.Perhaps if you are often focused on calculating money, then you will be called a miser and a sincere relationship may then not be.Also, Russian people are very compassionate. For example, a hungry Russian can give his piece of bread to a hungry animal or share it with him. This is normal.Caring for relatives ones also plays a big role in Russian.For example, my friend was forced to quit a very good job and salary when his mother was sick. He was next to her.Russians believe that even the presence of a close person helps to cope with the disease.Russians love to do everything a little more than they need. For example, a big tip to the waiter or a very expensive car.It was called during the USSR to live not according to its financial means.Italian clothes and very expensive brands are very popular among Russians.Also at work there is a strict dress code depending on the job.For example, my friend from Sweden when she came to work in Russia was surprised a lot.She worked as a teacher, but in Russia the payment was three times more. Sometimes it turns out that the salary of a foreign worker is more, and this is strange. In any country, the advantage of indigenous peoples. She was also shocked: a woman very often has to have a lot of different decorations and change dresses and costumes. She really wasn't ready. By the way, she stayed to live in Russia and is now the deputy director of the recruiting company. Very rich man.By the way, if a Russian person does not have a higher education, he is perceived by many as a lazy or a lower rank person.For example, one of my friends had a father (professor), who preferred that all his three children not only received a higher education, but also received a doctoral degree. Some children didn’t like it, but their parents wanted it so much.That is the opinion of parents in the traditional Russian family in the first place.It is also common for Russian parents to take care of children and help them.Almost always, parents want his child to have a family and children.Grandchildren are very welcome for all parents and grandparents often spend a lot of time with them.In Russia, non-traditional homosexual families are not welcome as this is contrary to the traditional Russian culture based on the Orthodox religion. Sodomia is considered a sin. If a young man or girl is homosexual, then this is usually a grief for parents since they do not have grandchildren and a traditional Russian family. During the USSR there was a law prohibiting homosexual contact. At the same time, since the time of Khrushchev, began to treat homosexuals either indifferently. In the USSR there were a lot of homosexual actors, artists and singers. Nobody pursued them, but it was not customary to talk about it. This tradition has been preserved. It is not customary to speak openly about homosexuality. At the same time, for the majority in Russia, the attitude is calm and tolerant. There are so many homosexual clubs.But again, this is not acceptable for the Orthodox Christian tradition.If you come out of a Russian bath or sauna, then maybe you will be told - with a light steam! That is, they wish you to be very nice after bath.Sandunovsky baths (1808). Address: Neglinnaya st., 14 bldg. 3-7, MoscowRussian bath has a very long history and a lot of traditions.According to the ancient Greek historian Herodotus, visiting as early as the 5th century BC. The Northern Black Sea (Russia) region, Herodot described in detail the Russian bath. Russian bath is a specially equipped room, which is designed to accept water hygienic and thermal procedures for the prevention and recovery of the whole organism. I note that the traditions of the Russian bath are very large. For example, Europe tried not to bathe in the bath - it saves firewood and bans nude bodies. In Europe, tried to develop perfumes as there was not a very good smell from the human body.Sandunovsky bathsThe daughter of Grand Prince Yaroslav the Wise, Anna, after marriage with the French king Henry I wrote to the pope: Why you hate me so much that you sent me to this dirty France, where I really can't even wash myself.When in Europe it was not customary to go to the not bath, then the Russians already had a century-old tradition of how to go to the bath and special Russian baths. Russian bath can cure some diseases and Russian people use it If you write about the traditions of the Russian bath then you will probably get a very large list of several hundred points.Sandunovsky bathsRemember the question “How are you?” Is perceived by the Russians literally and the fact that you are really interested in how are you. It is not in the Russian tradition to ask a question about health or affairs just like that.On the tradition of holidays.In Russia, a lot of holidays. Some are very popular.For example, everyone loves the New Year. To prepare for it in November.Buy gifts and cards. Decorations for the Christmas tree. Buy everything for the holiday table.The new year is celebrated on the night of December 31 to January 1 and it is a big and joyful holiday.An Orthodox xmas. Unlike the Catholic, the date of the holiday is January 7th.On January 13, the Old New Year begins. This is also a holiday for the Russians.January 25, Students Day (Tatiana's Day)Then comes February 23rd. This is the day when it is customary for women to congratulate men. And men serving in the army congratulate each other.February 20 - 26 Maslenitsa - bake pancakes and treat guests.March 8 is a holiday of women and it is necessary to congratulate all women. Most loved women! Remember to buy a gift.April 1 is a day of laughter and jokes. You can be joking. Even on television there can be serious programs, but it will turn out to be a joke.Russians love to joke and prank.May 1 is celebrated now not by everyone and not always, but earlier there was a very cheerful common holiday.The Day of Victory (Soviet Songs in English)May 9 - Victory Day. The Russians decided to congratulate each other on Victory or May 9th. The Russians made a great contribution to the struggle against the army of the Nazis and a lot of Russians died in the war. Almost every Russian family has grandfathers or great-grandfathers who fought in WW2June 12 is the Day of Russia.September 1 is the Day of Knowledge and on this day all students go to school or university. If someone is learning, do not forget to congratulate.Russia is also trying to celebrate religious Orthodox Christian holidays. This is also a lot.For example, if a black cat crossed the road in front of you, then it is better not to cross the road there.No need to whistle in the room is a bad sign - there will be no money.It is not accepted to eat food from a knife - you will become angryBurping can not be. It is impossible not at the table not in conversation. It is believed that you are a very uncultured person.If you go to exam then put a coin in your shoes under your heel for good luck.Before a long journey you need to sit on your suitcase on a bit.If you have a road ahead and it rains then this is good, there will be a good way.If a flying bird has tagged your car, then that’s good luck.If you are going to a funeral, the bouquet should have an even number of flowers. If you are going to the funeral, put on black mourning clothes and give and say that you sincerely sympathize with grief.If you like to speak very loudly, then do not try to do it so they can understand as if you are shouting at the interlocutor.If you come to visit, you need to take off your shoes and wear slippers.It is not customary to give a hand or kiss if you are on the threshold (did not enter the door).It is not customary to sleep or lie on the bed in clothes.It is also not accepted to smoke if the owner of the house did not allow it. In most cases, quit smoking in the porch or on the balcony.If you say a toast, say a toast to your parents and friendship, and you will be well received. This is welcome.You can come up with a question to any Russian and he will try to answer or prompt you.As a rule, many in the subway ask how and where to go?If you like hunting or fishing, then watch the film Features of national hunting. It speaks a little about Russian hunting.The main thing is communication and friendly company.If you are in the company of a girl, then many traditions are accepted.If you came to visit or to the theater, then help the lady to take off her coat, and when you leave, help to wear.Having studied Russian slang, do not try to use it in a conversation, because in the first place it is not always appropriate and can is insult. Russian slang (mat) is very popular with the elite and among the dregs of society. But is not norm of communicationRussian tradition to self-medicate. It is true. TV shows about health and treatment. This is a tradition since the USSR. There was a lot of information to learn how to treat minor diseases on their own.In Russia, the tradition to believe in miracles. Perhaps this is due to the large number of Russian people psychics. That is, for example, a person can cure you by making a hand gesture. Or for example a person can know your future and past. Very much is reflected in Russian fairy tales.In Russia, the tradition since the time of Khrushchev to scold the government and tell jokes. There were a lot of jokes about Khrushchev and about Brezhnev. Typically, the kitchen discusses the politics and economy of the country.The basic rule of Russian etiquette is that you sincerely love Russia and know and respect its traditions. But again, the Russians are very tolerant and no one will laugh at you or swear.Here is a brief summary of what might be worth knowing. I hope the information was useful to you.

Thanks for the interesting question. Probably I can answer you.I am a descendant of an ancient noble family in Russia, I belong to the Jewish people by nationality. Before the revolution in Russia in February and October 1917, my family had their own apartment buildings in St. Petersburg and Moscow and Yaroslavl. They also had three villages with peasants and large lands that brought income. After the revolution in October 1917, my ancestors supported the reforms of Lenin. This was dictated by the fact that the Jewish people during the Russian Empire had for the most part many restrictions. My ancestors were forced to accept the Orthodox Christian faith; otherwise, all paths to study and career were closed. There were many laws restricting the rights of the Jewish people. Oddly enough this will sound but my ancestors decided that the common good for the people is better than the personal one. This is their choice that I respect. After the Civil War in Russia, it was 1924. The creation of the USSR began. The struggle also began within the Bolshevik fractions, so they were different in their directions. This led to numerous coup attempts as well as specially created repressions in order to raise the people against the government. The Molotov government supported mainly the ideas of Stalin. Stalin should pay tribute to him was a very talented person and Russia was very lucky as he was educated as a priest of the Christian Orthodox Church and was an ascetic and was not attracted to personal wealth or the wealth of any oligarchs in the former Russian Empire. At the same time, the territories of the Russian Empire were huge and Lenin and Trotsky began to reduce them. For example, Finland and Poland and the Baltic states were torn away from the territories and came under the influence of Germany. In the Far East, the territories of the islands were also torn away by Japan. It is interesting that after the successful October coup in 1917, Lenin and Trotsiy did not know what to do and began to return everything to what was under the Russian Empire, and this led to problems both within the Bolshevik party and among workers and peasants. My ancestors were not repressed. They were even given some territory to create their own home. That is, an area of ​​8 hectares was obtained. This is a very large area. After Stalin came to power in 1941, the Nazi invasion began. At its core, it was a war for the survival of the Jewish people and the peoples who inhabited the Russian Empire. Some peoples supported the Nazis: Crimean Tatars and Balts, and Western Ukrainians and Finns and Poles. After the Second World War, Europe was divided into spheres of influence of the USSR and Britain and the USA. Further, Stalin proposed reforms, but these reforms removed the old party leaders from the leadership and gave prospects to the young. As a result, Stalin was poisoned by Khrushchev and Kaganovich. Since 1956, the destruction of the USSR economy began. Private companies and cooperatives were canceled and destroyed and this led to hunger. Khrushchev’s rule was destructive. Throughout the country there were uprisings and rallies against Khrushchev’s power. As a result, Khrushchev was replaced after the death of Kuusinen, who was the creator of Khrushchev and Androaov. The replacement was Brezhnev, but in fact Andropov had great power. In 1963, the territories of my ancestors were reduced from 8 hectares to 5 hectares, which was also very good. Since 1978, Andropov’s power has virtually eliminated anyone who could restore the USSR. And the promotion of Gorbachev and Yeltsin began. In 18985, the further destruction of the USSR began. These were big problems for the whole people. Some of my relatives were forced to leave the territory of the USSR. Anti-Semitic sentiments grew. Destruction and crime and corruption were created. In 1983, the territory that my grandmother owned was reduced to 3 hectares. My parents were already thinking about moving to Israel, but my mother got sick and postponed the trip. After the destruction of the USSR in 1991, no one suggested to my family or to return to me what my ancestors once gave to the USSR. Fundamentally important was precisely the destruction of the Warsaw Pact countries and the USSR and not the establishment, for example, of the Russian Empire again. For example, the same Yeltsin divided the territories and factories of the USSR between his people created during Andropov. These were the new oligarchs. These are former members of the CPSU who headed the USSR during Andropov and Gorbachev. They did not need the return of what was once taken away as they tried to become millionaires. After 1991, Yeltsin and then Putin began to invite those who once belonged to the imperial family. They created a strange new Russian nobility from people who never had nobles in their family. I was invited several times to the noble Russian meeting, but I refused. These are just false nobles. I told story. My friend also told me that asking for it can be dangerous. Now these Democrats and new oligarchs and they can get angry and create poor living conditions, or even put them in jail or kill.