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Transportation to the Australian colonies was a form of exile. The length of time could be for seven years, fourteen years or for “the term of your natural life”.A convict who had served out their sentence of seven or fourteen years was free to return to the British Isles. If any convicts were specifically ordered to return before the expiry of their sentence, they don’t seem to figure very prominently in Australian history books. Except for one interesting case. This is the incredible story of the escapee Mary Bryant and four male convicts who were returned to England while their sentences were still current.Mary Bryant was born Mary Broad, in the town of Fowey in Cornwall in 1765. In 1786, in the company of two other girls, she assaulted and robbed Agnes Lakeman of a bonnet and other goods. She and her accomplices were caught and sentenced to be hung. The sentence was commuted to transportation for seven years. After the sentencing she was transferred to the prison hulk Dunkirk in Plymouth Harbour. When the First Fleet left Plymouth in May 1787, Mary Broad was one of the female convicts on one of the First Fleet transport ships, the Charlotte.Before the fleet reached Capetown, she had given birth to a daughter, whom she named Charlotte after the ship. The father is unknown, but he was probably one of the marine guards or a gaoler on the Dunkirk.After arriving at Port Jackson in 1788, Mary Broad married one of the male convicts, William Bryant. William Bryant also came from Cornwall. He had been convicted for resisting arrest and evading excise in 1784. He was a fisherman and smuggler. Like his wife he had been sentenced to transportation for seven years.For the first few years, food was very scarce in the colony, and in line with the liberal policies of the governor towards convicts, William Bryant was put in charge of the boats that caught fish in Sydney Harbour. In 1789 he was caught selling some of the fish on the black market and he received 100 lashes and was transferred to brick making. The food situation being what it was, it was quickly decided to return him to his old job of fishing supervisor. In 1790, Mary Bryant bore a son, Emanuel, fathered by William Bryant.Bryant’s sentence was due to expire in 1791, but he was not allowed to return to Britain as he would be leaving behind a wife and children unable to support themselves. At this point the Bryants decided to escape.A Dutch ship, the Waaksamheyd arrived in Sydney Harbour in December 1790. William Bryant befriended the captain, Detmers Smith and obtained a compass, quadrant, muskets, food and a chart of the waters between Sydney and Timor from him. He acquired the funds to pay for these by returning to his black market activities. He also managed to accumulate and hide some fishing gear and a large amount of food including 100 pounds of flour, 100 pounds of rice and 14 pounds of pork. Besides William and Mary Bryant, seven other male convicts - James Martin, James Cox, Samuel Bird, William Allen, Nathaniel Lilly, William Morton and Samuel Broom were brought in on the escape plan. They had been carefully chosen by William Bryant. All of them had boat handling skills. William Morton had served as second mate aboard an East India Company ship and had navigation skills. Mary Bryant had grown up in the fishing village of Powey and also had boat handling skills.The Waaksamheyd left Sydney on 27th March 1791. On the evening of 28th of March 1791, the group made their escape in a cutter. At that particular time, there were no ships in Sydney Harbour capable of pursuing them. There was a certain grudging admiration for the boldness of the escape among many of the convicts and guards. A marine private, John Easty wrote:Today 8 men with 1 woman and 2 Children Convicts toke a kings boat of 6 oars with a large quantity of provisions... it was Supposed that they intinded for Bativee but having no vessell in the habour thare was no Pursueing them so thay got Clear of, but it is a very Desperate attempt to go in an open Boat for a run of about 16 or 17 hundred leags and pertuclar for a woman and two Small children... but the thoughts of Liberty from Such a place as this is Enough to induce any Convicts to try all Skeemes to obtain it as they are the same as slaves all the time thay are in this countryJames Martin kept a diary during the whole escapade.The escapees travelled approximately 138 miles (222 km) north of Sydney in two days and landed in the area of present day Newcastle. They caught a large number of fish and ate well. Between Port Macquarie and Brisbane, a strong wind drove them out to sea and it was three weeks before they could make land again. The day after landing in what was probably Moreton Bay, a large crowd of natives appeared and they were obliged to fire a musket above their heads to disperse them. Around May 9th, they put to sea again and were blown far from land. Around May 12th they landed on an island and managed to capture twelve large turtles. One was eaten and the others were used to make jerky.Several days later they rounded Cape York. Originally they had intended to hug the coastline of the Gulf of Carpentaria, but after another encounter with hostile natives they went out into the open ocean and crossed the gulf in four days.After reaching the north eastern tip of Arnhem Land, they took on more fresh water. They then sailed another 1000 miles across the top of Arnhem Land and through the Arafura Sea, finally reaching the town of Kupang in Timor on June 5th 1791. The voyage had lasted ten weeks and covered 3254 nautical miles. It was an extraordinary feat of navigation. Almost on a par with William Bligh’s voyage 2 years earlier from near Tahiti to Timor after the Bounty mutiny.When they arrived in Kupang, they told the Dutch Governor of Timor, Mynheer Wanjon, that they were the survivors from a whaler, the Neptune, that had been wrecked in Torres Strait. Kupang proved to be a wonderful place to revive, and the group, including the children, recovered well from the rigours of their long ocean voyage. William Bryant drew Bills on the British Government to pay for the food, clothing and accommodation provided by the Dutch. Some of the convicts even obtained jobs in Timor.At this point, the fortunes of the party went awry. The Dutch found out that they were escaped convicts. How the Dutch found out is a matter of some dispute. According to James Martin’s journal, William and Mary Bryant had an argument and in a drunken rage, William Bryant told the governor that they were convicts. Other British officials who had later dealings with the group have said that the Dutch had become suspicious and William Bryant blurted out the truth when drunk. Others have said that another member of the group informed to the Dutch.The group were imprisoned in Kupang, although their imprisonment was not all that severe. They were allowed out of the castle in groups of two for days at a time. In September 1791, a group of genuine British shipwreck survivors arrived in Kupang. This group was from the Pandora, the ship sent to recapture the Bounty mutineers. After picking up fourteen of the Bounty mutineers in Tahiti, the Pandora had been wrecked on the Great Barrier Reef. The 120 survivors, which included most of the mutineers picked up in Tahiti, had sailed four small boats from the Pandora to Kupang. Another impressive feat of navigation.The arrival of the Pandora survivors meant that the escapees were soon to be in the custody of the British. Captain Edwards, the commander of the Pandora took formal custody of them on the 5th of October 1791. The next day the escapees, the Bounty mutineers and the Pandora crew were taken on the Rembang, a hired Dutch East India Company ship, to Batavia. The Rembang arrived in Batavia on the 7th of November 1791.Batavia had a reputation amongst 18th Century Europeans as an unhealthy and pestilential place. Captain James Cook had advised visitors to make their stay:‘as short as possible, otherwise they will soon feel the effects of the unwholesome air of Batavia, which, I firmly believe, is the Death of more Europeans than any other place upon the Globe of the same extent’.The surgeon from the Pandora, George Hamilton, who seems to have been much more humane than Captain Edwards, described Batavia as a :‘painted sepulchre, this golgotha of Europe, which buries its whole settlement every five years’.The escapees were put in irons and confined to a prison hulk in the harbour. Emanuel Bryant died in the Batavia hospital on the 1st of December 1791. William Bryant also became ill and died on the 22nd of December. Captain Edwards hired three ships to to take his charges back to the British Isles. The escapees were divided into two groups and put onto the ships Hoorsen and Hoornwey. Their first stop was Capetown. During the voyage, they were kept in irons below deck most of the time. On the voyage to Capetown, James Cox disappeared overboard and Samuel Bird and William Morton also died.When the ships reached Capetown, HMS Gorgon, a British ship which had come from Sydney just happened to be in the harbour at Capetown. It was taking a detachment of marines that had come out on the First Fleet back to Britain. The escapees, who were well known to many of the marines, were transferred to the Gorgon which set sail for Great Britain. Sadly, there was another death on the final leg of the voyage when Charlotte Bryant died. The Gorgon reached Portsmouth on the 18th of June 1792.The survivors related the story of their escape and recapture when brought before a magistrate on the 30th of June. There was a great deal of public sympathy for the escapees and a public collection was taken up for them. When they were tried for their escape on the 7th of July, neither the death penalty nor transportation back to New South Wales was called for by the prosecutor. They were sentenced to serve out their original sentences in Newgate Prison.The cause of the escapees was taken up by the Diarist James Boswell. He succeeded in getting a full pardon for Mary Bryant and later on for the other escapees. They were all released from prison. Boswell also possibly gave Mary Bryant an annuity of £10. She eventually returned to her hometown of Fowey in Cornwall.Although there has been all sorts of speculation, nothing is conclusively known about the rest of the lives of Mary Bryant and the four surviving male escapees after their pardons.

Tell you what, if you can't be bothered to type "history of brisbane" into your broswer and click THE FIRST LINK in the results, I can't be bothered to do more than cut and paste it into my answer.From History of Brisbane... Enjoy.---------------------------------------------History of BrisbaneFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_BrisbanePart of a series on theHistory of AustraliaChronologicalPrehistoryExploration by seaLand exploration1788–18501851–19001901–19451945–presentTimelineBy topicConstitutionDiplomacyEconomyFederationImmigrationIndigenous peopleMilitaryMonarchyRail transportBrisbane's recorded history dates from 1799, when Matthew Flinders explored Moreton Bay on an expedition from Port Jackson, although the region had long been occupied by the Jagera and Turrbal aboriginal tribes. The town was conceived initially as a penal colony for British convicts sent from Sydney. Its suitability for fishing, farming, timbering, and other occupations, however, caused it to be opened to free settlement in 1838. The town became amunicipality in 1859 and a consolidatedmetropolitan area in 1924. The city hosted the1982 Commonwealth Games and the 2014 G20 Brisbane summit.Contents [hide]1Etymology2Aboriginal occupation and European exploration31824 colony4Free settlement5Development in the early years of the colony of Queensland5.1Amalgamation of local government areas6Brisbane during the Second World War7Post-War Brisbane7.1Brisbane floods7.21980s8Brisbane's historical timeline9See also10References11Further reading12External linksEtymology[edit]Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, is named for Sir Thomas Brisbane (1773–1860), British soldier and colonial administrator born in Ayrshire, Scotland. Sir Thomas Brisbane was Governor of New South Wales at the time that Brisbane was named.Aboriginal occupation and European exploration[edit]Prior to European colonisation, the Brisbane region was occupied by aboriginal tribes, notably the Yuggera and Turrbal aboriginal clans. Before European settlement, the land, the river and its tributaries were the source and support of life in all its dimensions. The river's abundant supply of food included fish, shellfish, crab, and shrimp. Good fishing places became campsites and the focus of group activities. The district was characterized by open woodlands with rainforest in some pockets or bends of the Brisbane River.A resource-rich area and a natural avenue for seasonal movement, Brisbane was a way station for groups travelling to ceremonies and spectacles. The region had several large (200–600 person) seasonal camps, the biggest and most important located along waterways north and south of the current city heart: Barambin or 'York's Hollow' camp (today's Victoria Park) and Woolloon-cappem (Woolloongabba/South Brisbane), also known as Kurilpa. These camping grounds continued to function well into historic times.The region was first explored by Europeans in 1799, when Matthew Flindersexplored Moreton Bay during his expedition from Port Jackson north to Hervey Bay. He made a landing at what is now Woody Point in Redcliffe, and also touched down at Coochiemudlo Island and Pumicestone Passage. During the fifteen days he spent in Moreton Bay, Flinders was unable to find the Brisbane River.[1]A permanent settlement in the region was not founded until 1823, when New South Wales Governor Thomas Brisbane was petitioned by free settlers in Sydney to send their worst convicts elsewhere and the area chosen became the city of Brisbane.On 23 October 1823, Surveyor General John Oxley set out with a party in the cutterMermaid from Sydney to "survey Port Curtis (now Gladstone), Moreton Bay, and Port Bowen (north of Rockhampton, 22.5°S 150.75°E),[2] with a view to forming convict settlements there". The party reached Port Curtis on 5 November 1823. Oxley suggested that the location was unsuitable for a settlement, since it would be difficult to maintain.As he approached Point Skirmish by Moreton Bay, he noticed several indigenous Australians approaching him and in particular one as being "much lighter in colour than the rest". The white man turned out to be a shipwrecked lumberjack by the name of Thomas Pamphlett who, along with John Finnegan, Richard Parsons, andJohn Thompson had left Sydney on 21 March 1823 to sail south along the coast and bring cedar from Illawarra but during a large storm were pushed north. Not knowing where they were, the group attempted to return to Sydney, eventually being shipwrecked on Moreton Island on 16 April.[3] They lived with the indigenous tribe seven months.After meeting with them, Oxley proceeded approximately 100 kilometres (62 mi) up what he later named the Brisbane River in honour of the governor. Oxley explored the river as far as what is now the suburb of Goodna in the city of Ipswich, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) upstream Brisbane's central business district. Several places were named by Oxley and his party, including Breakfast Creek (at the mouth of which they cooked breakfast), Oxley Creek, and Seventeen Mile Rocks.1824 colony[edit]See also: Early Streets of BrisbaneIn 1824, the first convict colony was established at Redcliffe Point under LieutenantHenry Miller. Meanwhile, Oxley and Allan Cunningham explored further up the Brisbane River in search of water, landing at the present location of North Quay. Only one year later, in 1825, the colony was moved south from Redcliffe to a peninsula on the Brisbane River, site of the present central business district, called "Meen-jin" by its Turrbul inhabitants.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StateLibQld_2_148511_Early_drawing_of_a_section_of_the_town_of_Brisbane,_Queensland_including_the_Convict_Hospital,_1835.jpgAn early drawing of the townAt the end of 1825, the official population of Brisbane was "45 males and 2 females". Until 1859, when Queensland was separated from the state ofNew South Wales, the name Moreton Bay was used to describe the new settlement and surrounding areas. "Edenglassie" was the name first bestowed on the growing town by Chief JusticeFrancis Forbes,[4] a portmanteau of the two Scottish cities Edinburgh and Glasgow. The name soon fell out of favour with many residents and the current name in honour of Governor Thomas Brisbane was adopted instead.The colony was originally established as a "prison within a prison"—a settlement, deliberately distant from Sydney, to which recidivist convicts could be sent as punishment. It soon garnered a reputation, along with Norfolk Island, as one of the harshest penal settlements in all of New South Wales. In July 1828 work began on the construction of the Commissariat Store. It remains intact today as a museum of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland and is only one of two convict era buildings still standing in Queensland. The other is The Old Windmill on Wickham Terrace.Over twenty years, thousands of convicts passed through the penal colony. Hundreds of these fled the stern conditions and escaped into the bush. Although most escapes were unsuccessful or resulted in the escapees perishing in the bush, some (e.g. James Davis) succeeded in living as "wild white men" amongst the aboriginal people.During these decades, the local aboriginals tried to "starve out" the settlement bydestroying its crops—most notably their "corn fields" at today's South Bank. In retaliation, colony guards shot and killed aboriginals entering the corn fields.Free settlement[edit]As a penal colony, Brisbane did not permit the erection of private settlements nearby for many years. As the inflow of new convicts steadily declined, the population dropped. From the early 1830s the British government questioned the suitability of Brisbane as a penal colony. Allan Cunningham's discovery of a route to the fertileDarling Downs in 1828, the commercial pressure to develop a pastoral industry, and increasing reliance on Australian wool, as well as the expense of transporting goods from Sydney, were the major factors contributing to the opening of the region to free settlement.[5] In 1838, the area was opened up for free settlers, as distinct from convicts. An early group of Lutheran missionaries from Germany were granted land in what is now the north side suburb of Nundah.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StateLibQld_1_186935_Buildings_on_the_banks_of_the_Brisbane_River_downstream_from_Gardens_Point,_ca._1840.jpgEarly development along the Brisbane River, ~1840In 1839 the first three surveyors, Dixon, Stapylton and Warner arrived in Moreton Bay to prepare the land for greater numbers of European settlers by compiling a trigonometrical survey.[6] From the 1840s, settlers took advantage of the abundance of timber in local forests. Once cleared, land was quickly utilized for grazing and other farming activities. The convict colony eventually closed.The free settlers did not recognise local aboriginal ownership and were not required to provide compensation to the Turrbul aboriginals. Some serious affrays and conflicts ensued—most notably resistance activities of Yilbung, Dundalli, Ommuli, and others. Yilbung, in particular, sought to extract regular rents from the white population on which to sustain his people, whose resources had been heavily depleted by the settlers. By 1869, many of the Turrbul had died from gunshot or disease, but the Moreton Bay Courier makes frequent mention of local indigenous people who were working and living in the district. In fact, between the 1840s and 1860s, the settlement relied increasingly on goods obtained by trade with aboriginals—firewood, fish, crab, shellfish—and services they provided such as water-carrying, tree-cutting, fencing, ring-barking, stock work and ferrying. Some Turrbul escaped the region with the help of Thomas Petrie, who gave his name to the suburb of Petrie in the Moreton Bay region north of Brisbane.Development in the early years of the colony of Queensland[edit]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JohnPetrie01.jpgBrisbane's first mayor wasJohn Petriehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StateLibQld_1_63671_Town_of_Brisbane,_ca._1870.jpgBrisbane town, 1870On 6 September 1859, the Municipality of Brisbane was proclaimed. The next month, polling for the first council was conducted. John Petrie was elected the first mayor of Brisbane.[7] Queensland was formally established as a self-governing colony of Great Britain, separate from New South Wales, in 1859.Originally the neighbouring city of Ipswich was intended to be the capital of Queensland, but it proved to be too far inland to allow access by large ships, so Brisbane was chosen instead. But it was not until 1902 that Brisbane was officially designated a city.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brisbane_1893.jpgFlooding on Queen Street, 1893.The 1893 Black February floods caused severe flooding in the region and devastated the city. Raging flood waters destroyed the first of several versions of the Victoria Bridge. Even though gold was discovered north of Brisbane, around Maryborough and Gympie, most of the proceeds went south to Sydney and Melbourne. The city remained an underdeveloped regional outpost, with comparatively little of the classical Victorian architecture that characterized southern cities.A demonstration of electric lighting of lamp posts along Queen Street in 1882 was the first recorded use of electricity for public purposes in the world.[8] The first railway in Brisbane was built in 1879, when the line from the western interior was extended from Ipswich to Roma Street Station. First horse-drawn, then electric trams operated in Brisbane from 1885 until 1969.In 1887, the Yungaba Immigration Centre was established at Kangaroo Point. The two-storey brick building is listed on the Queensland Heritage Register.[9] Tramway employees stood down for wearing union badges on 18 January 1912 sparked Australia's first General strike, the 1912 Brisbane General Strike which lasted for five weeks. The first ceremony to honour the fallen soldiers at Gallipoli was held at St John's Cathedral on 10 June 1915.[10] The tradition would later grow into the popularAnzac Day ceremony.In an effort to prevent overcrowding and control urban development, the Parliament of Queensland passed the Undue Subdivision of Land Prevention Act 1885, preventing congestion in Queensland cities relative to others in Australia. This legislation, in addition to the construction of efficient public transport in the form of steam trains and electric trams, encouraged urban sprawl. Although the initial tram routes reached out into established suburbs such as West End, Fortitude Valley,New Farm, and Newstead, later extensions and new routes encouraged housing developments in new suburbs, such as the western side of Toowong, Paddington,Ashgrove, Kelvin Grove and Coorparoo.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StateLibQld_1_48448_Woman_getting_on_a_tram,_Brisbane,_1910-1920.jpgA Brisbane tram in the early 20th centuryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StateLibQld_1_101716_Victoria_Bridge_ca._1933.jpgThe Victoria Bridge over theBrisbane River, 1933This pattern of development continued through to the 1950s, with later extensions encouraging new developments aroundStafford, Camp Hill, Chermside, Enoggeraand Mount Gravatt. Generally, these new train lines linked established communities, although the Mitchelton line (later extended to Dayboro) and before being cut back toFerny Grove) did encourage suburban development out as far as Keperra.Subsequently, as private motor cars became affordable, land between tram and train routes was developed for settlement, resulting in the construction of Ekibin,Tarragindi, Everton Park, Stafford Heights, and Wavell Heights.Amalgamation of local government areas[edit]In 1924, the City of Brisbane Act was passed by the Queensland Parliament, consolidating the City of Brisbane and the City of South Brisbane; the Towns of Hamilton, Ithaca, Sandgate, Toowong, Windsor, and Wynnum; and the Shires of Balmoral, Belmont, Coorparoo, Enoggera, Kedron, Moggill, Sherwood, Stephens, Taringa, Tingalpa, Toombul, and Yeerongpilly to form the current City of Greater Brisbane, now known simply as the City of Brisbane, in 1925.To accommodate the new, enlarged city council, the current Brisbane City Hall was opened in 1930. Many former shire and town halls were then remodelled into public libraries, becoming the nucleus of Greater Brisbane's branch system. During the Great Depression, a number of major projects were undertaken to provide work for the unemployed, including the construction of the William Jolly Bridge and theWynnum Wading Pool.Brisbane during the Second World War[edit]Due to Brisbane's proximity to the South West Pacific Area theatre of World War II, the city played a prominent role in the defence of Australia. The city became a temporary home to thousands of Australian and American servicemen. Buildings and institutions around Brisbane were given over to the housing of military personnel as required.The present-day MacArthur Central building became the Pacific headquarters of U.S. General Douglas MacArthur,[11] and the University of Queensland campus at St Lucia was converted to a military barracks for the final three years of the war. St Laurence's College and Somerville House Girls' School in South Brisbane were also used by American forces.During this time St Laurence's College was moved to Greenslopes to continue classes. Newstead House was also used to house American servicemen during the war.Brisbane was used to mark the position of the "Brisbane Line", a controversial defence proposal allegedly formulated by the Menzies government, that would, upon a land invasion of Australia, surrender the entire northern part of the country. The line was, allegedly, at a latitude just north of Brisbane and spanned the entire width of the continent. Surviving from this period are several cement bunkers and gun forts in the northern suburbs of Brisbane and adjacent areas (Sunshine Coast/ Moreton Bay islands).On 26 November and 27 November 1942, rioting broke out between US and Australian servicemen stationed in Brisbane. By the time the violence had been quelled one Australian soldier was dead, and hundreds of Australian and US servicemen were injured along with civilians caught up in the fighting.[12] Hundreds of soldiers were involved in the rioting on both sides. This incident, which was heavily censored at the time and apparently was not reported in the US at all, is known as the Battle of Brisbane.Post-War Brisbane[edit]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BrisbaneSuburbanOuthouses1950.jpgThe consequence of years of inadequate civic finances—a city largely unsewered, with outhousesbehind each home. The city was not completely sewered until the early 1970s.Immediately after the war, the Brisbane City Council, along with most governments in Australia, found it difficult to raise finances for much-needed repairs and development. Even where funds could be obtained materials were scarce. Adding to these difficulties was the political environment encouraged by some aldermen, led by Archibald Tait, to reduce the city's rates (land taxes). Ald Tait successfully ran on a slogan of "Vote for Tait, he'll lower the rate." Rates were indeed lowered, exacerbating Brisbane's financial difficulties.Although Brisbane's tram system continued to be expanded, roads and streets remained unsealed. Water supply was limited, although the City Council built and subsequently raised the level of the Somerset Dam on the Stanley River. Despite this, most residences continued to rely heavily on rainwater stored in tanks.The limited water supply and lack of funding also meant that despite the rapid increase in the city's population, little work was done to upgrade the city's sewage collection, which continued to rely on the collection of nightsoil. Other than the CBD and the innermost suburbs, Brisbane was a city of "thunderboxes" (outhouses) or ofseptic tanks.What finances could be garnered by the Council were poured into the construction ofTennyson Powerhouse, and the extension and upgrading of the powerhouse in New Farm Park to meet the growing demands for electricity. Brisbane's first modern apartment building, Torbreck at Highgate Hill, was completed in 1960.[13]Work continued slowly on the development of a town plan, hampered by the lack of experienced staff and a continual need to play "catch-up" with rapid development. The first town plan was adopted in 1964.1961 saw the election of Clem Jones as Lord Mayor. Ald Jones, together with the town clerk J.C. Slaughter sought to fix the long term problems besetting the city. Together they found cost-cutting ways to fix some problems. For example, new sewers were laid 4 feet deep and in footpaths, rather than 6 feet deep and under roads. In the short term, "pocket" or local sewerage treatment plants were established around the city in various suburbs to avoid the expense of developing a major treatment plants and major connecting sewers.They were also fortunate in that finance was becoming less difficult to raise and the city's rating base had by the 1960s significantly grown, to the point where revenue streams were sufficient to absorb the considerable capital outlays.Under Jones' leadership, the City Council's transport policy shifted significantly. The City Council hired American transport consultants Wilbur Smith to devise a new transport plan for the city.[14] They produced a report known as the Wilbur Smith "Brisbane Transportation Study" which was published in 1965. It recommended the closure of most suburban railway lines, closure of the tram and trolley-bus networks, and the construction of a massive network of freeways through the city. Under this plan the suburb of Woolloongabba would have been almost completely obliterated by a vast interchange of three major freeways.Although the trams and trolley-buses were rapidly eliminated between 1968 and 1969, only one freeway was constructed, the trains were retained and subsequently electrified. The first train line to be so upgraded was the Ferny Grove to Oxley line in 1979. The train line to Cleveland, which had been cut back to Lota in 1960, was also reopened.Brisbane floods[edit]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brisbane_River_in_flood_(1).jpgSwollen Brisbane River, 2011Brisbane has been inundated by severefloods of the Brisbane River in 1864, 1893, 1897, 1974, 2011 and 2013. A comprehensive flood mitigation scheme was instituted for the Brisbane River catchment area in the aftermath of the 1974 flood. Since then the city remained largely flood free, until the floods in January 2011 and 2013 floods.1980s[edit]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opening_ceremony_(8075978683).jpgThe 1982 Commonwealth Gameswas officially opened by The Duke of Edinburgh and closed by The Queen.Brisbane hosted the Commonwealth Gamesin 1982 and the World's Fair in 1988. Between the late 1970s and mid-1980s, Brisbane was the focus of early land rights protests (e.g. during the Commonwealth Games)and several well-remembered clashes between students, union workers, police and the then-Queensland government. Partly from this context, innovative Brisbane music groups emerged (notably Punk groups) that added to the city's renown.Later in that decade, emission control regulation had a major effect on improving the cities air quality. The banning of backyard incinerators in 1987, together with the closure of two local coal fired power stations in 1986 and a 50% decrease in lead levels found in petrol, resulted in a lowering of pollution levels.Brisbane's historical timeline[edit]1770 Captain James Cook sails up Queensland coast with botanist Joseph Banks; names Cape Moreton, Point Lookout and Glass House Mountains. Takes possession of eastern Australia, naming it New South Wales.1799 Captain Matthew Flinders explores Moreton and Hervey bays; names Red Cliff Point (now Redcliffe), Pumice-stone River (now Pumicestone Passage). Also lands on Coochiemudlo Island.1823 Emancipated convicts John Finnegan, Richard Parsons, and Thomas Pamphlett were shipwrecked off Moreton Island while looking for timber (a fourth person, John Thomson, died at sea). Following a quarrel, Parsons continues north while others stay on the island.1823 Surveyor-general John Oxley arrives at Bribie Island to evaluate Moreton Bay as a site for penal settlement. Discovers Finnegan and Pamphlett who guide him to the Brisbane River; names Peel Island, Pine River and Deception Bay.1824 Oxley discovers Parsons and returns him to Sydney.1824 First commandant Lt. Henry Miller arrives at Red Cliffe Pt from Sydney with soldiers, a storekeeper and their families, John Oxley, botanist Allan Cunningham, stock and seeds.1824 First settler born in colony named Amity Moreton Thompson.1825 Shipping channel via South Passage found; settlement moves to Brisbane River; first convict buildings built along William St.1825 Edmund Lockyer of 57th Regiment explores Brisbane River. Notes flood debris 100 feet above river levels at Mount Crosby, finds first coal deposits. Names Redbank after soil colour.1826 Captain Patrick Logan takes over as commandant of colony. Achieves extensive stone building program using convict labour. Discovers Southport bar and Logan River.1827 Allan Cunningham leaves Hunter Region to seek link via New England Tableland to Darling Downs.1827 Indigenous resistance leader "Napoleon" exiled to St Helena Island. Aborigines raid maize plots, resist advances. Frequent conflict until the 1840s.1828 Cunningham discovers gap in Great Dividing Range, providing access from Moreton Bay to Darling Downs. Also explores Esk-Lockyer basin and upper Brisbane Valley in 1829.1829 Moreton Bay Aborigines seriously affected by smallpox.1830 Captain Logan mysteriously murdered near Esk, commemorated in folk song, "The Convict's Lament".1831 Moreton Bay settlement population reaches 1241, including 1066 convicts.1833 Ship Stirling Castle wrecked on Swain Reef; first of many ships to wreck on Queensland coast over next 40 years.1836 Quaker missionaries report Moreton Bay indigenous population infected with venereal disease from American whalers.1837 Brisbane's pioneering Petrie family arrives in Moreton Bay. Andrew Petrie(builder and stonemason) is clerk of government works; stays on with wife Mary and five children after penal settlement closes. Son John Petrie becomes Brisbane's first mayor; other son Tom writes sympathetically about local indigenous people.1839 Calls to cease convict transportation successful; Moreton Bay is closed as a penal settlement. 2062 men and 150 women served sentences at the settlement, half of them being Irish; 10 percent died, 700 fled, 98 never recaptured.1840 Escaped convict John Baker surrenders after 14 years of living with indigenous Australians.1841 Indigenous people Merridio and Neugavil are executed at Wickham Terrace windmill for the murder of surveyor Stapylton and his assistant in Logan.1842 New South Wales Governor George Gipps proclaims Moreton Bay a free settlement. Land is offered for sale from Sydney.1846 Squatter and entrepreneur Evan Mackenzie succeeds in making Brisbane a port independent from Sydney.1846 Recorded population of Moreton Bay area is 4000 Aborigines and 2257 migrants.1848 First 240 government-assisted British migrants arrive in Brisbane. FirstChinese labourers arrive.1849 Rev Dr J.D. Lang, local clergyman and journalist, brings his first English, Irish, Welsh and Scottish migrants with unauthorised promise of land grants. Government rations issued to prevent starvation. Lang envisages a colony of self-sufficient, thrifty and hard-working farmers, workers and artisans.1849 Brisbane School of Arts established.1849 William Pettigrew arrives in colony. He later becomes the mayor of Brisbane in 1870 and is a member of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland between 1877–94.1850 Areas beyond inner Brisbane suburbs, such as Bulimba, Coorparoo,Enoggera, Nundah, Sherwood and Stafford are used for agriculture and grazing until the 1880s.1850 Displaced aborigines from Bribie Island, Redcliffe peninsula and Wide Bay make gunyah camps in Breakfast Creek/Eagle Farm region (until the 1860s).1850 Arthur Lyon sends sample of cotton from New Farm to The Great Exhibitionin London.1851 Influenza epidemic hits Brisbane (lasting in 1852).1855 Nearly 1000 German migrants arrive in Brisbane after political unrest and the introduction of compulsory military training; most settle in the Nundah area.1855 (5 January) Aboriginal resistance leader Dundalli hanged near current Post Office. Large-scale protests by indigenous tribes.1862 Old Government House is completed.1864 Great Fire of Brisbane1866 11 September, food riots that were instigated by the recently retrenched workers.[15]1867 Parliament House opens.1885 Horse-drawn tram system commences operation.1893 Brisbane flood.1897 Electric trams introduced.1899 Queensland Museum leaves the old State Library Building to move into Exhibition Hall (later called the Old Museum), at Gregory Terrace, Bowen Hills.1901 Celebrations held to mark Federation, on New Year's Day.1901 Fire alarms and pillar hydrants introduced to Brisbane city streets.1902 Central Railway Station in Ann Street, Brisbane completed.1902 Brisbane officially designated city status by the Government of Queensland.1909 Government House opens at Bardon1909 University of Queensland opens near Parliament House.1922 Queensland Government purchases privately owned tram system and establishes the Brisbane Tramways Trust.1925 Amalgamation of 25 local government areas to form the City of Greater Brisbane.1925 Queensland Government transfers responsibility for the tram system from the Brisbane Tramways Trust to the Brisbane City Council.1927 Lone Pine Koala Sanctuary founded1928 Sir Charles Kingsford Smith lands in Brisbane, from San Francisco, USA, after the first flight across the Pacific Ocean.1930 Brisbane City Hall opened.1939 Forgan Smith building completed at the St. Lucia campus of the University of Queensland. (Forgan Smith building was named after the, then, Premier of Queensland)1940 Story Bridge completed1942 General Douglas MacArthur arrives in Brisbane and takes offices in the AMP building (later called MacArthur Central) for the Pacific campaign duringWorld War II1946 Following a delay caused by World War II the University of Queenslandbegan its move from George Street, Brisbane, to its St Lucia campus, which it completed in 1972.1964 Adoption of first Brisbane Town Plan1965 Queensland Institute of Technology (later Queensland University of Technology) established1968 Brisbane City Council announces conversion of tram and trolley-bus systems to all-bus operations1969 Tram and trolley bus systems close, new Victoria Bridge opened1974 Brisbane River flooding, the result of continual heavy rain from Cyclone Wanda, causes major damage across city1982 Commonwealth Games1984 Queensland Performing Arts Centre opened at the Queensland Cultural Centre1986 Queensland Museum moves to the Queensland Cultural Centre1986 Tennyson and Bulimba coal-fired power station closed down1986 Gateway Bridge completed.1988 State Library of Queensland leaves the old State Library Building to move to the Queensland Cultural Centre1988 World Expo 88 held at reclaimed industrial land at South Brisbane1989 Queensland Institute of Technology changed status to Queensland University of Technology.1995 Treasury Casino opens2001 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM), scheduled for Brisbane, but postponed after heightened security concerns resulting fromterrorist attacks on New York City. Instead it was held in Coolum in early 20022001 Goodwill Games Opening ceremony included performances from Traditional Owners – Nunukul Yuggera Aboriginal Dancers, The Corrs, Keith Urban.2011 Brisbane River flooding2014 Host city of the 9th G-20 Summit – Opening Ceremony included performances from Nunukul Yuggera Aboriginal Dancers and Bangurra Dance Theatre.See also[edit]Brisbane portalHistory of QueenslandHistory of association football in Brisbane, QueenslandReferences[edit]Jump up^ The Life of Captain Matthew FlindersJump up^ "Port Bowen (entry 7456)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 30 March 2015.Jump up^ Field's New South Wales p. 89 (published 1925)[1] see footnoteJump up^ Seeing South-East Queensland (2 ed.). RACQ. 1980. p. 7. ISBN 0-909518-07-6.Jump up^ Laverty, John (2009). The Making of a Metropolis: Brisbane 1823—1925. Salisbury, Queensland: Boolarong Press. pp. 2–3. ISBN 978-0-9751793-5-2.Jump up^ "First surveys". History of Mapping and Surveying. Department of Natural Resources and Mines, Queensland Government. Retrieved 27 September 2013.Jump up^ Laverty, John (1974). "Petrie, John (1822–1892)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: Australian National University. Retrieved 8 November 2011.Jump up^ Dunn, Col (1985). The History of Electricity in Queensland. Bundaberg: Col Dunn. p. 21. ISBN 0-9589229-0-X.Jump up^ "Yungaba Immigration Depot (entry 600245)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 13 July 2015.Jump up^ Tony Moore (16 July 2013). "Push to remember Brisbane clergyman's role in Anzac history". Brisbane Times (Fairfax Media). Retrieved 19 July 2013.Jump up^ Dunn, Peter. "General Headquarters (GHQ) - South West Pacific Area: AMP Building, corner of Queen and Edward Streets, Brisbane". Oz At War. Retrieved 18 April 2015.Jump up^ Dunn, Peter. "The Battle of Brisbane - 26 & 27 November 1942". Oz At War. Retrieved 18 April 2015.Jump up^ McBride, Frank; et al. (2009). Brisbane 150 Stories. Brisbane City Council Publication. p. 226. ISBN 978-1-876091-60-6.Jump up^ Allan Krosch (9 March 2009). "History of Brisbane's Major Arterial Roads: A Main Roads Perspective Part 1" (PDF). Queensland Roads, Edition 7. Department of Transport and Main Roads. Retrieved 5 November 2011.Jump up^ Evans, Raymond (2007). A History of Queensland. Port Melbourne, Victoria: Cambridge University Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-521-87692-6.Further reading[edit]J.R. Cole, Shaping a City: Greater Brisbane 1925–1985, Brisbane 1984G. Greenwood and J. Laverty, Brisbane 1859–1959, BCC, 1959J. G. Steele (1975). Brisbane Town in convict days, 1824–1842. University of Queensland Press. ISBN 0702209252.External links[edit]Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of Brisbane.Australian Heritage Historical Towns Directory: BrisbaneBrisbane Tramway MuseumThe Home Front – World War 2Brisbane’s role in WWII focus of new book regarding Brisbane as a large submarine base in World War IIState Library of QueenslandGoogle map of Pre 1925 merger Brisbane CouncilsCategories:History of BrisbaneAustralian timelinesTimelines of cities in AustraliaQueensland timelinesNavigation menuNot logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView historyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_PageMain pageContentsFeatured contentCurrent eventsRandom articleDonate to WikipediaWikipedia storeInteractionHelpAbout WikipediaCommunity portalRecent changesContact pageToolsWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationWikidata itemCite this pagePrint/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFPrintable versionLanguagesதமிழ்Edit linksThis page was last modified on 26 November 2015, at 12:32.Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. 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