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This is affiliate Marketing where you promote a high-priced products/services resulting into high commissions earningsMaking $100 and above in a single affiliate commission is not a pipe dream but rather a realistic outcome of following the RIGHT systemEnvision yourself making big money without actually selling products or being a top-level marketer... This is very possible with the RIGHT system in place. Here's what you'll need:A High-Ticket Offer - the first and underlying component is a high-ticket offer. This is a product that gives commission of more than $400 per sale. The truth is, the effort put into marketing a high-ticket offer is about the same as a low-ticket offer, but of course the rewards are many times greater with high ticket offers.An Offer with a High Conversion Rate - greater than 10%. This means that for every 100 persons that see the offer, 10 people or more end up purchasing. This also means that you don't need to drive ridiculous amounts of traffic to the offer to get salesAn Offer that's within a passionate niche - one that's full of buyers that buy and buy over and overAn offer that has low competition - the less competition there is, the greater you're chances of getting noticed.Little marketing skills required - Doesn't require you to be a top-level "guru" marketer - so you don't require any marketing/selling skills. Ideally, you don't have to do any personal selling! Check this 13 FREE Affiliate Marketing Training Videos For BeginnerWhy You Should Focus on High Ticket Affiliate Marketing OptionsDue to the lower prices of many affiliate products, it’s hard for most companies to provide an “exciting” commission. If you’re looking to make more than a few hundred bucks on each and every sale, then you’re bound to be disappointed. For the company owner, it’s all about protecting the profit margins. For that reason, you’re going to see most commissions top at about 40%.You promote an eBook on affiliate training course that retails for $75 dollars. You’re getting a commission of 40%, thus a payment of $30.Maybe you decide to promote an affiliate training video course instead. This item retails at a more robust $350, but you’re still making out with just $140 on the sale.With these low-ticket affairs, the company rarely (if ever) provides you with a way to make money on the back-end. Companies want that recurring revenue for themselves and see no reason to pay you more than the one-time fee for finding the customer.Why should you care about back-end sales? If you don’t, you’re bound to burn out as an affiliate marketer. There’re so many customers in the world, and it’s easier than you think to burn out. Many come into affiliate marketing with lofty goals like hitting 5 figures in sales every month. Using the example above, you’d have to sell 70+ video courses or 300+ eBooks every single month. That’s just to gross 10k, you’ll take home much less after expenses.There’s an easier way. What if you sold a product that gave you a commission of $1,000? You’d only have to hit 10 sales a month! These opportunities exist, and they’re known as high-ticket affiliate marketing.Learning the Ins and Outs of Selling High Ticket Affiliate ItemsThere are some who do well by affiliate marketing with low-ticket items. You shouldn’t settle though, it’s just too much work for what you get in return. Marketing high ticket items are the way to go.This isn’t some new, shiny method. Affiliate marketers have been selling high ticket items for others since the beginning of commerce. The concept seems foreign to those looking to market online though. This isn’t always the marketer’s fault. Often you get into these programs by invitation or accident.My start in affiliate marketing with high ticket items falls into the accident category. I wasn’t making enough money with my day job, and working a second job for someone else was out of the question. I started searching Google for a way to strike out on my own. I stumbled upon a company that was selling very pricey items. The least expensive on their list was north of $1,500, with a commission of $1,000.This site handed me nothing outside of basic resources though. I was expected to find the leads. I was expected to entice those leads into the company’s sales funnel. And finally, I was expected to follow up whenever needed to ensure the sale was made. It was a terrifying but enticing prospect. So I did what any good entrepreneur has to be ready to do: I risked absolutely everything.Over the next couple of years partnering with this company I watched, I learned, and I figured out how I would do things better on my own. I changed a lot, but there’s one area where I never compromised:Think about it: how many 5 figure sales would you need a month to be satisfied? For most people, they’d be happy with just one. With this system, the heavy lifting can be done for you. You can finally live the life you deserve.It’s up to you to take the next step, just like I once did.Some of high commissioned affiliate programClickfunnelsCommission amount: $40% recurringCookie length: LifetimeClickfunnels is a phenomenal affiliate program. They are world-class marketers who have put together an army of affiliates and sub-affiliates to sell their products. They are a great example of what you can do if you put affiliates first. They have a best-in-class product for building landing pages and offer a 14-day free trial.This is easy business to close.ClickFunnels pays 40% commission and has two plans a $97/moth and a $297/month one. So you will earn $38 or $118 per month for each basic sale. They use a sticky cookie that will not expire, the only way to lose the prospect is if another ClickFunnels affiliate is visited, overwriting your cookie.The big money comes into play with the upsells like the Funnel Builder Secrets. This is a $1,997 product that pays you $798!And a final incentive. When you get to 100 active members, ClickFunnels will cover the lease of your dream car – up to $500/mo. Get 200 active members and it is a $1000/month lease payment.N.B: Your Imaginanation and Creativity is Unlimited with Clickfunnels.Be Sure To Customize It For Your Audience.Best Part is,“The One Funnel Away Challenge” Is BACK!🏅Join it With Me👍👍Hammacher SchlemmerCommission amount: Most items 8%Cookie length: 30 daysHammacher and Schlemmer are a really interesting company. They are America’s longest running catalog so a well-known and trusted brand.But at 8% though how do they warrant listing on the highest paying affiliate program list? Well take a look at some of their more expensive products:Flying Fire Breathing Dragon — $60,000Full Immersion Professional Racer’s Simulator — $65,000An 8% commission on any of these is going to yield some big payouts of $4,000 – $5,200.These are clearly going to be unusual sales for you. You won’t sell one per day or even month. I would focus on very specific long-tail keywords. There will be little to no keyword volume but when someone does search for an item you will be on page one do to the total lack of competition.HubspotCommission amount: Up to $1000 for each product purchasedCookie length: 90 daysHubSpot has a full suite of Internet Marketing tools for the small medium business (SMB) community. These services include all aspects of the customer relationship lifecycle. It is one-stop shopping.They have three packages; Starter, Professional and Enterprise. They pay well …Starter/Basic -> $250 in commissionProfessional/CMS -> $500 in commissionEnterprise -> $1,000 in commissionIt is a strong brand with high conversions and low reversal rates. A solid performer. They compete with products like:MarketoInfusionsoftPardotOracle EloquaAct-OnImprovelyCommission amount: Up to $1400Cookie length: 90 days in-house, 120 days at CJImprovely is a tool for paid advertisers. It helps reduce fraud and tracks conversions. It has a very strong payback for advertisers. Prices range from $29/month to $299/month and all plans have a 14-day free trial.The Improvely affiliate program is a hybrid one with an initial payment of 50% of the monthly billing plus a 10% recurring commission for the first year. The affiliate program is managed by ShareASale and approval is very easy.They have 25 banners and other display ads for you to use in your promotions …KinstaCommission amount: $50 – $500Cookie length: 60 daysKinsta is like WP Engine, a Managed WordPress hosting company. One of the great things about the Kinsta product is that they have a very low churn rate (very few people leave) and they pay you a 10% recurring commission! This is something WP Engine does not offer.The commission plan is a bit lower than WP Engine for initial payouts …Starter Plan … $50 commissionBusiness Plan … $100 commissionPro Plan … $150 commissionEnterprise Plan … $500 commissionA good strategy would be to do comparison articles of Kinsta vs. WP Engine, Kinsta vs. WPX Hosting etc. You may need to be even narrower with the keywords than this to rank well. Much depends on your sites hosting relevance.Liquid WebCommission amount: $150 minimum up to $7,000Cookie length: 90 days in-house, 120 days at CJLiquid Web is a high-end hosting company that focuses on SMB – Enterprise products. You won’t find any $2.95/month shared hosting here. They are my hosting company for this site for a few reasons:They have great supportThey have fast hosting (Pingdom has this site loading in .72 seconds)They have a great affiliate program with expensive productsMost hosting companies have good affiliate programs. And I am happy to get the base $200 from someone like WP Engine for simply selling a $35/month product. But hosting affiliate programs are very competitive – they just pay too well. Liquid Web will pay 150% of the monthly billing. So a $2000/month enterprise server will pay you $3000!I like to focus on high end servers like high availability server clusters from Liquid Web. There are fewer affiliates writing and ranking content in these narrower niches.Puffy MattressCommission amount: $300-$350 per saleCookie length: 180 daysPuffy makes great mattresses for a great night's sleep. They actually have a 101-night sleep trial with a money back guarantee. Mattresses should be a relatively easy conversion. Everyone realizes how much of their life is spent with their mattress.The Puffy mattress is an all foam bed. I sleep on one of these latex beds (though not a Puffy one) and they are the best. Much better for large framed people (that sounds better than heavy) like myself. They cost $1,495 after discount which is very competitive with premium box-spring/coil mattresses. Buying a mattress can be a hassle but Puffy makes it easy with free 2-5-day Fedex delivery.The affiliate program is easy to understand. They pay $300 or $350 depending on the mattress. They have some nice bonus offers as well. For instance, sell 10 mattresses in your first 30 days and get a $1000 bonus! They have lots of creatives available like banners and ads. Their top performing affiliates are earning over $10k per month.Shopify PlusCommission amount: $58 – $2,000Cookie length: 30 daysShopify is the leading hosted e-commerce solution for retailers. They represent retailers small and large. It makes a lot of sense for many retailers to use Shopify. There other solution is to use WooCommerce which will require both WordPress and WooCommerce support capabilities or Magento which will usually require external support for setup and maintenance. These are both expensive items when you consider the time you spend dealing with technology – not retailing.The basic product is inexpensive so there will be no big affiliate commissions. The commission rate is 200% of the monthly base billing rate for the standard packages. So the basic plan at $29/month has a payout of $58 – that beats most Amazon sales by a bunch. Shopify Plus pays you a flat $2,000!Basic … $58 commissionShopify … $158 commissionAdvanced … $598 commissionShopify Plus … $2,000 commissionThe big money is in the Shopify Plus program. This is their product for high volume and larger retailers.The cookie period is 30 days but all you need to do is get them into a free trial and you have locked in the customer. As long as they convert within the trial period you will get paid.Spocket Affiliate ProgramCommission amount: Up to $450Cookie length: 90 daysSpocket is a drop shipping marketplace for US and EU suppliers. Given the tariff wars in China it is front of mind at the moment. They service features:Automated shipping and fulfillment. They generally ship within one business day.inventory management at a detailed level to help businesses run smoothly.Automated integration with most shopping carts and marketplaces.Kits, assemblies, subscription boxes, and more.They have a 3-tiered commission program for their affiliates …Bronze – 20% – up to $297 per subscriberSilver – 25% – up to $371.25 per subscriberGold – 30% – up to $445.50 per subscriberA nice touch is that provide you with a $100 off coupon to give to your referrals to incent them to join the program.ThinkificCommission amount: Up to $675 per referral – per year!Cookie length: 90 daysThinkific is a course creation platform. The target audience is:Do It Yourself content creators who want to share their knowledge.Entrepreneurs who want to develop coursewareBusinesses who want to create online courses for their customers.There are 4 plans ranging from $49/month to $499/mo. with discounts for prepaying annually.The commission rate is 20% of the monthly payment. The payments are recurring as long as the customer is enrolled. These are very sticky programs with a low churn rate. You don’t change your course delivery and enrollment platform on a whim. There is a 30-day money back offer on all plans so promote that for sure.VolusionCommission amount: Up to $2000Cookie length: 90 days in-house, 120 days at CJVolusion is a competitor of Shopify. They are an eCommerce platform with over 200,000 customers on-board. They have two programs for affiliates. The first is to be a reseller partner. This is a program where you get a discount and are billed by Volusion. You then bill your customer. This is best for agencies and website developers.The second is a more typical affiliate program. With the Volusion affiliate program you will be paid a one-time payment of 200% of the referred customers monthly billing. The pricing ranges from $29/mo to $299/mo+. Your commissions will be …Personal … $58 commissionProfessional … $158 commissionBusiness … $598 commissionPrime … $1000+ commission (depending on configuration)WP EngineCommission amount: 100% of first month – $200 minimumCookie length: 180 daysWP Engine is the leading manages WordPress hosting company. They have a very high paying affiliate program. I love the minimum $200 commission payout. This is for the single domain $35/month package. This is such an easy close. Any small organization without a dedicated IT group would benefit greatly by going with managed WordPress.The real money though is in the dedicated server offering. This is typically used by small -midsized companies looking to consolidate a number of WordPress sites. It is very common to do an audit of a company's hosting and find that many groups in different departments have each set up their own WordPress site for their stakeholders. This is both costly and inefficient.Rather than having 20 groups pay separately for their hosting and have multiple support touchpoints, WP Engine will consolidate them onto one server with a single support group. IT will be thrilled with the security and automatic updating. These packages can easily cost a few thousand per month (but still cheaper than 20 separate scattered accounts). WP Engine pays a commission rate of 100% of first months billing. If the dedicated server configuration is $1500/month – you get a $1,500 commission!Just getting started with affiliate marketing? Check out this Free Affiliate Marketing Training VideosSee You At The TopCheers

Marketing plugin:First: Reward Programs for eCommerce (monthly fee: $59–599)Uses: Increase the repeat purchase rate.Address: https://apps.shopify.com/smile-ioReward Programs for eCommerce has the following features: provides 10 ways to allow customers to participate in an interactive, free shop can be used.A loyalty point system, a VIP plan, and a friend recommendation plan can be established.Reward customers’ purchases, recommend friend purchases, email registrations, social sharing, social attention and birthdays, etc. The rewards can be accumulated points, free postage, discount coupons, gift giving, etc. Customers can refer friends to sign up and both parties will receive a reward.Second: Free Shipping Bar by Hextom (free)Uses: Appear at the top of the website to remind customers of shipping conditions.Address: https://apps.shopify.com/free-shipping-bar88% of customers think that if they have free postage, they will be more willing to shop online. You can customize which pages appear and which pages do not appear, such as appear on all pages and home pages, do not appear on product pages, and so on. You can also customize your geolocation, such as “US 100” and “Canada 150”. When customers add products to the shopping cart, they can directly see how much or how much has been reached.Third: Happy Email-Automated Thank You Email (Free)Use: Automatically send thank you emails to customers.Address: https://apps.shopify.com/beeketingAfter the customer purchases the product or registers, they are thanked and re-marketed, build a trust relationship with the customer, encourage them to buy later, and turn them into loyal customers.There is data that uses the plug-in to bring the total open rate and click-through rate 4 times and 5 times of other marketing activities , so there is nothing to hesitate!Fourth: Privy-Free email popups with exit intent (free — monthly fee of 299 dollars)Uses: Plug-in windows, coupons, shopping carts to abandon the recall function in one plug-in.Address: https://apps.shopify.com/privyComprehensive powerful plug-ins, lucky turntable, mail registration pop-up window, offer coupon code, embedded form, can locate shopping cart behavior, traffic source, country, language, recommended source, etc., can automatically synchronize new contacts in Mailchimp People or lists.You can increase the mailing list, reduce the shopping cart abandonment rate, and increase the repeat purchase rate.Sales plugin:First: Recart (28 days free to use, after the monthly fee of 29–299 US dollars)Uses: Increase sales with Facebook Messenger, email and messaging.Address: https://apps.shopify.com/recartThis plugin integrates with the Facebook Messenger for discarding shopping carts . Provides the following functions: discarded shopping cart reminders, added to the shopping cart pop-up window, message push, mail capture, form auto-fill, and abandon analysis. This plugin is great if you want to rediscover a customer who has already joined the shopping cart but has not made a purchase for a variety of reasons.Similar to Abandonment Cart Protector.Second: Loox Reviews (monthly fee 9.99–99.99 USD)Uses: collect beautifully presented photo reviewsAddress: https://apps.shopify.com/looxAutomatically send emails to customers to ask for a picture review. You can put the image wall on any page or make a special comment page, which not only builds customer trust, but also reflects in Google search results, which is very helpful for SEO . Studies have shown that customer’s graphical review is the most important factor affecting sales. For promoting conversion, the picture is more convincing than the text.Third: Discounted upsell (free trial for 7 days, then monthly fee 14.99–59.99 US dollars)Uses: discount sales and cross-sellingAddress: https://apps.shopify.com/discounted-upsellsThis is the favorite “two pieces of 10% off the whole court”, “buy more and more discounts”, “buy one get one free”, etc., the function is relatively simple, you can set a quantity discount, buy a few pieces to make a few folds. Do not underestimate these discounts, the effect is good, most foreigners still eat this set, highly recommended.Fourth: Product Bundles (free trial for 60 days, then monthly fee of 19.99 to 29.99 dollars)Use: Encourage customers to purchase product portfolios.Address: https://apps.shopify.com/product-bundlesTwo or three products are combined to form a combined sale, and the total price is given a percentage of the discount. In this way, hot products can be used to drive sales of new products, and even drive the entire store’s sales rate.Do you want to customize these plugins or want help to build the Shopify Store? Hire Professional Shopify Web Designer from Votive Technology.There are three types of combinations: first, select a few specific products that can be matched together, such as shoes + pants; second, select by product series, such as hat series + shorts + T-shirt series, then choose from each series One product comes out to form a combination; third, buy X free to get one.Social plugin:First: Instagram shop by Snapppt (free)Use: Turn Instagram Instagram into a purchaseable image.Address: https://apps.shopify.com/instagram-shop-by-snappptThe customer simply clicks on the icon on the image and the purchase page for the corresponding product pops up. Turn the Instagram platform into a way to get new customers and sales channels.Inventory plugin:First: Bulk Product (free)Use: batch modificationAddress: https://apps.shopify.com/bulk-product-editProduct price, comparison price, label, inventory, title, supplier, product type, weight, description SEO, SKU, etc. can be edited in batches, saving manual modification time.Accounting plugin:First: Sufio-automatic invoicesUse: Automatically create and send invoices to customers.Address: https://apps.shopify.com/sufioAfter the order is completed, the invoice is automatically sent to the customer by email, or the customer can download it online. You can customize the colors and elements for the template to create a unique invoice for your store. Can be printed or downloaded in batches and supports more than 30 languages.Customer Service Class Plugin:First: Wishlist Plus (free -59.9 dollars)Use: To understand customer preferences.Address: https://apps.shopify.com/swym-relayWishlist Plus collects customer preference information and they can add the desired product to the wish list without logging in. With this plugin, you can track the interactions of products and customers who join the wish list. For customers, Wishlist Plus allows them to save the products they want to buy, and they can share their wish list with others, which may increase potential customers.Second: AfterShip returns center (free — $ 299 )Uses: Track logistics information.Address: https://apps.shopify.com/returns-center-by-aftershipAfterShip allows you to track all shipping information in the same place, and automatically sends updates to customers, supporting 380 carriers such as FedEx, USPS, DHL, and UPS . It also has a return center, and if a customer needs to return a product, AfterShip will automatically notify them of the return and refund status.Third: Easy Contact Form (free)Use: Get customer email addressAddress: https://apps.shopify.com/better-contact-form-1You can customize the Contact Form, you can add a background image, it will look a lot better than the ordinary form, you can customize the customer comment template, easy to install, will not slow down the website. Easy Contact Form can generate a small plug-in that is hung on the left or right or bottom of the homepage. The appearance can be customized.Fourth: HelpCenter (free)Uses: saving customer service costsAddress: https://apps.shopify.com/helpcenterCreate a Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) page that allows customers to search for answers to their questions, which saves customer time and costs. If the customer does not find the answer to the question, they can also submit the question.Report class plugin:First: CompassUses: Analyze the performance of the store.Address: https://apps.shopify.com/compassYou may be using several different analysis tools such as Google Analytics, Amazon Analytics, etc., but tool data comparison and switching is cumbersome. Compass ‘s panel can view data from all analysis sources and can track 30 e-commerce indicators. , including customer lifetime value, refunds, customer acquisition costs. Customized recommendations can also be given based on multiple online store research results.Second: Lucky orange ( monthly fee $10–50)Use: A comprehensive understanding of the behavior of visitors on the website.Address: https://apps.shopify.com/lucky-orangeLucky Orange gives you a comprehensive view of why 99% of visitors don’t turn into customers. Has the following features: visitor record (you can clearly see every mouse movement/click), heat map, poll survey (collect useful information directly from the visitor), tabular analysis (understand which step the customer gave up during the registration process) ), sell chat window (talk directly to customers).Tool plugin:First: BEST Currency Converter (free — monthly fee of 9.95 US dollars)Use: currency converterAddress: https://apps.shopify.com/doubly-currency-converterCustomers in different regions will display the local currency when they purchase. Now the Elite version can hide the Currency Converter so that it only runs in the background, but the customer will still see the converted price in the foreground. The free version has the following features: 5 currency conversions, 3 beautiful designs, and free technical support. It is recommended to use the elite version, support more than 160 currencies, and more complete functions.Second: Add to Cart&Checkout Booster (free -monthly fee $9.95)Uses: Simplify the purchase process.Address: https://apps.shopify.com/sticky-add-to-cart-barDuring the process of browsing the page, the “Buy” button will always appear at the top , and the shopping cart on the right will always appear, constantly reminding customers to join the shopping cart. Simply click on “Buy” at the top to go to the checkout page, omitting the link to the shopping cart to make shopping faster. Now many customers are shopping on mobile phones. The mobile version may need to be pulled to the bottom to have a purchase button, so the customer experience is not good, so be sure to ensure the page.There are always architectural buttons on the surface, and it is still necessary to have a Sticky Cart plugin.Third: Crush.picsUses: Automatic lossless compression of pictures.Address: https://apps.shopify.com/crush-picsAutomatic lossless compression of images, faster image loading can improve search rankings, automatically rename images and add ALT tags. While compressing the image, keep the original image for 30 days. If you want to restore the original picture during the period, you can do it manually.How about these 20 powerful plugins, which ones are you using?Source: [17+] The Most Popular Shopify Plugins

No need to worry! Here, I am sharing a List of Online Shopping Sites in India or download All-in-One Online Shopping appOnline shopping is a form of electronic commerce which allows consumers to directly buy goods or services from a seller over the Internet using a web browser. Consumers find a product of interest by visiting the website of the retailer directly or by searching among alternative vendors using a shopping search engine, which displays the same product's availability and pricing at different e-retailers. As of 2016, customers can shop online using a range of different computers and devices, including desktop computers, laptops, tablet computers and smartphones.An online shop evokes the physical analogy of buying products or services at a regular "bricks-and-mortar" retailer or shopping center; the process is called business-to-consumer (B2C) online shopping. When an online store is set up to enable businesses to buy from another businesses, the process is called business-to-business (B2B) online shopping. A typical online store enables the customer to browse the firm's range of products and services, view photos or images of the products, along with information about the product specifications, features and prices.Online stores typically enable shoppers to use "search" features to find specific models, brands or items. Online customers must have access to the Internet and a valid method of payment in order to complete a transaction, such as a credit card, an Interac-enabled debit card, or a service such as PayPal. For physical products (e.g., paperback books or clothes), the e-tailer ships the products to the customer; for digital products, such as digital audio files of songs or software, the e-tailer typically sends the file to the customer over the Internet. The largest of these online retailing corporations are Alibaba, Amazon.com, and eBay.[1]Part of a series onE-commerceOnline goods and servicesDigital distributionE-booksSoftwareStreaming mediaRetail servicesBankingDVD-by-mailFlower deliveryFood orderingGroceryPharmacyTravelMarketplace servicesAdvertisingAuctionsComparison shoppingSocial commerceTrading communitiesWalletMobile commercePaymentTicketingCustomer serviceCall centreHelp deskLive support softwareE-procurementPurchase-to-payvteContents1 Terminology2 History 2.1 History of Online Shopping 2.2 Growth in Online Shoppers3 International statistics4 Customers5 Customer buying behaviour in digital environment6 Product selection7 Payment8 Product delivery9 Shopping cart systems10 Design 10.1 Information load 10.2 Consumer needs and expectations 10.3 User interface11 Market share12 Advantages 12.1 Convenience 12.2 Information and reviews 12.3 Price and selection13 Disadvantages 13.1 Fraud and security concerns 13.2 Lack of full cost disclosure 13.3 Privacy14 Product suitability15 Aggregation16 Impact of reviews on consumer behaviour17 See also18 ReferencesTerminologyAlternative names for the activity are "e-tailing", a shortened form of "electronic retail" or "e-shopping", a shortened form of "electronic shopping". An online store may also be called an e-web-store, e-shop, e-store, Internet shop, web-shop, web-store, online store, online storefront and virtual store. Mobile commerce (or m-commerce) describes purchasing from an online retailer's mobile device-optimized website or software application ("app"). These websites or apps are designed to enable customers to browse through a companies' products and services on tablet computers and smartphones.HistoryHistory of Online ShoppingThe growth of the internet as a secure shopping channel has developed since 1994, with the first sales of Sting album 'Ten Summoner's Tales'.[2]Wine, chocolates and flowers soon followed and were among the pioneering retail categories which fueled the growth of online shopping. Researchers found that having products that are appropriate for e-commerce was a key indicator of Internet success.[3]Many of these products did well as they are generic products which shoppers didn't need to touch and feel in order to buy. But also importantly in the early days there were few shoppers online and they were from a narrow segment: affluent, male, 30+. Online shopping has come along way since these early days and -in the UK- accounts for significant percents (depending on product category as percentages can vary).Growth in Online ShoppersAs the revenues from online sales continued to grow significantly researchers identified different types of online shoppers, Rohm & Swaninathan[4]identified four categories and named them "convenience shoppers, variety seekers, balanced buyers, and store-oriented shoppers". They focused on shopping motivations and found that the variety of products available and the perceived convenience of the buying online experience were significant motivating factors. This was different for offline shoppers, who were more motivated by time saving and recreational motives.Digital High Street 2020[5]Michael Aldrich, pioneer of online shopping in the 1980s.English entrepreneur Michael Aldrich was a pioneer of online shopping in 1979. His system connected a modified domestic TV to a real-time transaction processing computer via a domestic telephone line. He believed that videotex, the modified domestic TV technology with a simple menu-driven human–computer interface, was a 'new, universally applicable, participative communication medium — the first since the invention of the telephone.' This enabled 'closed' corporate information systems to be opened to 'outside' correspondents not just for transaction processing but also for e-messaging and information retrieval and dissemination, later known as e-business.[6]His definition of the new mass communications medium as 'participative' [interactive, many-to-many] was fundamentally different from the traditional definitions of mass communication and mass media and a precursor to the social networking on the Internet 25 years later. In March 1980 he launched Redifon's Office Revolution, which allowed consumers, customers, agents, distributors, suppliers and service companies to be connected on-line to the corporate systems and allow business transactions to be completed electronically in real-time.[7]During the 1980s[8]he designed, manufactured, sold, installed, maintained and supported many online shopping systems, using videotex technology.[9]These systems which also provided voice response and handprint processing pre-date the Internet and the World Wide Web, the IBM PC, and Microsoft MS-DOS, and were installed mainly in the UK by large corporations.The first World Wide Web server and browser, created by Tim Berners-Lee in 1990, opened for commercial use in 1991.[10]Thereafter, subsequent technological innovations emerged in 1994: online banking, the opening of an online pizza shop by Pizza Hut,[10]Netscape's SSL v2 encryption standard for secure data transfer, and Intershop's first online shopping system. The first secure retail transaction over the Web was either by NetMarket or Internet Shopping Network in 1994.[11]Immediately after, Amazon.com launched its online shopping site in 1995 and eBay was also introduced in 1995.[10]Alibaba's sites Taobao and Tmall were launched in 2003 and 2008, respectively. Retailers are increasingly selling goods and services prior to availability through "pretail" for testing, building, and managing demand.[citation needed]International statisticsStatistics show that in 2012, Asia-Pacific increased their international sales over 30% giving them over $433 billion in revenue. That is a $69 billion difference between the U.S. revenue of $364.66 billion. It is estimated that Asia-Pacific will increase by another 30% in the year 2013 putting them ahead by more than one-third of all global ecommerce sales.[needs update]The largest online shopping day in the world is Singles Day, with sales just in Alibaba's sites at US$9.3 billion in 2014.[12][13]CustomersOnline customers must have access to the Internet and a valid method of payment in order to complete a transaction. Generally, higher levels of education and personal income correspond to more favorable perceptions of shopping online. Increased exposure to technology also increases the probability of developing favorable attitudes towards new shopping channels.[14]Customer buying behaviour in digital environmentThe marketing around the digital environment, customer's buying behaviour may not be influenced and controlled by the brand and firm, when they make a buying decision that might concern the interactions with search engine, recommendations, online reviews and other information. With the quickly separate of the digital devices environment, people are more likely to use their mobile phones, computers, tablets and other digital devices to gather information. In other words, the digital environment has a growing effect on consumer’s mind and buying behaviour. In an online shopping environment, interactive decision may have an influence on aid customer decision making. Each customer is becoming more interactive, and though online reviews customers can influence other potential buyers' behaviors.[15]Subsequently, risk and trust would also are two important factors affecting people's' behavior in digital environments. Customer consider to switch between e-channels, because they are mainly influence by the comparison with offline shopping, involving growth of security, financial and performance-risks In other words, a customer shopping online that they may receive more risk than people shopping in stores. There are three factors may influence people to do the buying decision, firstly, people cannot examine whether the product satisfy their needs and wants before they receive it. Secondly, customer may concern at after-sale services. Finally, customer may afraid that they cannot fully understand the language used in e-sales. Based on those factors customer perceive risk may as a significantly reason influence the online purchasing behaviour.[16]Online retailers has place much emphasis on customer trust aspect, trust is another way driving customer’s behaviour in digital environment, which can depend on customer’s attitude and expectation. Indeed, the company’s products design or ideas can not met customer’s expectations. Customer’s purchase intension based on rational expectations, and additionally impacts on emotional trust. Moreover, those expectations can be also establish on the product information and revision from others.[17]Product selectionConsumers find a product of interest by visiting the website of the retailer directly or by searching among alternative vendors using a shopping search engine. Once a particular product has been found on the website of the seller, most online retailers use shopping cart software to allow the consumer to accumulate multiple items and to adjust quantities, like filling a physical shopping cart or basket in a conventional store. A "checkout" process follows (continuing the physical-store analogy) in which payment and delivery information is collected, if necessary. Some stores allow consumers to sign up for a permanent online account so that some or all of this information only needs to be entered once. The consumer often receives an e-mail confirmation once the transaction is complete. Less sophisticated stores may rely on consumers to phone or e-mail their orders (although full credit card numbers, expiry date, and Card Security Code,[18]or bank account and routing number should not be accepted by e-mail, for reasons of security).PaymentOnline shoppers commonly use a credit card or a PayPal account in order to make payments. However, some systems enable users to create accounts and pay by alternative means, such as:Billing to mobile phones and landlines[19][20]Cash on delivery (C.O.D.)Cheque/ CheckDebit cardDirect debit in some countriesElectronic money of various typesGift cardsPostal money orderWire transfer/delivery on paymentInvoice, especially popular in some markets/countries, such as SwitzerlandBitcoin or other cryptocurrenciesSome online shops will not accept international credit cards. Some require both the purchaser's billing and shipping address to be in the same country as the online shop's base of operation. Other online shops allow customers from any country to send gifts anywhere. The financial part of a transaction may be processed in real time (e.g. letting the consumer know their credit card was declined before they log off), or may be done later as part of the fulfillment process.Product deliveryOnce a payment has been accepted, the goods or services can be delivered in the following ways. For physical items:Shipping: The product is shipped to a customer-designated address. Retail package delivery is typically done by the public postal system or a retail courier such as FedEx, UPS, DHL, or TNT.Drop shipping: The order is passed to the manufacturer or third-party distributor, who then ships the item directly to the consumer, bypassing the retailer's physical location to save time, money, and space.In-store pick-up: The customer selects a local store using a locator software and picks up the delivered product at the selected location. This is the method often used in the bricks and clicks business model.For digital items or tickets:Downloading/Digital distribution:[21] The method often used for digital media products such as software, music, movies, or images.Printing out, provision of a code for, or e-mailing of such items as admission tickets and scrip (e.g., gift certificates and coupons). The tickets, codes, or coupons may be redeemed at the appropriate physical or online premises and their content reviewed to verify their eligibility (e.g., assurances that the right of admission or use is redeemed at the correct time and place, for the correct dollar amount, and for the correct number of uses).Will call, COBO (in Care Of Box Office), or "at the door" pickup: The patron picks up pre-purchased tickets for an event, such as a play, sporting event, or concert, either just before the event or in advance. With the onset of the Internet and e-commerce sites, which allow customers to buy tickets online, the popularity of this service has increased.Shopping cart systemsSimple shopping cart systems allow the off-line administration of products and categories. The shop is then generated as HTML files and graphics that can be uploaded to a webspace. The systems do not use an online database.[22]A high-end solution can be bought or rented as a stand-alone program or as an addition to an enterprise resource planning program. It is usually installed on the company's web server and may integrate into the existing supply chain so that ordering, payment, delivery, accounting and warehousing can be automated to a large extent. Other solutions allow the user to register and create an online shop on a portal that hosts multiple shops simultaneously from one back office. Examples are Big Commerce, Shopify and FlickRocket. Open source shopping cart packages include advanced platforms such as Interchange, and off-the-shelf solutions such as Magento, osCommerce, Shopgate, PrestaShop, and Zen Cart. Commercial systems can also be tailored so the shop does not have to be created from scratch. By using an existing framework, software modules for various functionalities required by a web shop can be adapted and combined.[citation needed]DesignCustomers are attracted to online shopping not only because of high levels of convenience, but also because of broader selections, competitive pricing, and greater access to information.[23][24]Business organizations seek to offer online shopping not only because it is of much lower cost compared to bricks and mortar stores, but also because it offers access to a worldwide market, increases customer value, and builds sustainable capabilities.[clarification needed][25]Information loadDesigners of online shops are concerned with the effects of information load. Information load is a product of the spatial and temporal arrangements of stimuli in the web store.[26]Compared with conventional retail shopping, the information environment of virtual shopping is enhanced by providing additional product information such as comparative products and services, as well as various alternatives and attributes of each alternative, etc.[27]Two major dimensions of information load are complexity and novelty.[28]Complexity refers to the number of different elements or features of a site, often the result of increased information diversity. Novelty involves the unexpected, suppressed, new, or unfamiliar aspects of the site. The novelty dimension may keep consumers exploring a shopping site, whereas the complexity dimension may induce impulse purchases.[27]Consumer needs and expectationsAccording to the output of a research report by Western Michigan University published in 2005, an e-commerce website does not have to be good looking with listing on a lot of search engines. It must build relationships with customers to make money. The report also suggests that a website must leave a positive impression on the customers, giving them a reason to come back.[29]Dyn, an Internet performance management company conducted a survey on more than 1400 consumers across 11 countries in North America, Europe, Middle-East and Asia and the results of the survey are as follows:Online retailers must improve the website speedOnline retailers must ease consumers fear around securityThese concerns majorly affect the decisions of almost two thirds of the consumers.[30]User interfaceAn automated online assistant, with potential to enhance user interface on shopping sites.The most important factors determining whether customers return to a website are ease of use and the presence of user-friendly features.[31]Usability testing is important for finding problems and improvements in a web site. Methods for evaluating usability include heuristic evaluation, cognitive walkthrough, and user testing. Each technique has its own characteristics and emphasizes different aspects of the user experience.[31]Market shareThe popularity of online shopping continues to erode sales of conventional retailers. For example, Best Buy, the largest retailer of electronics in the U.S. in August 2014 reported its tenth consecutive quarterly dip in sales, citing an increasing shift by consumers to online shopping.[32]There were 242 million people shopping online in China in 2012.[33]For developing countries and low-income households in developed countries, adoption of e-commerce in place of or in addition to conventional methods is limited by a lack of affordable Internet access.AdvantagesConvenienceOnline stores are usually available 24 hours a day, and many consumers in Western countries have Internet access both at work and at home. Other establishments such as Internet cafes, community centers and schools provide internet access as well. In contrast, visiting a conventional retail store requires travel or commuting and costs such as gas, parking, or bus tickets, and must typically take place during business hours. In the event of a problem with the item (e.g., the product was not what the consumer ordered or the product was not satisfactory), consumers are concerned with the ease of returning an item in exchange for the correct product or a refund. Consumers may need to contact the retailer, visit the post office and pay return shipping, and then wait for a replacement or refund. Some online companies have more generous return policies to compensate for the traditional advantage of physical stores. For example, the online shoe retailer Zappos.com includes labels for free return shipping, and does not charge a restocking fee, even for returns which are not the result of merchant error. (Note: In the United Kingdom, online shops are prohibited from charging a restocking fee if the consumer cancels their order in accordance with the Consumer Protection (Distance Selling) Act 2000).[34]Information and reviewsOnline stores must describe products for sale with text, photos, and multimedia files, whereas in a physical retail store, the actual product and the manufacturer's packaging will be available for direct inspection (which might involve a test drive, fitting, or other experimentation). Some online stores provide or link to supplemental product information, such as instructions, safety procedures, demonstrations, or manufacturer specifications. Some provide background information, advice, or how-to guides designed to help consumers decide which product to buy. Some stores even allow customers to comment or rate their items. There are also dedicated review sites that host user reviews for different products. Reviews and even some blogs give customers the option of shopping for cheaper purchases from all over the world without having to depend on local retailers. In a conventional retail store, clerks are generally available to answer questions. Some online stores have real-time chat features, but most rely on e-mails or phone calls to handle customer questions. Even if an online store is open 24 hours a day, seven days a week, the customer service team may only be available during regular business hours.Price and selectionOne advantage of shopping online is being able to quickly seek out deals for items or services provided by many different vendors (though some local search engines do exist to help consumers locate products for sale in nearby stores). Search engines, online price comparison services and discovery shopping engines can be used to look up sellers of a particular product or service. Shipping costs (if applicable) reduce the price advantage of online merchandise, though depending on the jurisdiction, a lack of sales tax may compensate for this. Shipping a small number of items, especially from another country, is much more expensive than making the larger shipments bricks-and-mortar retailers order. Some retailers (especially those selling small, high-value items like electronics) offer free shipping on sufficiently large orders. Another major advantage for retailers is the ability to rapidly switch suppliers and vendors without disrupting users' shopping experience.DisadvantagesFraud and security concernsGiven the lack of ability to inspect merchandise before purchase, consumers are at higher risk of fraud than face-to-face transactions. When ordering merchandise online, the item may not work properly, it may have defects, or it might not be the same item pictured in the online photo. Merchants also risk fraudulent purchases if customers are using stolen credit cards or fraudulent repudiation of the online purchase. However, merchants face less risk from physical theft by using a warehouse instead of a retail storefront. Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) encryption has generally solved the problem of credit card numbers being intercepted in transit between the consumer and the merchant. However, one must still trust the merchant (and employees) not to use the credit card information subsequently for their own purchases, and not to pass the information to others. Also, hackers might break into a merchant's web site and steal names, addresses and credit card numbers, although the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard is intended to minimize the impact of such breaches. Identity theft is still a concern for consumers. A number of high-profile break-ins in the 2000s has prompted some U.S. states to require disclosure to consumers when this happens. Computer security has thus become a major concern for merchants and e-commerce service providers, who deploy countermeasures such as firewalls and anti-virus software to protect their networks. Phishing is another danger, where consumers are fooled into thinking they are dealing with a reputable retailer, when they have actually been manipulated into feeding private information to a system operated by a malicious party. Denial of service attacks are a minor risk for merchants, as are server and network outages.Quality seals can be placed on the Shop web page if it has undergone an independent assessment and meets all requirements of the company issuing the seal. The purpose of these seals is to increase the confidence of online shoppers. However, the existence of many different seals, or seals unfamiliar to consumers, may foil this effort to a certain extent.A number of resources offer advice on how consumers can protect themselves when using online retailer services. These include:Sticking with well-known stores, or attempting to find independent consumer reviews of their experiences; also ensuring that there is comprehensive contact information on the website before using the service, and noting if the retailer has enrolled in industry oversight programs such as a trust mark or a trust seal.Before buying from a new company, evaluating the website by considering issues such as: the professionalism and user-friendliness of the site; whether or not the company lists a telephone number and/or street address along with e-contact information; whether a fair and reasonable refund and return policy is clearly stated; and whether there are hidden price inflators, such as excessive shipping and handling charges.Ensuring that the retailer has an acceptable privacy policy posted. For example, note if the retailer does not explicitly state that it will not share private information with others without consent.Ensuring that the vendor address is protected with SSL (see above) when entering credit card information. If it does the address on the credit card information entry screen will start with "HTTPS".Using strong passwords which do not contain personal information such as the user's name or birthdate. Another option is a "pass phrase," which might be something along the lines: "I shop 4 good a buy!!" These are difficult to hack, since they do not consist of words found in a dictionary, and provides a variety of upper, lower, and special characters. These passwords can be site specific and may be easy to remember.Although the benefits of online shopping are considerable, when the process goes poorly it can create a thorny situation. A few problems that shoppers potentially face include identity theft, faulty products, and the accumulation of spyware. If users are required to put in their credit card information and billing/shipping address and the website is not secure, customer information can be accessible to anyone who knows how to obtain it. Most large online corporations are inventing new ways to make fraud more difficult. However, criminals are constantly responding to these developments with new ways to manipulate the system. Even though online retailers are making efforts to protect consumer information, it is a constant fight to maintain the lead. It is advisable to be aware of the most current technology and scams to protect consumer identity and finances. Product delivery is also a main concern of online shopping. Most companies offer shipping insurance in case the product is lost or damaged. Some shipping companies will offer refunds or compensation for the damage, but this is up to their discretion.Lack of full cost disclosureThe lack of full cost disclosure may also be problematic. While it may be easy to compare the base price of an item online, it may not be easy to see the total cost up front. Additional fees such as shipping are often not visible until the final step in the checkout process. The problem is especially evident with cross-border purchases, where the cost indicated at the final checkout screen may not include additional fees that must be paid upon delivery such as duties and brokerage. Some services such as the Canadian-based Wishabi attempts to include estimates of these additional cost,[35]but nevertheless, the lack of general full cost disclosure remains a concern.PrivacyPrivacy of personal information is a significant issue for some consumers. Many consumers wish to avoid spam and telemarketing which could result from supplying contact information to an online merchant. In response, many merchants promise to not use consumer information for these purposes, Many websites keep track of consumer shopping habits in order to suggest items and other websites to view. Brick-and-mortar stores also collect consumer information. Some ask for a shopper's address and phone number at checkout, though consumers may refuse to provide it. Many larger stores use the address information encoded on consumers' credit cards (often without their knowledge) to add them to a catalog mailing list. This information is obviously not accessible to the merchant when paying in cash or through a bank (money transfer, in which case there is also proof of payment).Product suitabilityThis section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Many successful purely virtual companies deal with digital products, (including information storage, retrieval, and modification), music, movies, office supplies, education, communication, software, photography, and financial transactions. Other successful marketers use drop shipping or affiliate marketing techniques to facilitate transactions of tangible goods without maintaining real inventory. Some non-digital products have been more successful than others for online stores. Profitable items often have a high value-to-weight ratio, they may involve embarrassing purchases, they may typically go to people in remote locations, and they may have shut-ins as their typical purchasers. Items which can fit in a standard mailbox—such as music CDs, DVDs and books—are particularly suitable for a virtual marketer.Products such as spare parts, both for consumer items like washing machines and for industrial equipment like centrifugal pumps, also seem good candidates for selling online. Retailers often need to order spare parts specially, since they typically do not stock them at consumer outlets—in such cases, e-commerce solutions in spares do not compete with retail stores, only with other ordering systems. A factor for success in this niche can consist of providing customers with exact, reliable information about which part number their particular version of a product needs, for example by providing parts lists keyed by serial number. Products less suitable for e-commerce include products that have a low value-to-weight ratio, products that have a smell, taste, or touch component, products that need trial fittings—most notably clothing—and products where colour integrity appears important. Nonetheless, some web sites have had success delivering groceries and clothing sold through the internet is big business in the U.S.AggregationHigh-volume websites, such as Yahoo!, Online Shopping for Electronics, Apparel, Computers, Books, DVDs & more,and eBay, offer hosting services for online stores to all size retailers. These stores are presented within an integrated navigation framework, sometimes known as virtual shopping malls or online marketplaces.Impact of reviews on consumer behaviourOne of the great benefits of online shopping is the ability to read product reviews, written either by experts or fellow online shoppers. The Nielsen Company conducted a survey in March 2010 and polled more than 27,000 Internet users in 55 markets from the Asia-Pacific, Europe, Middle East, North America, and South America to look at questions such as "How do consumers shop online?", "What do they intend to buy?", "How do they use various online shopping web pages?", and the impact of social media and other factors that come into play when consumers are trying to decide how to spend their money on which product or service. According to the research,[36]reviews on electronics (57%) such as DVD players, cellphones, or PlayStations, and so on, reviews on cars (45%), and reviews on software (37%) play an important role in influencing consumers who tend to make purchases online. Furthermore, 40% of online shoppers indicate that they would not even buy electronics without consulting online reviews first.In addition to online reviews, peer recommendations on online shopping pages or social media websites play a key role[37]for online shoppers when they are researching future purchases.[38]90% of all purchases made are influenced by social media.[39]A retailer or a shop is a business that presents a selection of goods and offers to trade or sell them to customers for money or other goods. Shopping is an activity in which a customer browses the available goods or services presented by one or more retailers with the intent to purchase a suitable selection of them. In some contexts it may be considered a leisure activity as well as an economic one.In modern days customer focus is more transferred towards online shopping; worldwide people order products from different regions and online retailers deliver their products to their homes, offices or wherever they want. The B2C (business to consumer) process has made it easy for consumers to select any product online from a retailer's website and have it delivered to the consumer within no time. The consumer does not need to consume his energy by going out to the stores and saves his time and cost of travelling.A woman shopping at a shopping mall in the United States in December 2005The shopping experience can range from delightful to terrible, based on a variety of factors including how the customer is treated, convenience, the type of goods being purchased, and mood.[1]The shopping experience can also be influenced by other shoppers. For example, research from a field experiment found that male and female shoppers who were accidentally touched from behind by other shoppers left a store earlier than people who had not been touched and evaluated brands more negatively, resulting in the Accidental Interpersonal Touch effect.[2]According to a 2000 report, in the U.S. state of New York, women purchase 80% of all consumer goods and influence 80% of health-care decisions.[3]Contents1 History1.1 Ancient era1.2 Consumer shopping1.3 Department stores2 Shopping venues2.1 Shopping hubs2.2 Stores2.2.1 Home shopping2.2.2 Neighborhood shopping2.2.3 Party shopping3 Shopping activity3.1 Shopping seasons4 Pricing and negotiation4.1 "Window shopping"5 Utility Cycling6 See also7 ReferencesHistoryAncient eraIn ancient Greece, the agora served as a marketplace where merchants kept stalls or shops to sell their goods. Ancient Rome utilized a similar marketplace known as the forum. For example, there was Trajan's Market with tabernae that served as retailing units.Shopping lists are known to have been used by Romans, as one was discovered near Hadrian's wall dated back to 75–125 CE written for a soldier.[4]Fairs and markets were established to facilitate the exchange of goods and services. People would shop for goods at a weekly market in nearby towns.Consumer shoppingBernard Mandeville's work The Fable of the Bees, which justified conspicuous consumption.The modern phenomenon of shopping is closely linked to the emergence of the consumer society in the 18th century. Over the course of the two centuries from 1600 onwards, the purchasing power of the average Englishman steadily rose. Sugar consumption doubled in the first half of the 18th century and the availability of a wide range of luxury goods, including tea and cotton saw a sustained increase.[5]Marketplaces dating back to the Middle Ages, expanded as shopping centres, such as the New Exchange, opened in 1609 by Robert Cecil in the Strand. Shops started to become important as places for Londoners to meet and socialise and became popular destinations alongside the theatre. Restoration London also saw the growth of luxury buildings as advertisements for social position with speculative architects like Nicholas Barbon and Lionel Cranfield.Much pamphleteering of the time was devoted to justifying conspicuous consumption and private vice for luxury goods for the greater public good. This then scandalous line of thought caused great controversy with the publication of Bernard Mandeville's influential work Fable of the Bees in 1714, in which he argued that a country's prosperity ultimately lay in the self-interest of the consumer.[6]Josiah Wedgewood's pottery, a status symbol of consumerism in the late 18th century.These trends were vastly accelerated in the 18th century, as rising prosperity and social mobility increased the number of people with disposable income for consumption. Important shifts included the marketing of goods for individuals as opposed to items for the household, and the new status of goods as status symbols, related to changes in fashion and desired for aesthetic appeal, as opposed to just their utility. The pottery inventor and entrepreneur, Josiah Wedgewood, pioneered the use of marketing techniques to influence and manipulate the direction of the prevailing tastes.[7]As the century wore on a tremendous variety of goods and manufactures were steadily made available for the urban middle and upper classes. This growth in consumption led to the rise of 'shopping' - a proliferation of retail shops selling particular goods and the acceptance of shopping as a cultural activity in its own right. Specific streets and districts became devoted to retail, including the Strand and Picadilly in London.[5]The first display windows in shops were installed in the late 18th century in London. Retailer Francis Place was one of the first to experiment with this new retailing method at his tailoring establishment in Charing Cross, where he fitted the shop-front with large plate glass windows. Although this was condemned by many, he defended his practice in his memoirs, claiming that he:sold from the window more goods...than paid journeymen's wages and the expenses of housekeeping.[8]Retailers designed attractive shop fronts to entice patronage, using bright lights, advertisements and attractively arranged goods. The goods on offer were in a constant state of change, due to the frenetic change in fashions. A foreign visitor thought that London was "A world of gold and silver plate, then pearls and gems shedding their dazzling lustre, home manufactures of the most exquisite taste, an ocean of rings, watches, chains, bracelets, perfumes, ready-dresses, ribbons, lace, bonnets, and fruits from all the zones of the habitable world".[5]Department storesLe Bon Marché, founded in Paris, offered a wide variety of goods in "departments" inside one building, from 1851.The next stage in shopping was the transition from 'single-function' shops selling one type of good, to the department store where a large variety of goods were sold. As economic growth, fueled by the Industrial Revolution at the turn of the 19th-century, steadily expanded, the affluent bourgeois middle-class grew in size and wealth. This urbanized social group was the catalyst for the emergence of the retail revolution of the period. The first reliably dated department store to be established, was Harding, Howell & Co, which opened in 1796 on Pall Mall, London.[9]This venture was described as being a public retail establishment offering a wide range of consumer goods in different departments. This pioneering shop was closed down in 1820 when the business partnership was dissolved. Department stores were established on a large scale from the 1840s and 50s, in France, the United Kingdom and the USShopping venuesShopping hubsA larger commercial zone can be found in many cities, more formally called a central business district, but more commonly called "downtown" in the United States, or in Arab cities, souks. Shopping hubs, or shopping centers, are collections of stores; that is a grouping of several businesses.A group of women window shopping in Toronto, Canada in 1937Typical examples include shopping malls, town squares, flea markets and bazaars.A shopping hub or centre, is a collection of retail, entertainment and service stores designed to serve products and services to the surrounding region. Traditionally, shopping hubs were called bazaars or marketplaces which were generally an assortment of stalls lining streets selling a large variety of goods.[10] The modern shopping centre is now different from its antecedents, the stores are commonly in individual buildings or compressed into one large structure (Mall).[11] The first modern shopping mall was The Country Club Plaza in Kansas City which opened in 1922, from there the first enclosed mall was designed by Victor Gruen and opened in 1956 as Southdale Centre in Edina, Minnesota, a suburb of Minneapolis. Malls peaked in America in the 1980s-1990s when many larger malls (more than 37,000 sq m in size) were built, attracting consumers from within a 32 km radius with their luxurious department stores.[12] There are different types of malls around the world, the Superregional malls are very large malls that contain at least five department stores and 300 shops, this mall can appeal to a broad radius (up to a 160-km). A regional mall can contain at least two department stores or "anchor stores".[13] The smaller malls are often called open-air strip centres or mini-marts and are typically attached to a grocery store or supermarket. The smaller malls are less likely to include the same features of a large mall such as an indoor concourse, but are beginning to evolve to become enclosed to comply with all weather and customer preferences.[12]StoresStores are divided into multiple categories of stores which sell a selected set of goods or services. Usually they are tiered by target demographics based on the disposable income of the shopper. They can be tiered from cheap to pricey.Some shops sell secondhand goods. Often the public can also sell goods to such shops. In other cases, especially in the case of a nonprofit shop, the public donates goods to these shops, commonly known as thrift stores in the United States, charity shops in the United Kingdom, or op shops in Australia and New Zealand. In give-away shops goods can be taken for free. In antique shops, the public can find goods that are older and harder to find. Sometimes people are broke and borrow money from a pawn shop using an item of value as collateral. College students are known to resell books back through college textbook bookstores. Old used items are often distributed through surplus stores.Various types of retail stores that specialize in the selling of goods related to a theme include bookstores, boutiques, candy shops, liquor stores, gift shops, hardware stores, hobby stores, pet stores, pharmacies, sex shops and supermarkets.Other stores such as big-box stores, hypermarkets, convenience stores, department stores, general stores, dollar stores sell a wider variety of products not horizontally related to each other.Home shoppingMain article: Home shoppingHome mail delivery systems and modern technology (such as television, telephones, and the Internet), in combination with electronic commerce, allow consumers to shop from home. There are three main types of home shopping: mail or telephone ordering from catalogs; telephone ordering in response to advertisements in print and electronic media (such as periodicals, TV and radio); and online shopping. Online shopping has completely redefined the way people make their buying decisions; the Internet provides access to a lot of information about a particular product, which can be looked at, evaluated, and comparison-priced at any given time. Online shopping allows the buyer to save the time and expense, which would have been spent traveling to the store or mall. According to technology and research firm Forrester, mobile purchases or mcommerce will account for 49% of ecommerce, or $252 billion in sales, by 2020[14]Neighborhood shoppingConvenience stores are common in North America, and are often called "bodegas" in Spanish-speaking communities or "dépanneurs" in French-speaking ones. Sometimes peddlers and ice cream trucks pass through neighborhoods offering goods and services. Also, garage sales are a common form of second hand resale.Neighbourhood shopping areas and retailers give value to a community by providing various social and community services (like a library), and a social place to meet. Neighbourhood retailing differs from other types of retailers such as destination retailers because of the difference in offered products and services, location and popularity.[15] Neighbourhood retailers include stores such as; Food shops/marts, dairies, Pharmacies, Dry cleaners, Hairdressers/barbers, Bottle shops, Cafés and take-away shops . Destination retailers include stores such as; Gift shops, Antique shops, Pet groomers, Engravers, Tattoo parlour, Bicycle shops, Herbal dispensary clinics, Art galleries, Office Supplies and framers. The neighbourhood retailers sell essential goods and services to the residential area they are located in. There can be many groups of neighbourhood retailers in different areas of a region or city, but destination retailers are often part of shopping malls where the numbers of consumers is higher than that of a neighbourhood retail area. The destination retailers are becoming more prevalent as they can provide a community with more than the essentials, they offer an experience, and a wider scope of goods and services.Party shoppingThe party plan is a method of marketing products by hosting a social event, using the event to display and demonstrate the product or products to those gathered, and then to take orders for the products before the gathering ends.Shopping activityShopping seasonsShopping frenzies are periods of time where a burst of spending occurs, typically near holidays in the United States, with Christmas shopping being the biggest shopping spending season, starting as early as October and continuing until after Christmas.Some religions regard such spending seasons as being against their faith and dismiss the practice. Many contest the over-commercialization and the response by stores that downplay the shopping season often cited in the War on Christmas.The National Retail Federation (NRF) also highlights the importance of back-to-school shopping for retailers which comes second behind holiday shopping, when buyers often buy clothing and school supplies for their children.[16] In 2006, Americans spend over $17 billion on their children, according to a NRF survey.[citation needed]Seasonal shopping consists of buying the appropriate clothing for the particular season. In winter people bundle up in warm layers and coats to keep warm, while in summer people wear less clothing to stay cooler in the heat. Seasonal shopping now revolves a lot around holiday sales and buying more for less. Stores need to get rid of all of their previous seasonal clothing to make room for the new trends of the upcoming season.[17] The end-of-season sales usually last a few weeks with prices lowering further towards the closing of the sale. During sales items can be discounted from 10% up to as much as 50%, with the biggest reduction sales occurring at the end of the season. Holiday shopping periods are extending their sales further and further with holidays such as Black Friday becoming a month-long event stretching promotions across November . These days shopping doesn't stop once the mall closes, as people have more access to stores and their sales than ever before with the help of the internet and apps.[18] Today many people research their purchases online to find the cheapest and best deal with one third of all shopping searches on Google happen between 10:00 pm and 4:00 am.[19] Shoppers are now spending more time consulting different sources before making a final purchasing decision. Shoppers once used an average of five sources for information before making a purchase, but numbers have risen to as high as 12 sources in 2014.[20]Pricing and negotiationThe pricing technique used by most retailers is cost-plus pricing. This involves adding a markup amount (or percentage) to the retailers' cost. Another common technique is manufacturers suggested list pricing. This simply involves charging the amount suggested by the manufacturer and usually printed on the product by the manufacturer.In Western countries, retail prices can be referred to as psychological prices or odd prices: a little less than a round number, e.g. $6.95. In Chinese societies, prices are generally either a round number or sometimes some lucky number. This creates price points.Often, prices are fixed and price discrimination can lead to a bargaining situation often called haggling, a negotiation about the price. Economists see this as determining how the transaction's total economic surplus will be divided between consumers and producers. Neither party has a clear advantage because the threat of no sale exists, in which case the surplus would vanish for both.When shopping online, it can be more difficult to negotiate price given that you are not directly interacting with a sales person. Some consumers use price comparison websites to find the best price and/or to make a decision about who or where to buy from to save money."Window shopping"Women peer through a shop window on a rainy dayWindow shopping in the rain"Window shopping" is a term referring to the browsing of goods by a consumer with no intent to purchase, either as a recreational activity or to plan a later purchase.Showrooming, the practice of examining merchandise in a traditional brick and mortar retail store without purchasing it, but then shopping online to find a lower price for the same item, has become an increasingly prevalent problem for traditional retailers as a result of online competitors, so much so that some have begun to take measures to combat it.[21