Volume 22, No. 2 Spring 2011: Fill & Download for Free

It would have been impossible for Joseph Smith a young 23-year-old farm boy to have made up the detailed 531-page narrative with multiple ancient writing styles and complex literary content found in the Book of Mormon text. Critics have attempted to chip away at the Book of Mormon in niggly little ways for close to two centuries but no one has yet been able to successfully dismiss it outright. It stands as proof that Joseph Smith was a prophet, seer, and revelator.Neither Joseph Smith nor any 19th Century author could have written the Book of Mormon when taking the following into consideration:1. Ancient writing patterns - Several different characteristics of ancient writings have recently been identified in the Book of Mormon. These include the colophon which was often used in Egyptian compositions and chiasmus which is a distinctly Hebraic literary form. Both are found in the Book of Mormon despite the fact that these characteristics were unknown in Joseph Smith's day.a. The colophon is essentially a writer's preface which follows a fixed pattern. It most often includes the writer's name, background, qualifications for writing, and a summary of the text. At times, the text is also concluded with a similar pattern. Colophons are found throughout the Book of Mormon - Sorenson and Thorn, Rediscovering the Book of Mormon, pp. 32-37; Hugh Nibley, Lehi in the Desert and the World of the Jaredites, pp. 17-20; Vestal and Wallace, The Firm Foundation of Mormonism, p. 147; Welch, Reexploring the Book of Mormon, pp. 13-16.b. Chiasmus is an ancient literary form which resembles poetry. Instead of repeating sounds or following a rhyming pattern, chiasmus repeats ideas or words in a systematic pattern which reverses at its center point. Many examples of chiasmus have been identified in the Hebrew Bible but the Book of Mormon contains some of the most complex examples of chiasmus known today. Alma's chiasm in Alma 36 is made up of 17 elements with all but the center element repeated twice - Sorenson and Thorn, Rediscovering the Book of Mormon, pp. 114-131; Vestal and Wallace, The Firm Foundation of Mormonism, pp. 155-170; Book of Mormon Authorship, pp. 33-52; Diane E. Wirth, A Challenge to the Critics, pp. 94-99; Welch, Reexploring the Book of Mormon, pp. 230-235.2. Writing styles - A number of scientific tests have been devised to examine the authenticity of the Book of Mormon. Two tests which deal with writing styles have produced some exciting yet largely ignored results which our critics cannot explain. Computer assisted analysis techniques referred to as "stylometry" or more commonly "wordprint" analysis was developed to identify an author's writing style much like a fingerprint or voiceprint is used to identify an individual. Although wordprint analyses identifying the usage rate of non-contextual words have produced the best authorship identification, total new word usage rates have also produced significant results and will be addressed.Non-contextual words used in wordprint analysis are the filler words such as prepositions and conjunctions which are repeated subconsciously as a result of habit patterns developed in our early life. Although the conscious features of a given author's style might be imitated, the subconscious features cannot. Analysis indicates that an author's wordprint style remains consistent despite the passage of time, change of subject matter, or literary form. Most importantly, the value of a wordprint analysis is apparently retained where a literal translation has been made (Welch, Reexploring the Book of Mormon, pp. 221-226). Wordprint studies to determine authorship have included the examination of letters, biblical books, ancient Greek works, and more recently the technique was applied to the Book of Mormon. In a 1979 report, Wayne Larsen and Alvin Rencher showed that the Book of Mormon text contained more than 20 distinct wordprint styles which were internally consistent with the authors identified in the text.Who Wrote the Book of Mormon? An Analysis of Wordprints - Wayne A. Larsen, Alvin C. Rencher, Tim Layton https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2026&context=byusq&httpsredir=1&referer=https://www.google.com/Even more surprising to our critics was the fact that none of the Book of Mormon wordprint styles matched Joseph Smith's own style or that of any other suggested nineteenth-century author (See Book of Mormon Authorship, pp. 157-188). Despite the fact that Joseph Smith's own wordprint style is not found in the Book of Mormon, a consistently limited working vocabulary, similar to that of Joseph Smith's, is found throughout the book (See John L. Hilton's F.A.R.M.S. paper entitled Book of Mormon "Wordprint" Measurement using "Wraparound" Block Counting).The rate at which new words are introduced throughout the Book of Mormon is consistently low while individual wordprint styles vary consistently throughout the book according to the textually identified author. The only reasonably acceptable explanation for these two statistically observable results is that "the Book of Mormon is a continuous literal translation of non-English writings by different original authors, expressed by a literal translator using a restricted English vocabulary" (Ibid.). In addition, the conclusion that Joseph Smith or any contemporary could have authored the Book of Mormon is scientifically indefensible in light of the findings mentioned above. When coupled with the internal writing patterns and Egyptian and Hebrew characteristics mentioned earlier, the only rational conclusion that can be reached is that the Book of Mormon was not the product of any nineteenth-century author's imagination. It can only be what Joseph Smith claimed it to be: a translation of an ancient record written by men familiar with both Hebrew and Egyptian language characteristics. Additional information on wordprints may be found in Robert L. Hamson, The Signature of God; Robert and Rosemary Brown, They Lie in Wait to Deceive, vol. 2, chap. 9; Sunstone Magazine, vol. 6, num. 2, pp. 15-26; and BYU Studies, Spring 1980, p. 225ff.3. Migration Routes - Some people both in and out of the LDS Church have erroneously assumed that the Book of Mormon is the history of all pre-Columbian civilizations in the western hemisphere. In reality it is a religious account of three groups that came to the Americas prior to 589 B.C.. Undoubtedly there were other groups which came to the new world at other times and by other routes but these are not mentioned in the Book of Mormon narrative. The primary group described in the Book of Mormon is that of Lehi the prophet. Dr. Eugene England has made a detailed comparison of this group's Arabian journey with modern geographical features. His study revealed no contradictions and numerous correspondences. In fact, more than twenty significant geographical details described in the Book of Mormon such as Nahum, Bountiful, and rivers unknown in Joseph Smith's day, serve as evidence that it is indeed an ancient document, written from firsthand information (Noel B. Reynolds, ed., Book of Mormon Authorship, p. 143; see also Scharffs, The Truth about the God Makers, pp. 130-132; Michael T. Griffith, Refuting the Critics, pp. 44-45)4. This short video summarize the evidence for the book’s complexity:Watch it and then try to explain these Book of Mormon’s examples of complexity and sophistication:1. Statistically distinct authors2. Complex source texts3. Realistic battles4. Rich Symbolism5. Epic literature6. Genealogies7. Distinct cultures8. Numerous fulfilled prophecies9. Typological narratives10. Over 150 named locations11. Brilliant doctrinal discourses12. Competing religious ideologies13. Embedded flashbacks14. Over 200 named characters15. Political histories16. Editorial prefaces and conclusions17. Over 1,000 intertextual relationships18. Efficient system of weights and measures19. Lineage histories20. Over 1,000 Hebrew literary elements21. Extended analogies22. Realistic naming conventions23. Pervasive early modern English24. Modern migrations25. Interweaving narrative26. Consistent usage of many words and phrases27. Three calendar systems28. Multiple literary genres29. Realistic demographic data30. Authentic legal cases31. Over 600 consistent geographical referencesEach of the above have been found by scholars to be evidence for the Book of Mormon’s authenticity. A site named Book of Mormon Central contains a detailed examination of many of the above findings. The site also provides a long list of references for scholars and critics to research the Book of Mormon on their own:ReferencesStylometry1. Book of Mormon Central, “Is It Possible That a Single Author Wrote the Book of Mormon? (2 Nephi 27:13),” KnoWhy 399 (January 16, 2018)2. Matthew Roper, Paul J. Fields, and G. Bruce Schaalje, “Stylometric Analyses of the Book of Mormon: A Short History,” Journal of the Book of Mormon and Other Restoration Scripture 21, no. 1 (2012): 28–45.3. Paul J. Fields, G. Bruce Schaalje, and Matthew Roper, “Examining a Misapplication of Nearest Shrunken Centroid Classification to Investigate Book of Mormon Authorship,” Mormon Studies Review 23, no. 1 (2011): 87–111.4. G. Bruce Schaalje, Paul J. Fields, Matthew Roper, Gregory L. Snow, “Extended Nearest Shrunken Centroid Classification: A New Method for Open-set Authorship Attribution of Texts of Varying Sizes,” Literary and Linguistic Computing 26, no. 1 (2011): 71–88.5. Bruce Schaalje, John L. Hilton, and John B. Archer, “Comparative Power of Three Author-Attribution Techniques for Differentiating Authors,” Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 6, no. 1 (1997): 47–63.6. John L. Hilton, “On Verifying Wordprint Studies: Book of Mormon Authorship,” BYU Studies Quarterly, 30, no. 3 (1990): 89–108; reprinted in Book of Mormon Authorship Revisited: The Evidence for Ancient Origins, ed. Noel B. Reynolds (Provo, UT: FARMS, 1997), 225–253.7. Wayne A. Larsen, Alvin C. Rencher, and Tim Layton, “Who Wrote the Book of Mormon? An Analysis of Wordprints,” BYU Studies 20, no. 3 (1980): 225–251; reprinted in Book of Mormon Authorship: New Light on Ancient Origins, ed. Noel B. Reynolds (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 1982), 157–188.Complex Source Texts1. John L. Sorenson, “Mormon’s Miraculous Book,” Ensign, February 2016, 38–41, online at The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.2. Gerald E. Smith, “Improvisation and Extemporaneous Change in the Book of Mormon (Part 2: Structural Evidences of Earlier Ancient versus Later Modern Constructions),” Interpreter: A Journal of Mormon Scripture 23 (2017): 53–90.3. Gerald E. Smith, “Improvisation and Extemporaneous Change in the Book of Mormon (Part 1: Evidence of an Imperfect, Authentic, Ancient Work of Scripture),” Interpreter: A Journal of Mormon Scripture 23 (2017): 1–44.4. John L. Sorenson, “Mormon's Sources,” Journal of Book of Mormon and Other Restoration Scripture 20, no. 2 (2011): 2–15.5. Brant A. Gardner, “Mormon’s Editorial Method and Meta-Message,” FARMS Review 21, no. 1 (2009): 83–105.6. Steven L. Olsen, “Prophecy and History: Structuring the Abridgment of the Nephite Records,” Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 15, no. 1 (2006): 18–29, 70–71.7. Thomas W. Mackay, “Mormon as Editor: A Study in Colophons, Headers, and Source Indicators,” Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 2, no. 2 (1993): 90–109.8. John W. Welch, “Preliminary Comments on the Sources Behind the Book of Ether” FARMS Preliminary Reports (Provo, Utah: FARMS, 1986).9. S. Kent Brown, “Lehi’s Personal Record: Quest for a Missing Source,” BYU Studies Quarterly 24, no. 1 (1984): 19–42.Realistic Battles1. Book of Mormon Central, “How Realistic are Nephite Battle Strategies? (Alma 56:30),” KnoWhy 164 (August 12, 2016)2. David E. Spencer, Captain Moroni’s Command: Dynamics of Warfare in the Book of Mormon (Springville, UT: Cedar Fort, 2015).3. Morgan Deane, Bleached Bones and Wicked Serpents: Ancient Warfare in the Book of Mormon (self-published, 2014).4. John E. Kammeyer, The Nephite Art of War (Far West Publications, 2012).5. Daniel C. Peterson, “The Gadianton Robbers as Guerrilla Warriors,” in Warfare in the Book of Mormon, ed. Stephen D. Ricks and William J. Hamblin (Salt Lake City and Provo, UT: Deseret Book and FARMS, 1990), 146–173.6. Stephen D. Ricks and William J. Hamblin, eds., Warfare in the Book of Mormon (Salt Lake City and Provo, UT: Deseret Book and FARMS, 1990).7. Hugh Nibley, Since Cumorah, The Collected Works of Hugh Nibley: Volume 7 (Salt Lake City and Provo, UT: Deseret Book and FARMS, 1988), 291–333.8. Ray C. Hillam, “The Gadianton Robbers and Protracted War,” BYU Studies Quarterly 15, no. 2 (1975): 215–224.Rich Symbolism1. Parrish Brady and Shon Hopkin, “The Zoramites and Costly Apparel: Symbolism and Irony,” Journal of the Book of Mormon and Other Restoration Scripture 22, no. 1 (2013): 40–53.2. Steven L. Olsen, “The Covenant of the Promised Land: Territorial Symbolism in the Book of Mormon,” FARMS Review 22, no. 2 (2010): 137–154.3. Richard Dilworth Rust, Feasting on the Word: The Literary Testimony of the Book of Mormon (Salt Lake City and Provo, UT: Deseret Book and FARMS, 1997), 150–154.4. Gordon C. Thomasson, “Mosiah: The Complex Symbolism and Symbolic Complex of Kingship in the Book of Mormon,” Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 2, no. 1 (1993): 32–365. Neal E. Lambert, “The Symbolic Unity of Christ's Ministry in 3 Nephi,” in 3 Nephi 9-30, This is My Gospel, Book of Mormon Symposium Series, Volume 8, ed. Monte S. Nyman and Charles D. Tate, Jr. (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 1993), 195–209.Epic Literature1. David B. Honey, “Ecological Nomadism versus Epic Heroism in Ether: Nibley's Works on the Jaredites,” Review of Books on the Book of Mormon 2, no. 1 (1990): 143–163.2. Hugh Nibley, Lehi in the Desert/The World of the Jaredites/There Were Jaredites, The Collected Works of Hugh Nibley: Volume 5 (Salt Lake City/Provo, UT: Deseret Book and FARMS, 1988), 285–423.Genealogies1. Book of Mormon Central, “Why Does the Book of Ether Begin with Such a Long Genealogy? (Ether 1:18),” KnoWhy 235 (November 21, 2016).2. John L. Sorenson, Mormon’s Codex: An Ancient American Book (Salt Lake City and Provo, UT: Deseret Book and Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship, 2013), 198–218.Distinct Cultures1. Kerry M. Hull, “War Banners: A Mesoamerican Context for the Title of Liberty,” Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 24 (2015): 108–109.2. Mark Alan Wright, “Nephite Daykeepers: Ritual Specialists in Mesoamerica and the Book of Mormon,” in Ancient Temple Worship: Proceedings of the Expound Symposium, 14 May 2011, ed. Matthew B. Brown, Jeffrey M. Bradshaw, Stephen D. Ricks, and John S. Thompson (Salt Lake City and Orem, UT: Eborn Books and Interpreter Foundation, 2014), 243–257.3. Mark Alan Wright, “The Cultural Tapestry of Mesoamerica,” Journal of the Book of Mormon and Other Restoration Scripture 22, no. 2 (2013): 4–21.4. Brant A. Gardner and Mark Alan Wright, “The Cultural Context of Nephite Apostasy,” Interpreter: A Journal of Mormon Scripture 1 (2012): 25–55.5. Mark Alan Wright, “‘According to Their Language, unto Their Understanding’: The Cultural Context of Hierophanies and Theophanies in Latter-day Saint Canon,” Studies in the Bible and Antiquity 3 (2011): 51–65.6. Brant A. Gardner, “The Other Stuff: Reading the Book of Mormon for Cultural Information,” FARMS Review of Books 13, no. 2 (2001): 21–527. Paul R. Cheesman, “Cultural Parallels Between the Old World and the New World,” in The Keystone Scripture, Book of Mormon Symposium Series, Volume 1, ed. Paul R. Cheesman, S. Kent Brown, and Charles D. Tate, Jr. (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 1988), 206–217.Fulfilled Prophecies1. Kimberly M. Berkey, “Temporality and Fulfillment in 3 Nephi 1,” Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 24 (2015): 53–83.2. Randall P. Spackman, “Introduction to Book of Mormon Chronology: The Principal Prophecies, Calendars, and Dates,” (FARMS Preliminary Reports, 1993).Typological Narratives1. Joseph M. Spencer, An Other Testament: On Typology (Provo, UT: Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship, 2016).2. Richard Dilworth Rust, “‘All Things Which Have Been Given of God . . . Are the Typifying of Him’: Typology in the Book of Mormon,” in Literature of Belief: Sacred Scripture and Religious Experience, ed. Neal E. Lambert (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 1981), 233–244.3. Noel B. Reynolds, “The Israelite Background of Moses Typology in the Book of Mormon,” BYU Studies 44, no. 2 (2005): 5–23.4. Noel B. Reynolds, “Lehi as Moses,” Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 9, no. 2 (2000): 26–35.5. S. Kent Brown, “The Exodus Pattern in the Book of Mormon,” in From Jerusalem to Zarahemla: Literary and Historical Studies of the Book of Mormon (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 1998), 75–98.6. Robert E. Clark, “The Type at the Border: An Inquiry into Book of Mormon Typology,” Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 2, no. 2 (1993): 63–77.7. George S. Tate, “The Typology of the Exodus Pattern in the Book of Mormon,” in Literature of Belief: Sacred Scripture and Religious Experience, ed. Neal E. Lambert (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 1981), 245–262.Geography1. John L. Sorenson, Mormon’s Codex: An Ancient American Book (Salt Lake City and Provo, UT: Deseret Book and Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship, 2013), 17, 119.2. John E. Clark, “A Key for Evaluating Nephite Geography,” Review of Books on the Book of Mormon 1 (1989): 20–70; updated as John E. Clark, “Revisiting ‘A Key for Evaluating Book of Mormon Geographies’,” Mormon Studies Review 23, no. 1 (2011): 13–43.3. Randall P. Spackman, “Interpreting Book of Mormon Geography,” FARMS Review 15, no. 1 (2003): 19–46.4. Dennis L. Largey, et al., “Geography,” in Book of Mormon Reference Companion, ed. Dennis L. Largey (Salt Lake City, UT: Deseret Book, 2003), 288–291.5. John E. Clark, “Book of Mormon Geography,” in Encyclopedia of Mormonism, 4 vols., ed. Daniel H. Ludlow (New York, NY: Macmillan Publishing, 1992), 176–179.6. John L. Sorenson, Mormon’s Map (Provo, UT: FARMS, 2000).Competing Religious Ideologies1. Parrish Brady and Shon Hopkin, “The Zoramites and Costly Apparel: Symbolism and Irony,” Journal of the Book of Mormon and Other Restoration Scripture 22, no. 1 (2013): 40–53.2. Brant A. Gardner and Mark Alan Wright, “The Cultural Context of Nephite Apostasy,” Interpreter: A Journal of Mormon Scripture 1 (2012): 25–55.Embedded Flashbacks1. Book of Mormon Central, “Why Did Mormon Include Flashbacks in His Narrative? (Alma 21:13),” KnoWhy 129 (June 24, 2016).2. Grant Hardy, Understanding the Book of Mormon: A Reader’s Guide (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2010), 104–105.Political Histories1. John L. Sorenson, “Mormon's Sources,” Journal of Book of Mormon and Other Restoration Scripture 20, no. 2 (2011): 2–15.2. John L. Sorenson, Mormon’s Codex: An Ancient American Book (Salt Lake City and Provo, UT: Deseret Book and Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship, 2013), 189.Editorial Prefaces and Conclusions1. Thomas W. Mackay, “Mormon as Editor: A Study in Colophons, Headers, and Source Indicators,” Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 2, no. 2 (1993): 90–109.2. John A. Tvedtnes, “Colophons in the Book of Mormon,” in Reexploring the Book of Mormon: A Decade of New Research, ed. John W. Welch (Salt Lake City and Provo UT: Deseret Book and FARMS, 1992), 13–17.3. John A. Tvedtnes, “Colophons in the Book of Mormon,” in Rediscovering the Book of Mormon: Insights You May Have Missed Before, ed. John L. Sorenson and Melvin J. Thorne (Salt Lake City and Provo, UT: Deseret Book and FARMS, 1991), 32–37.Intertextuality1. Book of Mormon Central, “Why Did Lehi Quote from a Psalm of Repentance in His Dream? (1 Nephi 8:8),” KnoWhy 325 (July 12, 2017).2. Book of Mormon Central, “Where did Moroni Get the Sacramental Prayers from? (Moroni 4:1),” KnoWhy 250 (December 12, 2016).3. Book of Mormon Central, “Why Do So Many of Mormon’s Teachings Appear in Ether 4 and 5? (Ether 4:19),” KnoWhy 239 (November 25, 2016).4. Book of Mormon Central, “Why Did Ammon Borrow So Much from Tradition in Alma 26? (Alma 26:8),” KnoWhy 133 (June 30, 2016).5. Book of Mormon Central, “Why Does Jacob Quote So Much from the Psalms? (Jacob 1:7),” KnoWhy 62 (March 25, 2016).6. Book of Mormon Central, “Why Does Nephi Quote a Temple Psalm While Commenting on Isaiah? (2 Nephi 25:16),” KnoWhy 51 (March 10, 2016).7. Book of Mormon Central, “Whom Did Nephi Quote in 1 Nephi 22? (1 Nephi 22:1),” KnoWhy 25 (February 3, 2016).8. Nicholas J. Frederick, “Evaluating the Interaction between the New Testament and the Book of Mormon: A Proposed Methodology,” Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 24, no. 1 (2015).9. Quinten Barney, “Samuel the Lamanite, Christ, and Zenos: A Study of Intertextuality,” Interpreter: A Journal of Mormon Scripture 18 (2016): 159–170.Weights and Measures1. John W. Welch, “Weighing and Measuring in the Worlds of the Book of Mormon,” Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 8, no. 2 (1999): 36–45.2. John W. Welch, “The Laws of Eshnunna and Nephite Economics,” in Pressing Forward with the Book of Mormon: The FARMS Updates of the 1990s, ed. John W. Welch and Melvin J. Thorne (Provo, UT: FARMS, 1999), 147–149.3. John W. Welch, “The Law of Mosiah,” in Reexploring the Book of Mormon: A Decade of New Research, ed. John W. Welch (Salt Lake City and Provo, UT: Deseret Book and FARMS, 1992), 158–161.Lineage Histories1. Book of Mormon Central, “Why Do the Authors on the Small Plates Follow a Pattern? (Jacob 7:27),” KnoWhy 74 (April 8, 2016).2. John L. Sorenson, Mormon’s Codex: An Ancient American Book (Salt Lake City and Provo, UT: Deseret Book and Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship, 2013), 189–203.3. John S. Tanner, “Jacob and his Descendants as Authors,” in Rediscovering the Book of Mormon: Insights You May Have Missed Before, ed. John L. Sorenson and Melvin J. Thorne (Salt Lake City and Provo, UT: Deseret Book and FARMS, 1991), 52–66.4. John W. Welch, “The Father’s Command to Keep Records in the Small Plates of Nephi,” FARMS Preliminary Report (September 1984).Hebraisms1. Carl J. Cranney, “The Deliberate Use of Hebrew Parallelisms in the Book of Mormon,” Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 23 (2014): 140–165.2. John A. Tvedtnes, “Hebraisms in the Book of Mormon,” in Encyclopedia of Hebrew Language and Linguistics, 4 vols., ed. Geoffrey Khan (Leiden: Brill, 2013), 2:195–196.3. Donald W. Parry, Poetic Parallelisms in the Book of Mormon: The Complete Text Reformatted (Provo, UT: Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship, 2007).4. Hugh W. Pinnock, Finding Biblical Hebrew and Other Ancient Literary Forms in the Book of Mormon (Provo, UT: FARMS, 1999).5. William J. Adams Jr., “Nephi's Written Language and the Standard Biblical Hebrew of 600 BC,” in Glimpses of Lehi’s Jerusalem, ed. John W. Welch, David Rolph Seely, and Jo Ann H. Seely (Provo, UT: FARMS, 2004), 81–130.6. Donald W. Parry, “Hebraisms and Other Ancient Peculiarities in the Book of Mormon,” in Echoes and Evidences of the Book of Mormon, ed. Donald W. Parry, Daniel C. Peterson, and John W. Welch (Provo, UT: FARMS, 2002), 156–189.7. John A. Tvedtnes, “The Hebrew Background of the Book of Mormon,” in Rediscovering the Book of Mormon: Insights You May Have Missed Before, ed. John L. Sorenson and Melvin J. Thorne (Provo, UT: FARMS, 1991), 77–91.Analogies1. Book of Mormon Central, “Why Did Jacob Share the Allegory of the Olive Tree? (Jacob 4:17),” KnoWhy 66 (March 30, 2016).2. Stephen D. Ricks and John W. Welch, eds., The Allegory of the Olive Tree: The Olive, the Bible, and Jacob 5 (Salt Lake City and Provo, UT: Deseret Book and FARMS, 1994).Realistic Naming Conventions1. Book of Mormon Onomasticon at Book of Mormon Onomasticon.2. Sharon Black, Brad Wilcox, Wendy Baker Smemoe, and Bruce L. Brown, “Absence of ‘Joseph Smith’ in the Book of Mormon: Lack of the Name Letter Effect in Nephite, Lamanite, and Jaredite Names,” Religious Educator 17, no. 2 (2016): 36–55.3. Stephen D. Ricks, “Some Notes on Book of Mormon Names,” Interpreter: A Journal of Mormon Scripture 4 (2013): 155–160.4. Sharon Black and Brad Wilcox, “188 Unexplainable Names: Book of Mormon Names No Fiction Writer Would Choose,” Religious Educator 12, no. 2 (2011): 118–133.Pervasive Early Modern English1. Stanford Carmack, “Is the Book of Mormon a Pseudo-Archaic Text?” Interpreter: A Journal of Mormon Scripture 28 (2018): 177–232.Interweaving Narratives1. Book of Mormon Central, “Why Did Mormon Include Flashbacks in His Narrative? (Alma 21:13),” KnoWhy 129 June 24, 2016).2. Grant Hardy, Understanding the Book of Mormon: A Reader’s Guide (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2010), xvii.Consistent Usage of Words and Phrases1. Royal Skousen, “The Original Text of the Book of Mormon and its Publication by Yale University Press,” Interpreter: A Journal of Mormon Scripture 7 (2013): 93–95.2. Royal Skousen, “The Systematic Text of the Book of Mormon,” in Uncovering the Original Text of the Book of Mormon: History and Findings of the Critical Text Project, ed. M. Gerald Bradford and Alison V. P. Coutts, 45–66 (published in lieu of Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 11, no. 2 [2002]).Calendar Systems1. Mark Alan Wright, “Nephite Daykeepers: Ritual Specialists in Mesoamerica and the Book of Mormon,” in Ancient Temple Worship: Proceedings of the Expound Symposium, 14 May 2011, ed. Matthew B. Brown, Jeffrey M. Bradshaw, Stephen D. Ricks, and John S. Thompson (Salt Lake City and Orem, UT: Eborn Books and Interpreter Foundation, 2014), 243–257.2. John L. Sorenson, Mormon’s Codex: An Ancient American Book (Salt Lake City and Provo, UT: Deseret Book and Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship, 2013), 192–195, 434–442.3. Randall P. Spackman, A Source Book for Book of Mormon Chronology, online at A Source Book for Book of Mormon Chronology.Multiple Literary Genres1. James T. Duke, The Literary Masterpiece Called the Book of Mormon (Springville, UT: Cedar Fort, Inc., 2004).2. David E. Bokovoy and John A. Tvedtnes, Testaments: Links between the Book of Mormon and the Hebrew Bible (Toelle, UT: Heritage Press, 2003).3. Richard Dilworth Rust, Feasting on the Word: The Literary Testimony of the Book of Mormon (Salt Lake City and Provo, UT: Deseret Book and FARMS, 1997).4. Stephen D. Ricks, ed., Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 4, no. 1 (1995).Realistic Demographic Data1. John E. Clark, “Archaeology, Relics, and Book of Mormon Belief,” Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 14, no. 2 (2005): 38–49, 71–74.2. James E. Smith, “Nephi’s Descendants? Historical Demography and the Book of Mormon,” Review of Books on the Book of Mormon 6, no. 1 (1994): 255–296.3. John L. Sorenson, “When Lehi's Party Arrived in the Land Did They Find Others There?,” Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 1, no. 1 (1992): 1–34.Authentic Legal Cases1. John W. Welch, The Legal Cases in the Book of Mormon (Provo, UT: BYU Press and the Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship, 2008).I’m wondering how many of the above critics have read?I have actually read many but not all of the above, as I did my own research.Although the above historical, literary, and scientific details affirm our testimony of the truthfulness of the Book of Mormon, they cannot by themselves produce a complete testimony. The only way to gain a lasting testimony is through the confirmation of the Spirit as described in Moroni 10:3-5.

One little-understood mystery? Ok:“The Bible is fine by itself—modern day believers don’t need to grab ideological hypotheses which masquerade as science, and force them to fit into the Biblical narrative.”A shocking revelation, right? :-)Anyway, I decided to write about how the human evolutionary origins theory is bogus and therefore unnecessary to be forced into what the Bible says about man’s origin.To start off, we aren't helping the atheist by trying to show that evolution theory is compatible with the Bible. If you say biodiversity is due to billions of years of evolution from the first living cells but God was responsible for setting up the guiding “laws”, the atheist only says back to you “Nope!”, “no need for God.” And what else would we expect? Afterall, the philosophy of academic science is based on methodological naturalism, which assumes that there are only natural causes to everything in the universe. It claims to make no truth claims yet proclaims that universal ancestry is a fact. Evolution theory just gives the nontheist an excuse to not believe in God. Period. It does nothing else for the person. It's also misleading more and more young people into seeing no need for a creator, though they don't realize this is actually a non sequitur. It's sad. Saying "God used evolution" does not help anyone, especially since they know the scientific community doesn't include God in their understanding of evolution (though of course individual scientists have their own personal beliefs about God). If a Divine Foot cannot be allowed into the door, how does mixing Genesis with evolution help those who already have such an a priori commitment?God expects His people to be truthful (Psalm 51:6). As part of our job, we're to tell proponents of goo-to-you evolution that their hypotheses are implausible. At worst, we remain silent and neutral, not meet them halfway by throwing God into their pot of soup. If they admit the implausibilities, great. If they refuse, great.Human evolutionI have a lot to say on this, but I’ve decided to let the evolutionary paleoanthropologists, paleontologists, etc., speak for themselves. I’ve included citations, and links (for instances where the document is available online) so there are no accusations of so-called “quote mining”.1) No fossil is buried with its birth certificate. That, and the scarcity of fossils, means that it is effectively impossible to link fossils into chains of cause and effect in any valid way... To take a line of fossils and claim that they represent a lineage is not a scientific hypothesis that can be tested, but an assertion that carries the same validity as a bedtime story—amusing, perhaps even instructive, but not scientific. (Henry Gee. In Search of Deep Time, p.116, Cornell University Press, Dec. 2000 Henry Gee - Wikiquote2) When we consider the remote past, before the origin of the actual species Homo sapiens, we are faced with a fragmentary and disconnected fossil record. Despite the excited and optimistic claims that have been made by some paleontologists, no fossil hominid species can be established as our direct ancestor. (Richard Lewontin, Human Diversity, p. 163, Scientific American Library 1995).3) Fossil evidence of human evolutionary history is fragmentary and open to various interpretations. (Henry Gee, ‘Return to the Planet of the Apes,’ Nature, Vol. 412, 12 July 2001, p. 131. Return to the planet of the apes4) Compared to other sciences, the mythic element is greatest in paleoanthropology. Hypotheses and stories of human evolution frequently arise unprompted by data and contain a large measure of general preconceptions, and the data which do exist are often insufficient to falsify or even substantiate them. Many interpretations are possible. (Andrew Hill speaking in a review of Niles Eldredge and Ian Tattersall’s book ‘The Myth of Human Evolution’ in American Scientist, Vol. 72, No. 2, March-April 1984, p. 189 Review on JSTOR. A free registration was required to read the article).5) At the invitation-only meeting, researchers debated whether this species really was a major player—or no more than a paleoanthropologists’ construct. One researcher began her talk with “a call for a moment of silence for the death of H. Heidelbergensis.” (Michael Balter, ‘RIP for a Key Homo Species?’, Science, Vol. 345, 11 July 2014, p. 129. http://www.sciencemagazinedigital.org/sciencemagazine/11_july_2014_open/MobilePagedReplica.action?pm=1&folio=129#pg176) The study of the evolution of modern humans from hominid ancestors is very speculative. Much of our present understanding is based on very little evidence. (Michael Kent. Advanced Biology, p. 458, Oxford University Press (2000).7) I wanted to get a human soul into this apelike face, to indicate something about where he was headed. (artist John Gurche in reference to his work on Australopithecus afarensis, in the March 1996 issue of National Geographic. ‘The Dawn of Humans: Face-to-Face with Lucy’s Family’. National Geographic. Vol. 189 No. 3, p. 109, March 1996).8) I mean the stories, the narratives about change over time. How the dinosaurs became extinct, how the mammals evolved, where man came from. These seem to me to be little more than story-telling. And this is the result about cladistics because as it turns out, as it seems to me, all one can learn about the history of life is learned from systematics, from groupings one finds in nature. The rest of it is story-telling of one sort or another. We have access to the tips of a tree, the tree itself is a theory and people who pretened to know about the tree and to describe what went on with it, how the branches came off and the twigs came off are, I think, telling stories. (Colin Patterson, senior paleontologist at the British Museum of Natural History in London, In a BBC interview on March 4, 1982).9) Restricting analysis of fossils to specimens satisfying these criteria, patterns of dental development of gracile australopithecines and Homo habilis remain classified with African apes. Those of Homo erectus and Neanderthals are classified with humans, suggesting that patterns of growth evolved substantially in the Hominidae. (B. Holly Smith. ‘Patterns of dental development in Homo, Australopithecus, Pan, and Gorilla’. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Volume 94, Issue 3, July 1994. Patterns of dental development in Homo, Australopithecus, Pan, and Gorilla - Smith - 1994 - American Journal of Physical Anthropology - Wiley Online Library10) Gradualists and saltationists alike are completely incapable of giving a convincing explanation of the quasi-simultaneous emergence of a number of biological systems that distinguish human beings from the higher primates: bipedalism, with the concomitant modification of the pelvis, and, without a doubt, the cerebellum, a much more dexterous hand, with fingerprints conferring an especially fine tactile sense; the modifications of the pharynx which permits phonation; the modification of the central nervous system, notably at the level of the temporal lobes, permitting the specific recognition of speech. From the point of view of embryogenesis, these anatomical systems are completely different from one another. Each modification constitutes a gift, a bequest from a primate family to its descendants. It is astonishing that these gifts should have developed simultaneously. (Schutzenberger M-P., in ‘The Miracles of Darwinism: Interview with Marcel-Paul Schutzenberger’, Origins & Design, Vol. 17, No. 2, Spring 1996, pp.10-15 The Miracles of Darwinism11) Unfortunately, the vast majority of artist's conceptions are based more on imagination than on evidence. But a handful of expert natural-history artists begin with the fossil bones of a hominid and work from there…. Much of the reconstruction, however, is guesswork. Bones say nothing about the fleshy parts of the nose, lips, or ears. Artists must create something between an ape and a human being; the older the specimen is said to be, the more apelike they make it.... Hairiness is a matter of pure conjecture. (Boyce Rensberger. Science Digest, Vol. 89 No. 3, p. 44, April 1981).12) The problem, Harcourt-Smith and Hilton say, is that the reconstruction is actually based on a patchwork of bones from 3.2-million-year-old afarensis and 1.8-million-year-old Homo habilis. (‘Footprints to fill: Flat feet and doubts about makers of the Laetoli tracks’ By Kate Wong, Scientific American, August 1, 2005. Footprints to Fill13) [Regarding Lucy]: “The sacrum and the auricular region of the ilium are shattered into numerous small fragments, such that the original form is difficult to elucidate. Hence it is not surprising that the reconstructions by Lovejoy and Schmid show marked differences.” (M. Häusler and P. Schmid. ‘Comparison of the Pelves of Sts14 and AL288-1: Implications for Birth and Sexual Dimorphism in Australopithecines’. Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 29 issue 4, pp. 363-383, Oct 1995).14) Everybody knows fossils are fickle; bones will sing any song you want to hear. (J. Shreeve, ‘Argument Over a Woman’, Discover, 11(8):58, 1990.) Creation & Evolution15) Two anthropologists published an article, in which they expressed their concern regarding the way fossils dealing with human evolution are kept by the discoverers from other paleoanthropologists, the meanwhile those same hominid fossils are given names and published in scientific journals without examination from others in the field. The title of their article wonders whether paleoanthropology should be regarded as science. (Ian Tattersall & Jeffrey H. Schwartz. ‘Is paleoanthropology science? Naming new fossils and control of access to them’. The Anatomical Record, Volume 269, Issue 6, Dec. 2002. Is paleoanthropology science? Naming new fossils and control of access to them - Tattersall - 2002 - The Anatomical Record - Wiley Online Library ).16) One would also see differences in the shape of the [Homo Erectus] skull, in the degree of protrusion of the face, the robustness of the brows and so on. These differences are probably no more pronounced than we see today between the separate geographical races of modern humans. Such biological variation arises when populations are geographically separated from each other for significant lengths of time. (Richard Leakey, The Making of Mankind, p. 62. New York: Dutton 1981. The making of mankind : Leakey, Richard E : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive17) Abstract— Nebraska Man was a fossil discovery that was regarded by several leading experts as important in understanding evolutionary history. The only evidence for this anthropod was a single tooth (which turned out to be a pig’s tooth). The discovery and controversy surrounding the Nebraska Man (Hesperopithecus haroldcookii hominoidea) fossil find and its importance in history are reviewed. Its supporters' writings reveal the critical role that preconceptions played in interpreting the limited evidence. Nebraska Man provides a valuable lesson on the importance of presumptions in interpreting evidence in the field of human origins. It also stresses the need for careful evaluation of the empirical evidence for new ideas, and the danger of going beyond what the facts warrant. (Bergman G., ‘The history of hesperopithecus: the human-ape link that turned out to be a pig.’ Riv Biol. 99(2):287-306, May-Aug 2006. The history of hesperopithecus: the human-ape link that turned out to be a pig.A new genus and species was invented (H. haroldcookii), based off of an isolated tooth. This “find” of an apeman ancestor to humans was actually published in Science in 1922 (Henry Fairfield Osborn, ‘Hesperopithecus, The First Anthropoid Primate Found In America’. Science, 05 May 1922: Vol. 55, Issue 1427, pp. 463-465. HESPEROPITHECUS,THE FIRST ANTHROPOID PRIMATE FOUND IN AMERICAabove: first page of the articleThe Illustrated London News subsequently reported the discovery, along with an artist's rendition of what Nebraska Man may have looked like:Part of the news report read: “Unlike Columbus, Hesperopithecus is believed to have reached America by land, travelling from Asia by a land bridge enjoying a warm climate.” (The Illustrated London News, 24 June 1922, pp. 942–3). A few years later, archaeologists went back to the site where Nebraska man’s tooth was discovered, and they unearthed other parts of the creature’s remains. It became clear that this wasn’t some kind of apeman, but an extinct pig. One of the promoters of Nebraska man, William Gregory, had to publish a retraction in Science: (‘Hesperopithecus apparently not an ape nor a man’. William K. Gregory. Science, 16 Dec 1927: Vol. 66, Issue 1720, pp. 579-581. HESPEROPITHECUS APPARENTLY NOT AN APE NOR A MAN). Sounds incredible that all this happened on the strength of a single tooth.18) In 1912, Charles Dawson and Smith Woodward found fossils of what was supposedly an apelike ancestor of man. It was a jawbone, a set of teeth, and some scraps of the cranium. They revealed their find at a Geological Society meeting, where the specimen was named Eoanthropus dawsoni (yes, the famous Piltdown Man). There was skepticism coming from some quarters, but the strongest opponent of E. dawsoni (Arthur Keith) finally conceded and agreed with the finders. It wasn’t until 1953 (41 years after the original acceptance in the Geological Society) that Piltdown was finally exposed. The mandible and teeth, which belonged to an orangutan but had been deliberately altered, were combined with a human cranium. Roger Lewin, who was a writer and News Editor for Science, wondered how the majority of scientists could not see that E. dawsoni was a fraud. Here’s an excerpt from his popular book:As a result, says Michael Hammond, a sociologist of science at the University of Toronto, the real story of it all has been somewhat obscured: “namely, what could have led so many eminent scientists to embrace such a forgery?” How is it that trained men, the greatest experts of their day, could look at a set of modern human bones–the cranial fragments–and "see" a clear simian signature in them; and "see" in an ape's jaw the unmistakable signs of humanity? The answers, inevitably, have to do with the scientists’ expectations and their effects on the interpretation of data. (Roger Lewin, ‘Bones of Contention: Controversies in the Search for Human Origins’, p. 61, 1987 University of Chicago Press. Bones of ContentionThat last statement by Lewin is essentially what it comes down to: evolutionary paleoanthropologists want to see apemen links, so that is what they see. All the Australopithecines and other “preceding” ancient hominids on record are one species of ape or the other (extant or extinct), not apemen relatives and ancestors. Besides H. habilis and H. rudolfensis, all Homo fossils are only different forms of “anatomically modern humans” (aka H. sapiens), just as we have significant variety in H. sapiens extant today. H. habilis and H. rudolfensis have been suggested to actually belong with the pithecines —“A general problem in biology is how to incorporate information about evolutionary history and adaptation into taxonomy. The problem is exemplified in attempts to define our own genus, Homo. Here conventional criteria for allocating fossil species to Homo are reviewed and are found to be either inappropriate or inoperable. We present a revised definition, based on verifiable criteria, for Homo and conclude that two species, Homo habilis and Homo rudolfensis, do not belong in the genus. The earliest taxon to satisfy the criteria is Homo ergaster, or early African Homo erectus, which currently appears in the fossil record at about 1.9 million years ago.” “A recent reassessment of cladistic and functional evidence concluded that there are few, if any, grounds for retaining H. habilis in Homo, and recommended that the material be transferred (or, for some, returned) to Australopithecus.” “Thus, H. habilis and H. rudolfensis (or Homo habilis sensu lato for those who do not subscribe to the taxonomic subdivision of “early Homo”) should be removed from Homo. The obvious taxonomic alternative, which is to transfer one or both of the taxa to one of the existing early hominin genera, is not without problems, but we recommend that, for the time being, both H. habilis and H. rudolfensis should be transferred to the genus Australopithecus.” (Bernard Wood, Mark Collard. ‘The Human Genus’. Science, Vol. 284 Issue 5411, pp. 65-71, 02 Apr 1999 The Human Genus ; Wood B, Collard M. ‘Defining the genus Homo’. Handbook of Paleoanthropology, 2015. defining_the_genus_homo*’*19) “Hominoid clavicle” from Sahabi is actually a fragment of cetacean rib. “Hominoid clavicle” from Sahabi is actually a fragment of cetacean rib - White - 1983 - American Journal of Physical Anthropology - Wiley Online LibraryImage taken from: New Scientist*’*20) Lucy's fossil remains match up remarkably well with the bones of a pygmy chimp. (Adrienne Zihlman. ‘Pygmy chimps, people, and the pundits’, New Scientist: Nov. 15 1984 Pg. 39 New Scientist21) Many recent discoveries have shown that at least some australopithecines really were more chimp-like than used to be thought, and the old idea that fossil hominins were just prototype versions of Homo is now very much dead. (‘Zihlman’s pygmy chimpanzee hypothesis’ By Darren Naish [paleozoologist]. Scientific American blog, October 20, 2012. Zihlman s pygmy chimpanzee hypothesis22) In a recent cover story on human pre-history, Time’s senior science editor, recalling his experience as a high school science teacher telling his students about early man, said, “Just about everything I taught them... was wrong.” (Thomas N. Headland, Current Anthropology, Vol. 38 No. 4, August/October 1997, p. 605 Revisionism in Ecological Anthropology23) We've got to have some ancestors. We'll pick those. Why? Because we know they have to be there, and these are the best candidates. (Gareth Nelson in an interview with the Wall Street Journal, December 9, 1986)24) The idea that one can go to the fossil record and expect to empirically recover an ancestor-descendant sequence, be it of species, genera, families, or whatever, has been, and continues to be, a pernicious illusion. (Gareth Nelson, “Presentation to the American Museum of Natural History” in David M. Williams & Malte C. Ebach, “The reform of palaeontology and the rise of biogeography—25 years after ‘ontogeny, phylogeny, palaeontology and the biogenetic law’ (Nelson, 1978),” Journal of Biogeography 31(5): 685-712. April 2004. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229458709_The_reform_of_palaeontology_and_the_rise_of_biogeography_-_25_Years_after_'ontogeny_phylogeny_paleontology_and_the_biogenetic_law'_Nelson_197825) We have all seen the canonical parade of apes, each one becoming more human. We know that, as a depiction of evolution, this line-up is tosh. Yet we cling to it.[my note: “tosh” is British talk, look up what it means](Henry Gee, ‘Craniums with Clout,’ Nature, vol. 478, p. 34, October 2011. craniums_with_clout.pdf*’*Now, some thoughts on the origin of organs and biological systemsHaeckel’s “Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny” has been firmly debunked, though many still hold on to some versions of this old belief (especially in the evo-devo community). In any case, a developing embryo is secure in the womb or the external egg while its anatomical structures gradually form. We can clearly see that DNA is ‘pre-programmed’ to direct development depending on the type of organism. Embryogenesis should be enough evidence for any person to see that these things are the preconceived ideas of a ‘Mind’; you can clearly see that it requires forethought and planning, as anatomical structures start out with scaffolds and support systems which prepare the construction processes that eventually lead to fully developed organs and organ systems. There’s a universe of a difference between embryogenesis vs building parts and systems from generation to generation. But if you propose that free-living organisms which once never had these systems somehow evolved them gradually, then you have to explain how this could’ve happened at least theoretically. Do you propose that a new organ was suddenly expressed in one generation? An organ which was absent in the parent(s)? Or did a biological system form piece by piece over many generations? Are you suggesting that there were populations of free-living organisms with partially developed tubes and organs? Partial skeletons improving from generation to generation? These are the questions which all the proposed explanations avoid.Some well-studied phenomena which defy evolutionary origins• The Nervous system invalidates evolution.• The Visual system invalidates evolution.• The Auditory system invalidates evolution.• The Olfactory system invalidates evolution.• The Gustatory system invalidates evolution• The Circulatory system invalidates evolution.• The Endocrine system invalidates evolution.• The Respiratory system invalidates evolution.• The Digestive system invalidates evolution.• The Urinary system invalidates evolution.• The Musculoskeletal system invalidates evolution.• The Male reproductive system invalidates evolution.• The Female reproductive system invalidates evolution.• Cellular differentiation invalidates evolution.• Oviparity invalidates evolution.• Complete metamorphosis invalidates evolution.• Pollination invalidates evolution.• Cetaceans invalidate evolution. (some people are convinced that a population of quadrupedal land mammals returned to the water, becoming whales and other marine mammals over several generations through evolution. Einstein once said: imagination is more important than knowledge, but I don’t think he had these wild evolutionary theories in mind when he said that).• Bird flight invalidates evolution.• Insect flight invalidates evolution.• Consciousness invalidates evolution (nontheistic/materialistic evolution makes no sense whatsoever just off of this one item).• Intellectual honesty—a valuable commodity but ever-increasing in scarcity—invalidates evolution.This all of course is granting the first cell(s) already existed miraculously.Someone asked the question here on Quora: How did evolution design the mechanism for breast feeding? The only actual attempt to answer the question came with some attached papers—which, as usual when trying to explain these sort of things, were filled with “unsubstantiated just-so stories.” Does anyone have a legitimate idea as to how such a system could be gradually constructed by evolution over many generations? Of course not. The following excerpt from one of the attached links (part of a Masters’ dissertation) sheds some light on the problem:2. THE ORIGIN OF LACTATION AND THE MAMMARY GLAND - The mammary gland as an organ could not have evolved at once in its complexity. In order for it to evolve, there had to be an underlying developmental pattern or function from which it was derived by cooption (Oftedal 2002a) and a selective advantage gained from its earliest function. There are numerous hypotheses about the original function of the mammary glands ancestor and the tissue from which it is derived. These hypotheses are not mutually exclusive and are often speculative because they cannot be supported with enough evidence although they still offer plausible scenarios (Blackburn 1991). The different hypotheses on the origin of lactation have been reviewed in great detail by Blackburn et al. (1989; 1991) and Oftedal (2002a) but only a selection will be discussed in this review.... Hypotheses … often speculative … cannot be supported with enough evidence...Yet microbes-to-man is peddled as a “fact”.There was a claim in there that the hypotheses still offer plausible scenarios, but there was nothing of the sort, just unrealistic use of imagination.Evolution as a theory for explaining the origin of biological systems is neither factual nor even realistic, so there’s no need to make it ‘fit’ with the Bible.When good people like Walter Uber say things like The story of Adam and Eve is historically, biologically, and physically impossible, a better response would be:“The story of abiogenesis and microbes-to-everything evolution is historically, biologically, and physically impossible.”Methodological naturalism is a sad way to look at the entire picture of things, even as a framework for science. It forces one to accept absurdities and reject obvious realities. It makes a person say things like “a cell only appears to be designed.”

Names can be misleading.“Theory” in this case is simply meant to be the best explanation given the evidence for a set of known variables.MMT calls into question neoclassical assumptions about how economies work and because of this, MMT as an explanation of how sovereign economies work undermines years of research and understanding.Imagine learning neoclassical theories and dedicating your life to learning it. Then others come along and tell you that your understanding is mistaken. This is the source, IMO, of much of the contention from the orthodox schools of economics that MMT conflicts with.For those not familiar with MMT, it’s important to remember not to conflate MMT as a description of the economy with people who understand MMT and support certain prescriptive policies. For instance a person that understands and accepts MMT might support and even recommend a Job Guarantee. MMT as a theory has nothing to say about a Job Guarantee other than to evaluate potential results of the policy any more than physics, as an explanation of how objects interact, has anything to say about whether we should or should not construct a building, though a person that understand physics might support the creation of a building given potential desired outcomes.A few links to MMT sources for those serious about understanding.Think Tanks Publishing MMT Research:Center for Full Employment and Price Stability (www.cfeps.org)Jerome Levy Economics Institute (www.levyinstitute.org)Centre of Full Employment and Equity (http://e1.newcastle.edu.au/coffee/)Some Pages with Publications by Individual MMT Researchers:L. Randall WraySSRN http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=55043 Levy Institute http://www.levyinstitute.org/publications/?auth=287Warren MoslerMoslerEconomics http://moslereconomics.com/mandatory-readings/ EPICoalition http://www.epicoalition.org/papers_current.htmStephanie KeltonSSRN http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=96846 Levy Institute http://www.levyinstitute.org/publications/?auth=362Mathew ForstaterSSRN http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=57674 Levy Institute http://www.levyinstitute.org/publications/?auth=92Scott FullwilerSSRN http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=444041Eric TymoigneSSRN http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=361251 Levy Institute http://www.levyinstitute.org/publications/?auth=326Pavlina TchernevaSSRN http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=450541 Levy Institute http://www.levyinstitute.org/publications/?auth=431Jan KregelSSRN http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=47062 Levy Institute http://www.levyinstitute.org/publications/?auth=151Bill MitchellCofFEE http://e1.newcastle.edu.au/coffee/publications.cfmBill BlackSSRN http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=658251Books Published by MMTers:Wray, L. Randall. Modern money theory: A primer on macroeconomics for sovereign monetary systems. Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.Wray, L. Randall, Theories of Money and Banking Volume 1, Edward Elgar Publising, 2013Wray, L. Randall. Understanding modern money. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2003.Wray, L. Randall. Money and credit in capitalist economies: the endogenous money approach. Edward Elgar Publishing, 1990.Wray, Larry Randall, and Alfred Mitchell Innes, eds. Credit and state theories of money: The contributions of A. Mitchell Innes. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2004.Mosler, Warren. Soft Currency Economics. 1994Michael J. Murray and Mathew Forstater (eds.), 2013, The Job Guarantee: Toward True Full Employment, New York: Palgrave Macmillian.Michael J. Murray and Mathew Forstater (eds.), 2013, Employment Guarantee Schemes: Job Creation and Policy in Developing Countries and Emerging Markets, New York: Palgrave Macmillian.Eric Tymoigne and L. Randall Wray (2014) The Rise and Fall of Money Manager Capitalism: Hyman P. Minsky’s Half Century. London: Routledge.Mosler, Warren. Seven Deadly Innocent Frauds of Economic Policy. Davin Patton, 2010.Kelton, Stephanie. The State, the Market and the Euro: Chartalism versus Metallism in the Theory of Money. Eds. Stephanie A. Bell, and Edward John Nell. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2003.Black, William, The Best Way to Rob a Bank Is to Own One: How Corporate Executives and Politicians Looted the S&L Industry, University of Texas Press, 2005.Mitchell, William, and Joan Muysken, Full employment abandoned: shifting sands and policy failures, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2008.Mathew Forstater and Pavlina Tcherneva (eds.) Full Employment and Price Stability: The Macroeconomic Vision of William S. Vickrey Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar, 2004.Edward J. Nell and Mathew Forstater (eds.): Reinventing Functional Finance, Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar, 2003.Aaron Warner, Mathew Forstater, and Sumner Rosen (eds.) Commitment to Full Employment, Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 2000.Eric Tymoigne Central Banking, Asset Prices and Financial Fragility, London: Routledge, 2009. [I*]Some Important MMT-Related Papers Published in Journals, as Chapters in Books, and/or as Working Papers and ReportsOn MMT itself:Fullwiler, Scott, Stephanie Kelton, and L. Randall Wray. “Modern Money Theory: A Response to Critics.” Political Economy Research Institute Working Paper 279 (2012).Fullwiler, Scott. “Modern Monetary Theory-A Primer on the Operational Realities of the Monetary System.” Available at SSRN 1723198 (2010).Mathew Forstater, “Lerner, Abba Ptachya (1903-1982)” in Ross B. Emmett (ed.), The Biographical Dictionary of American Economists, London: Thoemmes/Continuum, 2006Tymoigne, Eric and L. Randall Wray “Modern Money Theory 101: A Reply to Critics.” Levy Economics Institute of Bard College WP 778 (2013).Money:Bell, Stephanie. “The role of the state and the hierarchy of money.” Cambridge Journal of Economics 25.2 (2001): 149-163.Bell, Stephanie. “The hierarchy of money.” Levy Economics Institute of Bard College WP 231 (1998).Wray, L. Randall. “Alternative approaches to money.” Theoretical Inquiries in Law 11.1 (2010): 29-49.Wray, L. Randall. Introduction to an alternative history of money. Levy Economics Institute of Bard College. WP_717. 2012.Tcherneva, Pavlina R. “Chartalism and the tax-driven approach to money.” A Handbook of Alternative Monetary Economics 69 (2006).Tcherneva, Pavlina R. “The Nature, Origins, and Role of Money: Broad and Specific Propositions and Their Implications for Policy.” Center for Full Employment and Price Stability, Kansas City, MO, Working Papers 46 (2005).Forstater, Mathew. “Taxation and primitive accumulation: the case of colonial Africa.” Research in Political Economy 22 (2005): 51-64.Wray, L. Randall. “A Meme for Money.” Levy Economics Institute of Bard College Working Papers 736 (2012).Mathew Forstater, “Tax-Driven Money,” in M. Setterfield, ed., Complexity, Endogenous Money, and Exogenous Interest Rates, Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar, 2005.Warren Mosler and Mathew Forstater, “A General Framework for the Analysis of Currencies and Commodities” , in Paul Davidson and Jan Kregel (eds.): Full Employment and Price Stability in the Global Economy, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 1999.Inflation:The topic of inflation appears in many other works as part of larger discussions. Rather than repeat all of those works here, they have been marked with [I*] elsewhere in this list to denote that they provide significant discussion on inflation. Inflation specific works are listed below.Papadimitriou, Dimitri and L. Randall Wray. “Targeting Inflation” No. 27. Public Policy Brief at Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, 1996.Fullwiler, Scott and Geoffrey Allen, “Can the Fed Target Inflation? Toward and Institutionalist Approach.” Journal of Economic Issues, XLI, No 2 (2007): 485-494.Job Guarantee/Full Employment:Mitchell, William, and L. Randall Wray. “In defense of employer of last resort: a response to Malcolm Sawyer.” Journal of Economic Issues 39.1 (2005): 235-244.[I*]Wray, L. Randall. “The employer of last resort programme: could it work for developing countries?”. International Labour Organization, 2007.Wray, L. Randall. “Zero unemployment and stable prices.” Journal of Economic Issues 32.2 (1998): 539-545.Tcherneva, Pavlina, and L. Randall Wray. “Gender and the Job Guarantee: The impact of Argentina’s Jefes program on female heads of poor households.”Kansas City: Center for Full Employment and Price Stability (2005).Tcherneva, Pavlina, and L. Randall Wray. “Employer of Last Resort: A Case Study of Argentina’s Jefes Program.” Available at SSRN 1010145 (2005).Tcherneva, Pavlina R. “Permanent on-the-spot job creation—the missing Keynes Plan for full employment and economic transformation.” Review of Social Economy 70.1 (2012): 57-80.Tcherneva, Pavlina. “Job or income guarantee?.” Centre for Full Employment and Price Stability Working Paper (2003).Tcherneva, Pavlina R., and L. Randall Wray. “Common Goals-Different Solutions: Can Basic Income and Job Guaranteed Deliver Their Own Problems.”Rutgers JL & Urb. Pol’y 2 (2005): 125.Tcherneva, Pavlina. “The art of job creation: promises and problems of the Argentinean experience.” Special Report 5.03 (2005).Tcherneva, Pavlina R., and L. Randall Wray. “Is Jefes de Hogar an Employer of Last Resort program?. An assessment of Argentina’s ability to deliver the promise of full employment and price stability.” C-FEPS Working Paper 43 (2005).Tcherneva, Pavlina R. Keynes’s approach to full employment: aggregate or targeted demand?. No. 542. Working papers//The Levy Economics Institute, 2008.Tcherneva, Pavlina R. “The Job Guarantee: Delivering the Benefits That Basic Income Only Promises–A Response to Guy Standing.” Basic Income Studies7.2 (2013): 66-87.Tchnerva, Pavlina R. “Inflationary and Distributional Effects of Alternative Fiscal Policies: An Augmented Minskyan-Kaleckian Model.” No. 706. Working Papers//The Levy Economics Institute, 2012. [I*]Fullwiler, Scott. “The Costs and Benefits of a Job Guarantee: Estimates from a Multi-Country Econometric Model.” Available at SSRN 2194960 (2012).Mitchell, William, and Joan Muysken. “Full employment abandoned: shifting sands and policy failures.” International Journal of Public Policy 5.4 (2010): 295-313.Mitchell, William F., and Joan Muysken. “The myth of employment enhancing flexible labour markets.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity, University of Newcastle, 2010.Welters, Riccardo, and William F. Mitchell. “Locked-in casual employment.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity, University of Newcastle, 2009.Mitchell, William F. “The job guarantee and inflation control.” Economic and Labour Relations Review 12 (2001): 10-25. [I*]Mitchell, William F. “The buffer stock employment model and the NAIRU: The path to full employment.” Journal of Economic Issues 32.2 (1998): 547-555. [I*]Mitchell, William F., and Warren B. Mosler. “Fiscal policy and the job guarantee.” Previous issue date: 2004-05-19T10: 21: 54Z (2004).Allen, Emma, et al. “The job guarantee in practice.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity, University of Newcastle, 2006.Forstater, Mathew. “Flexible full employment: structural implications of discretionary public sector employment.” Journal of Economic Issues 32.2 (1998): 557-563.Forstater, Mathew. “Functional finance and full employment: lessons from Lerner for today.” The Jerome Levy Economics Institute Working Paper 272 (1999).Forstater, Mathew. “Public employment and economic flexibility: The job opportunity approach to full employment.” No. 50. Public policy brief at Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, 1999.Forstater, Mathew. “Public employment and environmental sustainability.”Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 25.3 (2003): 385-406.Scott Fullwiler. 2007. “Macroeconomic Stabilization through an Employer of Last Resort.” Journal of Economic Issues (March). Working Paper version available at SSRN 1722991 [I*]William Mitchell and Anthea Bill. 2005. “A Spatial Econometric Analysis of the Irreversibility of Long-Term Unemployment in Australia.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity Working Paper no. 05-05.William Mitchell, Jenny Myers, and James Juniper. 2005. “The Dynamics of Job Creation and Destruction in Australia.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity Working Paper No. 05-13.William Mitchell. 2013. “Full Employment Abandoned–The Triumph of Ideology Over Evidence.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity Working Paper No. 02-13.William Mitchell. 2000. “The Job Guarantee and Inflation Control.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity Working Paper No. 00-01. [I*]William Mitchell and Joan Muysken. 2008. “Full Employment Abandoned–Shifting Sands and Policy Failures.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity Working Paper No. 08-01.William Mitchell and Joan Muysken. 2007. “Full Employment Does Not Mean Low Unemployment.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity Working Paper No. 07-07.Victor Quirk, et al. 2006. “The Job Guarantee in Practice.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity Working Paper No. 06-15Warren Mosler, “Full Employment and Price Stability.” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, Vol. 20, No. 2, Winter 1997-98Mathew Forstater, “Reply to Malcolm Sawyer,” Journal of Economic Issues. Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 245-255, 2005. [I*]Mathew Forstater, “Jobs and Freedom Now! Functional Finance,Full Employment, and the Freedom Budget”, Review of Black Political Economy, January, 2012.Mathew Forstater, “From Civil Rights to Economic Security: Bayard Rustin and the African American Struggle for Full Employment, 1945-1978” International Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 36, No. 3, 2007.Mathew Forstater, “Green Jobs: Public Service Employment and Environmental Sustainability” Challenge Vol. 49, No. 4, pp. 58-72, 2006.Mathew Forstater, “The Case for an Environmentally Sustainable Jobs Program,” Policy Note 2005/1, The Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, 2005.Mathew Forstater and Pavlina Tcherneva, “Introduction” in Mathew Forstater and Pavlina Tcherneva (eds.) Full Employment and Price Stability: The Macroeconomic Vision of William S. Vickrey,Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar, 2004. [I*]Mathew Forstater, “‘Jobs for All’: A Fitting Tribute to the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.,” in D. Menkart, A. D. Murray, and J. L. View (eds.) Putting the Movement Back into Civil Rights Teaching, Washington, D.C.: Teaching for Change and Poverty & Race Research Action Council, 2004.Mathew Forstater, “Green Jobs: Addressing the Critical Issues Surrounding the Environment, Workplace and Employment,” Int. J. Environment, Workplace and Employment, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 53-61, 2004Mathew Forstater, “Full Employment and Social Justice,” in D. P. Champlin and J. T. Knoedler (eds.) The Institutionalist Tradition in Labor Economics, Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 2004.Mathew Forstater, “Functional Finance and Full Employment: Lessons from Lerner for Today,” in E. J. Nell and M. Forstater (eds.): Reinventing Functional Finance, Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar, 2003.Mathew Forstater, “Public Employment and Environmental Sustainability,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 385-406, 2003.Mathew Forstater, “Unemployment,” in The Elgar Companion to Post Keynesian Economics, John King (ed.), Edward Elgar, 2002.Mathew Forstater, “Full Employment and Environmental Sustainability” in Ellen Carlson and William Mitchell (eds.) The Urgency of Full Employment The Centre for Applied Economic Research, University of New South Wales Press.Mathew Forstater, “‘Jobs for All’: Another Dream of the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.,” Forum for Social Economics, Vol. 31, No. 2, Spring, 2002.Mathew Forstater, “Full Employment Policies Must Consider Effective Demand and Structural and Technological Change,” in A Post Keynesian Perspective on Twenty-First Century Economic Problems, Paul Davidson (ed.), Edward Elgar, 2002.Mathew Forstater, “Savings-Recycling Public Employment: Vickrey’s Assets-Based Approach to Full Employment and Price Stability,” in A. Warner, M. Forstater, and S. Rosen (eds.): Commitment to Full Employment, Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2000. [I*]Mathew Forstater, “Full Employment and Economic Flexibility”in Ellen Carlson and William F. Mitchell (eds.) The Path to Full Employment and Equity Economic and Labour Relations Review, 2000. [I*]Mathew Forstater, “Savings-Recycling Public Employment: An Assets-Based Approach to Full Employment and Price Stability,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 22, Spring, pp. 437-450, 2000. [I*]Mathew Forstater, “Robert Eisner’s Common-Sense Commitment to Full Employment and Activist Fiscal Policy,” Journal of Economic Issues, 33, June, 1999.Mathew Forstater, “Functional Finance and Full Employment: Lessons from Lerner for Today,” Journal of Economic Issues, 33, June, 1999.Mathew Forstater, “Public Employment and Economic Flexibility,” Policy Brief No. 50, The Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, February, 1999. [I*]Mathew Forstater, “Institutionalist Approaches to Full Employment Policies,” Journal of Economic Issues, 32, December, pp. 1135-1139, 1998.Mathew Forstater, “Flexible Full Employment: Structural Implications of Discretionary Public Sector Employment,” Journal of Economic Issues, 32, June, pp. 557-564, 1998.Dimitri B. Papadimitriou, L. Randall Wray, and Mathew Forstater, “Toward Full Employment Without Inflation: The Job Opportunity Program,” Report, The Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 7-12, 1998. [I*]Mathew Forstater, “Selective Use of Discretionary Public Employment and Economic Flexibility,” Working Paper No. 218, The Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, December, 1997.Inequality:Tcherneva, “Reorienting Fiscal Policy: A Bottom up Approach”, Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, September, 2014 (forthcoming)Tcherneva, P. ““The Role of Fiscal Policy: Lessons from Stabilization Efforts in the U.S. During the Great Recession,”International Journal of Political Economy, Spring 2012, 41(2): 5-26.”Tcherneva, P. “Inflationary and Distributional Effects of Alternative Fiscal Policies: An Augmented Minskian-Kaleckian Model.”, Working Paper #706, Levy Economics Institute, Annandale-on-Hudson, February 2012.Minsky:Papadimitriou, Dimitri B., and L. Randall Wray. “The economic contributions of Hyman Minsky: varieties of capitalism and institutional reform.” Review of Political Economy 10.2 (1998): 199-225.Papadimitriou, Dimitri B., and L. Randall Wray. Minsky’s Analysis of Financial Capitalism. Jerome Levy Economics Institute, Bard College, 1999.Wray, L. Randall, and Eric Tymoigne. “Macroeconomics meets Hyman P. Minsky: The financial theory of investment.” (2008).Wray, L. Randall. “Minsky’s approach to employment policy and poverty: employer of last resort and the war on poverty.” (2007).Eric Tymoigne (2011)“Engineering Pyramid Ponzi Finance: The Evolution of Private Finance from 1970–2008 and Implications for Regulation.” In J. Leclaire, T.-H. Jo, and J. Knodell (eds.) Heterodox Analysis of Financial Crisis and Reform. 2011.Eric Tymoigne (2010) “Minsky and Economic Policy: ‘Keynesianism’ all over again?” In Papadimitriou, D. and L.R. Wray (eds.), The Elgar Companion to Hyman P. Minsky. Northampton: Edward Elgar.Eric Tymoigne (2007) “A Hard-Nosed Look at Worsening U.S. Household Finance.” Challenge, 50 (4), July-August 2007: 88-111Money Manager Capitalism:Wray, L. Randall. “The rise and fall of money manager capitalism: a Minskian approach.” Cambridge Journal of Economics 33.4 (2009): 807-828.Minsky, Hyman P., and L. Randall Wray. Securitization. No. 08-2. Levy Economics Institute, The, 2008.Wray, L. Randall. The commodities market bubble: money manager capitalism and the financialization of commodities. No. 96. Public policy brief//Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, 2008.Wray, L. Randall. Money manager capitalism and the global financial crisis. No. 578. Working paper, Levy Economics Institute, 2009.Wray, L. Randall. “Saving, profits, and speculation in capitalist economies.”Journal of Economic Issues 25.4 (1991): 951-975.Mitchell, William F. “A Modern Monetary Perspective on the Crisis and a Reform Agenda.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity, University of Newcastle, 2009.Tymoigne, Éric. “Detecting Ponzi finance: An evolutionary approach to the measure of financial fragility.” (2010).Social Security/Healthcare:Bell, Stephanie, and L. Randall Wray. “Financial aspects of the social security” problem”.” Journal of Economic Issues (2000): 357-364.Kelton, Stephanie. “An Introduction to the Health Care Crisis in America: How Did We Get Here?.” Special Series on Health Care. Kansas City, Mo.: Center for Full Employment and Price Stability. September (2007).Semenova, Alla, and Stephanie Kelton. “Are Rising Health Care Costs Reducing US Global Competitiveness?” Working paper. Kansas City, Mo.: Center for Full Employment and Price Stability. March, 2008.Semenova, Alla, and Stephanie Kelton. “The Business Sector’s Response to Rising Health Care Costs: Implications for a Demand-Driven Economy.” Center for Full Employment and Price Stability: University of Missouri-Kansas City, MO(2008).Semenova, Alla, and Stephanie Kelton. “Health Care Reform, Universal Coverage and Financial “Basics” A Functional Finance Perspective August 2008.” (2008).Galbraith, James K., L. Randall Wray, and Warren Mosler. “The case against intergenerational accounting: The accounting campaign against social security and Medicare.” No. 98. Public policy brief at Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, 2009.William Mitchell and Warren Mosler. 2005. “Essential elements of a modern monetary economy with applications to social security privatisation and the intergenerational debate.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity Working Paper No. 05-01.William Mitchell and Warren Mosler. 2003. “The Intergenerational Report–Myths and Solutions.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity Working Paper No. 03-10.Banking/Finance:Wray, L. Randall. “Lessons from the subprime meltdown.” Challenge 51.2 (2008): 40-68.Wray, L. Randall. “Commercial banks, the central bank, and endogenous money.” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 14.3 (1992): 297-310.Nersisyan, Yeva, and L. Randall Wray. “The global financial crisis and the shift to shadow banking.” No. 587. Working paper, Levy Economics Institute, 2010.Minsky, Hyman P., et al. “Community development banking: A proposal to establish a nationwide system of community development banks.” No. 3. Public policy brief at Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, 1993.Wray, L. Randall. “What do banks do? What should banks do?” No. 612. Working paper, Levy Economics Institute, 2010.Central Banking:Bell, Stephanie, and L. Randall Wray. “Fiscal effects on reserves and the independence of the Fed.” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 25.2 (2003): 263-272.Bell-Kelton, Stephanie. “Behind closed doors. The political economy of central banking in the United States.” International Journal of Political Economy 35.1 (2006): 5-23.Wray, L. Randall. “A Post Keynesian view of central bank independence, policy targets, and the rules versus discretion debate.” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 30.1 (2007): 119-141.Wray, L. Randall. “The Fed and the New Monetary Consensus: The case for rate hikes, part two.” No. 80. Public policy brief at Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, 2004.Tcherneva, Pavlina R. “Bernanke’s paradox: can he reconcile his position on the federal budget with his recent charge to prevent deflation?.” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 33.3 (2011): 411-434.Fullwiler, Scott, and L. Randall Wray. “Quantitative easing and proposals for reform of monetary policy operations.” Bard College Levy Economics Institute Working Paper 645 (2010).Fullwiler, Scott T. “An endogenous money perspective on the post-crisis monetary policy debate.” Review of Keynesian Economics 1.2 (2013): 171-194.Fullwiler, Scott. “Treasury Debt Operations: An Analysis Integrating Social Fabric Matrix and Social Accounting Matrix Methodologies.” Available at SSRN 1825303 (2011).Fullwiler, Scott T. “The Social Fabric Matrix Approach to Central Bank Operations: An Application to the Federal Reserve and the Recent Financial Crisis.” Institutional Analysis and Praxis. Springer New York, 2009. 123-169.Scott Fullwiler. 2008. “Modern Central Bank Operations–The General Principles” Available at SSRN 1658232Scott Fullwiler. 2005. “Paying Interest on Reserve Balances–It’s More Significant than You Think.” Journal of Economic Issues (June). Working Paper version available at SSRN 1723589Scott Fullwiler. 2003. “Timeliness and the Fed’s Daily Tactics.” Journal of Economic Issues (December)Government Spending/Debt/Deficits:Bell, Stephanie. “Do taxes and bonds finance government spending?.” Journal of Economic Issues (2000): 603-620.Kelton, Stephanie, and L. Randall Wray. “What a long, strange trip it’s been: Can we muddle through without fiscal policy?.” Post-Keynesian Principles of Economic Policy (2006): 101-119.Kelton, Stephanie. “Limitations of the government budget constraint: Users vs. issuers of the currency.” Panoeconomicus 58.1 (2011): 57-66.Wray, L. Randall. “A Keynesian presentation of the relations among government deficits, investment, saving, and growth.” Journal of Economic Issues 23.4 (1989): 977-1002.Nersisyan, Yeva, and L. Randall Wray. “Does Excessive Sovereign Debt Really Hurt Growth? A Critique of’This Time is Different’, by Reinhart and Rogoff.” A Critique of’This Time is Different’, by Reinhart and Rogoff (June 21, 2010). The Levy Economics Institute Working Paper 603 (2013).Wray, L. Randall. “Deficits, inflation, and monetary policy.” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 19.4 (1997): 543-571.Nersisyan, Yeva, and L. Randall Wray. “Deficit hysteria redux? Why we should stop worrying about US government deficits.” No. 111. Public policy brief at Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, 2010.Tcherneva, Pavlina R. “The return of fiscal policy: can the new developments in the new economic consensus be reconciled with the Post-Keynesian view?.”Levy Economics Institute, Working Papers Series (2008).Fullwiler, Scott. “Functional Finance and the Debt Ratio.” Available at SSRN 2196482 (2012).Fullwiler, Scott. “What If the Government Just Prints Money?.” Available at SSRN 1731625 (2009).Fullwiler, Scott. “Helicopter Drops are FISCAL Operations.” Available at SSRN 1725026 (2010).William Mitchell and Warren Mosler. 2002. “Public Debt Management and Australia’s Macroeconomic Priorities.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity Working Paper no. 02-13.James Juniper and William Mitchell. 2008. “There Is No Financial Crisis So Deep That It Cannot Be Dealt with by Public Spending.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity Working Paper No. 08-10.William Mitchell. 2007. “Econometrics, Realism, and Policy in Post Keynesian Economics.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity Working Paper No. 07-02Mathew Forstater, “Taxation and Primitive Accumulation: The Case of Colonial Africa,” Research in Political Economy, Vol. 22, pp. 51-64, 2005.Mathew Forstater, “Preface” in E. J. Nell and M. Forstater (eds.): Reinventing Functional Finance, Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar, 2003.Mathew Forstater, “Toward a New Instrumental Macroeconomics,” in E. J. Nell and M. Forstater (eds.): Reinventing Functional Finance, Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar, 2003. [I*]Mathew Forstater, “Bond Sales,” in Cynthia Northrup (ed.) History of U.S. Economic Policy, 1600s-2000: An Encyclopedia, Vol. 1, p. 30, ABC-Clio, 2003.Fadhel Kaboub and Mathew Forstater, “Government Budgets,” in Cynthia Northrup (ed.) History of U.S. Economic Policy, 1600s-2000: An Encyclopedia, Vol. 1, p. 134, ABC-Clio, 2003.Mathew Forstater, “Toward a New Instrumental Macroeconomics: Abba Lerner and Adolph Lowe on Economic Method, Theory, History and Policy,” Working Paper No. 254, The Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, October 1998. [I*]Poverty:Bell, Stephanie A., and L. Randall Wray. “The war on poverty after 40 years: A Minskyan assessment.” No. 78. Public policy brief at Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, 2004.Fullwiler, Scott T., and Susan Meyeraan. “Confronting Poverty with Jobs and Job Training: A Northeast Iowa Case Study.” Journal of Economic Issues 44.4 (2010): 1073-1084.The Euro:Kelton, Stephanie A., and L. Randall Wray. “Can Euroland Survive?” No. 106. Public policy brief at Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, 2009.Pilkington, Philip, and Warren Mosler. “Tax-backed Bonds–A National Solution to the European Debt Crisis.” No. 12-04. Levy Economics Institute, The, 2012.Wray, L. Randall. “The euro crisis and the job guarantee: A proposal for Ireland.” Levy Economics Institute of Bard College Working Paper 707 (2012).Mathew Forstater, “The European Economic and Monetary Union: Introduction,” Eastern Economic Journal, 25, April. 1999.Interest Rates:Wray, L. Randall. “Alternative theories of the rate of interest.” Cambridge Journal of Economics 16.1 (1992): 69-89.Wray, L. Randall. “Alternative approaches to money and interest rates.” Journal of Economic Issues 26.4 (1992): 1145-1178.Wray, L. Randall. “When are interest rates exogenous? Complexity, Endogenous Money and macroeconomic Theory: Essays in Honour of Basil J. Moore”, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar (2006).Forstater, Mathew, and Warren Mosler. “The natural rate of interest is zero.”Journal of Economic Issues (2005): 535-542.Scott Fullwiler. 2007. “Interest Rates and Fiscal Sustainability.” Journal of Economic Issues (December). Working Paper version available at SSRN 1722986Scott Fullwiler. 2006. “Setting Interest Rates in the Modern Money Era.” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics (Spring). Working Paper version available at SSRN 1723591Economic Geography:Mitchell, William, and Martin Watts. “Identifying functional regions in Australia using hierarchical aggregation techniques.” Geographical Research 48.1 (2010): 24-41.Mitchell, William F., and Robert Stimson. “Creating a new geography of functional economic regions to analyse aspects of labour market performance in Australia.” Ed. P. Dalziel. Centre of Full Employment and Equity, University of Newcastle, 2010.Mitchell, William. “Exploring Regional Disparities in Employment Growth.” Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011.William Mitchell and James Juniper. 2005. “Towards A Spatial Keynesian Economics.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity Working Paper no. 05-09.External Sector:Wray, L. Randall. “Twin Deficits and Sustainability.” No. 06-3. Levy Economics Institute, The, 2006.Wray, L. Randall. “Imbalances? What Imbalances?” Levy Economics Institute, The, 2012.Videos:Stephanie Kelton Nov 2013Warren Mosler at Occupy Dallas June 2012Link to source for the collection of all the links above