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My thought after the recent years: What the hell happened?My orginal major is History and one of the first year courses was the course “Methodologies”. Basically, an overview of all the (major) methodologies used by Historians across the centuries.When coming up to the last chapters, the feminist perspective popped up as well. And it talked about re-examining sources on gender-markers. Quite some very interesting insights came forth.On how conservative factory owners in the 19th century would call menial workers ‘labor whores’ while union leaders would paint these same workers as ‘proud providers, true men who sacrifice for their households’.Gender was then used as a tool to see how men and women were treated but also acted differently throughout history. This from an economic, social, legal and cultural perspective (even if modern historians don’t like to use culture anymore).How for example the Flemish Cities in late medieval eras allowed widows to own part of their husband’s heritage. This was done mostly for economic reasons as wives were also often legally allowed to conduct business in name of their husband. So they knew how to run the business, and if that business would fall in the hands of some family member with no knowledge of the business, the business could fail. And that’s an economic loss for the city.These types of very interesting insights would not have happened without this feminist perspective.So the last paragraphs of our handbook talked about the future of women’s studies. That it acknowledged that it is perhaps focussing too much on women and should expand to include the portrayal of men and their role and image throughout history. That it should evolve to gender studies and be more balanced and inclusive… and so far, preliminary research showed it was going that way.10 years later… what the bloody hell happened?Gender studies and sociology from the Anglo-saxon world has become a joke at this point, and risking to drag down the other disciplines within the Humanities.It’s not that bad on Continental Europe… but it’s seeping through here as well.Because we all wanted to know if glaciers required alternative representations based on feminist postcolonial science studies and feminist political ecology[1].The abstract:“Glaciers are key icons of climate change and global environmental change. However, the relationships among gender, science, and glaciers – particularly related to epistemological questions about the production of glaciological knowledge – remain understudied. This paper thus proposes a feminist glaciology framework with four key components: 1) knowledge producers; (2) gendered science and knowledge; (3) systems of scientific domination; and (4) alternative representations of glaciers. Merging feminist postcolonial science studies and feminist political ecology, the feminist glaciology framework generates robust analysis of gender, power, and epistemologies in dynamic social-ecological systems, thereby leading to more just and equitable science and human-ice interactions”Actual experts in the field thought this was a satire-article… nope.Also, not only was this article peer-reviewed, but the author also received a grant of 700 000 $ for 5 years to do this research. Experts demanded a retraction of the article, but none has been issued so far.Or, how carbon-fiber prosthetics that give people back the ability to walk… are actually extensions of masculinity and such… hugely misogynistic[2] as written by a phd in London.abstract:This article examines material economies of carbon fibre as a prosthetic form of masculinity. The paper advances three main arguments. Firstly, carbon fibre can be a site in which disability is overcome, an act of overcoming that is affected through masculinized technology. Secondly, carbon fibre can be a homosocial surface; that is, carbon fibre becomes both a surface extension of the self and a third-party mediator in homosocial relationships, a surface that facilitates intimacy between men in ways that devalue femininity in both male and female bodies. Carbon fibre surfaces are material extensions of subjectivity, and carbon fibre surfaces are vectors of the cultural economies of masculine competition. Thirdly, the article gives an account of Oscar Pistorius as an example of the masculinization of carbon fibre, and the associated binding of a psychic attitude of misogyny and power to a form of violent and competitive masculine subjectivity. The paper unpacks the affects, economies and surfaces of “carbon fibre masculinity” and discusses Pistorius’ use of carbon fibre, homosociality and misogyny as forms of protest masculinity through which he unconsciously attempted to recuperate his gendered identity from emasculating discourses of disability.And this thing was cited… 5 times!Or this article about the the penis being a social conceptual construct[3] .abstract:Anatomical penises may exist, but as pre-operative transgendered women also have anatomical penises, the penis vis-à-vis maleness is an incoherent construct. We argue that the conceptual penis is better understood not as an anatomical organ but as a social construct isomorphic to performative toxic masculinity. Through detailed poststructuralist discursive criticism and the example of climate change, this paper will challenge the prevailing and damaging social trope that penises are best understood as the male sexual organ and reassign it a more fitting role as a type of masculine performanceOK, that last one was an actual satire-article… but it fooled people since it got through a peer-review process.[4]So the question beckons again… What the Hell happened?As shown above, the perspective can lead to good questions and new insights… but it has clearly gone off the rails and embraced way too much postmodern gibberish.Footnotes[1] Glaciers, gender, and science[2] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273793754_Carbon_Fibre_Masculinity_Disability_and_Gendered_Surfaces_in_Late_Modernity[3] https://www.skeptic.com/downloads/conceptual-penis/23311886.2017.1330439.pdf[4] The Conceptual Penis as a Social Construct: A Sokal-Style Hoax on Gender Studies

Hysteria and the Strange History of VibratorsFrom the Vault of the Museum of Sex: Macaura’s PulsoconWarning adult content19th-century American author and humorist Mark Twain once observed, on the difference between history and fiction, that: “it’s no wonder that truth is stranger than fiction. Fiction has to make sense”.[1] Twain was correct: many truths about history are so strange that they are believable when fictionalised only if the author/creator can point to an historical precedent.Until the 20th century, American and European men, including physicians, subscribed to the belief that women did not experience sexual desire or pleasure.[2] Women were simply warm receptacles for male lust, and that intercourse culminating in male ejaculation fulfilled women's erotic needs. Women were socialized to believe that they possessed no sex drive,[3] and that duty required them to put up with sex in order to keep their husbands happy and have children.During the 19th century, doctors were obsessed with trying to cure the female illness of hysteria, – a now-defunct medical term that covered everything from headaches to nervous breakdowns.[4] As the story goes, physicians figured only an orgasm could relieve women of this ailment.[5] Due to high demand and because doing that manually took ages, the vibrator was invented, a steampunk cure all that could cure women in minutes, not an hour.Mention vibrators, and most people immediately think of women’s sexual pleasure. And no wonder: an estimated one-third of adult American women now own at least one.[6] Clitoral stimulation with vibrators produces orgasms reliably even in women who have difficulty experiencing them in other ways. And women who use vibrators consistently report sexual enhancement in both solo and partner sex.The Invention of the VibratorBut the theory of medicinal vibrators didn't become prevalent until the '90s -- the 1990s not 1890s. That's when historian and scientist Rachel Maines released her book. The Technology of Orgasm, which became the basis of a myth linking the evolution of the vibrator to curing hysteria.[7] Despite the book’s resounding popularity and acclaim – including the 1999 Herbert Feis Award from the American Historical Association[8] –the theory is not rooted in either historical or medical evidence, according to recent paper published in the Journal of Positive Sexuality.[9] The study is the latest piece of research by historians seeking to undermine the claims of The Technology of Orgasm – and its holds on both the history of sexuality and the popular imagination.Maines argues that Victorian physicians routinely treated female hysteria patients by stimulating them to orgasm using electromechanical vibrators. The vibrator was, according to Maines, a labor-saving technology that replaced the well-established medical practice of clitoral massage for hysteria. She states that physicians did not perceive either the vibrator or manual massage as sexual, because neither method involved vaginal penetration.[10]The book has two main arguments: firstly, that 'massage to orgasm' was a staple of medical practice among Western physicians for thousands of years; and secondly, that vibrators increased the number of patients that Victorian doctors could treat for hysteria.[11] This argument has been repeated in dozens of scholarly works and cited with approval in many more. A few scholars have challenged various parts of the book. Yet, until the last few years, none have contested her central argument, at least not in peer-reviewed literature. Her argument even spread to popular culture, appearing in a Broadway play[12] , a feature-length film, several documentaries (Passion and Power 2007)[13] and many mainstream books and articles. This once controversial idea has now become an accepted fact.English women suffering from hysteria, 1876-1880. D.M. Bourneville and P. Régnard (File:Hysteria.jpg - Wikimedia Commons)However, Maines' key sources were two turn-of-the-century physicians who never claimed they used Victorian vibrators to orgasm hysteria out of women. They only promoted the devices as glorified back massagers to fix small problems and promote general wellness.[14] Mechanical devices known as ‘vibrators’, and advertised as back or neck massagers were being used by women in intimate ways as early as the 1900s and 1910s.[15] But there’s no evidence that that was the case prior to 1900, when vibrators were being marketed to physicians, not directly to consumers.Physicians of the era did describe conducting pelvic and gynecological massages, but these didn’t involve the clitoris or lead to orgasm. One Victorian physician quoted advocates for vibrator use on "the intestines, kidneys, lungs, and skin",[16] another for gout and hearing loss.[17] There is no mention of its use on genitals. There are some French sources suggesting the odd doctor in 19th-century France may have tried manual clitoral massage, but it was never a widely accepted treatment.[18]The term ‘pelvic massage’ usually meant uterine massage, a treatment frequently used for conditions such as dysmenorrhea or uterine prolapse.[19] Dysmenorrhea is the medical term for extreme menstrual cramps,[20] and uterine prolapse is when the uterus slips from its normal position and into the vagina.[21]Pelvic massage was pioneered by physicians and the Swedish obstetrician and gynaecologist, Thure Brandt (1819-1895), who began treating women in 1861.[22] The ‘Brandt method’ of pelvic massage and ‘manipulating the womb’ proved very popular and was widely reported at the time. The New York Medical Journal (1876) was one of many journals that described the technique in some detail. “Brandt claims that his method of treatment is useful in prolapses and protrusion of the uterus; prolapse of the vagina; hypertrophy and induration of the uterus; ulcerations; abnormal haemorrhage, depending on relaxation of the uterus; tendency to miscarriage; slight hypertrophy of the ovaries.”[23]Much of the massage is carried out externally, and involves the physician pushing down on the patient’s pelvic area, ‘combined with vibratory shaking’, as well as stretching out her arms, spine and legs – again, with ‘vibratory shaking’.[24]Confused? Doctors eventually realized the machines were useless as a medical tool and stopped recommending them.[25] Overnight, medical vibrators lost their legitimacy, forcing women to hide them in their nightstands tainting the surest cure for their hysteria, nervousness and anxiety and troublesome behavior.She looks placid and relaxed, but odds are good that a doctor would have diagnosed her with hysteria.She looks placid and relaxed, but odds are good that a doctor would have diagnosed her with hysteria. (10 Bizarre Treatments Doctors Used to Think Were Legit)For millenia, philosophers and historians knew for certain that women didn't have orgasms. Hysteria was the first mental disorder attributed to women (and only women)[26] ,a catch-all for symptoms including, but by no means limited to: nervousness, hallucinations, emotional outbursts and various urges of the sexual variety, including excessive vaginal lubrication.[27] Women relied upon their physician to perform a special type of pelvic physical therapy to achieve something called "hysterical paroxysm”- essentially an orgasm.[28]For over 4000 years, this “disease” was considered from two perspectives: scientific and demonological. It was cured with herbs, sex or sexual abstinence, or punished and purified with fire for its association with sorcery[29] and finally, clinically studied as a disease and treated with innovative therapies.A womb of one’s own… Part one. - Menstrual MattersPelvic massages have been around since the dawn of humanity. According to a comprehensive history of female hysteria, compiled by researchers from the University of Cagliari in Italy[30] , Egyptian texts, dating as far back as 1900 BC argued that hysterical disorders were caused by women's wombs moving throughout their bodies, putting pressure on other organs and causing serious illness, and even death.[31] The ancient Greeks believed in hysteria as well. In the 5th century BC, Hippocrates first coined the term "hysteria" -- from "hysterika," or uterus -- and also attributed its cause to abnormal movements of the womb in a woman's body.[32] According to Hippocrates and his associates, a woman's body is physiologically cold, and in order to warm up, it needs, well, sex.[33] Thus, the term "hysteria" was often used to diagnose women with inactive or incomplete sex lives.In Roman times, physicians largely followed the Hippocratic tradition, without questioning the validity of the ‘wandering womb’ theory. Aretaeus of Cappadocia, a contemporary of Galen, included in his medical treatises a section describing the wandering womb.[34]In women, in the hollow of the body below the ribcage, lies the womb. It is very much like an independent animal within the body for it moves around of its own accord and is quite erratic. Furthermore, it likes fragrant smells and moves toward them, but it dislikes foul odors and moves away from them… When it suddenly moves upward [i.e., toward a fragrant smell] and remains there for a long time and presses on the intestines, the woman chokes, in the manner of an epileptic, but without any spasms. For the liver, the diaphragm, lungs and heart are suddenly confined in a narrow space. And therefore the woman seems unable to speak or to breathe. In addition, the carotid arteries, acting in sympathy with the heart, compress, and therefore heaviness of the head, loss of sense perception, and deep sleep occur… Disorders caused by the uterus are remedied by foul smells, and also by pleasant fragrances applied to the vagina…[35]However, not everyone accepted the wandering womb prognosis. Soranus of Ephesus (98-138 A.D.), and Galen of Pergamon (130-210 A.D.) both insisted that the uterus was fixed in place, as Galen made clear, “We must consider as totally preposterous the opinion of those who… make the womb into an animal”.[36] Sadly, this more advanced understanding of the physiology of the womb, was then largely ignored for centuries.Pelvic massages remained the most effective means of treating a "wandering womb", a practice that persisted in Western medical practice until the 1920s.[37]The 'Veedee' massager is said to have been used by doctors to cure Victorian women of hysteria. But this has been disputed as myth (The 'sex toys' dating back 28,000 years)Documented complaints of female hysteria date back to the 13th century. Doctors of that era understood that women had libidos and advised them to relieve their sexual frustration with dildos.[38] In the 16th century, physicians told married hysterics to encourage their husbands’ lust. One influential physician named Thomas Sydenham, who lived from the mid- to late-1600s, thought that hysterical ladies were everywhere.[39] Apparently, Sydenham once declared that female hysteria, which he attributed to “irregular motions of the animal spirits,” was the second most common malady of the time—behind another nebulous term, "fevers".[40]In 1653, the physician Alemarianus Petrus Forestus published a medical compendium titled Observationem et Curationem Medicinalium ac Chirurgicarum Opera Omnia,in which Forestus devotes a full chapter to the diseases of women.[41] Specifically, he noted that with regard to treatment of hysteria, many male doctors "sought every opportunity to substitute other devices for their fingers, such as the attentions of a husband, the hands of a midwife, or the business end of some tireless and impersonal mechanism."[42]The compendium directed:“This kind of stimulation with the finger is recommended by Galen and Avicenna, among others, most especially for widows, those who live chaste lives, and female religious … it is less often recommended for very young women, public women, or married women, for whom it is a better remedy to engage in intercourse with their spouses.”[43]For hysteria unrelieved by husbandly lust, and for widows, single and unhappily married women, doctors advised horseback riding, which, for some, provided enough clitoral stimulation to trigger orgasm.[44] But riding provided many women little relief, and by the 17th century, dildos were less of an option, because the arbiters of decency had succeeded in demonizing masturbation as “self-abuse.”[45]French pelvic douche device, circa 1860 (File:Pelvicdouche.jpg - Wikimedia Commons)According to Maines' investigations, at various points, high-pressure showers or hoses were also used to treat hysteria[46] (as were clitoridectomies)[47] . One French physician, writing in the mid 1800s, explained that at first this sort of high-powered douching was unpleasant, but then, "the reaction of the organism to the cold, which causes the skin to flush, and the reestablishment of equilibrium all create for many persons so agreeable a sensation that it is necessary to take precautions."[48] Women weren't supposed to indulge in this hydro-therapy for more than four to five minutes or longer.At the end of the 19th century it was estimated that 75 percent of American women suffered from hysteria.[49] With so many possible symptoms, hysteria was always a natural diagnosis when the ailment could not be identified. For instance, before the introduction of the electroencephalography (EEG) test, epilepsy was frequently confused with hysteria.[50] While there is some circumstantial evidence that genital massage was practiced before the 20th century, they could find no proof at all that this was ever a "staple of medical practice".[51]During this period of experimentation for a cure for hysteria, doctors or midwives applied vegetable oil to women’s genitals and then massaged them with one or two fingers inside and the heel of the hand pressing against the clitoris.[52] With this type of massage, women had orgasms and experienced sudden, dramatic relief from hysteria. But doctors didn’t call women’s climaxes orgasms. They called them “paroxysms” because everyone knew that women were incapable of sexual feelings, so they could not possibly experience orgasm.[53]According to research conducted over the past two decades, the treatment was so popular, in fact, that physicians sought a faster, more efficient way to perform the treatment than with their own hands. Unfortunately for doctors, hysteria treatment had a downside — achy, cramped fingers and hands from all that massage. In medical journals of the early 1800s, doctors lamented that treating hysterics taxed their physical endurance.[54] Chronic hand fatigue meant that some doctors had trouble maintaining the treatment long enough to produce the desired (and lucrative) result. A disturbing insight, vibrators succeeded not because they advanced female pleasure, but because they saved labor for male physicians.Science Museum Group CollectionNecessity being the mother of invention, physicians began experimenting with mechanical substitutes for their hands. They tried a number of massage contraptions, among them water-driven gadgets (the forerunners of today's shower massage devices), and pumping, steam-driven dildos.[55] But the machines were cumbersome, messy, often unreliable, and sometimes dangerous.The first electric vibrator was manufactured in the late 1800s, decreasing treatment times from as much as an hour to as little as 10 minutes[56] Joseph Mortimer-Granville’s invention in 1883 was a late achievement in a life devoted to treating mental disorders and devising methods of memory improvement.[57] The vibrator was intended to be used on the male nerve centres, principality those of the spine.[58] Mortimer-Granville was horrified by the mere thought of using vibrators on women (although he failed to say why).[59]But many of his colleagues on both sides of the Atlantic ignored his maledictions on vibrating female patients. One of these colleagues was Alfred Dale Covey, whose book Profitable Office Specialities,[60] which included “vibrotherapy,”[61] went into multiple editions in the early 20th century. It didn’t take long for Mortimer-Granville’s sober-and-serious medical instrument to discover the market for pleasure. The American inventor of a steam-powered, coal-fired vibrator called The Manipulator, George Taylor, wrote in 1869 that physicians had to be careful to limit the “treatment” of women’s pelvic disorders, as the patients would be inclined to demand too much of a good thing.[62]When Doctors Used to Finger Their Patients: Female HysteriaOne of the most enduring misconceptions about the Victorian era is that individuals were often characterized as universally prudish, sexually dysfunctional and repressed. Victorian sexual mores have a bad reputation. So bad, in fact, that some historians have claimed women were brought to a “hysterical paroxysm” (supposedly an orgasm that nobody wanted to admit to), by their doctors through “pelvic massage” (masturbation). To aid them, a vibrating device was invented because there were just so many women who needed this form of treatment that the poor doctors’ hands were getting tired, and they had to use a machine.Machines with hand-held attachments that vibrated were part of the elaborate system of cures for hysteria, neurasthenia, and more common ailments like back pain or asthma. Doctors thought that applying vibration or massage to affected parts of the body (such as the head, neck or back) might help restore electrical imbalances causing the health problems. Doucheing and other forms of water treatments were extremely popular at spas both in Europe and America. Surely some women figured out how to use these devices for masturbatory purposes.The Chattanooga…stood nearly 2m tall and required a couple of men to operate it. Being steam-powered, the engine of the machine was located in a small room and two men shoveled coal into the furnace and monitored the steam temperature, pressure, and thrust required to drive the Chattanooga. The engine room was separated from the doctor’s room by a wall which had a hole in it. A mechanical arm extended from the engine through the wall and into the consulting room where the doctor controlled it and used the vibrating arm to administer the appropriate genital massage to the grateful patient.[63](Chattanooga Choo-Choo: A Brief History of the Vibrator)But just because something is aimed at your genitals doesn’t mean that it is enjoyable, and no one understood this better than the Victorians. Treatments for male sexual neurasthenia and impotence included devices were supposed to enclose the penis and transmit regular shocks[64] In one treatment for both men and women, one electrode was inserted in the rectum and a second one in the urethra if you were a woman, or placed between the penis and the scrotum if you were a man.The Sanax device 1913. In a series of photographs, a serious-faced woman in a ruffled white dress holds this vibrator to her forehead, her jaw, her throat and her chest (The vibrator: from medical tool to revolutionary sex toy).So did Dr Granville invent an electronic device for massage? Yes. Was it anything to do with the female orgasm? No. He actually invented it to help stimulate male pain relief, just as massage is used today. Victorian doctors knew exactly what the female orgasm was; in fact, it’s one of the reasons they thought masturbation was a bad idea. A few theorised that it might be beneficial to a woman for her period pain, but the majority of doctors saw the art of self-pleasure as highly dangerous to your health.[65] This attitude was not because they were on some sort of anti-pleasure, or anti-sex crusade, but because orgasms were actually important to the Victorians.Marriage guides discussing the sex act often claimed that a woman in a sexually satisfying relationship was more likely to become pregnant, as the wife’s orgasm was just as necessary to conception as her husband’s.[66] A book called The Art to Begetting Handsome Children, published in 1860, contains a detailed passage on foreplay, and shows us that, for the Victorians, sex, pleasure and love were concepts that were universally tied together.[67] In A Guide To Marriage, published in 1865 by the aptly named Albert Sidebottom, the advice to young couples exploring their relationship for the first time is that “All love between the sexes is based upon sexual passion”.[68] This is something I’ve come across time and again in researching Victorian attitudes to sex: sexual pleasure, and especially female sexual pleasure, really mattered.Cora Pearl.(The humble English girl who became Cora Pearl, one of the most scandalous courtesans of the Second Empire in 19th century Paris)Unfortunately, scholars and historians seem to be incapable of seeing women in the Victorian period as anything other than sexually passive, a gender so disconnected from their bodies that they had to be stimulated by the inventions of men. This just isn’t true. From the erotic life of courtesan Cora Pearl, to the romantic female relationships of Mary Benson, wife of the Archbishop of Canterbury, Victorian female sexuality was just as expressive and expansive as it is today.[69]Sexual fulfilment isn’t always about getting pregnant, and Victorian women seem to have had a healthy interest in protecting their bodies, while still being able to enjoy a sexual relationship. In 1877, Annie Besant, a one-time vicar’s wife, helped to publish Fruits of Philosophy, a guide that set out every possible contraceptive method available to its Victorian reader.[70] From vaginal douches to early forms of spermicide and even condoms, the information in the pamphlet became so popular that its British circulation reached over 125,000 in the first few months alone.c. 1891 Demonstration using the vibrator (A man invented vibrators because doctors were tired of giving orgasms)Between having their organs crushed by their undergarments (corsets), being poisoned by their underwear (Arsenic),[71] and spontaneously combusting once again thanks to their underwear (crinolines), the life of a Victorian woman was, to say the least, “Not Fun”.[72] And nothing sums up their struggles quite like the infamous illness of "hysteria" – a diagnosis foisted upon women for any number of reasons, for which the only known treatment was hours of industrious masturbation at the hands of a physician. Seen by male doctors as non-sexual because it didn't involve penetration (modern men, of course, would never believe this)[73] these "pelvic massages" eventually proved so tiring that the medical community invented the mechanical vibrator. And the rest, as they say, is history- history that has erroneously become accepted as fact in the last 20 years, despite an obvious lack of evidence and source material for the preceeding 150 years.So can we please stop saying Victorian women were having unknown orgasms stimulated by their doctors? The vibrators from the Victorian period are the least orgasmic devices you have ever seen, because they had nothing to do with sex.[74] They were used for massage, not masturbation. And the idea that a woman would be brought to orgasm by a device that rotates with a loud grinding buzz, and pummels you with the same finesse as a steam-engine, just doesn’t work. Especially when you compare it with the Victorian sex aides that were created for pleasure. From sex toys to sex chairs, condoms and contraceptives, the Victorians had many of the things sold today.[75] They used rubber, wood, ivory, and leather; some are delicately crafted from silver, others decorated in enamel flowers and hidden inside everyday objects, like a walking cane.[76]A 1910 newspaper advertisement (1910 ad: White Cross Electric Vibrator)In the 1920s, vibrators began to appear in erotic and pornographic films (the first erotic short appeared in 1891), undermining its social camouflage as a medical device. The vibrator’s legitimacy as a medical device declined after the 1920s, when Sigmund Freud correctly identified paroxysm as sexual.[77] They were no longer a doctor's go to therapy for anything and everything related to women's health.[78] However, chiropractors, who concentrated their attentions on the skeletal muscles, not the genitalia continued to use vibrators in their practices.[79]By the beginning of the 20th century, women could choose and buy their own vibrators from publications such as the Sears, Roebuck and Co. catalog, Needlecraft, Women's Home Companion. [80] One 1903 advertisement in the Sears Catalogue touted a popular massager as “a delightful companion . . . all the pleasures of youth . . . will throb within you....”.[81] Vibrator advertisements disappeared from the consumer media, and vibrators were hard to find well into the 1970s.[82] That changed when feminism emerged right around the time that Hitachi introduced its Magic Wand, still the world’s most popular vibrator.[83]Female hysteria remained a popular diagnosis until 1952 when it was removed from the American Psychiatric spectrum of mental disorders after a 2,500-year history as what the 19th century French physician Charles LaSegue called “a wastepaper basket of otherwise unemployed medical symptoms”.[84]Footnotes[1] Stranger Than Fiction[2] The Classification of Hysteria and Related Disorders: Historical and Phenomenological Considerations[3] Sex & Sexuality in the 19th Century[4] The Classification of Hysteria and Related Disorders: Historical and Phenomenological Considerations[5] 7 Crazy Things People Used To Believe About Female Hysteria[6] Use of Vibrators Among American Women[7] Victorian-Era Orgasms and the Crisis of Peer Review[8] Herbert Feis Award Recipients[9] http://he%20theory%20has%20some%20pretty%20unstable%20foundations/[10] Victorian-Era Orgasms and the Crisis of Peer Review[11] (PDF) The Technology of Orgasm: 'Hysteria', the Vibrator, and Women's Sexual Satisfaction[12] 'The Vibrator Play': Why Yes, It Is About Exactly That[13] Passion & Power: The Technology of Orgasm[14] History of Wellness - Global Wellness Institute[15] "Hysteria" and the Strange History of Vibrators[16] The Vibrator's Origin Story Is Fantastically Scandalous, But It's Also Probably Fake[17] The History of Sex Toys Is Decadent, Depraved And Will Blow More Than Just Your Mind...[18] Nineteenth-century Attitudes to Female Sexuality[19] It's a myth that Victorian doctors used vibrators to give their patients orgasms[20] Practice Essentials[21] Prolapsed uterus: Stages, symptoms, and home remedies[22] Full text of "Massage treatment (Thure Brandt) in diseases of women : for practitioners"[23] Full text of "New York medical journal"[24] Victorian doctors were not using vibrators on female patients – it was even stranger than that[25] The vibrator: from medical tool to revolutionary sex toy[26] 7 Crazy Things People Used To Believe About Female Hysteria[27] The History of Hysteria[28] 7 Crazy Things People Used To Believe About Female Hysteria[29] Hysteria, Witches, and The Wandering Uterus: A Brief History[30] Women And Hysteria In The History Of Mental Health[31] THE WANDERING WOMB[32] Ancient Gynecology - Antiqua Medicina: From Homer to Vesalius[33] Male and female bodies according to Ancient Greek physicians[34] Aretaeus of Cappadocia, second only to Hippocrates[35] Magical and Medical Approaches to the Wandering Womb in the Ancient Greek World[36] A womb of one’s own… Part one. - Menstrual Matters[37] Hysteria, the Wandering Uterus, and Vaginal Massage[38] A Brief and Twisted History of Dildos and Vibrators[39] The “English Hippocrates” and the disease of kings[40] Sydenham on Hysteria[41] The Technology of Orgasm[42] Observationem et curationem medicinalium ac chirurgicarum, Opera Omnia, ...[43] The History of Sex Toys Is Decadent, Depraved And Will Blow More Than Just Your Mind...[44] The Little Explored Secret of Women's Orgasms While They Exe[45] r/todayilearned - TIL as late as 17th-Century Europe, masturbation was commonly employed by nannies to put their young male charges to sleep.[46] The Technology of Orgasm[47] The rise and fall of FGM in Victorian London[48] 7 Crazy Things People Used To Believe About Female Hysteria[49] The Racialized History of "Hysteria" | JSTOR Daily[50] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/349116/[51] The Vibrator's Origin Story Is Fantastically Scandalous, But It's Also Probably Fake[52] Photo of the Day – Whale Oil Beef Hooked | Whaleoil Media[53] Definition of Paroxysm[54] The History Of “Female Hysteria” And The Sex Toys Used To Treat It[55] The Steam-Powered Vibrator and Other Terrifying Early Sex Machines NSFW[56] A man invented vibrators because doctors were tired of giving orgasms[57] https://www.google.com/url?rct=j&sa=t&source=web&url=https://alcoholanddrugshistorysociety.files.wordpress.com/2016/10/shad-28-2-kneale.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0m2gEcbQih7F0ZtXKhj3U3&ved=2ahUKEwiMpeXW66_iAhUSRqwKHTr8A0MQFjATegQICRAB[58] Selling Sex Toys: Marketing and the Meaning of Vibrators in Early Twentieth-Century America[59] Nerve-vibration and Excitation as Agents in the Treatment of Functional Disorder and Organic Disease[60] The secrets of specialists (1916 edition) | Open Library[61] http://www.ramsni.com/information_links/Vibrotherapy%20Info/Vibrotherapy%20info.html[62] The Steam-Powered Vibrator and Other Terrifying Early Sex Machines NSFW[63] Chattanooga Choo-Choo: A Brief History of the Vibrator[64] Sexual Neurasthenia ( Nervous Exhaustion ), Its Hygiene, Causes, Symptoms and Treatment, with a Chapter on Diet for the Nervous by George M. Beard, A.M., M.D.[65] Let’s Talk about Sex: Victorian Anti-Masturbation Devices[66] Female Sexuality in the Victorian Age[67] The Victorian Citizen’s Advice To Having A Great Sex Life[68] The struggle for married women’s rights, circa 1880s[69] The humble English girl who became Cora Pearl, one of the most scandalous courtesans of the Second Empire in 19th century Paris[70] Birth Control in the Shadow of Empire: The Trials of Annie Besant, 1877-1878[71] 7 Ways Victorian Fashion Could Kill You[72] Crinolinemania: The dangerous Victorian fashion garment that killed around 3,000 women[73] Victorian doctors were not using vibrators on female patients – it was even stranger than that[74] No, no, no! Victorians didn’t invent the vibrator | Fern Riddell[75] The History of Sex Toys Is Decadent, Depraved And Will Blow More Than Just Your Mind...[76] Historical Sex: The Victorians - disease, pornography and royal sex chairs[77] Good Vibrations: Medical Science Cures Hysteria[78] victorian decline in vibrator use[79] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.academia.edu/28556168/Balls_Cups_and_Discs_A_history_of_vibrators_and_massage_machines_1900-_1940_Dissertation_2012&ved=2ahUKEwitq5jzh7LiAhULKawKHbhXC5IQFjADegQIARAB&usg=AOvVaw19o11WLSvlnweR5fW9Pg39[80] 11 Vintage Vibrator Ads To Make You Glad You Live In 2015[81] Vibrators were Sold in the Sears & Roebuck Catalogue[82] The buzz: how the vibrator came to be[83] Hitachi Magic Wand - Wikipedia[84] Charles Lasègue (1816-1883): beyond anorexie hystérique

They are required to have told you how you can get and what records are yours when you start treatment. The records you have a right to may not include therapy notes in many cases. Your health care provider usually must let you see your medical record or give you a copy of it as promptly as required by the circumstances, but no later than 15 working days after they receive your request. This right is called the right to access your medical record. Your health care provider cannot deny you access to your record because they think the information in the record might upset you or that it might cause you mental harm. However, they can deny your request if they believe you will become upset enough to physically harm yourself or another person.Here are some of the Washington State laws.(1) A health care provider who provides health care at a health care facility that the provider operates and who maintains a record of a patient's health care information shall create a "notice of information practices" that contains substantially the following:NOTICE"We keep a record of the health care services we provide you. You may ask us to see and copy that record. You may also ask us to correct that record. We will not disclose your record to others unless you direct us to do so or unless the law authorizes or compels us to do so. You may see your record or get more information about it at . . . . . ."(2) The health care provider shall place a copy of the notice of information practices in a conspicuous place in the health care facility, on a consent form or with a billing or other notice provided to the patient.Here is the Washington State law:RCW 70.02.310Mental health services—Information and records.(1) Resource management services shall establish procedures to provide reasonable and timely access to information and records related to mental health services for an individual. However, access may not be denied at any time to records of all medications and somatic treatments received by the person.(2) Following discharge, a person who has received mental health services has a right to a complete record of all medications and somatic treatments prescribed during evaluation, admission, or commitment and to a copy of the discharge summary prepared at the time of his or her discharge. A reasonable and uniform charge for reproduction may be assessed.(3) Information and records related to mental health services may be modified prior to inspection to protect the confidentiality of other patients or the names of any other persons referred to in the record who gave information on the condition that his or her identity remain confidential. Entire documents may not be withheld to protect such confidentiality.(4) At the time of discharge resource management services shall inform all persons who have received mental health services of their rights as provided in this chapter .The exceptions when they can deny you your records are this:Patient's request—Denial of examination and copying.(1) Subject to any conflicting requirement in the public records act, chapter 42.56 RCW, a health care provider may deny access to health care information by a patient if the health care provider reasonably concludes that:(a) Knowledge of the health care information would be injurious to the health of the patient;(b) Knowledge of the health care information could reasonably be expected to lead to the patient's identification of an individual who provided the information in confidence and under circumstances in which confidentiality was appropriate;(c) Knowledge of the health care information could reasonably be expected to cause danger to the life or safety of any individual;(d) The health care information was compiled and is used solely for litigation, quality assurance, peer review, or administrative purposes; or(e) Access to the health care information is otherwise prohibited by law.(2) If a health care provider denies a request for examination and copying under this section, the provider, to the extent possible, shall segregate health care information for which access has been denied under subsection (1) of this section from information for which access cannot be denied and permit the patient to examine or copy the disclosable information.(3) If a health care provider denies a patient's request for examination and copying, in whole or in part, under subsection (1)(a) or (c) of this section, the provider shall permit examination and copying of the record by another health care provider, selected by the patient, who is licensed, certified, registered, or otherwise authorized under the laws of this state to treat the patient for the same condition as the health care provider denying the request. The health care provider denying the request shall inform the patient of the patient's right to select another health care provider under this subsection. The patient shall be responsible for arranging for compensation of the other health care provider so selected.The guidelines state: "In the absence of a superseding requirement, psychologists may consider retaining full records until seven years after the last date of service delivery for adults or until three years after a minor reaches the age of majority, whichever is later." So, if it is longer than that they may have disposed of them.Civil remedies.(1) A person who has complied with this chapter may maintain an action for the relief provided in this section against a health care provider or facility who has not complied with this chapter.(2) The court may order the health care provider or other person to comply with this chapter. Such relief may include actual damages, but shall not include consequential or incidental damages. The court shall award reasonable attorneys' fees and all other expenses reasonably incurred to the prevailing party.(3) Any action under this chapter is barred unless the action is commenced within two years after the cause of action is discovered.(4) A violation of this chapter shall not be deemed a violation of the consumer protection act,Here is a typical notice from a psychological services facility:Client RightsThe health and financial records we create and store are the property of the Washington State University Psychology Clinic. The protected health information in it, however, generally belongs to you. You have a right to:Receive a copy, read, and ask questions about your protected health information as well as request restrictions to its use and/or disclosure. You must deliver this request to us in writing. Although we are not required to grant the request, we consider it and typically comply unless the request could pose a potential harm.Request and receive a paper copy of the most current “Notice of Privacy Practices” for protected health information.Request that you be allowed to see and obtain a copy of your protected health information. You may make this request in writing. Charges for copies of your medical record will apply in accordance with Washington state law.Ask that your health information be given to you by another means or at another location. Please sign, date, and give us your request in writing.Cancel prior authorizations to use or disclose health information by giving us a written revocation. Your revocation does not affect information that has already been released. Also, it does not affect any action taken before we have received it.Please note that we do not normally include raw psychological testing materials in disclosures of information, in order to protect the security of these tests.