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To import products you need license .Import licensing requirements: In the last decade, India has steadily replaced licensing and discretionary controls over imports with deregulation and simpler import procedures. The majority of import items fall within the scope of India’s EXIM Policy regulation of Open General License (OGL). This means that they are deemed to be freely importable without restrictions and without a license, except to the extent that they are regulated by the provisions of the Policy or any other law.Imports of items not covered by OGL are regulated, and fall into three categories: banned or prohibited items, restricted items requiring an import license, and "canalized" items importable only by government trading monopolies and subject to Cabinet approval regarding timing and quantity.The following are designated import certificate issuing authorities (ICIA):The Department of Electronics for import of computer and computer related systemsThe Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion for organized sector firms except for import of computers and computer based systemsThe Ministry of Defense for defense related itemsThe Director General of Foreign Trade for small-scale industries not covered in the foregoing.Capital goods can be imported with a license under the Export Promotion Capital Goods plan (EPCG) at reduced rates of duty, subject to the fulfillment of a time-bound export obligation. The EPGC plan now applies to all industry sectors. It is also applicable to all capital goods without any threshold limits, on payment of a 5% customs duty.A duty exemption plan is also offered under which imports of raw materials, intermediates, components, consumables, parts, accessories and packing materials required for direct use in products to be exported may be permitted free of duty under various categories of licenses. For the actual user, a non-transferable advance license is one such license. For those who do not wish to go through the advance-licensing route, a post-export duty-free replenishment certificate is available.Advance License: An advance license is issued to allow duty free import of inputs, which are physically incorporated in the export product (making normal allowance for wastage). In addition, fuel, oil, energy, catalysts etc. that are consumed in the course of their use to obtain the export product, may also be allowed under the plan.Duty free import of mandatory spares up to 10% of the CIF value of the license, which are required to be exported/ supplied with the resultant product, may also be allowed under Advance License.Advance license can be issued for:Physical exports: An advance license may be issued for physical exports to a manufacturer exporter or merchant exporter tied to supporting manufacturer(s) for import of inputs required for the export product.Intermediate supplies: An advance license may be issued for intermediate supply to a manufacturer- exporter for the import of inputs required in the manufacture of goods to be supplied to the ultimate exporter/deemed exporter holding another Advance License.Deemed exports: An advance license can be issued for deemed exports to the main contractor for import of inputs required in the manufacture of goods to be supplied to the categories mentioned in paragraph 8.2 (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (g), (i), and (j) of the Policy. An advance license for deemed exports can also be availed by the sub-contractor of the main contractor to such project provided the name of the sub-contractor(s) appears in the main contract. Such license for deemed export can also be issued for supplies made to United Nations Organizations or under the Aid Program of the United Nations or other multilateral agencies and paid for in foreign exchange.Import Declaration: Importers are required to furnish an import declaration in the prescribed bill of entry format, disclosing full details of the value of imported goods.Import Licenses (if applicable): All import documents must be accompanied by any import licenses. This will enable the customs to clear the documents and allow the import without delay.Ex-factory invoice, freight and insurance certificates: These must be attached so that the customs can verify the price and decide on the classification under which the import tariff can be calculated.Letter of Credit (L/C): All importers must accompany a copy of the L/C to ensure that payment for the import is made. Normally this document is counter-checked with the issuing bank so that outflow of foreign exchange is checked.Not all consignments are inspected prior to clearance, and inspection may be dispensed with for reputable importers. In the current customs set-up, an appointment with the clearing agents for clearance purposes will avoid delays. In general, documentation requirements, including ex-factory bills of sale, are extensive and delays are frequent.Clearance delays cost time and money, including additional detention and demurrage charges, making it more expensive to operate and invest in India. For delayed clearances, importers seek release of shipments against a performance bond; furnishing a bank guarantee for this purpose is a more expensive proposition. Customs have recently extended operations to 24 hours a day to ensure timely clearance of export cargo.

MAINTENANCE AND SERVICES AGREEMENTA contractual maintenance agreement is a contract under which a service provider agrees to perform maintenance services. Contracts vary, and may include the costs or servicing and/or materials._________________DRAFT MAINTENANCE AND SERVICES AGREEMENTTHIS AGREEMENT is made at _____ on this _______ day of ____________ BETWEEN1. M/s _____________________________ Pvt. Ltd., a company registered under the Companies Act, having its registered office at …………………………………………….and Corporate Office at ……………………………… through its Authorised Signatory Mr. ______________ duly authorized by the Board of Directors vide Board Resolution dated _____ (hereinafter referred to as the “Service Provider/MCo”), which expression shall, unless repugnant to the subject or context, mean and include its successors-in-interest, assigns, nominees and all those claiming through it.AND2. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________ hereinafter singly/jointly, as the case may be, referred to as the ‘Owner’, which expression unless repugnant to the context or meaning thereof, shall mean and include his/her/their respective legal heirs, executors, administrators, legal representatives, successors, permitted assigns and all those claiming through him/her/them.ORM/s __________________________, a Company/Partnership firm/Proprietorship firm/HUF registered under the relevant Indian laws having its office at _____________________________through its duly authorized representative _______________ hereinafter referred to as the ‘Owner’, which expression shall unless it be repugnant to the context or meaning thereof be deemed to mean and include its successor-in-interest, assigns, nominees, lessees, attorneys and all those claiming through it. WHEREASa) M/s. ……………………………………………. had developed and constructed a residential Complex (or a Commercial Complex) under the name and style of ……………………………. on the land area admeasuring ……. acres, situated at……………………………., hereinafter referred to as the “Said Complex”.b) The Owner has purchased a residential Apartment No. ……………….on ……………….floor in Tower- having an approximate super area of ………………. sq. feet‘(hereinafter referred to as the said Unit) along with a Car Parking in the said Complex from M/s ……………………………. vide Buyer’s Agreement dated ______executed between M/s. ……………………………. and the Owner.c) The Owner has approached the Service Provider with a request to provide maintenance services and on the assurances that the Owner shall abide by the terms and shall promptly pay the Charges to the Service Provider or its nominated agency through prepaid meters, the parties have now decided to execute this Agreement on the terms and conditions recorded hereunder.d) On the Owner undertaking to abide by the terms and conditions of this maintenance agreement and subject to the other terms and conditions of this maintenance agreement, the responsibility of maintenance of the said Complex now vests with Service Provider who shall provide maintenance services in respect of common areas and facilities of the said Complex, through prepaid meters to the Owner and to collect payments thereof and to do all such acts, deeds and things as may be necessary with regard thereto.e) The Owner shall pay an Interest Free Maintenance Security, @ Rs. ……………….per sq. ft. of the super area amounting to Rs. ………………. /- (Rupees ………………. only) (“Interest Free Security Deposit”, hereinafter referred as IFMS) to the Service Provider before or at the time of execution of this Agreement. Additional amount as demanded towards additional security deposit has to be deposited in the same proportion on increase in the Maintenance Charges after every three years on renewal of this agreementNOW THEREFORE THIS INDENTURE WITNESSETH AND IT IS HEREBY AGREED AND DECLARED BY AND BETWEEN THE PARTIES HERETO AS FOLLOWS:1. DURATION OF MAINTENANCE AGREEMENTThat Service Provider shall provide maintenance services as per the scope of maintenance services as set out in Clause (2) hereinafter w.e.f. ………………. for a period of Three (03) years unless determined earlier as provided in this agreement. It is agreed between the Parties that this Maintenance agreement shall initially be for a period of 3 (Three) years and to be renewed automatically for further 2 terms of three years each on the same terms and conditions.Thereafter, upon the Residents Welfare Association (RWA) taking over maintenance and operation of services, facilities and other utilities in the said Complex, the Owner shall be responsible for payment of Maintenance Charges to the Association / Society at such rates as may be determined by the latter from time to time.The Owner in its individual capacity shall not be entitled to terminate the present Agreement by himself but shall be entitled to do so in case at least 3/4th of the total Owners of the Units decide vide a duly signed resolution to do so by a written notice of 3(three) months. The Service Provider shall also be entitled to terminate the present Agreement by giving 3 months advance notice in writing or 3 months charges in lieu thereof without assigning any reason thereof.2. SCOPE OF MAINTENANCE SERVICESThat subject to the provisions of this Agreement, and in consideration of the payment of the maintenance charges reserved and payable, as per this agreement, and the interest free maintenance security and other deposit agreed to be made by the Owner in this Agreement, the Owner shall be entitled to avail the Common Facilities and Services to be provided by the Service Provider. “Maintenance Services” shall mean and include the following services:2.1 Operations and maintenance of all equipments including sub-station(s) and/or transformers connected with the supply of electricity to all occupants of the said Complex via Individual Meters under bulk electric supply scheme, subject to receipt of necessary permissions and completion of all formalities and deposit of all securities by the Owner. The operation and maintenance of bulk supply and distribution of electricity may be further entrusted by Service Provider to any other company, nominee, agency as Service Provider deems fit.2.2 Common Areas Maintenance Services: Cleaning and lighting of passages, staircases and other common usage areas of the said Complex and cleaning of its interior and exterior common areas.2.3 Operation and Maintenance of services located in the said Complex, including its basements/ stilts, electric sub-station(s) and equipment, pump(s) security and fire protection systems & hydrants, transformer(s), DG set(s) for power back-up, water tank(s), water softening plants, Sewage Treatment Plant, Motors, Lifts, Garbage Composting Plant etc.2.4 Open area Maintenance Services: These relate to operation and maintenance of open spaces within the boundary wall of ‘Heritage One’ such as maintenance of compound wall, landscaping, electrification of the said portion of land, water supply, sewerage, roads, parks, paths & other services etc.2.5 Security services for the common areas of the said Complex.2.6 Insurance of the structure of the said Complex (however, the Owner will be solely responsible for insuring the contents within the said Unit at his own cost, risk and responsibility).2.7 General Housekeeping of the common areas in the said Complex including cleaning & lighting of passages, staircases and other common usage areas and cleaning of the said Complex.2.8 Charges towards annual maintenance contracts entered into with Third Parties for the operation and maintenance of all electro mechanical equipments and any other equipment installed for rendering maintenance services including plants/equipment etc.2.9 It is clarified by Service Provider and understood by the Owner that:i) The entire overheads including salaries and wages etc. will form a part of the above services wherever directly allocable with general overheads and administrative costs being additionally included and charged.ii) The cost of any services included in overheads will proportionately be included in the above computation to the extent required and necessary for the performance of the maintenance services.iii) The Owner will pay in advance to the Service Provider, without demur or delay, its proportionate share in any unforeseen charges or outgoings or capital cost of replacement/ installation of any equipment/ machinery/ apparatus becoming unusable. The demand so raised by Service Provider will be reasonable and final, conclusive and binding on the Owner.Exclusivity : The Owner agree and confirm that the total maintenance services shall be offered as a bouquet of services, on an exclusive basis and the Owner shall have no option to choose any one or several out of total maintenance services to be provided by the Service Provider under this agreement.The Owner further agrees and confirms that the total maintenance services shall not include the services as mentioned herein below: i. Defects in individual sub-meter systems, installed in the said Unit.ii. Internal Maintenance / security of the said Unit.iii. Any repairs in any portion of the said Unit.iv. Installation / subscription of cable TV, Telephone & Internet Connection, etc.v. Replacements of items of capital nature, fixed assets like pumps, lifts, motors, tanks, Pumps, DG sets, transformers, substation equipment, Garbage Composting Plant, electric cables, light fittings etc.vi. Cost of supply of electricity and water to the said Unit.vii. Seepage defects inside the units either due to faults in the affected unit or in the other unit(s).viii. Painting of units.ix. Insurance of units and its contents i.e. insurance of interiors and fit outs of the individual unit or any articles kept or stored therein will be the sole responsibility of the Owner.x. Run errands for payment of telephone bills of the owner(s).xi. Replacement of broken windowpanes.xii. Electricity, plumbing or other mechanical faults inside the units.xiii. Running Cost of common generator shall be borne and paid by the Individual Allottee separately on monthly basis, as per consumption based on individual prepaid meter.xiv. Any Municipal/local taxes levied.xv. Any other services generally pertaining to the insides of the said units or as may be specified by the Service Provider and/or any other services not specifically defined in the present Agreement in respect of the Said Complex.3. DEFINITION AND COMPUTATION OF MAINTENANCE CHARGESThe maintenance charges will be defined and computed in the manner provided herein below:3.1 The maintenance charges will be computed by taking into account the entire cost incurred by Service Provider for rendering maintenance services including the cost of electrical energy paid by Service Provider to Dakshin Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam Limited (DHBVN) for common facilities only viz. Lighting of common areas and operation of common utility machinery and the cost of operating and maintaining standby DG Set(s) (including fuel, inputs and overheads etc.) and deducting there from actual receipts from billing of electrical energy to all the occupants of the said Complex on account of electrical energy consumed inside their respective units including the said Unit. The resultant net expenditure shall be treated as a component of maintenance charges and shared to individual occupants in proportion to the super area of their respective Units.3.2 Since pre-paid electricity/ energy meters have been installed in the Said Unit, the Owner has to recharge its pre-paid meters as per its requirements. The electricity supply shall be automatically disconnected upon exhaust of the amount from the prepaid meter. The charges for power back up to the Said Unit recovered in advance by means of recharge coupons in case of prepaid energy meters. At present the electricity/ energy charges are Rs. ………………. * per unit for electricity through DHBVN and Rs. ………………. * per unit for electricity through DG sets, and the said rate is subject to enhancement/ variation depending upon the cost of diesel and overheads from time to time in its absolute discretion by the Service Provider.In addition the Owner also hereby agrees to pay the Service Provider its proportionate share of DHBVN fixed charges for supply of electricity to the said property. The fixed charges currently charged by DHBVN to the Company are Rs.………………. * (Rupees ……………………………… Only) per KW as levied by HSEB regulatory authority. The said fixed charges are subject to variation/ enhancement dependent on the rates intimated and levied by DHBVN on occupancy of the said property.3.3 The proportionate cost of insuring the structure of the said Complex, as may be applicable, shall be recovered by Service Provider from the Owner as a part of maintenance charges. The Owner will not do or permit to be done any act or thing which may render void or voidable insurance of the said Complex or any part of the said Complex or cause increased premium to be payable in respect thereof. However, the Owner shall be solely responsible for insuring contents within the Said Unit at his own cost and Service Provider accepts no responsibility in this regard.3.4 Service Provider will specify the actual costs incurred for provision of additional/ specific services (including but not limited to operation and maintenance of the car parking spaces allotted for the exclusive use of the Owner) plus 20% of cost plus applicable taxes as may be exclusively required by the Owner who shall pay the additional Interest Free Security and other deposit as may be charged by Service Provider. These specific/ additional services will be solely to the account of the Owner or if a number of occupants use the same service, then it shall be shared on pro rata basis to be determined by Service Provider in its sole discretion.3.5 Service Provider reserves absolute right to increase, revise and modify charges from time to time for any of the service to enable Service Provider to provide necessary maintenance services. The Owner shall not dispute or raise objections against such variance.4. PROCEDURE OF PAYMENT OF MAINTENANCE CHARGES4.1 The Maintenance Charges will be recovered on a pre-paid basis as we have pre-paid dual energy meters, the recharge coupons will be available from the office of Service Provider within ‘Heritage One’ Complex and will be purchased by the Owners by means of a crossed cheque/ demand draft drawn in favor of M/s ___________________________ payable at New Delhi. The maintenance charges presently applicable other than consumption of electrical energy in the said Unit is Rs. ………………. /- (Rupees ………………. ) per sq. ft. of the super area totaling Rs. ………………. /- (Rupees ……………….) per month plus taxes & duties as applicable. This rate of Rs. ____per sq. feet p.m. will depend upon the final expenditure sheet of maintenance cost at the end of the year. The charges for any exclusive maintenance services, as may be specially required and provided to the Owner, shall be treated and payable additionally by the Owner alone.The Owner shall be required to pay the maintenance charges for the entire first year (commencing from the date when the physical possession of the Said Unit is handed to the Owner by the Developer irrespective of whether the said Unit is actually occupied or not by the Owner or deemed to be handed over as per terms of the Buyer’s Agreement whichever is earlier, i.e. __________) before or at the time of execution of this Agreement.4.2 The Maintenance Charges shall be enhanced in order to factor in the inflation in the cost of inputs and minimum wages.4.3 The Owner will be liable to pay Service Tax and all other taxes, cess and levies on the Maintenance Charges as may be applicable from time to time.4.4 The Owner shall pay in advance by purchasing pre-paid coupons towards charges pertaining to Maintenance/ Electricity/ Water/ Club.4.5 The Owner undertakes to pay the dues without any reminders from Service Provider.4.6 Service Provider will charge interest at the rate of 18% p.a. for the period of delay in payment.4.7 Without prejudice to and notwithstanding the rights of Service Provider to charge interest for the period of delay in payment, in case the Owner fails to pay the dues on or before the due date indicated to the Owner, then the unpaid amount will be deemed to be a notice and the maintenance services including electricity/ water supply to the Owner will, without prejudice to the right of Service Provider to recover charges, be disconnected after the expiry of seven days of the due date without any notice to the Owner. The supply will not be reconnected unless and until the dues together with interest at the rate of 18% p.a for the period of delay and all other related expenses incurred/ to be incurred by the Service Provider in disconnecting and reconnecting the electric/ water supply and maintenance services is paid by the Owner.4.8 All returned/ dishonored cheques will be subject to legal action under the provisions of Negotiable Instrument Act, 1988 or any modification thereof apart from civil action for recovery of the amount. Service Provider will be entitled to recover bank charges and legal fee in addition to pending amount, interest at the rate of 18% p.a and other charges as provided in this Maintenance agreement in case of dishonored cheques.5. RIGHT TO USE OF MAINTENANCE SERVICES SUBJECT TO PAYMENT OF MAINTENANCE CHARGESThe Owner agrees that his right to use the common facilities including supply of electrical energy and water will be subject to regular and prompt payment of maintenance/ electricity and water charges as per pre-paid meters installed by Service Provider. If maintenance/ electricity/ water charges or any part thereof is not paid regularly, the Owner agrees that he will lose the right to use any of the common facilities/ services including right to receive electricity/ power back-up and water inside the Said Unit, but so long as the maintenance charges are regularly paid and all the covenants herein are observed, the right of the Owner to use such common facilities/ services will be unhindered.6. LIMITATION OF RESPONSIBILITY OF THE SERVICE PROVIDER6.1 Service Provider makes it clear to the Owner that the Service Provider may also get the maintenance services done through various outside agencies under separate maintenance agreements entered into by it with them. Service Provider’s responsibility will be limited only to the extent of supervision of these agencies and to ensure that their operation is in conformity with the maintenance agreements executed by them and to change an agency if its performance is not upto the desired standards. Service Provider accepts no legal liability whatsoever arising from acts of omission, commission, negligence, defaults of the aforesaid agencies in providing different components of the maintenance services. Similarly, Service Provider’s role and responsibility for the supply of electrical energy to the Owners will be limited to receiving the supply of energy from DHBVN in bulk and to distribute the same to them in terms of their applications. Service Provider is a mere distributing agency on behalf of DHBVN and has no power or control on the quality/ quantity or any other specifications with respect to the electrical energy supplied by DHBVN and therefore, it will accept no responsibility whatsoever and will not be liable for any action, damages whatsoever for any failure on the part of DHBVN to supply electrical energy.6.2 The responsibility of providing watch & ward services to the said Complex shall be entrusted to some outsourced security agency and the security agency may not guarantee or ensure foolproof safety and security of the said Complex or their belongings and properties. The Service Provider shall not have any financial/criminal liability for any loss to life and property by reason of any theft, burglary, fire or any other incident of crime/mishap occurring in the said Complex or any part thereof due to any lapse/failure/shortcoming of the staff of the security agency.6.3 The Owner will ensure that the internal air-conditioning and electrical systems and any other work or thing done internally within the Said Unit or externally, will not pose any fire, electrical, structural, pollution and health hazard for which the Owner will be solely responsible for all legal and financial consequences arising therefrom.6.4 The Owner agrees to keep the Service Provider indemnified and harmless against any loss or damage that may be caused to the occupants of other unit(s) or any others person(s), their properties or common areas in this regard.6.5 The Service Provider/ its Nominated Agency shall not be liable and/or responsible for any harm, loss, damage, fire, electrical, pollution, or any kind of hazard originating from the Said Apartment/ said Complex/physical injury of any nature suffered by the owner(s) / user(s) or any of their spouses, children, dependents, or agents, their Unit, its fixtures and fittings and common areas, for use and enjoyment of services under this agreement attributable to breakdown of power, power fluctuation, failure of machinery, human error, theft, fire, pollution, act of God, riot or civil commotion and the like. The aforesaid hazards shall not impose any kind of legal or financial liability on Service Provider and the Owner agrees to keep Service Provider indemnified and harmless against any loss or damage that may be caused to Service Provider or any other third party in this regard.6.6 The Owner / User undertake that they shall keep their units and the belongings therein, duly insured.7. INTEREST FREE MAINTENANCE SECURITY (IFMS)– It is hereby agreed between the parties that the IFMS shall be retained by the Service Provider. It is further agreed that the deposits at no point of time shall be given to the Owner of the said Unit.The decision to use the IFMS shall be that of the Service Provider. In case the expenses are more than the available IFMS, the Service Provider shall issue bills for the same & all the Owner will have to bear their proportionate share of the expenses as and when required to do so and this expense, if any, shall be reflected in a separate bill which the Owner shall be bound to pay within 15 days from the date of receipt of the same or be recovered through prepaid card system.Upon the formation of the Association and handing over of maintenance services to the Association by the Service Provider, the Service Provider shall duly handover the corpus of IFMS of all Owners/Users, subject to deductions, it is entitled to on account of nonpayment of maintenance charges, electricity charges and losses under the maintenance, etc. under this Agreement.8. GENERAL8.1 The metering system would be working on the pay before you use. The Owner has to purchase the electricity / power backup/maintenance services as per his requirement with the recharge value of Rs.1000/- up to Rs.5000/- in multiples of Rs.500 in advance.8.2 It shall be incumbent on said Owner to always maintain sufficient credit balance for continued electric/ power back up/maintenance services. In the event, the balance becoming zero, these services shall automatically be disconnected. On purchase of fresh prepaid coupons and charging of the Owner/s account, these services shall be restored.8.3 The metering system would have the facility of low credit alarm which would get activated once it reaches below the preset limit.8.4 The Owner will park his car In the Car Parking Space(s) allotted to him in terms of the Sale Deed in respect of the said Unit and nowhere else. Any additional car/ vehicle owned by the Owner will be parked by him outside the boundary wall of Heritage One. Same will be the case in respect of cars of the visitors/ guests of the Owners.8.5 The Owner and his family members will follow and abide by all the rules and regulations, guidelines (DO’s and DON’Ts), circulars and notifications issued/ notified by the Service Provider from time to time so as to ensure peace and discipline in the Said Complex and for smooth and efficient maintenance & management of the various services and facilities in the Said Complex and/or for the protection thereof from any misuse and damage. The Owner will also make his visitors/ guests/ tenants/servant aware of the same.8.6 The Owner undertakes and assures the Service Provider that he will install coolers and air-conditioners only at the spaces specifically designated and earmarked in respect of the said Unit. The Owner will ensure that there is no dripping or leakage of water from his coolers and air-conditioners. The Owner also undertakes not to install dish and other antennas outside his Unit.8.7 The duly authorized representative of the Service Provider shall be entitled to enter the Said Unit of the Owner/s at all reasonable times for the purpose of inspection of Owner’s installation and inspect and test any apparatus belonging to the Developer/Service Provider lying on the Said Unit for doing all necessary or incidental work for giving maintenance services and/or maintaining electricity supply to the Owner/s.8.8 The Owner undertakes and assures the Service Provider that that he is prohibited from using alternate system of power back up in the said Unit.8.9 It is stated for abundant clarity that the Maintenance Services are confined to common areas only and do not cover white-washing, painting, curing of seepage, defects in sewer and water pipes, plumbing, electric/ telephone/ cable wiring etc. within the said Unit for which the Owner will make his own appropriate arrangements at his own expense and if the same is attended by Service Provider that will be on extra chargeable basis considering the Manpower cost, spares, other Material etc.8.10 Repair of damages – The Owner shall bear the cost of all damages/breakage caused by the Owner/its agents/its visitors to the said Complex and shall forthwith reimburse all costs in connection with the replacement/rectification on account of the above to the Service Provider. In case due to the usage of the said Unit by the Owner, any damage is caused to the said Complex, the cost of repairing shall be reimbursed by the Owner to the Service Provider within 15 days of the receipt of letter in such regard, non-payment of this amount shall be termed as non-payment of maintenance and electricity charges and Service Provider shall be entitled to take steps to recover the same as it may be entitled to take for non-payment of maintenance and electricity charges.8.11 The Owner shall not do or permit to be done any act or thing which may render void or voidable insurance of any part of the said Complex or cause increased premium to be payable in respect thereof. Such increase in the premium due to the above default shall be borne and paid by the Owner only.8.12 That the Owner shall not allow any other person to use electricity from the connection provided in the said Unit and in case of detection of the same, the Service Provider may impose penalty charges in addition to disconnection of electricity.8.13 The Owner should report as emergencies the water leaks from any source, which can damage the said Unit or a neighboring Unit. The Service Provider will take initial corrective steps necessary to stop the emergency. However since this function is not covered in the Service Provider’s duties, the Owner/ User may require to call for licensed plumbers. Maintenance staff will respond to call about electrical problems and will assist the Owner in determining the cause of the problem. However since the roll of the Maintenance staff is limited to the common area only. The Owner / User may be instructed to call a licensed electrician.8.14 The Service Provider’s responsibility for repairs resulting from such damage is limited to restoring the original standard unit elements, and repair of damages relating to gaining access to malfunctioning common elements. Since the Service Provider does not repair or restore any improvements or upgrades, therefore the Owner / User shall insure their personal property within their Units as well as all betterments and improvements. 8.15 The Owner shall be liable to become a member of the Association / Society of Unit Owners without fail and shall have no objection to the Service Provider, if the Service Provider, at its discretion, handover any and/or all the services provided by it under this Agreement to such Association/Society. 8.16 Right of Developer – That the developer has unfettered/unhindered right to use the common spaces within the said Complex for setting up of Events/Kiosks and/or any other activity to which the Service Provider/Association/Owner shall never object, so long as such activity does not block access of the Owner to the Unit.8.17 Taxes – That all taxes as may be applicable presently or may be made applicable in future by the State/Central Government or ant local authority etc. shall be payable by Owner which is including but not limited to Service Tax, VAT, octroi, sales tax, excise duty, electricity duty or any other charges imposed by the concerned authority.8.18 That on termination of the services of Service Provider and/or its nominated agency by efflux of time or otherwise any privity between the Service Provider and/or its nominated agency and the Owner shall cease and the Association shall with immediate effect take over the activities of Service Provider and will be free to appoint anyone else to which the Service Provider will not be entitled to object to.8.19 The decision to vary and/or modify and/or to amend this Agreement shall be as per the Agreement arrived at between the Association and the Service Provider which shall be binding on the Owner at all times. This agreement cannot be terminated by the Association or the Owner.8.20 Ratification – That the Owner hereby ratify the appointment of the Service Provider and also the contents of this agreement.8.21 Liability – That with the signing of this Agreement, the liability for maintenance, supply of electricity and all other things as hereby passed on to the Service Provider or any person/third party agency nominated by the Service Provider.8.22 The User/Second Party hereby hands over the maintenance and supply of electricity to the Service Provider and the Service Provider or any person/third party agency nominated by the Service Provider, shall alone be liable for fulfillment of the obligations stated in this Agreement. The Owner, Association when formed and Service Provider or any person/third party agency nominated by the Service Provider shall keep the Developers indemnified in all respect. The Developer herein has nothing to do with the maintenance of common areas and/or supply of electricity and/or all other terms as mentioned in this Agreement and will not be held liable either by the Association, Owner or Service Provider or any person/third party agency nominated by the Service Provider for anything or in any way whatsoever.8.23 Right to take action – The Owner has also allowed the Service Provider to take any kind of action including but not limited to disconnection of electricity etc., against the Owner for non-payment of maintenance and electricity charges which it may take in terms of the Haryana Apartment Ownership Act and all rights of the Association have been assigned in favour of the Service Provider in this respect.8.24 Termination Right for Termination of Definitive Agreements –That the present agreement shall stand terminated by efflux of time unless renewed at the option of the Service Provider and Owner jointly for such term as agreed. The Service Provider shall however be entitled to terminate the present Agreement by giving 3 months advance notice in writing or 3 months charges in lieu thereof without assigning any reason thereof.8.25 POST TERMINATION RIGHTS – On termination or determination of the Agreement, the Owner shall allow the Service Provider to remove its employees, tools and tackles in accordance with the provisions hereof within 90 days except otherwise provided in this agreement.Upon termination, the Association, if formed shall be free to engage any person(s)/agency and/or to enter into such agreement as may be desired by it.8.26 CAR PARKING AREA –In case any parking slot is assigned or allotted, then such reserved parking slot shall be used only by the allottee/ its nominee thereof. All other parking area or other areas reserved shall be used as per the discretion/policy of the Developer.8.27 All costs, stamp duty, charges and expenses payable on or in respect of this maintenance agreement and on all other instruments and deeds to be executed, if any, pursuant to this maintenance agreement, legal fees, if any, will be borne and paid solely by the Owner. 8.28 Service Provider will not be held responsible or liable for not performing its obligations under this maintenance agreement due to force majeure conditions or for reasons beyond its control.8.29 That it is clearly understood and so agreed by the Owner that all the provisions contained herein and the obligation arising thereunder in respect of the said Unit will be equally applicable to and enforceable against any and all occupiers, tenants/ employees of the Owner and/or subsequent purchasers of the said Unit, as the said obligations go alongwith the said Unit for all intents and purposes.8.30 Prior to sale and/or transfer of the Said Flat, the Owner shall be bound and obliged to clear and make payment of all bills raised by the Service Provider for payment of the Maintenance Charges, Electricity Charges and other dues, and obtain no dues certificate from the Service Provider.8.31 The Owner shall not be entitled to claim refund of the IFMS or other deposit and as such the same shall stand transferred in the name of the purchaser(s)/transferee(s) in respect of the Said Unit, in the records of the Service Provider.8.32 In the event of letting out or otherwise parting with possession of the said Unit, the Owner will inform Service Provider in writing in advance and will obtain mandatory no dues certificate from Service Provider.8.33 The failure of Service Provider to enforce at any time or for any period of time any provision(s) hereof will not be construed to be waiver of any provision or of the right to enforce any or each and every provision of this maintenance agreement.8.34 If any provision of this maintenance agreement is determined to be void or unenforceable under any law, such provision will be deemed amended or deleted to the extent necessary to confirm to applicable law and the remaining provisions of this agreement will remain valid and enforceable.8.35 This maintenance agreement constitutes the entire maintenance agreement between the parties and revokes and supersedes all previous discussions/ correspondence and agreements between the parties, if any, concerning the matters covered herein whether written, oral or implied. However, it is understood by parties that the terms of this Agreement shall be read in consonance and not in derogation of the Buyer’s Agreement. Unless otherwise provided, this maintenance agreement will not be changed or modified except in writing and signed by the parties thereto.8.36 Any notice letter or communication to be made, served or communicated under these present will be in writing and will be deemed to be duly made, served and communicated only if it is addressed at the aforesaid addresses of the parties and sent by registered post/speed post.8.37 FORCE MAJEUREThe Service Provider shall be excused from the performance of its obligations hereunder, in the event that such performance is prevented by a Force Majeure Event, provided that the Service Provider shall notify the Owner, in writing, of the circumstances causing the delay and shall endeavor to complete such performance by other means.8.38 ARBITRATIONExcepting the cases of the theft/ pilferage of electric energy or interference with meter etc. (which are inter-alia offences) and only after dues payable are paid to Service Provider, in the event of any differences or disputes arising between Service Provider and the Owner in respect of any matter connected with the accuracy of dues, supply of services through maintenance agreement between Service Provider and the Owner, the matter shall be referred for arbitration to a sole arbitrator appointed by Service Provider. Reference to arbitration shall be without prejudice to the right of Service Provider to effect recovery of arrears of dues (through disconnection of supply or otherwise). The decision of Arbitrator will be final and binding on the parties. The arbitration proceedings will be held at Delhi alone and will be in accordance with the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 or statutory modifications thereto.8.39 JURISDICTION – That Court, tribunal, commission & quasi-judicial bodies at New Delhi alone shall have the jurisdiction to entertain all disputes arising from or in connection with this agreement.IN WITNESS WHEREOF, THE PARTIES HERETO HAVE SET THEIR RESPECTIVE HANDS AT………………. ON THIS ………………. MANTIONED HEREIN ABOVE.For ………………. Private Limited(……………….) Authorised SignatoryMr. / Mrs…………………………. (User)Witnesses:1.2.

Believe it or not.Economic glory comes from industrialization.And most of the asian nation were colonies so they were dumping ground for goods.They did not have any significant industries of their own so they did not know what to do for a while after their independence meanwhile Japan was an exception,it was and industrialized nation even before the war . So after the war was over they knew what to do to get back on their feet again.And certainly the help from USA did come in handy.Sinse their security was handled by USA they did have more money to buildup their industries again but to say it is solely dependent on that is totaly unfair , you can count that as one of the reasons though.to put it in a more professional manner here is an article i read on the internet that might give you an idea.Japanese economic takeoff after 1945In September 1945, Japan had nearly 3 million war dead and the loss of a quarter of the national wealth. How did Japan become the second largest economy in the world in the 1980s? Postwar Japanese economic takeoff was due to a variety of factors that had to do with American policies toward Japan, the international market, social mobilization, existent industrial capacities and experience, and government policies and expertise, among other things.1. Wartime experience:Between 1937 and 1945, during the war years, Japanese economy received rapid development. Production indices showed increases of 24 percent in manufacturing, 46 percent in steel, 70 percent in nonferrous metals, and 252 percent in machinery. Much of the increasingly militarized economy was diverse and sophisticated in ways that facilitated conversion to peacetime activity. On the automobile industry, for instance, of the 11 major auto manufacturers in postwar Japan, ten came out of the war years: only Honda is a pure product of the postwar period. Three of the ten: Toyota, Nissan, and Isuzu, prospered as the primary producers of trucks for the military after legislation passed in 1936 had driven Ford and General Motors out of the Japanese market. Other corporate giants on the postwar scene gained comparable competitive advantage during the war years. Normura Securities, which is now the second wealthiest corporation in Japan after Toyota, was founded in 1925 as a firm specializing in bonds. Its great breakthrough as a securities firm, however, came through expansion into stocks in 1938 and investment trust operations in 1941. Hitachi, Japan's largest manufacturer of electrical equipment, was established in 1910 but emerged as a comprehensive vertically integrated producer of electric machinery in the 1930s as part of the Ayukawa conglomerate that also included Nissan. Similarly, Toshiba, which ranks second after Hitachi in electric products, dates back to 1904 but only became a comprehensive manufacturer of electric goods following a merger carried out in 1939 under the military campaign to consolidate and rationalize production. Whole sectors were able to take off in the postwar period by building on advances made during the war. (this paragraph is based on John Dower, 1992, pp.54-55).After the war was over, many of the wartime companies and much of the technology used during the war were converted to peaceful economic development. Japanese private companies expanded quickly and fearlessly. They borrowed massive amounts from banks and took on large debts. The private companies developed rapidly, against the conservative advice of the government that they merge so as to competemore effectively against Detroit's Big Three. Instead, Toyota, Nissan, Isuzu, Toyo Kogyo (Mazda), and Mitsubishi all decided to produce full lines. An upstart motorcycle company founded by Honda Soichiro defied bureaucratic warnings and entered the auto market in 1963 with great long run success. In 1953, two young mavericks, Morita Akio and Ibuka Masaru, struggled for months with reluctant state officials before winning permission to purchase a license to make transistors. Beginning with the radio in the 1950s, their infant company, Sony, soon emerged as the global leader in quality an innovation in consumer electronics goods. (Gordon, 248-49)Nationalism and the desire to catch up with the West persisted after WWII, but now the efforts were focused on economic and industrial goals. For example, machine gun factories were converted to make sewing machines; optical weapons factories now produced cameras and binoculars.(Pyle, p.242)The great devastation of the Japanese economy during the war and the need to rebuild it from scratch often led to the introduction of new technology and new management styles, which gave these companies a chance to update and upgrade themselves. Their changes were met with a friendly international environment of free trade, cheap technology and cheap raw materials. During the Cold War years, Japan was the client and friend of the advanced U.S. economy and Japanese markets were allowed to be closed while the American market was open to Japanese goods.2. U.S. policies toward Japan after 1947During the Cold War, strategic interests led the U.S. to allow Japan to export to the US while protecting its domestic market, enabling the formation of cartels and non-market driven factors in Japanese economy, and the development of an asymmetrical trade relationship with the U.S. The export-driven economy that Japan consequently developed also benefited enormously from an international market of low tariffs (by joining the GATT, forerunner of WTO), low prices of oil and other raw materials needed for industrial development.Because Article 9 of the Japanese constitution forbids Japan from rearmament, Japan has lived under the umbrella of U.S. military protection, spending only 1 per cent of their GNP on the military's defensive abilities (which is a huge sum of money as the Japanese economy grew to be the second largest in the world), which, percentage wise, helped save the Japanese much money if they were militarily on their own.2. The welfare society in JapanIn Japan, a welfare society rather than welfare state exists, characterized by total employment, including cartels of small and medium sized companies to prevent them from bankruptcy in order to maintain total employment.The welfare society and total employment enabled the Japanese state to devote much of the money it would have spent on welfare to industrial development, in the form of bank loans.The birth of the welfare society:During the American occupation:1946-49, Japanese economy was sustained by $500 million annually from the US. Despite this help, because of wartime devastation, Japanese economy was in shambles.In reaction, the American occupational forces invited the Detroit banker Dodge to balance Japanese economy, who introduced the Dodge Plan (1949): balance budget, reduce inflation, repay Japanese government debts. Fix exchange rate ($1=360 yen). (compared with $1=110 yen today)That this exchange rate made Japanese yen too expensive shows the high inflation going on in Japan before 1949.Reaction to the Dodge Plan: massive laying off of workers and economic recession, because Japanese goods became less competitive in the international market (too expensive) (Dodge hoped that after the initial pain, Japanese economy would start steady development later on).In reaction: state bank loans to private companies to prevent them from bankruptcy. In the 1950s, major concern of Japanese economy was capital accumulation and export promotion; also medium sized companies protested against tax increases. These concerns prevented the formation of a welfare state because that would require tax increases. Instead, the state promoted a welfare society through legislation. The welfare society, through maintaining near total employment via liberal government loans to private companies, dispensed with the need for unemployment benefits. Retirement pensions came largely from personal savings and company compensation, rather than benefits from the state.The welfare society saved Japanese government much money, which was liberally loaned to companies and guaranteed a secure supply of funding to many companies, leading some to competition and technological innovation. (but it also prevented some companies from upgrading themselves because of guaranteed funding, so it was a two sided story).Under the welfare society, limited unemployment benefits do exist, but they are provided by the private companies. The unemployment insurance premiums are borne by workers and employers on a fifty-fifty basis. The government pays only a partial sum of the management and operation costs--14 percent of the cost for unemployment insurance and the other services concerning unemployment is covered directly out of the national treasury account. The wage withholding is, in principle, set at 1.1 percent of the total annual salary. However, the actual rate of contribution to these schemes was lowered to 0.9 percent in fiscal 1992, and has been at 0.8 percent since fiscal 1993. Unemployment benefits were 60 percent to 80 percent of the wage before becoming unemployed for a period of 90 to 300 days, which was extended to 330 days after 2001. Conditions vary depending on age and length of time contributing to the system. The larger private companies were also responsible for subsidized housing, health benefits, retirement pension and other benefits for recreational activities in a package called lifetime employment, practiced after 1960. All these, naturally add to the cost of big corporations, which then pass the cost on to the consumers in the form of higher prices.3. Financing the Japanese economy and cooperation between the state and businessesIn the years from 1950 on, Japanese leaders in the bureaucracy and ruling political party, working in tandem with corporate executives, actively sought to manage and develop the economy. Over the 23 years from 1950 to 1973, Japan's gross national product (GNP; the total value of goods and services produced in a year) expanded by an average annual rate of more than 10 per cent with only a few minor downturns. There was also a high rate of investment in technology. (Gordon, 246) Japan developed an export-oriented economy: much of what it manufactured would be sold abroad and the foreign currency they made would be invested in the purchase of technology, management, raw materials and energy sources for its further industrial development. Japan is a country with few raw materials for industrial development and non known oil reserves except for recent limited offshore discoveries. Today over 70 percent of manufactured goods from Japan are exported abroad. When this export driven economy first started in the 1950s, Japan had a favorable international environment: The United States led in negotiating a more open trading system through treaties such as the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT, predecessor to today's WTO, World Trade Organization). Cheap and reliable energy supplies in the form of oil from the Middle East and elsewhere fueled industrial expansion at relatively low costs. Relatively affordable licensing agreements also gave Japanese companies open access to a host of new technologies from transistors to steel furnaces.A. Government regulation in the form of loans:Private banks, as well as public institutions such as the Industrial Development Bank, drew on individual savings to channel capital to businesses. In the early years of Japanese economic development from the 1950s to 1960s, 1/3 of the bank loans came from private savings. The average household saved under 10 per cent of its income in the early 1950s, but savings rate soared steadily as the economy grew and reached 15 percent by 1960 and topped 20 percent by 1970. Households have continued to save in excess of 20 percent since then. These funds, deposited in savings accounts of commercial banks or in the government run postal savings system, made up a vast pool of capital available for investment in industry. (Gordon, 246) There has been such extensive government regulation of Japanese industry that Japanese capitalism is sometimes called "brokered capitalism" to refer to the extensive role the state plays in it. Of all government ministries, perhaps MITI has been the most instrumental. MITI and the Ministry of Finance encouraged the rationalization of firms and industries and guided the structural transformation of the economy. MITI stimulated the movement of capital and labor out of declining industries such as coal and textiles and into promising new industries with high growth potential--first into electronics, steel, petrochemicals, and automobiles, and later into computers, semiconductors, and biotechnology. (Pyle, 247)Since MITI achieved most of its goals with the distribution of loans, where did the money come from? As mentioned above, a sizable amount of money came from personal savings, which was then channeled to economic development. The Ministry of Finance and MITI established the Japan Development Bank in 1951 with access to a huge investment pool known as the Fiscal Investment and Loan Plan (FLIP), which comprised the nation's savings in the postal savings system, a favorite place for individuals to put their money in because their accounts were tax exempt. FLIP thus amassed the savings four times the size of the world's largest commercial bank. It became a powerful policy tool which MITI used to provide low-cost capital to industries it favored for long term growth. The Ministry of Finance was ensuring the availability of capital. It put restrictions on the inflow or outflow of capital. It could ration and guide the flow of capital to large firms in industries such as steel, shipbuilding, automobiles, electronics and chemicals that were adopting new technology and were central to increasing productivity and exports. They also used tariffs, direct and indirect subsidies to key industries, for development. (Pyle, 247-48)Where else does the money come from for MITI and the Ministry of Finance? Another important reason to explain the money for economic growth, besides the small percentage of Japan's GDP on military spending (1%), has been the minimum the government spent on welfare. Instead of building a welfare state, the government has encouraged the Japanese to become a welfare society--through total employment, in order to reduce or eliminate the need for the state to spend on unemployment benefits. Although retirement pension did exist for some workers in large companies, it was primarily the result of contributions of the company and the workers, and state contribution was minimal. Again, like unemployment benefits, pensions were paid out by individual employees and their companies on a 50/50 matching basis. Unlike the U.S. social security system, the Japanese state was involved in the process only in entrusting the money from both sides to a designated company for investment and payment upon the employees' retirement based on an agreed upon sum of annuity at the beginning of the employees' employment. This system also encouraged employees to stay in the same company for life in order to get the amount of pension promised at the beginning. The money the Japanese state saved from public spending was invested in the economy in the form of liberal bank loans from the Bank of Japan to the citibanks and other regional banks that boosted competition and technological innovations. (Gao, 2001)According to John Dower, the Japanese bureaucratic control of economy through the many banks could trace its origin again to the war. Before 1927, there were about 1,400 ordinary commercial banks in Japan. That number steadily dropped so that by 1945, by mergers and absorptions, it was 61. And there has been little change since. The so called "city banks" which are really national banks, that stand at the hub of the postwar enterprise groups were in most instances greatly strengthened by critical legislation introduced between 1942 and 1944, which designated a certain number of "authorized financial institutions" to receive special support from the government and Bank of Japan in providing the great bulk of loans to over 600 major producers of strategic war materials. Thus, in 1931 the ratio of direct (equity, meaning stocks issued to the public or to some other private companies) to indirect (bank loan) financing of industry was roughly 9:1. By 1935, it was 7:3, and by 1945, as in the mid 1960s, it was 1:9 (meaning for every dollar a company got from issuing tocks, it got nine dollars from bank loans). (Dower,1992, pp.57-58) After the war, because of indirect U.S. rule during the American occupation, the Japanese bureaucratic structure remained largely intact, and the Japanese government used some major banks to issue loans and direct economic development.B. Steps to avoid competition: monopolies (zaibatsu) and the KeiretsuDuring the American occupation, one of the decisions MacArthur made to liberalize Japan was to abolish the monopolies (zaibatsu). Because of the onset of the Cold War and the Korean War, the anti-monopoly stance was not upheld by the Americans to give the Japanese businesses a chance to compete more aggressively internationally. This opportunity was seized upon by the Japanese government. On Sept.1, 1953, the Diet amended the Anti-Monopoly Law so as to relax the Occupation-imposed restrictions on cartels, interlocking directorates, and mergers. To maximize the efficient use of resources, MITI preferred to have competition limited to a small number of very large corporations. The Fair Trade Commission's authority to prevent restraint of trade was constantly under attack from MITI. In one of the better documented cases of collusive behavior that resulted from the changed rules, six Japanese firms manufacturing televisions joined forces, forming a market stabilization group in 1956 to control the domestic price of televisions. They maintained a high price level in the domestic market while government tariff policy kept the market closed to foreign producers. With high profit margins and an ensured market at home, the industry turned to exports, especially to the US market. Through below-cost exports to the US market, the Japanese firms were able to drive most of their US competitors out of business. The Japanese government spurred and shaped the development of the television industry through preferential credit allocation via large banks, lax antitrust enforcement, condoning of de facto recession cartels, MITI guided investment coordination, and various forms of non-tariff barriers. (Pyle, 248)Besides sustaining monopolies to some extent, the Japanese government also condoned the building of a more flexible business alliance of different companies, either horizontally or vertically, called the keiretsu. Six great enterprise groups--Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Sumitomo, Fuyo, Dai-ichi Kangyo, and Sanwa--were organized horizontally. That is, each "horizontal keiretsu" comprised several dozen members including a main bank, large financial institutions, the largest manufacturing firms, and a large general trading company. Within each group, members held each other's shares. They had interlocking directorates and engaged in intragroup financing and joint R&D ventures. These horizontal keiretsu helped to provide long-term stability, efficiency, reduced risk, and mutual support. There were also giant vertical keiretsu organized in the automobile, electronic, and other industries (Nissan, Toyota, Hitachi, Matsushita, Sony, etc.). They served to organize huge numbers of subcontractors and suppliers of services. The vertical keiretsu provided efficient, long term reciprocal benefits for a parent company and its suppliers, including coordination of planning and investment, sharing of technology and information, control of quality and delivery, and flexibility throughout the business cycles. Finally, the distribution keiretsu allowed manufacturers to control the mass marketing of products. These networks allowed manufacturers to prevent price competition among retailers, to maintain high profit margins in the domestic market, and so to permit cutthroat competition in the international market. In other words, they become an effective means to force Japanese consumers to subsidize the international competitiveness of large manufacturing firms.(Pyle, 250)The following is an example of a keiretsu:Reciprocal shareholding of Mitsubishi Bank (1974)Top ten companies owned by Mitsubishi Bank per cent of sharesMitsubishi Heavy Industry 5.7New Japan Steel 1.4Mitsubishi Trading Company 7.8Asahi Hyaline 7.6Mitsubishi Chemical 5.6Mitsubishi Motors 3.3Mitsubishi Real Estate 3.9Tokyo Marine and Fire Insurance 5.7Kikki Japan Railway 3.5Japan Vessel 4.3Top ten owners of Mitsubishi BankMeiji Life Insurance 5.9Tokyo Marine and Fire Insurance 4.7Daiichi Life Insurance 3.6Mitsubishi Heavy Industry 3.2Japan Life Insurance 3.2Asahi Hyaline 2Mitsubishi Trading Company 2Mitsubishi Motors 1.4New Japan Steel 1.3Mitsubishi Trust Bank 1.3Source: Hiroshi Okumura. 1975. Hojin Shibonshugi no kozo (The structure of cooperative capitalism.) Tokyo: Nihon Hyoronsha. From Bai Gao, Japan's Economic Dilemma: The Institutional Origins of Prosperity and Stagnation. New York & Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, p.94.4. labor unions, part time workers, and small companies.Local nature of labor unionsIn Japan, trade unions, in the 1940s and 50s, were very militant, so much so that the Japanese government and big businesses decided to negotiate with them via Confucian values of trust and reciprocity. Unionized workers were promised life time employment in exchange for relatively speaking low salaries. This only applied to big companies. In small ones, workers did not have either job security or high salary. This mutual understanding, reached between unions and the management after a tremendous coal miners' strike in 1960, allowed unions to negotiate with companies on a company basis instead of industry wide. It led to many company based unions and dedication to work with the reward of lifetime employment, which, together with numerous on job trainings, also contributed to postwar Japanese takeoff. The trade unions were more concerned about job security than consumer rights of the union members.Part time workersAlthough the welfare society maintained a total employment philosophy, it included many part-time workers who did not enjoy workplace benefits and had very low pay, and who were largely women. These people often worked for small companies that did not provide benefits such as lifetime employment as the big companies started to do after 1960, and unemployment did happen in these small companies. Quite a percentage of the work of the big companies, such as Toyota and Sony, were contracted to these small companies which helped to reduce costs and add to the profit margin of the products.5. Social mobilization of the Japanese: sacrifice for the nation's place in international economyUltimately it was the Japanese consumers who bore the brunt of shouldering the cost of Japanese companies' competition abroad, in the form of high cost of consumer goods. After the war, they were taught to redirect their devotion to the nation from its military expansion to economic expansion. They were constantly exhorted that they were a homogeneous people and superior to all other Asians, and superior even to the whites. To establish their national position in the postwar world, they should not be very concerned about individual well being, thus should not mind the high cost they have to pay for consumer goods that cost less abroad. It is the same kind of mentality that prevented the Japanese from talking about their worries and pressure and ethnic/religious differences that Norma Field discusses in her In the Realm of A Dying Emperor, while worries, anger, and frustration still pop up unexpectedly, often from the periphery instead of mainstream Japanese society.Note: Unless specified, the paragraphs with citations are almost completely taken from the books/articles cited. If you need to use the information here for your paper, please cite the authors cited in the paragraphs. The following is a bibliography of books used for this presentation.Bibliography:Dower, John. "The Useful War," in Carol Gluck and Stephen Graubard, eds., Showa: The Japan of Hirohito. New York & London: W.W.Norton, 1992.Gao, Bai. Japan's Economic Dilemma: The Institutional Origins of Prosperity and Stagnation. New York & Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001Gordon, Andrew. A Modern History of Japan: From Tokugawa Times to the Present. New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.Pile, Kenneth. The Making of Modern Japan, 2nd ed. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1996.Sourse : Japanese economic takeoff after 1945