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How many of you know this man?I would like to mention first his achievements.He is a retired Indian Engineering Service (IES) officer and known as the "Metro Man"He is credited for changing the face of public transport in India by his leadership for building the Konkan Railway and the Delhi Metro.He was awarded the Padma Shri by the Government of India in 2001 the Padma Vibhushan in 2008,the Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur in 2005 and was named one of Asia's Heroes by TIME magazine in 2003.He has been appointed to serve the United Nations’ High Level Advisory Group on Sustainable Transport (HLAG-ST).Noble WorkIn December 1964, a cyclone washed away parts of Pamban Bridge that connected Rameswaram to mainland Tamil Nadu. The Railways set a target of six months for the bridge to be repaired while his boss, under whose jurisdiction the bridge came, reduced it to three months. He was put in-charge of the execution and he restored the bridge in just 46 days.In 1970, as the deputy chief engineer, he was put in charge for implementation, planning and design of Calcutta metro, the first ever metro in India. To everyone's surprise, He not only completed this much heralded project but also laid down the foundation of modern infrastructure engineering in India.When he joined the Cochin Shipyard in October 1979,it was undergoing a phase of unproductivity. The production of its first ship MV Rani Padmini had been delayed for a long period. When he took over, he turned the fortunes of the shipyard around and made sure its first ship was built while he was its chairman and managing director (CMD). In 1981, under his leadership, the shipyard launched its first ship, the MV Rani Padmini.He was made the managing director of Delhi Metro Rail Corporation by then Delhi Chief Minister Sahib Singh Verma and by mid 1997 all the scheduled sections were completed by their target date or before, and within their respective budgets.He was given the sobriquet of Metro Man by the media for his grand success in executing the completion of the Delhi Metro.He has also been appointed as Chief Advisor for the Lucknow Metro. He has been advising for the Jaipur Metro as well as DMRC has undertaken its implementation.He has also been roped in as advisor for a proposed Metro rail system in Andhra Pradesh in the Visakhapatnam and Vijayawada (VGTM) areas, under the leadership of the Chief Minister Chandrababu Naidu.After his retirement from DMRC,He has been appointed as Principal Advisor of the Kochi Metro Rail Project.He is Mr. Elattuvalapil Sreedharan.Source- E. Sreedharan - WikipediaPictures- Google.Happy Reading..!!

Before going in details of the ionic mechanisms, few things:Paresthesias can be due to a) Focal Nerve Compression - involves both physical compression of the nerve and some focal ischaemia, and b) Generalized ischaemia -more pronounced form of ischaemia.Paresthesias are known to occur at two incidents in the same sensory neuron: A) During ischaemia, and B) After ischaemia. This sequence is more prominent in general ischaemia (tourniquet effect types).Numbness or conduction blocking is also simultaneously occurring in some afferents. Unlike paresthesias which peak twice, numbness increases steadily. I'm not a 100% sure about this whole simultaneous numbness part but data suggests it happens.The bar indicates the ischaemic period.Now coming back to the mechanisms behind paresthesias.Whether it's due to FNC pr general ischaemia, the underlying mechanism behind paresthesia is 'Ectopic Discharges'.Ectopic discharges, as the name suggests, are spikes of electrical conduction/changes in membrane voltage levels, at a time and place otherwise unwanted.In a clean action potential, the membrane:Depolarizes (voltage rise from -55 mV to +30mV) Na+ channels opening, K+ channels still shut.Repolarizes (voltage drops from +30 mV to -70 mV) Na+ channels are closing, K+ channels are open.Hyperpolarizes (voltage drops further from -70 mV to -90 mV) Na+ channels are closed, K+ channels are still open.Return to resting membrane potential i.e. -70 mV by closing of K+ channels.Image source: mikeclaffey.comIf this is how things proceed, the Na+/K+ pump is said to be working fine.Now what happens during ischaemia is that besides the lack of energy required for the pump to work, there is also increasing accumulation of metabolic byproducts of ischaemia, most importantly of H+ ions. Which in turn affects the pH. These factors lead to an inhibition of the Na+/K+ pump, causing depolarization, called ischaemic depolarization. This triggers the voltage dependent persistent Na+ conductances leading to spontaneous activity perceived as paresthesias. This is the first set of paresthesias in a series of two.The indirect effect of an ineffective pump is accumulation of extracellular K+ which is known to cause persistent K+ currents. After ischaemia is released, there's a rebound, compensatory over-activity of the pump. This causes the second set of paresthesias, which are more sharp/severe than the first set.Electrophysiologically, during the ischaemic phase, following changes are seen:Decrease in Stimulus Threshold.Decrease in sensory action potential amplitude.Increase in refractoriness.Increase in SDTC (Strength-Duration Time Constant, which is a measure of persistent Na+ conductances).After ischaemia is released, all of these values move towards their normal, pre-ischaemic values, in full gusto.This is why the paresthesias during ischemic phase are perceived as low-frequency buzzes whereas those perceived during the post-ischemic phase are high-frequency bursts, sharp and pricking in nature.REFERENCES:Pathophyiology of Paresthesia: Page on intechopen.comChanges in human sensory axonal excitability induced by focal nerve compressionIonic mechanisms for paresthesias arising ... [Clin Neurophysiol. 2008]Elsevier

The Marine Commandos (MARCOS) are capable of undertaking operations in alltypes of terrain, but are specialised in maritime operations. The force has undertaken numerous joint exercises with special forces from around the world. The MARCOS presently has approximately two thousand personnel.Some of the known operations by MARCOS are:Operation Pawan (1987): The IMSF (Indian marine special force, as the MARCOS was then known) helped in capturing the harbours of Jaffna and Trincomalee , Sri Lanka, as part of the Indian Peace Keeping Force.Operation Cactus (1988): The MARCOS defended the democratic government of president Maumoon Abdul Gayoom of the Maldives from a coup as part of the Indian Navy contingent. The force played a supporting role in India's successful military aid in helping foil the attempted coup by Sri Lankan militants from the PLOTE and ENDLF. A group of 47 mercenaries attempted to escape by sea with 23 hostages, on a hijacked vessel, MV Progress Light. The MCF was pressed into service along with INS Godavari , a multi role frigate carrying Seaking helicopters, Alize aircraft operating from the Navy's base at Kochi . INS Godavari trailed the hijacked vessel for a couple of days, firing intermittently with her guns on the vessel's superstructure. An Alize antisubmarine aircraft dropped two depth charges near the vessel, causing the motley collection of militants to come up on the upper decks and surrender. A contingent of the Marcos operating from Ratmalana Airfield on the outskirts of Colombo, with some help from the Sri Lankan Army in terms of specialised equipment, thereafter boarded the ship and accepted the surrender of the militants and took them into custody.Operation Tasha (1991): It was instituted after Operation Pawan wound up, and was more a coastal security operation on the Tamil Nadu coast to thwart operations of the LTTE there, than something belonging to the realm of special operations.UNOSOM II (1993): MARCOS were deployed off Mogadishu in support of the Indian contingent in Somalia. The team provided Maritime Special Ops support to the Naval Task Force.Operation Rakshak: Ongoing Counter-insurgency (COIN) operations in Jammu and Kashmir , in the Jhelum River , and Wular Lake . Two to four teams of MARCOS are deployed round the year in Jammu & Kashmir, at Wular Lake. This 250 square km lake, surrounded by mountains, was being used freely by militants to reach Srinagar, saving them from having to travel 100 km through the mountains. In 1995, a team of MARCOS was positioned at the lake and within weeks, militant activity on the lake ceased. Some MARCOS personnel are also attached with the Army special forces units conducting counter-terrorism operations in the area. MARCOS use tactics similar to the Israeli undercover special warfare units called Mista'arvim , sporting beards and wearing the 'pheren' (Kashmiri suit), thus making them indistinguishable from the locals.Operation Leech: It resulted in the slaying of a number of Burmese rebels at Narcondum Island in the North Andaman group of Islands. A small contingent of MARCOS was reputed to have been involved in the murky operation, which has found intermittent mention in various media.Operation Swan: Exercise on the Gujarat and Maharashtra coasts, after the December 92 blasts in Mumbai, wherein the MARCOS were used for patrolling.Kargil War (1999): MARCOS assisted army operations during the Kargil war.Protecting offshore oil rigs and platforms: MARCOS maintain a quick reaction team at Mumbai, to deal with threats to the offshore oil assets at Bombay High.Exercise Balanc Iroquois 03-1/Vajrstormehar' (2003): MARCOS participated in joint training exercises called Exercise Balance Iroquois 03-1/Vajra Prahar with US Special Operations Forces in Mizoram.Malabar 05 (2005): September 2005 again witnessed joint Indo-US naval exercises called Malabar 05 , which had significant special operations content.Operation Black Tornado (2008): MARCOS stormed the Trident and Taj Hotels at Mumbai during the recent terrorist attacks on 26 November 2008 during the November 2008 Mumbai attacks , terrorist were killed in action at the Taj.Anti-Piracy (2008): In its first ever action in the Gulf of Aden, MARCOS thwarted an attempt by pirates to capture the Indian merchant vessel MV Jag Arnav on 11 November 2008.Anti-Piracy (2008): On 13 December 2008 MARCOS units operating from the Indian Naval warship INS Mysore foiled a pirate hijack attempt of Ethiopian vessel MV Gibe off the Somali coast. In the process twenty three pirates were arrested.Anti-Piracy (2011): On 16 July 2011, INS Godavari and Marine Commandos has successfully foiled a piracy attempt on a Greek ship MV Elinakos in the Gulf of Adenthe.Anti-Piracy (2013): On 12 August 2013, the Indian Navy spotted an Iranian Cargo Ship Nafis-1 off course in the Arabian Sea. Surveillance continued on the ship until 14 August, when a MARCOS unit of 9 servicemen was deployed to intercept the ship via helicopter along with support from the INS Mysore . The commandos dropped onto the ship and detained the hijackers, which had reportedly sailed from Chah Bahar in Iran to an undisclosed location. Navy Intelligence reports revealed that the ship was being used to smuggle weapons and contraband. A store of automatic assault weapons was confiscated on board as well.Source: Wikipedia ( http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/MARCOS )