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Ancient Grills- Dental Ornamentation in AntiquityAncient skull found in Chiapas, Mexico, displays embedded gems and notched teeth (From jewel-capped teeth to golden bridges – 9,000 years of dentistry)Dentistry, in some form or another, has been practiced for at least 9,000 years, although tooth extraction and remedies for tooth aches probably go back much further. The study of ancient remains from around the world has demonstrated the ingenuity that existed in the application of surgical and cosmetic dental practices going back many millennia.Definite evidence of ancient dentistry is rare. An international team of researchers has found evidence of dental work done during the Ice Age that included using a sharp object to remove diseased cavity tissue and fillings with a tar-like substance.In studying the teeth (which were found in a mountainous part of Tuscany, Italy, approximately 20 years ago), two upper incisors (the ones next to the pointy canines), the team found that holes had been "drilled" into them, likely by using a sharp stone, all the way down into the pulp chamber—a procedure that would have almost certainly been very painful. They report scratches and other marks on the inside walls of the teeth, clearly indicating something other than chewing had occurred. Closer examination indicated that the holes had once been filled with bitumen—a tar like substance early people normally used for binding tools together—and bits of straw and what might turn out to be hair.[1][1][1][1]A scan of the two teeth with bitumen filling (Ancient teeth offer evidence of Ice Age dentistry)The researchers dated the teeth to a time between 13,000 and 12,740 years ago, placing them in in the Upper Paleolithic.[2][2][2][2] It is not clear what purpose the straw and hair might have served in the procedure, though they note it is possible they were used as an antiseptic or provided some degree of numbness.The next oldest examples are 7,500- to 9,500-year-old molars found in Pakistan that had regularly shaped cavities with concentric ridges drilled into them.[3][3][3][3]( A 5,500-year-old artificial human tooth from Egypt: A historical not)Other, more questionable finds include a 5,500-year-old artificial tooth from Egypt. Archaeological excavations at a Neolithic cemetery near Gebel Ramlah, Egypt yielded, among other finds, a life-size shell carving of a human tooth. Based on its spatulate crown and large conical root, the tooth most closely emulates a maxillary incisor. The crown's lingual and labial surfaces are suggestive of a left central incisor, whereas the occlusal view is more reminiscent of a left lateral incisor.[4][4][4][4]The Indus Valley Civilisation has yielded evidence for the earliest form of dentistry, which dates back to 7000 BC.[5][5][5][5] Sites in Pakistan (Mehrgarh) have revealed dental practices involving curing tooth related disorders with bow drills operated, perhaps, by skilled bead craftsmen.[6][6][6][6] Reconstructions of this ancient form of dentistry showed that the methods used were reliable and effective.An experimental reconstruction of a bow and flint-tipped drill used to bore through molar teeth found at a Neolithic graveyard in Mehrgarh, Pakistan. (Ancient Dentistry Part 1: Drills, Gemstones and Toothpaste!)The oldest evidence of a dental filling was found in 2012 in Slovenia when a 6,500-year-old jawbone demonstrated that a cavity deep enough to impact the dentin layer of the tooth had been packed with beeswax.[7][7][7][7] Use of different analytical techniques, including synchrotron radiation computed micro-tomography (micro-CT), Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dating, Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), has shown that the exposed area of dentine resulting from occlusal wear and the upper part of a vertical crack affecting enamel and dentin tissues were filled with beeswax shortly before or after the individual’s death.[8][8][8][8] If the filling was done when the person was still alive, the intervention was likely aimed to relieve tooth sensitivity derived from either exposed dentine and/or the pain resulting from chewing on a cracked tooth[9][9][9][9] : this would provide the earliest known direct evidence of therapeutic-palliative dental filling.A tooth found in Slovenia (micrograph of the tooth crown showing the beeswax-covered surface, within the yellow dotted line.) (Beeswax Filling May Be Oldest Hint of Dentistry)The myth of the tooth wormThe first and most enduring explanation for what cause tooth decay in antiquity was the tooth worm, as depicted in the ivory sculptures below, which was first noted by the Sumerians around 5000 BC.[10][10][10][10] The hypothesis was that tooth decay was the result of a tooth worm boring into and decimating the teeth. This is logical, as the holes created by cavities are somewhat similar to those bored by worms into wood.A poem from Sumer, dated to 3000 years ago, that tells the story of a worm who begs the gods for food, and says:“Lift me up and among the teethAnd the gums cause me to dwell!The blood of the tooth will I suck,And of the gum will I gnaw the roots!”[11][11][11][11]The legends are thought to refer to the pulp of the tooth, which sort of looks like a worm. Imagine: It’s a thousand years ago and you have a toothache. Someone pulls the tooth. In the root of the tooth you see this weird fleshy tail hanging out. You don’t know what nerves are, so you figure this “worm” is what was causing the tooth ache.The concept of a tooth-worm, which according to popular belief, caused caries and periodontitis, has existed in diverse cultures and across the ages. Many believed that the tooth worm bore a hole through your tooth, stubbornly hiding beneath the surface.[12][12][12][12] It caused a toothache by wriggling around, and the pain subsided once the worm rested. Although no one could tell you exactly what the creature looked like, it has taken on many forms over the years. During the Enlightenment, however, the theory of the tooth-worm was assigned by medical doctors almost exclusively to superstition.[13][13][13][13] Even so, the idea that toothache was caused by gnawing worms persisted into this century.Tooth worms and henbane seedsThere were many different ideas with regard to the appearance of tooth-worms. In England, for instance, it was thought that the tooth-worm looked like an eel.[14][14][14][14] In Northern Germany, people supposed the tooth-worm to be red, blue, and gray and in many cases the worm was compared to a maggot.[15][15][15][15] The gnawing worm was held responsible for many evils and, in particular, was blamed for toothache provoked by caries.The mythical tooth worm has been found in the writings of the ancient Greek philosophers[16][16][16][16] and poets, as well as those of the ancient Indian, Japanese, Egyptian, and Chinese cultures.[17][17][17][17] It endured as late as the 1300s, when French surgeon Guy de Chauliac still promoted the belief that worms cause tooth decay.[18][18][18][18]Dentistry in ancient EgyptThe Ebers Papyrus (The Ebers Papyrus - Most Famous Plant Medicine 'Encyclopedia' Of Ancient Egypt | Ancient Pages)Historical records reveal numerous dental and hygiene procedures practiced by the ancient Egyptians. The Edwin Smith Papyrus, written in the 17th century BC but which may reflect previous manuscripts from as early as 3000 BC, includes the treatment of several dental ailments,[19][19][19][19] and the Ebers Papyrus, dating to the 16th century BC, contains eleven recipes which pertain to oral issues.[20][20][20][20] Four of these are remedies for loose teeth: the tooth in question is filled with a mixture that is akin to a modern day composite filling: a filler agent (ground barley) is mixed with a liquid matrix (honey) and an antiseptic agent (yellow ochre). [21][21][21][21] This is either used as an actual filling, or as a splint to keep the tooth in place.Scientists performing CT scans on the head of a 2,100-year-old Egyptian mummy also found evidence for cavities being filled with linen, which may have first been dipped in a medicine such as fig juice or cedar oil.[22][22][22][22]“Mummy with Mouthful of Cavities Discovered”The amount of cavities and abscesses suggest that this individual suffered from a severe infection that was possible deadly. The ancient Egyptian dentists attempted to help this individual heal by “using a piece of linen, perhaps dipped in a medicine such as fig juice or cedar oil, the expert created a form of “packing” in the young man’s biggest and perhaps most painful cavity, located on the left side of his jaw between the first and second molars.”Hesi-Re, the first named “dentist” in ancient Egypt and the world, was an official, physician and scribe who lived during the Third dynasty of Egypt, around 1600 BC, and served under the pharaoh Djoser.[23][23][23][23] He bore titles such as "Chief of Dentists and Physicians", “Doctor of the Tooth” and "Chief of the King's Scribes". While he was ranked chief of dentists, it is not entirely clear what this title actually means, but he is credited as being the first man to recognise periodontal disease (gum disease).[24][24][24][24]Pharaonic physicians were no strangers to reconstructive works: there have been three instances of a dental bridge: one or more lost teeth reattached by means of a gold or silver wire to the surrounding teeth.[25][25][25][25] In some cases, a bridge was made using donor teeth.[26][26][26][26] However, it’s a bit unclear whether these works were performed during the life of the patient or after death – to tidy them up, as it were, before their burial.Incredible dental work found on a 4,000-year-old mummy. The two centre teeth are donor teeth (Museum of Artifacts: Ancient dentistry: gold and pain)Mayan blingThe Mayan civilization was a highly developed culture who inhabited the Yucatan Peninsula as well as present-day Guatemala and Honduras. The nation's history began about 2500 B.C., but the culture flourished from about 300 A.D. to about 900 A.D.[27][27][27][27]Their society consisted of many independent states, each with a rural farming community and large urban sites built around ceremonial centres. They built elaborate and highly-decorated ceremonial architecture, including temple-pyramids, palaces and observatories.[28][28][28][28] They were accomplished smelters and forgers of gold, silver, and bronze in addition to being highly skilled in cutting, polishing, and engraving precious and semiprecious stones.[29][29][29][29]These are some of the tools the Mayas might have used to prepare the teeth for the inlays. Below is the hollowed tube used to cut the tooth enamel. Above is the bow drill which was used to spin the tube which cut the enamel.[30][30][30][30]Despite these skills, they did not regularly perform restorative or corrective dental procedures.[31][31][31][31] The skills they developed for working on teeth were for ritual or religious purposes. Credited with being the masters of cosmetic dentistry, they were known to decorate teeth by embedding them with precious stones or by carving notches and grooves into them.[32][32][32][32] Tiny holes were chipped out of teeth and ornamental stones—including jade—were attached with an adhesive made out of natural resins, such as plant sap, which was mixed with other chemicals and crushed bones.[33][33][33][33] The dentists likely had a sophisticated knowledge of tooth anatomy because they knew how to drill into teeth without hitting the pulp inside.[34][34][34][34]Stylish deformities – Dental editionMaya beauty was a critical idea in Mayan civilization, as it was in others.[35][35][35][35] The Maya, just like people today, loved personal beauty, and were willing to spend their wealth and endure much pain to achieve the perfect look. However, what they thought was beautiful differs in some respects from what people today find lovely.In “Relación de las cosas de Yucatán,” written by Diego de Landa between 1561 and 1566, the author states this about the Yucatanean Maya women: “It was their custom to file their teeth to be serrated; they considered this elegant. This operation was done by old women; they filed the teeth to the adequate shape with certain stones and water.”[36][36][36][36]Sophisticated dentistry allowed native populations to decorate their teeth with gems, notches and grooves as far back as 2,500 years ago. The Mayas utilized other forms of fashion statements with their teeth, to boost the appearance of their smile. Women were known to dye their teeth red or black and it was said that many Mayan men didn’t like coloured teeth.[37][37][37][37] The red dye was derived from insects and was named cochineal.[38][38][38][38]Other aesthetic procedures included filing their teeth in different ways. It is not completely known what the significant reasons for this are, but it is thought that it was possibly done for tribal or religious meaning. Pointed teeth were beautiful teeth to the Maya, and they filed theirs to sharp points, often to form a certain pattern.[39][39][39][39] Perhaps they thought pointed teeth resembled kernels of corn on the cob. [40][40][40][40] Wealthy Maya would have inlays of precious stone like jade or turquoise drilled into their front teeth. Archaeologists have discovered more than fifty different patterns. The findings are based on a survey of thousands of teeth from collections in Mexico’s National Institute of Anthropology and History.[41][41][41][41]Dental decoration was popular predominantly with men- not as indicators of social class but instead for pure decoration.[42][42][42][42] The early dentists used a drill-like device with a hard stone such as obsidian, which is capable of puncturing bone.[43][43][43][43] It's possible some type of [herb based] anesthetic was applied prior to drilling to blunt any pain. Ornamental stones—including jade—were attached with an adhesive made out of natural resins, such as plant sap, which was mixed with other chemicals and crushed bones.[44][44][44][44]Mayan tooth inlaid with Jade (Teeth and dentures)They were able to place carved stone inlays into prepared cavities in live front teeth.[45][45][45][45] A round copper tube similar in shape to a drinking straw was spun between the hands or in a rope drill, with a slurry of powdered quartz in water as the abrasive, cutting a round hole through the enamel.[46][46][46][46] The stone inlay was ground to fit exactly into the cavity. These inlays were made of a variety of minerals of beautiful colours, including jadeite, iron pyrites, hematite, turquoise, quartz, serpentine and cinnabar.[47][47][47][47]Mantawaian teeth filing (Most Bizarre Teeth Modifications)It’s important to note that it’s widely believed the oldest form of tooth mutilation is the filing or chipping of teeth into points and other geometric patterns, but the reasons behind these unique practices vary from culture to culture.[48][48][48][48] For example, the Wapare of Africa sharpened their teeth to emulate the look of a shark’s mouth[49][49][49][49], and in Bali, a person’s canines symbolize emotions such as anger, jealousy, lust, confusion, and greed, which must be controlled by filing them down.[50][50][50][50]Another more contemporary tribe is the Moi of Vietnam, who would chip and ground down their incisors to the gum line.[51][51][51][51] This was viewed as a rite of passage to elevate the youth into adult status and get them ready for marriage.Footnotes[1] Ancient teeth offer evidence of Ice Age dentistry[1] Ancient teeth offer evidence of Ice Age dentistry[1] Ancient teeth offer evidence of Ice Age dentistry[1] Ancient teeth offer evidence of Ice Age dentistry[2] Ancient teeth offer evidence of Ice Age dentistry[2] Ancient teeth offer evidence of Ice Age dentistry[2] Ancient teeth offer evidence of Ice Age dentistry[2] Ancient teeth offer evidence of Ice Age dentistry[3] Let Kids Gorge on Halloween Candy, Dentists Say[3] Let Kids Gorge on Halloween Candy, Dentists Say[3] Let Kids Gorge on Halloween Candy, Dentists Say[3] Let Kids Gorge on Halloween Candy, Dentists Say[4] (PDF) A 5,500-year-old artificial human tooth from Egypt: A historical note[4] (PDF) A 5,500-year-old artificial human tooth from Egypt: A historical note[4] (PDF) A 5,500-year-old artificial human tooth from Egypt: A historical note[4] (PDF) A 5,500-year-old artificial human tooth from Egypt: A historical note[5] Man Was Enduring the Dentist's Drill 9,000 Years Ago[5] Man Was Enduring the Dentist's Drill 9,000 Years Ago[5] Man Was Enduring the Dentist's Drill 9,000 Years Ago[5] Man Was Enduring the Dentist's Drill 9,000 Years Ago[6] Yeeowww! Prehistoric Dentists Used Stone Drills[6] Yeeowww! Prehistoric Dentists Used Stone Drills[6] Yeeowww! Prehistoric Dentists Used Stone Drills[6] Yeeowww! Prehistoric Dentists Used Stone Drills[7] http://Beeswax Filling May Be Oldest Hint of Dentistry Beeswax Filling May Be Oldest Hint of Dentistry https://www.livescience.com/23321-ancient-dentistry-beeswax-filling.html[7] http://Beeswax Filling May Be Oldest Hint of Dentistry Beeswax Filling May Be Oldest Hint of Dentistry https://www.livescience.com/23321-ancient-dentistry-beeswax-filling.html[7] http://Beeswax Filling May Be Oldest Hint of Dentistry Beeswax Filling May Be Oldest Hint of Dentistry https://www.livescience.com/23321-ancient-dentistry-beeswax-filling.html[7] http://Beeswax Filling May Be Oldest Hint of Dentistry Beeswax Filling May Be Oldest Hint of Dentistry https://www.livescience.com/23321-ancient-dentistry-beeswax-filling.html[8] Beeswax as Dental Filling on a Neolithic Human Tooth[8] Beeswax as Dental Filling on a Neolithic Human Tooth[8] Beeswax as Dental Filling on a Neolithic Human Tooth[8] Beeswax as Dental Filling on a Neolithic Human Tooth[9] Beeswax as Dental Filling on a Neolithic Human Tooth[9] Beeswax as Dental Filling on a Neolithic Human Tooth[9] Beeswax as Dental Filling on a Neolithic Human Tooth[9] Beeswax as Dental Filling on a Neolithic Human Tooth[10] History of Dentistry - Part 1 - Ancient Dentistry[10] History of Dentistry - Part 1 - Ancient Dentistry[10] History of Dentistry - Part 1 - Ancient Dentistry[10] History of Dentistry - Part 1 - Ancient Dentistry[11] Mayan Tooth Inlays (Odd Mods Part 1)[11] Mayan Tooth Inlays (Odd Mods Part 1)[11] Mayan Tooth Inlays (Odd Mods Part 1)[11] Mayan Tooth Inlays (Odd Mods Part 1)[12] Tooth worms and henbane seeds[12] Tooth worms and henbane seeds[12] Tooth worms and henbane seeds[12] Tooth worms and henbane seeds[13] Tooth Worm: History of Tooth Decay Myth | 1-800-DENTIST[13] Tooth Worm: History of Tooth Decay Myth | 1-800-DENTIST[13] Tooth Worm: History of Tooth Decay Myth | 1-800-DENTIST[13] Tooth Worm: History of Tooth Decay Myth | 1-800-DENTIST[14] The Legend of the Tooth Worm[14] The Legend of the Tooth Worm[14] The Legend of the Tooth Worm[14] The Legend of the Tooth Worm[15] THE STORY OF THE TOOTH-WORM[15] THE STORY OF THE TOOTH-WORM[15] THE STORY OF THE TOOTH-WORM[15] THE STORY OF THE TOOTH-WORM[16] From Ancient Egypt to the Nazis: 16 Horrors of Dentistry Through the Centuries[16] From Ancient Egypt to the Nazis: 16 Horrors of Dentistry Through the Centuries[16] From Ancient Egypt to the Nazis: 16 Horrors of Dentistry Through the Centuries[16] From Ancient Egypt to the Nazis: 16 Horrors of Dentistry Through the Centuries[17] In Search of Chinese Tooth Worms - Beachcombing's Bizarre History Blog[17] In Search of Chinese Tooth Worms - Beachcombing's Bizarre History Blog[17] In Search of Chinese Tooth Worms - Beachcombing's Bizarre History Blog[17] In Search of Chinese Tooth Worms - Beachcombing's Bizarre History Blog[18] History of Dentistry and Dental Treatment[18] History of Dentistry and Dental Treatment[18] History of Dentistry and Dental Treatment[18] History of Dentistry and Dental Treatment[19] The Edwin Smith papyrus: a clinical reappraisal of the oldest known document on spinal injuries[19] The Edwin Smith papyrus: a clinical reappraisal of the oldest known document on spinal injuries[19] The Edwin Smith papyrus: a clinical reappraisal of the oldest known document on spinal injuries[19] The Edwin Smith papyrus: a clinical reappraisal of the oldest known document on spinal injuries[20] [Ebers Papyrus. The book of medical knowledge of the 16th century B.C. Egyptians].[20] [Ebers Papyrus. The book of medical knowledge of the 16th century B.C. Egyptians].[20] [Ebers Papyrus. The book of medical knowledge of the 16th century B.C. Egyptians].[20] [Ebers Papyrus. The book of medical knowledge of the 16th century B.C. Egyptians].[21] The Ebers Papyrus - Most Famous Plant Medicine 'Encyclopedia' Of Ancient Egypt | Ancient Pages[21] The Ebers Papyrus - Most Famous Plant Medicine 'Encyclopedia' Of Ancient Egypt | Ancient Pages[21] The Ebers Papyrus - Most Famous Plant Medicine 'Encyclopedia' Of Ancient Egypt | Ancient Pages[21] The Ebers Papyrus - Most Famous Plant Medicine 'Encyclopedia' Of Ancient Egypt | Ancient Pages[22] “Mummy with Mouthful of Cavities Discovered”[22] “Mummy with Mouthful of Cavities Discovered”[22] “Mummy with Mouthful of Cavities Discovered”[22] “Mummy with Mouthful of Cavities Discovered”[23] THE DISAPPEARING DENTIST[23] THE DISAPPEARING DENTIST[23] THE DISAPPEARING DENTIST[23] THE DISAPPEARING DENTIST[24] Hesi-re, the first Dentist, in ancient Egypt and in the world[24] Hesi-re, the first Dentist, in ancient Egypt and in the world[24] Hesi-re, the first Dentist, in ancient Egypt and in the world[24] Hesi-re, the first Dentist, in ancient Egypt and in the world[25] Fresh Dental Care Maidstone[25] Fresh Dental Care Maidstone[25] Fresh Dental Care Maidstone[25] Fresh Dental Care Maidstone[26] Dentistry in Ancient Egypt[26] Dentistry in Ancient Egypt[26] Dentistry in Ancient Egypt[26] Dentistry in Ancient Egypt[27] Why Did the Mayan Civilization Collapse? A New Study Points to Deforestation and Climate Change[27] Why Did the Mayan Civilization Collapse? A New Study Points to Deforestation and Climate Change[27] Why Did the Mayan Civilization Collapse? A New Study Points to Deforestation and Climate Change[27] Why Did the Mayan Civilization Collapse? A New Study Points to Deforestation and Climate Change[28] http://there were more woman than men getting the dental inlays, with about 65% of women getting them versus 58% of men. [28] http://there were more woman than men getting the dental inlays, with about 65% of women getting them versus 58% of men. [28] http://there were more woman than men getting the dental inlays, with about 65% of women getting them versus 58% of men. [28] http://there were more woman than men getting the dental inlays, with about 65% of women getting them versus 58% of men. [29] ANCIENT MAYAN JEWELRY[29] ANCIENT MAYAN JEWELRY[29] ANCIENT MAYAN JEWELRY[29] ANCIENT MAYAN JEWELRY[30] History[30] History[30] History[30] History[31] Fresh Dental Care Maidstone[31] Fresh Dental Care Maidstone[31] Fresh Dental Care Maidstone[31] Fresh Dental Care Maidstone[32] Gem-Studded Teeth Reveal Remarkable Skills Of Ancient Mayan Dentists[32] Gem-Studded Teeth Reveal Remarkable Skills Of Ancient Mayan Dentists[32] Gem-Studded Teeth Reveal Remarkable Skills Of Ancient Mayan Dentists[32] Gem-Studded Teeth Reveal Remarkable Skills Of Ancient Mayan Dentists[33] Jewel Inlays by the Cosmetic Dentists of the Maya[33] Jewel Inlays by the Cosmetic Dentists of the Maya[33] Jewel Inlays by the Cosmetic Dentists of the Maya[33] Jewel Inlays by the Cosmetic Dentists of the Maya[34] Cosmetic dentistry among the ancient Maya.[34] Cosmetic dentistry among the ancient Maya.[34] Cosmetic dentistry among the ancient Maya.[34] Cosmetic dentistry among the ancient Maya.[35] Viking Society: Men, Women and Children - History[35] Viking Society: Men, Women and Children - History[35] Viking Society: Men, Women and Children - History[35] Viking Society: Men, Women and Children - History[36] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.wayeb.org/download/resources/landa.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwj-_tfUnp7hAhUD94MKHQeAB3MQFjAMegQIAxAB&usg=AOvVaw2H3ICiI9MkAin5eoBMVfd4[36] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.wayeb.org/download/resources/landa.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwj-_tfUnp7hAhUD94MKHQeAB3MQFjAMegQIAxAB&usg=AOvVaw2H3ICiI9MkAin5eoBMVfd4[36] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.wayeb.org/download/resources/landa.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwj-_tfUnp7hAhUD94MKHQeAB3MQFjAMegQIAxAB&usg=AOvVaw2H3ICiI9MkAin5eoBMVfd4[36] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.wayeb.org/download/resources/landa.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwj-_tfUnp7hAhUD94MKHQeAB3MQFjAMegQIAxAB&usg=AOvVaw2H3ICiI9MkAin5eoBMVfd4[37] Fresh Dental Care Maidstone[37] Fresh Dental Care Maidstone[37] Fresh Dental Care Maidstone[37] Fresh Dental Care Maidstone[38] The Truth About Red Food Dye Made from Bugs[38] The Truth About Red Food Dye Made from Bugs[38] The Truth About Red Food Dye Made from Bugs[38] The Truth About Red Food Dye Made from Bugs[39] The Maya Concept of Beauty - History[39] The Maya Concept of Beauty - History[39] The Maya Concept of Beauty - History[39] The Maya Concept of Beauty - History[40] The Maya suffered for their looks[40] The Maya suffered for their looks[40] The Maya suffered for their looks[40] The Maya suffered for their looks[41] Bienvenidos al INAH[41] Bienvenidos al INAH[41] Bienvenidos al INAH[41] Bienvenidos al INAH[42] Pictures: Odd Maya Tomb Yields Jeweled Teeth, More[42] Pictures: Odd Maya Tomb Yields Jeweled Teeth, More[42] Pictures: Odd Maya Tomb Yields Jeweled Teeth, More[42] Pictures: Odd Maya Tomb Yields Jeweled Teeth, More[43] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2385%26context%3Dutk_chanhonoproj&ved=2ahUKEwjtqPGOg57hAhXD4IMKHUvXA94QFjAGegQIBxAB&usg=AOvVaw13HkCrsh24l19jnOxFmkwC[43] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2385%26context%3Dutk_chanhonoproj&ved=2ahUKEwjtqPGOg57hAhXD4IMKHUvXA94QFjAGegQIBxAB&usg=AOvVaw13HkCrsh24l19jnOxFmkwC[43] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2385%26context%3Dutk_chanhonoproj&ved=2ahUKEwjtqPGOg57hAhXD4IMKHUvXA94QFjAGegQIBxAB&usg=AOvVaw13HkCrsh24l19jnOxFmkwC[43] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2385%26context%3Dutk_chanhonoproj&ved=2ahUKEwjtqPGOg57hAhXD4IMKHUvXA94QFjAGegQIBxAB&usg=AOvVaw13HkCrsh24l19jnOxFmkwC[44] Ancient Bling Teeth Discovered Show Signs of Early Dentistry | Odd Random Thoughts[44] Ancient Bling Teeth Discovered Show Signs of Early Dentistry | Odd Random Thoughts[44] Ancient Bling Teeth Discovered Show Signs of Early Dentistry | Odd Random Thoughts[44] Ancient Bling Teeth Discovered Show Signs of Early Dentistry | Odd Random Thoughts[45] THE HISTORY OF IMPLANTOLOGY[45] THE HISTORY OF IMPLANTOLOGY[45] THE HISTORY OF IMPLANTOLOGY[45] THE HISTORY OF IMPLANTOLOGY[46] Dental Inlays and Fillings Among the Ancient Mayas[46] Dental Inlays and Fillings Among the Ancient Mayas[46] Dental Inlays and Fillings Among the Ancient Mayas[46] Dental Inlays and Fillings Among the Ancient Mayas[47] History[47] History[47] History[47] History[48] Dental Modifications of Ancient Maya and Other Civilizations (Part One)[48] Dental Modifications of Ancient Maya and Other Civilizations (Part One)[48] Dental Modifications of Ancient Maya and Other Civilizations (Part One)[48] Dental Modifications of Ancient Maya and Other Civilizations (Part One)[49] Face marks as expression of cultural identity[49] Face marks as expression of cultural identity[49] Face marks as expression of cultural identity[49] Face marks as expression of cultural identity[50] Canine tooth | anatomy[50] Canine tooth | anatomy[50] Canine tooth | anatomy[50] Canine tooth | anatomy[51] Ethnic Peoples of Vietnam[51] Ethnic Peoples of Vietnam[51] Ethnic Peoples of Vietnam[51] Ethnic Peoples of Vietnam

Somehow, when two adults with no allergies came together to produce two children, we hit the universal lottery and received two kids with food allergies.While in daycare, Cassidy had a series of strange vomitings. We’d observed them, too. We couldn’t put a trigger to what was causing them until daycare served her a tortilla with some peanut butter spread on it. She broke out in hives and threw up. Our daughter now had to worry about peanut butter—which seemed to be in great abundance in daycare centers. Fortunately, the kids were still eating in high-chairs and it was fairly easy for the staff to keep any peanut butter off of her tray. She didn’t seem to have any problems with the smell. She had to ingest the food to have a reaction.Parents don’t think about kids having allergies and we were no different. Our girl was four and our son was still in a high chair. It was a beautiful Monday morning of a three-day Memorial Day weekend. We’d decided to make South Beach Pancakes for breakfast. Mostly, they contain instant oats and Egg-Beaters egg whites. I mixed them up and we decided to eat on our back patio. There were no peanuts in our breakfast, of course as we’d already modified our eating to keep it away from Cassidy.My wife and I were just about done eating. My wife asked if I thought our son might want to try a pancake. He was beginning to gum solid food, so I said sure. Let’s tear one up for him. Our daughter had eaten most of hers when her head lolled to one side and she pointed toward the glass-top table. She said, “Thaddy, dares an anth on the thableth.”What the hell?My wife and I assessed her. She was clearly altered. She couldn’t speak clearly and she was lethargic. We made the decision. We had to call 911. We live 3 blocks from the fire station. We heard the sirens immediately and they arrived within minutes. They put our daughter on a stretcher and started taking her vitals. They put her on oxygen and she started to perk up a bit.My wife was holding our son. “Clint. There’s something wrong with Ryan.”I looked at him. He was gasping for air in sharp wheezing barks. Clearly, he couldn’t breathe. I called to the fire captain and pointed to my son. Within moments, our daughter was off the stretcher and my son was on it and we were off to the hospital.My readers know that I have two great kids, so of course, they were okay after our trip to the local Emergency Room.What we didn’t know before that morning that we soon learned was that our daughter was allergic to ants. The ant she had seen had bitten her and she was reacting to the toxin. Fortunately, it was short-lived and wore off rather quickly. She was already recovering when the paramedics arrived. We learned that my son is allergic to eggs. Thus began our lives as parents of allergic children. South Beach Pancakes will forever be known in our home as, “Dad’s Killer Pancakes” as we could have lost both of our kids on one happy Monday morning.We had both kids allergy tested. Cassidy was allergic to anything with the word “nut” in it. Peanuts, tree nuts, etc. Ryan was allergic to eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, and shellfish. He’d never consumed a nut in his life, but he was allergic to all of them.For their entire tenure in public schools, they had to sit at the allergy table with other kids with known food allergies. Both have to eat their toxin to have a reaction. Smelling peanut butter doesn’t trigger them. In that, we are lucky. Others are not. If our kids consume a trigger, they get hives and then throw up and it usually ends. Not a pleasant experience, but it seems self-limiting and correcting. Once they toss their cookies, the incident is mostly finished. They get really tired after, but they sleep it off and wake up feeling better. Both have to carry Epi-Pens everywhere they/we go.We read the ingredients of EVERYTHING.This is the part that you don’t get. When I say, “you” I mean the folks who don’t deal with allergic kids. Some products have the common allergens listed below the ingredients, making it easy to sort out eggs or nuts from thiamin and niacin and riboflavin and red dye number 6. Others don’t and we have to dig through all of the chemicals to sort out the trigger words that mean we can’t buy that product.You are used to buying hotdog buns when you want to eat hot dogs. You don’t have to ask the clerk at the Circle K if he can find the bag the buns came in so you can know if your kid can have a hotdog with a bun, or not. They still charge you for the bun, even if your kid can’t eat it. You aren’t used to asking to talk to the cooks when the wait staff can’t answer questions about allergens in the food. You aren’t used to having the allergy talk with any parent interested in asking your kid over for a sleepover and then teaching them how to use an Epi-Pen. When my son prepares to go to Boy Scout Camp, the leaders always ask if any kids besides Ryan have food allergies. They are all well-acquainted with his and they have a copy of the allergy form that already has his needs listed in the template.We are totally immersed in food allergy concerns. You are not. So, when I encounter those of you who insist that your kid isn’t going to adapt to help protect my child…that’s fine. You get added to the list of people who will not be hosting my kid at your birthday parties or sleepovers.Our kids play soccer. When they were on younger teams, somebody was always designated “snack parent” to reward the tikes with a snack after the game. Each week, we’d contact the snack parent and politely ask if they could bring a snack that was safe for our kid. “Oh, sure. No problem!” Then they’d show up with packets of peanut butter crackers or nutty buddy bars.“What? You were serious about that?”I always wanted to bring their kid a bag of crushed glass for a snack.Instead of sharing my broken beer bottles, we just started bringing “disappointment snacks” as a backup. The kids never got to eat the fun stuff their friends were eating, but here are two Oreos for you. Sorry, your friends' parents can’t read or don’t care.It is really hard navigating our world without feeding our allergic kids something dangerous. And, as more and more kids are diagnosed with food allergies, the food industry hasn’t been very helpful. Some, are good. Others have looked at the legal landscape and have chosen to put a blanket, cover your ass disclaimer language on their packaging:“This product may contain or is made in a facility that uses, eggs, wheat, peanuts, tree nuts, soy, milk, flashlight batteries, car horns, broken glass, and cat dander.”Here, I’m going to name names. Sara Lee. One of the biggest producers of bakery goods has been a company we could buy from. Until recently when they added the cover your ass language to products we’d been safely eating for years. I contacted the company and called them on it. They gave me a number I can call from the store to give them the lot number of the loaf of bread and they can tell me whether it is safe or not. They’d rather staff a phone bank than print actual ingredients on actual bags. Well here’s a new one for you, NOBODY IN THIS FAMILY LIKES SARA LEE.By adding a few words to a package, they took away the English muffins that were a staple of my son’s breakfasts for years. They don’t care.Now, to answer your question, I’m going to say what needs to be said:This ain’t about you. It’s about the safety of allergic children, mine included. Your kid doesn’t care about his peanut butter sandwich. You do. This is your issue. How do I know? My kid sits at the allergy table and YOUR kid asked to be given a different sandwich so he could eat with MY kid. Kids want to sit with their friends. Kids have been our strongest allies.When our grade school first created the allergy table, it was a round table that sat 6–8 kids. It grew to be an entire two-sided cafeteria table that seats 24. Why? Friends wanted to sit together and they didn’t want a peanut butter sandwich to come between them.This is about you.And you just don’t get how difficult this is.I love my kids. I assume you love yours. Imagine me sending a baggy of broken glass to snack time. Would you be concerned? Would you politely ask me to bring a kid-safe snack?My bet is you would. The difference is, I’d understand because I have two allergic kids.Edit: 6/4/19Thanks for all of the comments!For accurate info regarding allergies and life with allergies, look up: Food Allergy Research & Education® (FARE) They are the leading source for allergy info in the United States.A new movement affiliated with their site is the Snack Safely organization: SnackSafely.com - News and resources to help your family cope with food allergy They are working with manufacturers to properly label their food in a consistent and easy to read format to aid families in making good food decisions.We all want to see our kids grow to be thriving adults. The more we all know about this life-threatening condition, the more likely we are to help them get there.Because the first step toward acceptance and tolerance is understanding, and because some comments appear to be digging into the “you aren’t going to make me stop feeding my kid…” I copied this from the FARE site in hopes that you can begin to understand how pervasive and life-threatening this can be:What Is a Food Allergy?A food allergy is a medical condition in which exposure to a food triggers a harmful immune response. The immune response, called an allergic reaction, occurs because the immune system attacks proteins in the food that are normally harmless. The proteins that trigger the reaction are called allergens.The symptoms of an allergic reaction to food can range from mild (itchy mouth, a few hives) to severe (throat tightening, difficulty breathing).Anaphylaxis is a serious allergic reaction that is sudden in onset and can cause death.To Which Foods Are People Allergic?More than 170 foods have been reported to cause allergic reactions.Eight major food allergens – milk, egg, peanut, tree nuts, wheat, soy, fish and crustacean shellfish – are responsible for most of the serious food allergy reactions in the United States.Allergy to sesame is an emerging concern.How Many People Have Food Allergies?Researchers estimate that 32 million Americans have food allergies, including 5.6 million children under age 18. That’s one in 13 children, or roughly two in every classroom.About 40 percent of children with food allergies are allergic to more than one food.Food Allergies Are on the RiseThe Centers for Disease Control & Prevention reports that the prevalence of food allergy in children increased by 50 percent between 1997 and 2011.Between 1997 and 2008, the prevalence of peanut or tree nut allergy appears to have more than tripled in U.S. children.Food Allergy Reactions Are Serious and Can Be Life-Threatening.Every three minutes, a food allergy reaction sends someone to the emergency room.Each year in the U.S., 200,000 people require emergency medical care for allergic reactions to food.Childhood hospitalizations for food allergy tripled between the late 1990s and the mid-2000s.More than 40 percent of children with food allergies have experienced a severe allergic reaction such as anaphylaxis.Medical procedures to treat anaphylaxis resulting from food allergy increased by 380 percent between 2007 and 2016.Serious Allergic Reactions Require Immediate TreatmentOnce a serious allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) starts, the drug epinephrine is the only effective treatment.Epinephrine (also called adrenaline) should be injected within minutes of the onset of symptoms. More than one dose may be needed.Easy-to-use, spring-loaded syringes of epinephrine, called epinephrine auto-injectors, are available by prescription.Not treating anaphylaxis promptly with epinephrine increases the risk of a fatal reaction.Food Allergy Impacts Quality of LifeFood allergy limits a major life activity and may qualify an individual for protection under the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973.Caring for children with food allergies costs U.S. families nearly $25 billion annually.About one in three children with food allergy reports being bullied as a result.Compared to children who do not have a medical condition, children with food allergy are twice as likely to be bullied.Who Is at Greatest Risk?Compared to children who don’t have food allergy, children with food allergy are two to four times as likely to have other allergic conditions, such as asthma or eczema.Compared to non-Hispanic white children, African American children are at significantly greater risk of developing food allergy.Delaying introduction of allergenic foods does not provide protection against food allergy. In fact, feeding peanut foods early and often to babies with egg allergy or eczema dramatically reduces their risk of developing peanut allergy.While most food allergies arise in childhood, at least 15 percent of patients with food allergies are first diagnosed in adulthood. More than one in four adults with food allergies report that all of their food allergies developed during adulthood, and nearly half of adults with food allergy report having developed at least one food allergy during adulthood.Approximately 20-25 percent of epinephrine administrations in schools involve individuals whose allergy was unknown at the time of the reaction.Severe or fatal reactions can happen at any age, but teenagers and young adults with food allergies are at the highest risk of fatal food-induced anaphylaxis.Individuals with food allergies who also have asthma may be at increased risk for severe or fatal food allergy reactions.Most fatal food allergy reactions are triggered by food consumed outside the home.More than 15 percent of school-aged children with food allergies have had a reaction in school.Can Food Allergies Be Outgrown?Although allergies to milk, egg, wheat and soy often resolve in childhood, children appear to be outgrowing some of these allergies more slowly than in previous decades, with many children still allergic beyond age 5.Allergies to peanuts, tree nuts, fish and shellfish are generally lifelong.Is There a Cure?There is no cure for food allergy. Food allergies are managed by avoiding the problem food(s) and learning to recognize and treat reactions symptoms.Food allergy therapies are under study in clinical trials, but none has been approved yet for general use.Downloadable PDF of Facts and Statistics with References

Topical pain relievers are medications directly applied to the epidermal layer of skin at the area of pain or inflammation. Development of new routes of drug administration has focused on providing patients with the ease of treatment without decreasing the efficiency of medication. Topical pain relievers are designed to relieve pain and use skin as the vehicle for drug administration and exert predominant action at targeted site and in the central nervous system. Topical pain relievers is the second fastest growing OTC drug category. Topical pain relievers have the ability of targeted release of medication, slowly and gradually into the bloodstream keeping the blood levels constant. This enables a patient to continue with medications for chronic diseases for longer periods. Topical pain relievers are a good option for those unable to take medications orally. Topical pain relievers include the administration of drugs such as NSAIDs, local anesthetics, capsaicin, tricyclic antidepressants, ketamine, clonidine, opioids, and cannabinoids. These medications are available in the form of creams, foams, gels, roll-ons, sprays, sticks, and patches.According to Global Burden of Disease 2013 (GBD 2013), around 242 million people in the world were living with symptomatic and activity limiting osteoarthritis. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 30 million U.S. adults were suffering from osteoarthritis in 2017. Rise in prevalence of arthritis among the global geriatric population drives the topical pain relievers market. Other key drivers fueling the global topical pain relief market are rise in awareness among patients about the adverse effects of particular drugs and associated pathways, increase in the number of patients undergoing prolonged treatment for diseases such as skin cancer, surge in demand for pain relievers among sportspersons, and increase in the global geriatric population.Get PDF Brochure For More Information - http://bit.ly/2yAikYOHowever, potential restraints of the global pain relief market are burning sensation, skin irritation, and allergic reactions due to usage of pain relievers. Strong odor, and unpleasant smell and discomfort of application at certain sites also act as restraints of the market.The global topical pain relief market can be segmented based on formulation type, therapeutic class, distribution channel, and region. In terms of formulation type, the market can be classified into creams, foams, gels, roll-ons, sprays, sticks, and patches. Based on therapeutic class, the global topical pain relief market can be bifurcated into non-opioids and opioids. The non-opioids segment can be divided into NSAIDs, lidocaine, capsaicin, clonidine, and others. The opioids segment can be classified into fentanyl and buprenorphine. In terms of distribution channel, the market can be categorized into hospitals, pharmacies, retail stores, and online pharmacies.In terms of region, the global topical pain relief market can be segmented into North America, Europe, Latin America, Asia Pacific, and Middle East & Africa. Each region can be divided into specific countries/sub-regions such as the U.S., Canada, Germany, the U.K., Brazil, India, Japan, and GCC Countries. North America leads the global topical pain relief market due to high awareness about the side effects caused by systemic administration of drugs. Increase in the number of people suffering from migraine and schizophrenia is expected to drive the market in the region during the forecast period. Asia Pacific is anticipated to be the fastest growing market during the forecast period due to large population and surge in awareness about topical pain relievers among patients. Rise in prevalence of diseases associated with chronic pain among the population is expected to boost the growth of the topical pain relief market in the region.