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There are two ways of approaching the subject: systemic and regional. Systemic anatomy studies one organ system at a time, and is the best foundation for understanding physiology, the relevance of structure and how the organs work together. If you want to understand how the circulatory system works, you study the heart and great vessels of the thorax, and the more distant arteries and veins from head to toe, so you get an integrated view of how the whole system functions.Regional anatomy studies one region of the body at a time—head-neck, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, upper limbs, lower limbs. This is how first-year medical students study it in the anatomy lab. It’s the best foundation for surgery and much clinical practice. An ENT is concerned with the head-neck area and has little or nothing to do with the limbs; an orthopedic surgeon is concerned with the limbs and has little or nothing to do with the chest or head; a cardiologist is concerned with the chest; and so on. You can’t go into an anatomy (cadaver) lab and dissect out all the cardiovascular system for study, then the respiratory system, then the nervous system, and so forth. In dissecting out one system, you’d be destroying others that you need to study later. You have to dissect one body region at a time and study the relationships of all the organ systems represented in that region—such as the chest, studying the heart, great vessels, airway and lungs, nerves, muscles, esophagus, vertebrae, and so forth.Those of us who write and teach in undergraduate anatomy and physiology always take the systemic approach so students understand each organ system as a whole. Those students who go to medical school start out learning anatomy by the regional approach. I think the norm is to begin with the back, chest, and abdomen, then the limbs, and I believe they usually do the head last of all, but I’m not sure. I base this on the limited time I’ve spent dissecting cadavers (just three summer sessions: central nervous system, upper limb, and lower limb); what I’ve observed in several other labs of what was already dissected and what wasn’t; and on reading and teaching from the memoirs of doctors about their med school life.Those of us who teach and write from the systemic approach vary in our order of presentation, but this is my sequence and rationale. My focus is on physiology more than anatomy, and you’ve asked only about reading anatomy, so you may or may not find this applicable to your interest.After basic biochemistry, cell biology, histology, and molecular genetics, I start in on the organ systems.My first sequence (6 book chapters) is integumentary system, osteology (bone tissue), skeletal gross anatomy, joints and kinesiology, muscular system anatomy, and muscle physiology. I start with skin because it’s most familiar and is almost the only thing we can see in external anatomy; dermatology is also a relatively easy, short, warm-up topic to ease students into their study habits and more difficult subjects coming up. Skin, bone, and muscle also create the basic structural framework for the body. My sequence from skeletal anatomy to joint anatomy to muscular anatomy and actions serves well for students interested in kinesiology, sports medicine, physical therapy, and their personal athletic activities and conditioning. Unlike many instructors, I do muscle physiology after the muscular system anatomy because the physiology leads well into my next block of material.That block (6 chapters) is the nervous, sensory, and endocrine systems: neurons, spinal cord and reflexes, brain, autonomic nervous system, sense organs, and endocrine organs. The physiology of muscle and nerve cells have much in common (electrical excitability, neurotransmitters), so it works well to treat one right after the other. I do spinal cord before brain because the spinal cord is easier to understand, so I felt students learn best from a bottom-to-top, relatively simple-to-complex order. I tie endocrine system into this block in the book because the nervous and endocrine system are the body’s two main systems of internal communication and they have much in common, such as some of the same chemicals functioning as both hormones and neurotransmitters. In classroom teaching, the semester break interrupted this flow, so I ended fall semester with sense organs and began spring semester with endocrine.My next block (4 chapters) was the circulatory, lymphatic, and immune systems: chapters and lecture units, in order, on blood, heart, vessel anatomy and circulation, and lymphatic–immune system.Next, a 3-chapter block: respiratory system, urinary system, and fluid–electrolyte–pH balance. Here I was a renegade, teaching urinary system at this point insteaad of near the end of the course like many instructors. My reasoning is that the respiratory and urinary systems work closely together in regulating body fluid composition and understanding both of these rests on the principles of blood circulation and fluid exchange just covered in the previous block. In my anatomy-only textbook, though, I put urinary back with reproductive because of their close anatomical relationships.Next the digestive system and a chapter on nutrition and metabolism—no special logic to putting them here except that they have to be covered sometime, and anywhere else would interrupt the thematic flows I’ve described above.Finally, three chapters on life-cycle issues: male reproductive system; female reproductive system and the physiology of pregnancy; and human development including fetal development, neonatal physiology, birth defects, etc., and finally concluding the book and my course, the physiology of aging, senescence, and death.That’s how this book is organized.That’s what I recommend as a good sequence of study if you’re wanting to learn physiology along with the anatomy. For learning anatomy only, with minimal or no interest in the physiology, I omit such topics as genetics, immunology, fluid-electrolyte-pH balance, metabolism, and gerontology, and I slightly rearrange other topics to put fetal development earlier in the book and place more emphasis on embryology in every chapter. My anatomy book’s sequence is: cells, tissues, development, dermatology, osteology, arthrology-kinesiology, muscular anatomy, nervous and sensory anatomy, endocrines, hematology-cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive. That’s how this book goes.If you need less depth than nurses and physical therapy students do, I also have a book of “A&P lite”[1] that’s aimed at other sorts of students and careers from midwifery, massage therapy, nurses’ aides, phlebotomists, respiratory therapists, EMTs, medical technicians, and dietitians to nonpractitioners such as medical transcriptionists, medical billing specialists, and insurance adjusters. This covers much the same topical order as the first book above, but I do it in 700 pages instead of that book’s 1,125 (for example, by covering fewer muscles and bone details, and not so much depth in physiology).Footnotes[1] Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology

Whether MBBS is too hard or not is very subjective.. If u have it in you to study for long compared to your engineering/non medico counterparts or u have the patience to be called just a graduate “MBBS doctor” after 5.5 years of insane struggle, then it wont be much of a problem, otherwise universally it is very well known that the medical profession is a profession requiring the highest level of skills, patience and hard work..Let me break it up for u..After clearing your PMT (NEET-UG) at 1st/2nd/3rd/4th attempt (mine was 3rd) with all that tremendous hard work and aspiring to be a Doctor u finally make it to a Medical College.. You are more or less 20 yrs of age then.. Your engineering counterparts would be in 2nd year if they got into any engineering college at 1st attempt, which is comparatively easy (not talking of IITs).1st year begins (1 year duration):Subjects to be covered-Anatomy-I (Head, Neck and Face)Anatomy-II (Upper Limbs and Thorax)Anatomy-III (Lower Limbs, Abdomen and Perineum)HistologyEmbryologyNeuro-anatomyOsteologyPractical Anatomy including cadaveric dissectionPhysiologyPractical PhysiologyBiochemistryPractical Biochemistry(Mind you each of the above have seperate text books minimum of around 500 pages!!)You thought that Medical College would be fun and you would be given utmost respect by everyone once you are here but only to realise that you are at the bottommost level in the pyramid, nobody cares of what you read or do, your seniors rag you and treat you like shit, your hormones are fluctuating since you are an adult, you wanna perform the best so you can be the eye candy in front of your batch that has more girls than boys. Ragging, relations, aspirations, friendships, even sex and on the top of that these 12 subjects!! A big Nightmare!!Finally u are able to clear that hectic 1st year (many do not and get a back of 6 months if they fail in any one subject), you are exhausted, vacation lasted only for a couple of days!! And here comes the 2nd year!!2nd year begins (1.5 years duration):Subjects to be covered-PharmacologyPractical PharmacologyPathology (insanely large 1800 pages Robbins textbook)Practical Pathology (a big headache)BacteriologyMycologyVirology and ImmunologyParasitologyPractical MicrobiologyForensic MedicineToxicologyPractical FMTClinical Postings (rotations in hospital) begin!!!2nd year is the turning point when you actually start learning Medicine.. The load and depth of all these subjects increases 10 folds.. It becomes too overwhelming and difficult to handle at times.. Though 1.5 years look like a long time to study, it actually isnt as most of the students end up failing either in Pharmacology or Pathology as they are very difficult to understand and memorize!! If you have worked very hard, you surely would pass and end up in 3rd year… By this time you know how the system works, you are well versed with the patients, proper history taking etc and now you have the mental balance to study and work hard the right way…3rd year begins (1 year duration):Subjects to be covered-OphthalmologyClinics - ophthalmENT (Ear, Nose and Throat)Clinics - ENTCommunity Medicine (PSM) - the most boring and the most hard work demanding subject as a lot has to be memorized.Clinics - PSM (Rural and Urban Health Center visits)The 3rd year is the year that is by some of the medical students called as the Resting year as it goes off smoothly.. However that is far from the truth as from this very year maximum of the students join coaching classes for Post-Graduate Entrance Exams (maddening as hell trust me!!)4th year/ Final Year begins (1 year duration):Subjects to be covered-General MedicineClinical Rotations in Dept of Medicine in HospitalPsychiatryDermatologyAnesthesiaRadiologyGeneral SurgeryClinical Rotations in Dept of Surgery in HospitalOrthopedicsClinical Rotations in Dept of OrthopedicsObstetricsGynecologyClinical Rotations in Dept of Obs and Gynec in HospitalPediatricsClinical Rotations in Dept of Pediatrics in HospitalThe Final year determines your life as a Doctor in the future as it is this very year that the students transform from a theoretical to a more practical aspect of Medicine. It is also the year that demands the highest amount of hard work, sincerity and dedication plus the coaching classes for PG entrance.If you manage to pass the final year in a go, you are very lucky!! But wait, thats not the end!! lol You may have a provisional “Dr” tag ahead of your name but you still need to complete your 1 year of compulsory Rotatory Internship at the Hospital (which includes 2 months of PHC/UHC training in villages/urban centers resp).Internships are the prime time to modify yourself and to learn the Doctor’s skills and improve them. Believe me it is a year when you drain yourself to death while being on 24 hour On-Calls in each department, handling Casualty, working like a donkey and also simultaneously preparing for your PG entrance exams.You finally complete your Internship, get your completion from each and every department (thats the most difficult part!!), submit them to University and finally in a couple of months arrives your MBBS degree!! That is the turning point of not only your life but your parents’ life too.. You are finally a DOCTOR!!By this time you are 26 years old (if you cleared all subjects in 1st attempt), single (or probably about to get married) and still just a graduate.. Still preparing for your PG entrance exams wanting a speciality of your choice which will again demand 3 more years. Your friends of other branches have already got married or have handsome jobs with handsome salaries, some might have started their businesses.. But here you are with all the knowledge in the world and a katora in your hand!! lolSo YES, MBBS is difficult. This entire description has been my personal experience…But if you ask me, despite of all these hardships and rona-dhona, those 5.5 years of my MBBS life were the BEST years of my life!! (Im in tears as i write this). It was totally worth it!!Thanks!! All the best..

Ah how to be a good doctor?I never was top of my class in medical school. That’s because I never did medical school. However, I was top of my class in two separate years (1st and 3rd year) when it came to my Advanced Science program majoring in Neuroscience which featured a lot of units in common with some aspects of medical school (physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology, anatomy and histology, pharmacology and neuroscience), including getting a top overall score for Pharmacology in 3rd year. I also got the joint best result for one of the neuroanatomy classes.I definitely cannot say that this is the same as going through medical school. Very different kinds of pressures and environment overall. Maybe David Moore can give you some words of wisdom on what it’s like to go through med school. However, I can give some general advice that will serve you well.Form good habits early. This of course assists with keeping your weighted average mark (WAM) or GPA/whatever cumulative score high but also helps you to easily track your progress. Some real common sense stuff: don’t skip lectures or classes, and make a solid attempt at any prerequisite coursework before class. Make the most of every learning opportunity.Consolidate learning. Med school and anything medical related covers a lot of things that you (unfortunately) must commit to memory. You will go through plenty of drug names, classes, mechanisms, plenty of gross anatomical names, tissue and cell types linked to function. You will explode unless you keep tabs. One way to do this is to write up individualised notes. I was very fond of the OneNote system as you could easily type notes and append images. Also use visual metaphors. Medicine and cell biology has some highly visual components. Something as simple as “an agonist acting on a receptor is like sending a letter through a mailbox successfully, while an antagonist acting on a receptor is like a big block of wood that sits in the mouth of the mailbox and blocks letters from being stored and sent” will instantly make the concept easy to understand. In fact this is why I find an anime like “Cells at Work” so cool. It takes immunology and explains it in a very understandable and relatable way. Make your neutrophils into sturdy front line warriors and bacteria into invasive monsters and they truly come to life.Another thing I did especially for pharmacology was create a drug table for every new class we looked at - antihypertensives, anti-epileptics, reproductive, anti cancer and antibiotics etc. This table would have the major class, the mechanism of action, the names of characteristic drugs, adverse effects and contraindications, and some information on dosages. I also made short multiple choice quizzes online. Mindmaps are particularly useful as well and ought to be built up when you are studying for exams, you will find out how much you can cover through these.Networking with fellow students. If you are a medical student and you are trying to win it on your own, you probably aren’t ready for the rigors. Yes, a medical doctor practices on his own, but while you are a student, you want to engage others as much as you can. Sometimes the course naturally dictates that you work in groups. But beyond the formal aspect, make sure to have a close-knit group of fellow students that you can communicate with. Often you remember better when you study as a group. Certainly, it can be more motivating to have someone else around you also keen to study. They also make quizzes and stuff like mindmaps more fun to do. Be willing to ask and listen to their questions, because often they will be common with yours. It then becomes a quest to help each other achieve your goals.Networking will also help out with case studies, practice and the like as you replicate some of the things expected.Networking with professors and teaching staff. This is a clear no brainer. It doesn’t matter what stage you are at, if you have a burning question or concern, ask and probe as much as you can. A good relationship with your professors and teaching staff will make things a lot smoother for you and you will get more out of your learning and find good mentors (which is another point - if a mentor system exists, why not go for it and be mentored, especially as a junior student?).Stockpile internal and external resources. Sometimes the lectures and in class activities won’t cover everything or in as neatly arranged as you like. Youtube and other sites may often be a good supplement. Be aware the presentation may be different but if it helps you to learn, why not? I also recommend actually going through the textbooks, as they provide broader context that may not be presented in the course.Understand your weak points and find ways to overcome these. If you don’t sometimes get floored by the content, you probably aren’t human. You will find some lessons that fly completely over your head. That’s very natural. Our brains can only process as much information in one sitting. Often, its a process of simply sitting down and breaking the information into bite sized chunks and then seeing the overall picture, step by step with your teachers. I will tell you how much a relief it was to know all my biochemistry lectures actually fit together despite the sheer volume of new information.Naturally you will reflect and try to patch up on your weak pts. Never treat a poor result in a given assessment as final. You will sometimes do poorly, not because you didn’t study hard but often the way the answer is communicated might not be quite what examiners were after. This is also where understanding criteria is key. Look over the outcomes as this is what is assessed. You will also muck up on a lot of practicals. That doesn’t matter, as long as you learn from these in the long run.Don’t try to be best at everything. Well actually, do, but know your limits. Remember, a professor often teaching a course has high level expertise in a specific area. They will know the ins and outs more than you do. Sometimes, they will put in more information than you will actually need. Good information, but not directly relevant to you overall. An example I will give is my physiology lecturer, an expert in the cardiovascular system. This man would draft up huge flow diagrams of process after process. I unfortunately had class clashes so had to miss a lecture every fortnight. One of the lectures he delivered was on microvasculature - how blood flow is regulated in the small vessels. I went through the notes and the recorded lecture afterwards and it was truly one of the worst study experiences of my life. When a flow diagram has over 15 arrows all over the place, you’re not going to enjoy yourself. So I actually told myself, this stuff isn’t important. I tried to summarise the most vital aspects of the flow diagram but no way would I commit myself to memorising the regulatory process. If I want to become an expert in microvasculature, so be it. But I didn’t, and frankly, even if I did, I would not want to study it this way. Let me say the practical where we examined blood vessels in various organs was far more informative than half that lecture.Remember to have fun and be yourself. Medical students especially. Medicine is lovely but you have a life to live. Go out for fun dinner and games with friends. Do attend those associations to chill. Many here will know that I am a Christian and frequently attended my university run campus ministry bible study, bible talk and training. I spent up to 4 hours a week doing faith related things on campus. Two other students I knew who attended campus ministry activities on a regular basis studied advanced science medicinal chemistry and advanced science in molecular biology. Both of them topped their respective courses more than once, like myself, and received Dean’s List honours despite the common misconception, “we can’t afford to spend time not studying!”. Not bad for three aspiring scientists stuck into God’s Word when they aren’t studying.Honestly, there were some tough bits of courses. Medical professionals really do have it hard to get to where they are. But have a goal beyond the course. Don’t focus purely on marks or position. Focus on how you will develop as a student, professional and a person. That to me is by far the most important thing. Your primary goal should not be to best all the other students in the course. If that is the case, you can likely become disillusioned if you don’t make it. Instead aim to expand your knowledge to be the best health professional you can be and have transferable skills that will set you well for life. Maintain positive relationships with the people around you and new people that you meet. If those things are on the right page, you will do well by nature. I for one didn’t really set the goal of topping my degree twice, scoring 100 in chemistry twice and getting a Pharmacology prize. I certainly don’t consider myself to be the most intelligent person in a given course. But being attentive and keen to make a difference is always a good start.This is why I’ve always loved the film Patch Adams (starring the late but always wonderful Robin Williams, based on a true story of a real Patch Adams). If you have not watched it, do so. In the film, Robin Williams plays Patch Adams, a medical student whose strategies and approach to patients isn’t exactly what you might call “medical canon”. Of course the film exaggerates somewhat but it shows that head knowledge and even good clinical skills is not everything when it comes to being a good doctor and there are things that you must learn beyond the books and the surgery table.