Anatomy Of Blood Vessels Exercise 32: Fill & Download for Free

Fascinating and Amazing Human Body Facts and TriviaSynopsis : Over 500 strange, weird and fascinating list of unusual facts and trivia regarding parts of the amazing human body.A heartbeat is the sound made by closure of heart valves when blood is pushed through its chamber.The 5 vital organs essential for human survival are the brain, heart, kidneys, liver and lungs.The Incredible Human BodyThe human body is defined as the entire structure of a human being and comprises a head, neck, trunk (which includes the thorax and abdomen), arms and hands, legs and feet. The five vital organs essential for human survival are the brain, heart, kidneys, liver and lungs.Metabolism is something that consists of both, 'Catabolism,' and, 'Anabolism;' which are the buildup and breakdown of substances. In the field of Biology, Metabolism refers to all of the body's chemical processes, the digestion of food, and the elimination of waste. Every part of the human body is composed of various types of cells, the fundamental unit of life. The study of the human body involves both a) anatomy and b) physiology.Human anatomy is defined as the primarily scientific study of the morphology of the human body.Human physiology is defined as the science of the mechanical, physical, bio-electrical, and biochemical functions of humans in good health, their organs, and the cells of which they are composed.The Main Parts of the Human Body Are:Abdominal - AbdomenCranial - SkullDigital - Fingers and toesFemoral - ThighGluteal - ButtockInguinal - GroinLumbar - LoinMammary - BreastNasal - NosePectoral - ChestThoracis - ChestVentral - StomachLearn More: Human Anatomy: Human Body SystemsJump to Human Body Facts About:Ears/HearingNose/SmellingSleep/DreamsTeeth/MouthBrain/MemoryBones/JointsBabiesInternal OrgansChildrenBody FatHairSkinBlood/HeartEyes/VisionFinger/ToenailsMiscellaneous Body FactsHuman Ears and Hearing Facts:Earwax production is necessary for good ear health.The inner ear is the main organ of balance.A human ear contains about 24,000 fibers in it.It only takes 7 pounds of pressure to rip your ear off.The human ear can distinguish between hundreds of thousands of different sounds.The human ears can hear in the frequency of 1,000 to 50,000 hertz.Your ears never stop hearing, even when you sleep. Your brain just ignores incoming sounds.Tiny hair cells in your inner ear are what translates sound waves to electricity to send to the brain.Your ears are responsible for the equilibrium and balance of the body - the inner ear has direct connection with the brain.The inner ear is no larger than a pencil eraser in circumference.The middle ear is composed of three small bones, and one among them, the stapes, is the smallest bone in the human body.The wax present inside the ear is made up of oil and sweat.Children have more sensitive ears than adults.The ears never stop growing through lifetime.Your ears secrete more ear wax when you are afraid than when you aren't.Sound that is above 130 decibels can cause pain to our ears.After eating too much, your hearing is less sharp.Human Nose and Smelling Facts:Our nose is our personal air-conditioning system: it warms cold air, cools hot air and filters impurities.Your nose can remember 50,000 different scents.The nerve cells present in the nose, allows us to smell and regenerates through out ones life.We breathe 13 pints of air every minute.Your eyes are always the same size from birth but your nose and ears never stop growing.Children have better sense of smell than adults.You breathe in about 7 quarts of air every minute.Women have better sense of smell than men.You have no sense of smell when you're sleeping.You can only smell 1/20th as well as a dog.The human sense of smell has the ability to identify the chemical smell of an object in one part per trillion of air.If human sense of smell is affected, sense of taste is also affected as the brain interprets signals from the nose and tongue.Everyone has a completely unique smell (except for twins).Sleep and Dreaming Facts:You have no sense of smell when you're sleeping.You burn more calories while sleeping than you do when watching television.Sleeping less than 7 hours each night reduces your life expectancy.The colder the room you sleep in, the better the chances are that you'll have a bad dream.Babies start dreaming even before they're born.The three things pregnant women dream most of during their first trimester are frogs, worms and potted plants.Scientists say the higher your I.Q. the more you dream.You can go without eating for weeks without succumbing, but eleven days is tops for going without sleep.In a year on an average person sleeps for 122 days out of 365 days.When we go to sleep and enter REM (Rapid Eye Movement),our bodies become completely paralyzed as areas of the brain that control movement are de-activated.An average person has over 1,460 dreams a year which is about 4 dreams every night.The average person falls asleep in seven minutes.By 60 years of age, 60% of men and 40% of women will snore.The human body releases growth hormones during sleep.Human Teeth Facts:Your teeth start growing 6 months before you are born.The Romans used to clean and whiten their teeth with urine.Brushing your teeth regularly has been shown to prevent heart disease.The tooth is the only part of the human body that cannot heal and repair by its own.Enamel, found on our teeth, is the hardest substance in the human body.Human teeth are almost as hard as rocks.Plaque begins to form 6 hours after brushing our teeth.Tooth decay has led to 60 percent of adult Americans losing their upper right, middle molar.Human Brain Facts:80% of the brain is water.An average adult male brain weighs about 1375 grams.A neglected child brain can be substantially smaller than that of a healthy child.A condition called synesthesia can cause senses to overlap. In other words, some people can taste words or hear colors.The right side of the human brain is responsible for self-recognition.Any damage to brain cells cannot be repaired completely.The base of the spinal cord has a cluster of nerves, which are most sensitive.The brain continues to send out electric wave signals until approximately 37 hours after death.The brain is much more active at night than during the day.The brain itself cannot feel pain.The brain operates on the same amount of power as 10-watt light bulb. Your brain generates as much energy as a small light bulb even when you're sleeping.As we get older, the brain loses almost one gram per year.Only four percent of the brains cells work and the remaining cells are kept in reserve.Our Brain has over 100 billion nerve cells.The adult human brain is about 2% of total body weight.Men listen with the left side of the brain and women use both sides of the brain.The average human brain weighs about 3 pounds.The human brain can read up to 1,000 words per minute.The human brain cell can hold 5 times as much information as the Encyclopedia Britannica. Or any other encyclopedia for that matter.The Human brain constitutes 60% of white matter and 40% of grey matter.The human brain is capable of creating more ideas equivalent to that of the atoms of the universe.The human brain is made up of more than 10 billion nerve cells and over 50 billion other cells and weighs less than three pounds.The Human brain is the most powerful computer which has the processing speed of 3000+ GhzThe human brain is very soft like butter.The Human brain stops growing at the age of 18.The human Brain uses 20% of our body energy and makes up only 2% of our body weight.If you spread it out, your brain would be about the size of a pillowcase.When we touch something, we send a message to our brain at 124 mph.Cold weather improves human memory and concentration.The width of an average human brain is 140 mm.The total surface area of the human brain is about 25,000 square cms.The weight of human cerebellum is 150g.In a lifetime, your brain's long-term memory can hold as many as 1 quadrillion (1 million billion) separate bits of information.Information travels at different speeds within different types of neurons.It is estimated that there are over 1, 000,000,000,000,000 connections in the human brain.Nerve impulses to and from the brain travel as fast as 170 miles per hour.Neurons continue to grow throughout human life.On an average the weight of an adult female brain is about 1275 grams.On an average, 100,000 to 1,000,000 chemical reactions takes place in our brain.The average human head weighs about 10 pounds.The average length of the human brain is about 167 mm and its average height is 93mm.The left side of human brain controls the right side of the body and the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body.The Nervous system transmits messages to the brain at the speed of 180 miles per hour.When in love, the brain releases the same cocktail of neurotransmitters and hormones that are released by amphetamines, leading to increased heart rate, loss of appetite and sleep, and intense feelings of excitement.Your brain uses about 20% of your oxygen and caloric intake.Labeled diagram of the human skeleton.Human Bones, Joints and Muscles Facts:Your bones are composed of 31% water.Your bones, pound for pound, are 4 times stronger than concrete.A muscle called the diaphragm controls the human breathing process.Bone is stronger than some steel.Bones make up only 14% of our weight.At birth we have over 300 bones. As we grow up, some of the bones begin to fuse together as a result an adult has only 206 bones.The muscles of our body constitute 40% of our body weight.The muscles of the eye move more than 100,000 times a day.The muscles that control your eyes contract about 100,000 times a day (that's the equivalent of giving your legs a workout by walking 50 miles).If you remove the minerals from a bone by soaking it overnight in a six percent solution of hydrochloric acid, it will become so soft, you could tie it in a knot.There are 22 bones in the human skull.The hardest bone in the human body is the jawbone.The human skeleton renews once in every three months.The human body consists of over 600 muscles.Human bone is as strong as steel but 50 times lighter.Human fingers stretch and bend about 25 million times in a normal lifetime.Human speech is produced by the interaction of 72 muscles.Humans have more facial muscles than any other animal on earth - 22 on each side of the face.It takes 17 muscles to smile and 43 to frown.It takes twice as long to lose new muscle if you stop working out than it did to gain it.Muscle tissue is three times more efficient at burning calories than fat.One person in 20 has an extra rib, and they are most often men.Our Muscles often work in pairs so that they can pull in different or opposite directions.The feet account for one quarter of all the human body's bones.The femur/thigh bone is the longest bone in our body, it is about a quarter of ones height.The heart muscles will stop working only when we die.The human body has 230 movable and semi-movable joints.The human body has less muscles in it than a caterpillar.The Hyoid bone, in your throat is the only bone in your body which not attached to other bones.The leg bone is the fastest growing bone in the human body.The length of your foot is the same as that of your forearm between your wrist and the inside of your elbow.The longest muscle in the human body is sartorius, which is present in the hip region and it is commonly called as tailors muscle.The only joint-less bone in the human body is the hyoid bone, which is present in the throat area.The shoulder blade is connected to the body by means of 15 different muscles and it is not attached to a single bone.The sound you hear when you crack your knuckles is actually the sound of nitrogen gas bubbles bursting.The strongest muscles of the human body are masseters, which are present on either side of the mouth.The thighbone is so strong that it withstands the axial load of about 1600-1800 kilos.The tiniest muscle, the stapedius of the middle ear, is just one-fifth of an inch long.The tips of your fingers have enough strength to support the weight of your whole body.The tongue is the strongest muscle in the human body.We exercise at least 36 muscles when we smile.When you were born, you had 300 bones. Now you have 206, if you are an adult. The rest of the bones have not disappeared - they have merely fused together.You sit on the biggest muscle in your body, the gluteus maximus a.k.a. the butt.You use 200 muscles to take one step.Your foot contains 25% of all the bones within your body.Your ribs move about 5 million times a year, every time you breathe!Amazing Baby Facts:A fetus acquires fingerprints at the age of three months.A baby is born without kneecaps. They appear between age 2 and 6.A baby's head is one-quarter of it's total length, but by age 25 will only be one-eighth of its total length.A New born baby loses about half of its nerve cells before it is born.A newborn baby has more than 26 billion cells.A newborn babys brain grows almost 3 times as fast during the first year of life.At just 12 weeks the human fetus can scowl and squint.Babies are always born with blue eyes.Babies are born with 300 bones, but by adulthood the number is reduced to 206.Babies are born with pink lungs but they darken in color as we breathe in polluted air.Babies are color blind when they are born, so they only see black and white.Babies are, pound for pound, stronger than an ox.Babies crawl an average of 200 Meters a day.Babies recognize sounds while in mothers womb.Babies start dreaming even before they're born.Before their first birthday, average babies will have dribbled 255 pints of salivaBy the time babies are two years old, they will have crawled 93 miles.In the womb, the baby's body is covered by a thin layer of hair but as soon as the baby is born it disappears.It takes time for a newborn baby to learn to turn the pictures right side up, as it sees the world upside down in the beginning.Male baby foreskin is often used as a skin graft for burn victims.Most babies are born with blue eyes; exposure to UV light brings out their true color.One in every 1000 babies is born with a tooth.Newborns will cry out without tears for the first three to six weeks.On average, the number of connections in the brain increases from 50 trillion to 1 quadrillion in a newborn during his first month of life.A single human sperm contains the 37.5mb of male DNA required to create a human child. That means an average ejaculation sees the transfer of 1,500 terabytes of information.Sperm containing the XY chromosomes to become a male can swim faster but not for as long as the female xx chromosomes.During the first six weeks of life, there is no difference between the male and female embryo.The ovaries of a female contain about 600,000 immature eggs at birth.Every human spent about half an hour as a single cellHuman fetuses react to loud rock music by kicking.Ovaries contain over 500,000 eggs, but only about 400 get the opportunity to create life.Pregnancy in women lasts on average of about 270 days from the time of conception till birth.The average life span of a sperm is about 36 hours.The female body is capable of giving birth to 35 children in one lifetime.The female egg cell is the largest cell in the human body. It is about 175 000 times heavier than the smallest cell, the male sperm cell.The formation of your egg, and the half of your DNA that came from your mother, could be considered the very first moment of your existence. It happened before your mother was born. If your mother was 30 when she had you, then on your 18th birthday you were arguably over 48 years old.The largest cell in the human body is the female egg and the smallest is the male sperm.The three things pregnant women dream most of during their first trimester are frogs, worms and potted plants.Facts About Human Organs:Your stomach manufactures a new lining every three days to avoid digesting itself.1 in 10,000 people have their internal organs reversed or "mirrored" from their normal positions.A human lung contains about 700 million alveoli.The human gut contains about 1kg (2.2 lbs) of bacteria.The human Liver consists of 100,000 tiny clusters called lobules.The human liver performs 500 different functions.The largest internal organ is the small intestine.Each lung contains 300-350 million respiratory units called alveoli.When you blush, your stomach lining also reddens.Why doesn't your stomach digest itself? That's because your stomach cells are created faster than they can be destroyed.You could remove a large part of your internal organs and survive.You get a new stomach lining every three to four days.For every 24 hours, in a healthy adult, more than a gallon of water containing over an ounce of salt is absorbed from the intestine.Human kidneys have about 1 million nephrons that filters out liquids and wastes.If the lining of mucus were to disappear from your stomach, your stomach would digest itself.If your stomach acid got onto your skin it would burn a hole in it.In a human body, the small intestine is 21 feet and the large intestine is 6 feet long.Liver cells take several years to replace themselves.Liver is the only organ of the body, which regenerates itself completely even after being removed completely.Oesophagus/or food pipe, which is the passage for the food we eat to the stomach, is approximately 25 cm long.On an average 1.7 liters of saliva produces each day.On average, the human stomach holds about 2 liters of contents.Our lungs inhale over two million liters of air every day, without even thinking.The food will get in to the stomach even if one stands on their head.The gastric acid in your stomach is so powerful that it is able to eat away an iron table in about 5 minutes.The gastrointestinal tract is a 30-foot (9 m) tube running from your mouth to your anus.The human stomach contains about 35 million small digestive glands.The human tongue has 10,000 taste buds.The liver is the largest and heaviest internal organ of the body and weighs about 1.6 kilos.The surface area of a human lung is equal to that of a tennis court.The surface of human tongue is covered with 100 of tiny structures called papillae.There are more than 300,000,000 capillaries in your lungs and if they were stretched out tip to tip they would reach approximately the distance between Atlanta and LA.Your left lung is smaller than your right lung to make room for your heart.Children:A childs ability to learn can increase or decrease by 25% or more depending on if the child grows up in a stimulating environment.Children grow faster in the springtime.Children have better sense of smell than adults.Children have more sensitive ears than adults.Children lose an average of 90 hairs per day, which increases to 120 by old age.Reading aloud to children helps to stimulate brain development.Body Fat Facts:Body fat is not particularly hazardous to health until the level of total body fat reaches 35% for men and 40% for women.Eating Breakfast helps to burn 5 to 20% of calories throughout the day.An average human body contains enough amount of fat to make seven bars of soap.Central obesity or apple shape of the body and insulin resistance is the main reason for diabetes increase in IndiansWomen burn fat more slowly than men, by a rate of about 50 calories a day.Banging your head against a wall uses 150 calories an hour.During your lifetime, you'll eat about 60,000 pounds of food, that's the weight of about 6 elephants!Every time you lick a stamp, you're consuming 1/10 of a calorie.Exercise and diet can either reduce or delay the incidence of diabetes by over 50%.Fidgeting can burn about 350 calories a day.In the average lifetime, we spend five years eating and we consume around 7,000 times our own weight in food.It takes 5 - 30 seconds to chew food. Swallowing the food takes about 10 seconds.Most westerners consume 50 tons of food and 50,000 liters of liquid in their lifetime.The human body takes 6 hours to digest a high fat meal and it takes 2 hours for a carbohydrate meal.You burn more calories while sleeping than you do when watching television.You can go without eating for weeks without succumbing, but eleven days is tops for going without sleep.Human Hair Facts:Blonds have more hair.80 head hairs are likely to fall every day.A hair grows by 0.3 to 0.5 mm per day, 1 to 1.5 cm per month and 12 to 15 cm per year.Human hair is made up of a body protein called keratin and it grows out of an opening of the skin called Follicle.Human hair is virtually indestructible.In a lifetime, a human being will grow around six feet of nose hair.A single hair has the ability to support up to 100 grams of weight and the whole head of hair has the ability to support up to 12 tons of weight.Beards are the fastest growing hairs on the human body. If the average man never trimmed his beard, it would grow to nearly 30 feet long in his lifetime.Women's hair is about half the diameter of men's hair.Straight hair lies flat because it is round and grows out of round follicles.Redheads have the least dense hair, averaging about 86,000 follicles.In 2008 scientists discovered a new species of bacteria that lives in hairspray.One human hair can support 3.5 ounces.There are as many hairs per square inch on your body as a chimpanzee.Curly hair comes out of an oval follicle.On an average a persons head has 100,000 to 150,000 hairs.On an average it takes about 13 days for a grey hair to grow.On an average the human scalp has about 100,000 hairs.On an average, in an adult scalp 35m of hair fiber is produced every day.Every day the average person loses 60-100 strands of hair.Facial hair grows faster than any other hair on the body.Frequent washing of hair does not cause hair loss.Hair is the fastest growing tissue in the body, the next being bone marrow.Healthy human hair emits sound.Male hairs are denser and grow faster than females.The average human head has 100,000 hair follicles, each of which is capable of producing 20 individual hairs during a person's lifetime. Blonds average 146,000 follicles. People with black hair tend to have about 110,000 follicles, while those with brown hair are right onThe average person has about 100 000 scalp hairs.The color of our hair is also determined by the melanin, a pigment present in the human body.The eyelashes shed by a human in their entire life is oabout 30 Metres of length.The lifespan of a human hair is 3 to 7 years on average.The maximum length of hair can be 70 to 90 cms.The pigment of human hair is produced in the shaft of hair beneath the skin.There is no scientific evidence that shaving or waxing will make your hair come back thicker.You must lose over 50% of your scalp hairs before it is apparent to anyone.Human Skin Facts:Your skin is an organ.A square inch of skin consists of 1300 nerve cells.Your skin is the largest organ in your body; if an adult male's skin were to be stretched out, it would cover 20 square feet.Most of the dust underneath your bed is actually your own dead skin.About 32 million bacteria call every inch of your skin home.Human skin cells multiply every second to replace the worn ones.Human skin contains 45 miles of nerves.Humans have shed around 40 pounds of skin in their lifetime.Skin can now be artificially grown. One amazing result of this is that the skin from one hand could be grown into enough to cover six football pitches.Depending on the area of the human body, the thickness of the skin varies from 1/2 to 6 mm.In one square inch of skin there are 4 yards of nerve fibers.In one square inch of skin, there are 3 million cells.Each person sheds 22 kilograms of skin in his or her lifetime.The weight of skin in a human adult is 8 to 10 pounds.Every minute 30,000 to 40,000 dead skin cells fall from our body.Every square inch of skin on the human body has about 32 million bacteria on it, fortunately, the vast majority of them are harmless.Humans shed about 600,000 particles of skin every hour - about 1.5 pounds a year. By 70 years of age, an average person will have lost 105 pounds of skin.Humans shed and regrow outer skin cells about every 27 days.Melanin, a pigment present in the skin is responsible for the color of the skin in a person.One square inch of human skin contains 625 sweat glands.Over the course of your lifetime, you'll shed about 40lbs of skin.People with dark color skin wrinkle later than people having light color skins.Human skin sheds and re-grows after every 27 days.Amazing Facts About Blood and the Heart:The aorta, the largest artery in the body, is almost the diameter of a garden hose.Capillaries are so small that it takes ten of them to equal the thickness of a human hair.A red blood cell can circumnavigate your body in under 20 seconds.A drop of blood contains 250 million cells.A healthy liver processes 720 liters of blood per day.A heartbeat is the sound produced by the closure of valves of the heart when the blood is pushed through its chamber.A simple, moderately severe sunburn damages the blood vessels extensively.A square inch of skin consists of three yards of blood vessel.An adult human body contains five to six quarts of blood and an infant has about one quart of blood.All the blood in our body passes 400 times through each kidney per day.Arterial blood contains a lot of oxygen and nutrients for the body whereas venous blood contains low oxygen level and nutrients.Aspirin and alcohol can be absorbed directly into the bloodstream through the stomach lining.Blood is 6 times thicker than water.Every 60 seconds, your red blood cells do a complete circuit of your body.Every day 440 Gallons of blood flows through each kidney.Except the heart and lungs, all other parts of the body receive their blood supply from the largest artery of the body, the aorta.For every pound of fat gained, you add seven miles of new blood vessels.Human blood is a make up of Red Blood Cells carrying oxygen, White Blood Cells that fight disease, Platelets that help the blood to clot and a liquid called plasma.Human blood is colorless. It is the hemoglobin; a pigment present in the red blood cells is responsible for the red color of the blood.In 24 hours, the blood in the body travels a total of 12,000 miles - that's four times the width of North America.In a lifetime, the human kidneys clean over 1 million gallons of blood.It takes about 20 seconds for a red blood cell to circle the whole body.In each kidney, there are 1 million filters that clean around 1.3 liters of blood every minute and push out close to 1.5 liters of urine every day.On an average an adults heart pumps about 4,000 gallons of blood each day.In one square inch of our hand we have nine feet of blood vessels, 600 pain sensors, 9000 nerve endings, 36 heat sensors and 75 pressure sensors.Our blood is on a 60,000-mile journey per day.Platelets, which are one of the constituents of the blood are produced at the rate of one hundred billion per day.Red Blood Cells are the only cells in the body that do not have a nucleus.Red Blood Cells comprise about 40% of blood volume.Red blood cells are about seven micrometer in diameter.Red Blood Cells lasts only for about 4 months before they wear out.The heart pumps about 1 million barrels of blood during an average lifetime - that's enough to fill 2 oil super tankers!The human body contains 30 000 billion red blood cells.The human body is estimated to have 60,000 miles of blood vessels.The human body makes 2.5 million Red Blood Cells every second or about 200 billion Red Blood Cells every day.The human heart beats 30 million times a year.The human heart continues to beat for 5 seconds even after it is taken out of the body.The human heart creates enough pressure when it pumps blood, that it could squirt blood 30 feet.The human heart is not on the left-hand side of the body; it's in the middle.The human heart pumps 6,000 liters of blood daily through a man lifetime.The kidneys filter your blood up to 300 times per day.The total length of human blood vessels could circle the globe 2 1/2 times.The liquid inside young coconuts can be used as a substitute for blood plasma.The most common blood type in the world is Type O.The Pulmonary vein is the only vein in the human body that carries oxygenated blood while all the other veins of the body carry de-oxygenated blood.There are 2.5 trillion (give or take) of red blood cells in your body at any moment.There are about 30 - 40 billion white blood cells present in our body to fight against infective and foreign organisms.There are approximately 96,000 km of blood vessels in the human body.You need to consume a quart of water each day for four months to equate to the amount of blood your heart pumps in one hour.Your body has about 5.6 liters (6 quarts) of blood. This 5.6 liters of blood circulates through the body three times every minute.Your brain uses 20% of the oxygen that enters your bloodstream.Your heart will pump nearly 1.5 million barrels of blood during your lifetime, enough to fill 200 train tank cars.Women's hearts beat faster than men's.The left side of the human heart is much thicker and stronger than the right side.Every day, your heart creates enough energy to drive a truck for 20 miles.Hold out your hand and make a fist. If you are a kid, the size of your heart is same as the size of your fist and if you are an adult it is about the same size as twice as your fist.Human lips have a reddish color because of the great concentration of tiny capillaries just below the skin.Monday is the day of the week when the risk of heart attack is greatest.Normal human pulse rate is around 70 heartbeats per minute.Our heart beats around 100,00 times every day or about 30 million times in a year.We give birth to over 200 billion red cells every day.Your heart beats 100,000 times a day.Your heartbeat changes and mimics the music you listen to.Human Eyes Facts:The human eye cannot perceive a motionless image.Humans are the only animals to produce emotional tears.The human eye contains five to seven million receptors for color perception.The human eye contains structures called Rods and cones. Rods register the shapes of images and respond to low levels of light and Cones responds to bright lights and registers the color of images.The human eye has 110-130 million receptors to perceive light.The Human eye is the only multi-focus lens in the world which can adjust in 2 milliseconds.The human eyeball is 24.5 mm long.Women blink nearly twice as much as men.Human eyes are the fastest moving body part.There are around 1,200,000 optic fibers in the human eye.There are 137 million light sensitive cells in the eye's retina and the fluid that fills the eye is changed 15 times a day.When we see an image, the human eye captures the inverted image of it. It is the brains interpretation that makes us to see the upside down captured image in to a normal erect image.You can see ultraviolet light, the ability is just filtered out by the eye's lens.The eyeball of a human weighs approximately 28 grams.About one third of the human race has 20-20 vision.When you look at an object, the image of that object appears upside down on your retina. However, your brain automatically corrects for this, allowing you to perceive the object the right side up.Every hour, the human eye can process 36,000 bits of information.Eyes are the only part of the human body that functions at 100 percent ability at any movement.Humans are extremely visual; 90% of the information we gather from our surroundings is from our eyesight.If the human eye was a digital camera it would have 576 megapixels.If you blink one eye you move over 200 muscles.If you could save all the times your eyes blink in one life time and use them all at once you would see blackness for 1.2 years!In the middle of the day, our eyesight will be sharper.It is believed that the main purpose of eyebrows is to keep sweat out of the eyes.Men can read smaller print than women; women can hear better.Most people blink about 25 times per minute.Most people have three types of color receptors to see color vision, while some women have four or even five of these receptors and can see a wider range of colors.Our eyes can distinguish up to ten million color surfaces and take in more information than the largest telescope known to man.Our eyes never grow, and our nose and ears never stop growing.People with blue eyes have a higher alcohol tolerance.The eyes have the fastest reacting muscle in the whole body. It contracts in 1/100th of a second.The Iris is the part of the eye that determines the color of the eye.The lens of the human eye is composed of 65% water and 3% protein.We shut our eyes for 0.3 seconds, when we blink.Your eyeballs are 3 1/2 percent salt.Blind people understand spoken words quicker than sighted people.Human Finger and Toenail Facts:Nail biting is called onychophagia.Nails grow faster in the summer than in the winter.White spots on your nails don't indicate a calcium deficiency.Finger and toenails grow at an average rate of 3 millimeters a month.Nails and corneas are the only two tissues in the body that do not receive oxygen from blood.Fingernails take 3 to 6 months to regrow completely, while toenails require around 12 to 18 months to grow back fully.Fingernails grow fastest on the hand that you write with and on the longest fingers. On average, nails grow about one-tenth of an inch each month.Fingernails grow nearly 4 times faster than toenails.It can take your finger and toenails 1/2 a year to grow an entirely new nail (from base to tip).Nails and hair do not continue to grow after we die.Nails of toes or fingers take about 6 months to grow from base to tip.The fastest growing nail is on the middle finger.The thumbnail grows the slowest; the middle nail grows the fastest.The white part of our fingernail is called as Lunula.The length of the finger indicates how fast the nail grows. The nail of the middle finger grows faster than others.Fingernails contain keratin and they seem to be strongest component in the human body.Contrary to popular belief, nails do not continue to grow after death; the skin dehydrates and tightens, making the nails (and hair) appear to grow.Although it is widely believed that toenails do not grow back, this is not true. Actual growth rate is dependent upon age, gender, season, exercise level, diet, and hereditary factors.The fingernail length record-holder for women is Lee Redmond of the U.S., who set the record in 2001 and as of 2008 had nails with a total length on both hands of 28 feet (850 cm), with the longest nail on her right thumb at 2 feet 11 inches (89 cm).The current fingernail length record-holder for men, according to Guinness, is Shridhar Chillal from India who set the record in 1998 with a total of 20 feet 2.25 inches (615.32 cm) of nails on his left hand. His longest nail, on his thumb, was 4 feet 9.6 inches (146.3 cm) long.Unusual nail shape, such as the nails becoming concave, can be caused by iron deficiency.Fungal infections, such as tinea, are spread from one person to another and can affect the fingernails or toenails.Nails can be affected by tumors - including squamous cell carcinoma, usually caused by infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). Melanoma can also affect the nail.As our body ages, the growth rate of our fingernails and toenails tends to slow. The change of protein in the nail plate makes nails brittle and prone to splitting. Discoloration and thickening are also common.Some nail conditions are congenital (present at birth). These include nail-patella syndrome, where the nails are improperly formed or missing.Skin diseases such as psoriasis, eczema (dermatitis), lichen planus or lupus can affect the nails. Abnormalities may include pits, grooves or crumbling nails.Miscellaneous Human Body Facts:The average person expels flatulence 14 times each day.It's impossible to sneeze with your eyes open.It's nearly impossible to tickle yourself.Laughing and coughing creates more pressure on the spine than walking or standing.Like fingerprints, every person has a unique tongue print.A pair of feet have 500,000 sweat glands and can produce more than a pint of sweat a day.A person can expect to breathe in about 45 pounds of dust over his/her lifetime.A person can live without food for about a month, but only a week without water.A person growth like being tall or short is not determined only by the genes. Growth hormone also is responsible for it.10% of human dry weight comes from bacteria.10% of men and 8% of women are left-handed.Your body has enough iron in it to make a nail 3 inches long.Your body produces enough heat in only thirty minutes to boil a half-gallon of water.A hard working adult sweats up to 4 gallons per day.A full bladder is roughly the size of a soft ball.A human being can look forward to having sex an average of 2,580 times with five different partners.A human body contains about 200,000 temperature detectors.A human body has 500,000 touch detectors.A human head remains conscious for about 15 to 20 seconds after it is been decapitated.Diabetes causes 6 deaths every minute and 1 in 20 deaths in the world. Every year 3.2 million people in the world die from diabetes or related causes.In an average person, it takes 8 seconds for food to travel down the food pipe, 3-5 hours in the small intestine and 3-4 days in the large intestine.In just 30 minutes, your body can produce enough heat to boil half a gallon of water.A sneeze generates a wind of 166 km/hr (100 mi/hr), and a cough moves out at 100 kmh (60 mi/hr).A womens heart beats faster than a mens.About 10,000 human cells can fit on the head of a pinAbout 80% of ultra-violet rays from the sun can get through cloud and cause sunburn even on cloudy days.About 500 million sperm mature every day in a normal male adult.Almost 90 to 95% of diabetes is of type 2 or maturity onset type; that affects people in their middle age. Type 1 or juvenile diabetes affects 70,000 children under the age of 15 years every year.Americans on the average eat 18 acres of pizza every day.An adult is made up of around 7,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (7 octillion) atoms.An average human drinks about 16,000 gallons of water in a lifetime.An average person laughs about 15 times a day.Approximately 75% of human waste is made of water.Around 90% of the cells that make humans aren't human in origin. We're mostly fungi and bacteria.Astronauts cannot burp in space. There is no gravity to separate liquid from gas in their stomachs.Within three days of death, the enzymes that once digested your dinner begin to eat you.Women are born better smellers than men and remain better smellers over life.Your DNA includes the genes from at least eight retroviruses.Only one person in two billion will live for more than 115 years of life.The current cost of treating diabetes and its complications in the world is estimated at USD 215-375 billion.The DNA helix measures 80 billionths of an inch wide.The enzyme in the stomach that breaks down alcohol is produced less in men than women.Borborygmi is the noise or sound which our stomach makes when we are hungry.By the age of 60, most people will have lost about half their taste buds.By the time a woman has reached her 60's, she will have released around 450 baby making eggs.Even small noises cause the pupils of the eyes to dilate.Every atom in your body is billions of years old. Hydrogen, the most common element in the universe and a major feature of your body, was produced in the big bang 13.7bn years ago.Every day an adult body produces 300 billion new cells.Sneezes regularly exceed 100 mph.Sneezing too hard can cause a rib fracture while suppressing a sneeze can cause damage to the blood vessels of the head or neck.Sometimes, when you have to pee, you can visibly see that your bladder is bigger.Taste buds are present inside the mouth and also at the roof of the mouth.Tears and mucus contain an enzyme (lysozyme) that breaks down the cell wall of many bacteria.The human spinal cord is 45 cm long in men and 43 cm long in women.The adrenal glands change size throughout life.The amount of carbon in the human body is enough to fill about 9,000 'lead' pencils.Seven out of ten people cross their left arm over their right.Shivering is a way of trying to keep our body warm.The width of your arm-span stretched out is the length of your whole body.There are about 13,500,00 neurons in the human spinal cord.There are around 100 receptors in each of our fingertips.The average person is about a quarter of an inch taller at night.The average person produces enough saliva in their lifetime to fill 2 swimming pools.The cells of taste buds are constantly being renewed, roughly on every ten hours.The cells of the heart and brain do not multiply through out their lifetime.The chemical elements that make up your body are worth around US$160.Crying alleviates stress and allows humans to decrease feelings of anger and sadness.Diabetes in Asians is five times the rate of the white populationDiabetes is a silent epidemic and according to WHO there are 246 million people in the world living with diabetes. This is almost 6% of the world's adult population.Diabetes is the number one cause of kidney failure in the world. Besides this every year it is responsible for 5% or 5 million blindness in adults and one million limb amputations.Drinking coffee prevents Parkinson's disease.During your lifetime, you will produce enough saliva to fill two swimming pools.The ashes of a cremated person average about 9 pounds.The atoms that make up your body are mostly empty space, despite there being so many of them, without that space you would compress into a tiny volume.Eighty percent of people infected with the Ebola virus, will die from this disease.Every person has a unique tongue print.Feet have 500,000 sweat glands and can produce more than a pint of sweat a day.Food is either cooled or warmed to a suitable temperature in the mouth.From the age of thirty, humans gradually begin to shrink in size.Glabella is the space between your eyebrows.Goose bumps on our skin are caused by pull of muscles attached to hair follicles and make the hair upright.Guys are more likely than girls (by a ratio of 3-to-2) to have bad acne.Hugging releases oxytocin, which helps to heal physical wounds, and makes someone trust you more.Humans and dolphins are the only species that have sex for pleasure.Humans are bioluminescent and glow in the dark. The light that we emit is 1,000 times weaker than our human eyes are able to pick up.Humans are the best long distance runners on the planet. Better than any four-legged animal.Humans are the only mammal that cannot swallow and breathe at the same time.Humans are the only primates that don't have pigment in the palms of their hands.Humans have 46 chromosomes, peas have 14 and crayfish have 200.Humans have the ability to differentiate about 10,000 odors.Humans share 50% of their DNA with bananas.Identical twins have identical DNA but not identical fingerprints.If Barbie were life-size, her measurements would be 39-23-33.If saliva cannot dissolve something, you cannot taste it.If uncoiled, the DNA in all the cells in your body would stretch 10 billion miles, from here to Pluto and back.If you fart consistently for 6 years and 9 months, enough gas is produced to create the energy of an atomic bomb.If you yelled for 8 years, 7 months and 6 days, you would have produced enough sound energy to heat one cup of coffee.In order to taste something, our saliva needs to dissolve it (try drying off your tongue and tasting something).In space, astronauts cannot cry, because there is no gravity, so the tears can't flow!In your very own lifetime, you'll produce enough spit to fill two swimming pools.India is the diabetes capital of the world. It is estimated that currently there are 40 million people with diabetes in India and by 2025 this number will swell to 70 million. This would mean every fifth diabetic in the world would be an Indian.Half a liter of water per day is lost through breathing.Inside your belly button are thousands of bacteria that form an ecosystem the size of an entire rainforest.It is impossible to tickle ourselves.Loneliness is physically painful.Men produce about 10 million new sperm daily (approximately enough to repopulate the entire planet in 6 months).More germs are transferred shaking hands than kissing.Most people have lost fifty per cent of their taste buds by the time they reach the age of sixty.On an average, a persons left hand does 56% of typing.On an average, the human growth hormone, which is responsible for a person growth is produced at the rate of 500 microgram per day at the age of twenty, 200 microgram per day at the age of forty and 25 microgram per day at the age of eighty.On average people fear spiders more than they do death.On average, we speak about 5,000 words per day.Over 90% of diseases are caused or complicated by stress.People are the only animals in the world who cry tears.People under 30 years of age take in double the amount of oxygen as people over 80 years of age.Right-handed people live, on average, nine years longer than left-handed people do.Sixty percent of the human body nerve ends in the forehead and the hands.The highest recorded body temperature in a human being was a fever of 115.7 F (46.5 C).The human body contains 30 amazing hormones, which regulates activities like sleep, body temperature, hunger, and managing stress in times of crisis and so on.The human body has 4 million pain sensitive structures.The human hand contains three main nerves, two major arteries and 27 different bones - more of the body is devoted to controlling the hands than any other part of the body.The human head is one-quarter of our total length at birth but only one-eighth of our total length by the time we reach adulthood.The life span of a taste bud is ten days.The life span of an ovule is about 12 - 24 hours.The longest time between two twins being born is 87 days.The middle part of the back is the least sensitive part of our body.The palms of the hands and soles of the feet contain more sweat glands than other parts of the body.The reason honey is so easy to digest is that it's already been digested by a bee.The sense of taste is the weakest of the five senses.The soles of your feet contain more sweat glands and more pressure-sensitive nerve endings per square inch than any other part of your body.The spinal cord, which controls over 10 billion nerve cells, is less than two feet in length and its diameter is same as that of the index finger.There are more living organisms on the skin of a single human being than there are human beings on the surface of the earth.There are more than 100 types of cancers; any part of the body can be affected.There is more bacteria in your mouth than the human population of the United States and Canada combined .Three hundred million cells die in the human body every minute.The threshold pain of women is 9 times stronger than men.U.S. park ranger Roy C. Sullivan held the record for being struck by lightning the most times and surviving - 7 times between 1942 and 1977.Vitamin C and E fights against Dementia.Vitamin E protects the brain cells from damage caused by alcohol consumption.We all have tiny mites living in our eyelashes.We are about 1 cm taller in the morning than in the evening.We are about 70 percent water.We are more likely to catch cold from a person by shaking his hand than from his sneeze.We have copper, zinc, cobalt, calcium, manganese, phosphates, nickel and silicon in our bodies.We make around 1 to 1.6 liters of saliva a day.We share 98.4% of our DNA with a chimp - and 70% with a slug.When full, the human bladder can hold two pints of urine.When put under the microscope, crying over grief, hope, or onions all produced a unique tear.Yawning brings more oxygen to the lungs.You are more likely to be killed by a champagne cork than by a poisonous spider.You are taller in the morning than in the evening.You have about half-a-million sweat glands that produce about a pint of sweat daily.You'll be about 1cm shorter when you go to bed at night compared to when you wake up in the morning. Your cartilage in your spine slowly compresses throughout the day.Your body contains enough iron to make a spike strong enough to hold your weight.Your body gives off enough heat in 30 minutes to bring half a gallon of water to a boil.

Cancer- As Old As HumanityMummy Had History's Second-Oldest Prostate CancerOctober is Breast Cancer Awareness MonthCancer, one of the world’s leading causes of death today, remains almost absent relative to other pathological conditions, in the archaeological record, giving rise to the conclusion that the disease is mainly a product of modern living and increased longevity. Few ancient skeletons bear evidence of cancer, but this may be because the victims died rapidly, before the disease could leave a mark on their bones. Recent finds indicate that the disease existed, and may even have been common, in antiquity.Human beings and other animals have had cancer for millions of years. So it’s no surprise that from the dawn of history people have written about cancer. Some of the earliest evidence of cancer is found among fossilized bone tumors, human mummies in ancient Egypt, and ancient manuscripts. Bony skull destruction as seen in cancer of the head and neck have been found, as well.Micro-CT image shows a tumor in an ancient toe bone from a human relative (Earliest Human Cancer Found in 1.7-Million-Year-Old Bone).A different view of the cancer-bearing bone ((Earliest Human Cancer Found in 1.7-Million-Year-Old Bone).In 2016, using 3-D imaging, researchers diagnosed an aggressive type of cancer called osteosarcoma in a foot bone belonging to a human relative who died in Swartkrans Cave between 1.6 and 1.8 million years ago.[1] The discovery—which has just been published in the South African Journal of Science—suggests that, while modern lifestyles have increased the incidences of cancer, especially in industrialized countries, the triggers for the disease are embedded deep within the human evolutionary past.In 2015, researchers found what is believed to be the oldest known case of cancer in humans. The cancer, leukemia, was identified in the skeletal remains of a woman who lived near present-day Stuttgart-Mühlhausen (Germany).[2]The 3,200-year-old skeleton ,Amara West site, Sudan (Oldest example of human cancer found on 3,000-year-old skeleton).An international team discovered the world's oldest known cases of breast cancer and multiple myeloma (a type of bone marrow cancer).[3] The discoveries were made by conducting CT scans of two mummies found in the pharaonic necropolis of Qubbet el-Hawa in Aswan, Egypt.[4]Currently, the earliest known case of cancer is attributed to the skeleton of a Siberian Bronze Age man. The remains of the man, dating from the Early Bronze Age, show he was 35 to 45 years of age at the time of his death.He had suffered from a cancer which spread throughout his body, the deterioration of his bones leaving him immobile. It was almost certain that those around him would have recognized he was ill.[5]4,500 year old bones of Siberian man reveal he died of cancer (Researchers find oldest known case of cancer in 4,500-year-old remains of Siberian man)The 4,500-year-old bones have significant marks and holes, alerting researchers to the devastating lung or prostate cancer that the ancient man had endured.[6] This new evidence of the illness in ancient bones demonstrates that cancer is not only a modern phenomenon, but also affected the ancient world. Researchers claim this is one of — if not the oldest — absolute cases of cancer in antiquity. Previous cases of cancer have been detected in remains up to 6,000 years old[7] , but those remained unconfirmed or with tumors that were benign.The first reference to the presence of a malignant tumor dates to the early Neolithic (4000-2000 BC) in Poland.[8] The earliest records of suspected cancer in the ancient world are documented in the Egyptian Ebers and Edwin Smith papyri. Both date to the early Eighteenth Dynasty (1550–1504 BC), but are most likely copies of earlier medical treatises from the Old Kingdom (c. 2600–2190 BC).[9] The Edwin Smith Papyrus (3000 BC) is a copy of part of an ancient Egyptian textbook on trauma surgery.[10]It describes 8 cases of tumors or ulcers of the breast that were removed by cauterization with a tool called the fire drill.[11] The writing says about the disease, “There is no treatment.”[12]Plates vi & vii of the Edwin Smith Papyrus (New York Academy of Medicine).One particularly gruesome remedy for what may have been cancer of the uterus states: “Break up a stone in water, leave it overnight, and then pour it into the vagina”.[13] Another treatment described was fumigation: “The patient would sit over something that was burning.”[14] Still, it's not certain that any of the maladies described were actually cancer.A male, young-adult individual from the archaeological site of Amara West in northern Sudan (c. 1200BC) displayed multiple, mainly osteolytic, lesions on the vertebrae, ribs, sternum, clavicles, scapulae, pelvis, and humeral and femoral heads.[15] Following radiographic, microscopic and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) imaging of the lesions, and a consideration of differential diagnoses, a diagnosis of metastatic carcinoma secondary to an unknown soft tissue cancer was suggested.[16] This represents the earliest complete example in the world of a human who suffered metastatic cancer to date.1200 year old Nubian skeletal remains with indications of metastatic carcinoma (Ancient Oncology - Archaeology Magazine)Greek scholar, Herodotus, described a case of breast cancer in Persia that occurred around 520 BC. Herodotus records in The Histories that Atossa was troubled by a bleeding lump in her breast.[17] She wrapped herself in sheets and sought a self-imposed quarantine. Ultimately, a Greek slave, Democedes, persuaded her to allow him to excise the tumor.[18]From third century BC to the seventh century AD, numerous ancient scholars, such as Hippocrates, Aetius, Celsus, Dioscorides, Galen, and Paul of Aegina[19] wrote small treatises on cancer, containing information ranging from suspected causes of cancer to treatment and prevention strategies.The origin of the word cancer is credited to the Greek physician Hippocrates (460-370 BC), who is considered the “Father of Medicine.” Hippocrates used the terms carcinos and carcinoma to describe non-ulcer forming and ulcer-forming tumors.[20] In Greek, these words refer to a crab, most likely applied to the disease because the finger-like spreading projections from a cancer called to mind the shape of a crab.[21]The Roman physician, Celsus (28-50 BC), later translated the Greek term into cancer, the Latin word for crab.[22] Galen (130-200 AD), another Greek physician, used the word oncos (Greek for swelling) to describe tumors.[23] Although the crab analogy of Hippocrates and Celsus is still used to describe malignant tumors, Galen’s term is now used as a part of the name for cancer specialists – oncologists.Hippocrates was the first to publicly dispel the notion that diseases were caused by supernatural elements.[24] Although his understanding of anatomy and physiology was limited, Hippocrates’ detailed descriptions of medical symptoms included observable diagnostic features indicative of some types of cancer.[25] In addition to Hippocrates’ contribution to diagnostic methods, the Hippocratic Oath, a code of medical ethics, is still taken by medical practitioners to this day.Following Hippocrates’ method for medical observation, ancient physicians made attempts to understand the causes of tumors, swellings, and other abnormal growths by conducting their own research through trial and error. Examining the patient, ancient Greek physicians noticed that the cancer tumor was palpable and somewhat hard to the touch, irregular in shape, adherent to the surrounding tissue with dilatation of the veins, rather cool in temperature and sometimes sores would build up in the surrounding area of the body.[26] It also caused swelling and was not accompanied by fever. Another characteristic symptom of cancer was recorded to be acute pain and bleeding.(herodotus description of cancer)Greek physician, Galen, believed that ‘residues of black bile formed in the liver during hematosis’, and an excess of black bile (one of the four humors, or bodily substances) resulted in the development of cancer.[27] He believed that black bile was created when the liver was weak, and during this process the spleen attracted a large amount of thick black blood. This blood would accumulate in the veins and manifest in the formation of a tumor with projections like the legs of a crab.[28] It is from this description of malignant tumors that malignant neoplastic disease was named after the Latin word for crab, cancer. Later physicians, who largely adopted the concept of humoral imbalance as a cause of disease, adhered to Galen’s philosophy of cancer until the dark ages.[29]A text in the Hippocratic tradition, ascribed to an unidentified author, suggested that breast cancer was linked to the absence of menstruation after menopause.[30] According to this text, blood that normally flowed free every month stagnated in the body, and migrated to the breast tissue. Stagnated blood was often interpreted as black bile. This account indicates that Hippocratic physicians were aware that breast cancer, much like today, occurred in older women more often than younger women.[31]Ancient Greeks knew that a mastectomy would help a patient with a lump in her breast, but they also recognized that cancer can recur and spread to other parts of the body.[32] They recommended an unbelievable variety of potions, and plant extracts, and combinations to see if they couldn't kill the cancer in other places. None of those worked. It appears that the Greeks had a better knowledge and awareness of cancer than their predecessors, which is a more likely explanation than an increase in cancer.[33]Paul of Aegina (ca 625‐690 AD) was the first to describe an uncommon, rare malignancy of the breast skin, known today as BCC (Basal cell carcinoma of the breast), which presents spider‐like veins surrounding the growth, hyper pigmented, erythematous plaque combined with local ulceration.[34]Paul macroscopically described a female breast cancer as an uneven, swelling, rough, unseemly, ulcerative, darkish, and painful, having veins with a spreading similar to the legs of the sea crab (Greek: καρκίνος, carcinus, an ancient Greek word for sea crab). He had further suggested partial lumbectomy, ligation of the blood vessels, and cauterization to promote cicatrization and prevent any metastases.[35]12th-century manuscript of the Canon, kept at the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (Avicenna - Wikipedia).Avicenna (980–1037AD), a prominent Islamic physician of Persian origin, gave a detailed description of cancer symptoms, and treatments and prevention strategies in his work Canon of Medicine, which continued to be an authoritative medical reference until the late eighteenth century.[36] He detailed a case of breast cancer and metastatic conditions, which is considered a very early report of metastatic or stage IV breast cancer.[37] He underlined that cancer should be diagnosed and cured in the early stages. With views of Avicenna, cancer is an atrabilious (black bile) swelling (tumor) which sometimes may be accompanied by pain or swelling. He also mentioned that some vessels may be appeared around the cancerous part.Moses Maimonides was a prominent physician, scientist, and philosopher, wrote ten medical treatises. His fifth treatise contains surgical aphorisms, some of which pertain to his treatment of cancer. His treatment of large tumors, as he wrote, involves "excis[ing] the tumor and uproots the entire tumor and its surroundings up to the point of healthy tissue, except if the tumor contains large vessels & [or] the tumor happens to be situated in close proximity to any major organ, excision is dangerous”[38]Although these literary works are important sources of information on the history of cancer, they should be consulted within the context of the medical philosophies of the time and region.[39] From about A.D. 500 to 1500 there was little advancement in understanding. Then, in the 17th century, Wilhelm Fabricus (also William Fabry, Guilelmus Fabricius Hildanus, or Fabricius von Hilden) (June 25, 1560 − February 15, 1634), often called the "Father of German surgery", was the first educated and scientific German surgeon.[40] He is one of the most prominent scholars in the iatromechanics school and author of 20 medical books.[41] His Observationum et Curationum Chirurgicarum Centuriae, published posthumously in 1641, is the best collection of case records of the century and gives clear insight into the variety and methods of his surgical practice, detailing operations for breast and other cancers.The history of cancer in the College collectionsCancer begins when cells in a part of the body start to grow out of control. There are many kinds of cancer, but they all start because of out-of-control growth of abnormal cells. Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. About one-third of all people in the US will develop cancer during their lifetimes.Today, millions of people are living with cancer or have had cancer.[42]The general opinion about the occurrence of malignant tumors in antiquity was that they were nonexistent or extremely rare. Paleooncologists still strongly disagree about the prevalence of cancer in the past, sometimes almost reaching the point of denying their existence, other times admitting a very low prevalence compared to the present. Therefore, cancer seems to have been rare in the past and the calculated prevalence might be either real or it might only reflect an underdetection of cancer.Aeschylus healing a patient (The Ancient Greek Healing Tradition - The National Herald)Some of the reasons given as an explanation for the rarity of cancer in antiquity are as follows: 1) the average life span was shorter (individuals died earlier and more frequently from injuries or infections rather than from a complication of the malignant tumor);[43] 2) certain chemical substances or physical agents known to being cancer promoters were rare in the past ; 3) as far as primary soft tissue tumors are concerned, the tendency to spread to the bones is not always the same for all types of tumors;[44] 4) bone metastases appear first in the marrow cavity and the simple inspection of bones may fail to reveal inner growths which might instead become apparent, were recovered bones sistematically radiographed;[45] 5) malignant tumors might have been scarcely reported in older literature also because anthropologists in charge, being not medically trained, simply did not look for tumors.[46]Historical Cancer HighlightsUnfortunately, direct diagnosis of malignant soft tissue tumors is exceptional in paleopathology.[47] In fact, with the exception of primary bone tumors (which for that matter are rare in modern medical records as much as they are in archeological specimens), the diagnosis is generally indirect, through osseous destruction by metastases. Studying tumour palaeoepidemiology is uniquely challenging. A recent meta-analysis of all published palaeopathological studies of Egyptian mummies demonstrated how diagnostic uncertainty was a general problem in palaeopathological research and explained why clinical standards of diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were rarely applied.[48]More than 176 confirmed malignancies have been documented in the archaeological record providing ample evidence that cancer is an ancient natural phenomenon and is not solely a by-product of carcinogens that are abundant in today's industrial society.[49]In their review of texts documenting supposed cancer symptoms and cures, Susanna Gamba and Gino Fornaciari documented that most cases of cancer are concentrated in the age range between 21 and 40 years, while modern medical records show that the highest incidence of cancer occurs beyond age 40.[50] This might be explained by taking into consideration that the modern life span has expanded compared to the past. In addition, certain tumors have a tendency to develop and manifest themselves later in life, at an age when the same individual in the past might have already been dead from an infection or an injury.[51]It can be argued that since life expectancy was lower in the ancient world, most people didn't live long enough to develop cancer.But the lack of evidence of childhood bone cancer suggests that perhaps overall rates were lower as well.Recently, more carefully designed and methodologically sound palaeoepidemiological studies show that malignant tumours in the past were as prevalent as in modern populations. A recent study by Nerlich et al. examined the preserved skeletal remains of 905 individuals from two major ancient Egyptian necropolises spanning 3,200–500 BCE and also those of 2,547 individuals in ancient Germany dating back to 1400–1800 CE.[52] This study established the presence of malignant tumours in spatially and temporarily different populations over the past 4,000 years with an age- and gender-adjusted frequency.[53] Evidence from several studies indicates that distinct types of malignant tumours such as multiple myeloma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma occurred at rates that are much higher than those in modern populations.[54]In summary, cancer is an ancient disease and is not 'man-made'. There is strong evidence from palaeoepidemiological studies that cancer was at least as prevalent in ancient human populations as it is in our modern societies. More studies designed specifically to establish the epidemiology of cancer in ancient populations are needed to corroborate these findings.Footnotes[1] Earliest Human Cancer Found in 1.7-Million-Year-Old Bone[2] Historical Cancer Highlights[3] Ancient History: Two Mummies Discovered With Cancer[4] Breast cancer dates back as far as 4,200 years ago, research team led by the UGR reveals[5] Ancient Egyptian had earliest cancer[6] Researchers find oldest known case of cancer in 4,500-year-old remains of Siberian man[7] On the Antiquity of Cancer: Evidence for Metastatic Carcinoma in a Young Man from Ancient Nubia (c. 1200BC)[8] The treatment of cancer in Greek antiquity[9] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/oip3.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwj-t8_TyYHlAhWHsZ4KHbsWD_4QFjAOegQIBhAC&usg=AOvVaw0eZKFLsIbVMm7HJ6fchRcV&cshid=1570156741531[10] A note from history: Landmarks in history of cancer, part 1[11] A comprehensive history of cancer treatment[12] A Brief History of Breast Cancer: Part I: Surgical domination reinvented[13] Oncology and Infectious Diseases in Ancient Egypt[14] How the ancient world dealt with cancer[15] Ancient Oncology - Archaeology Magazine[16] On the Antiquity of Cancer: Evidence for Metastatic Carcinoma in a Young Man from Ancient Nubia (c. 1200BC)[17] THE FIRST RECORDED CASE OF INFLAMMATORY MASTITIS— QUEEN ATOSSA OF PERSIA AND THE PHYSICIAN DEMOCÊDES[18] http://(Mukherjee, The Emperor of All Maladies, p.41 [19] Paul of Aegina (ca 625‐690 AD): an early description of a rare basal cell carcinoma of the breast[20] What Ancient Greek Physicians Knew About Cancer[21] http://www.bordet.be/en/presentation/history/cancer_e/cancer1.htm[22] Greco‐Roman thought about cancer[23] Science Diction: The Origin Of The Word 'Cancer'[24] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1029%26context%3Dyounghistorians&ved=2ahUKEwiOjr3_yYPlAhVLgp4KHc1yAwYQFjANegQIBxAB&usg=AOvVaw2CIjIhyniBVL52qAuvcIIV[25] [Hippocrates' viewpoint on cancer].[26] How Was Cancer Treated in Ancient Greece?[27] Evolution of Cancer Treatments: Surgery | American Cancer Society[28] Cancer: We Should Not Forget The Past[29] Ancient Greek and Greco–Roman Methods in Modern Surgical Treatment of Cancer[30] Menopause and Cancer Risk[31] Bile, Cauterization, and Exercise: Cancer Treatment Was a Very Different Story in Ancient Greece[32] The history of breast cancer treatment, from ancient times onward[33] THE PROBLEM OF CANCER IN ANTIQUITY : BRIEF REVIEW OF 94 CASES[34] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8c41/d2c2291d95a85d6069895bd49ec7d0ffb19c.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiwrKLzxYPlAhXFup4KHexYAFUQFjARegQICBAB&usg=AOvVaw21LmeNc4IXOcwMlfx8gAac&cshid=1570225194695[35] Paul of Aegina (ca 625‐690 AD): an early description of a rare basal cell carcinoma of the breast[36] A medieval description of metastatic breast cancer; from Avicenna's view point.[37] http://A medieval description of metastatic breast cancer; from Avicenna's view point. The Breast Volume 31, February 2017, Pages 20-21[38] Historical Cancer Highlights[39] Paleo-oncology Research Organization (PRO)[40] The history of cancer in the College collections[41] http://iatromechanics [42] Early History of Cancer | American Cancer Society[43] http://www.bordet.be/en/presentation/history/cancer_e/cancer1.htm[44] Bone metastases in soft tissue sarcoma: a survey of natural history, prognostic value and treatment options[45] Understanding the Progression of Bone Metastases to Identify Novel Therapeutic Targets[46] http://Moss, Ralph W. (2004). "Galen on Cancer". CancerDecisions. [47] Soft Tissue Tumors in Palaeopathology: A Review[48] Cancer is an ancient disease: the case for better palaeoepidemiological and molecular studies[49] Cancer is an ancient disease: the case for better palaeoepidemiological and molecular studies[50] THE PROBLEM OF CANCER IN ANTIQUITY : BRIEF REVIEW OF 94 CASES[51] The Development and Causes of Cancer[52] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6998168_Malignant_tumors_in_two_ancient_populations_An_approach_to_historical_tumor_epidemiology&ved=2ahUKEwjuxcDPtIHlAhWW_J4KHUIbCNsQFjACegQIBRAB&usg=AOvVaw1GlmCxqb7H9ouB3SL78nP7[53] http://(Nerlich, A. G., Rohrbach, H., Bachmeier, B. & Zink, A. Malignant tumors in two ancient populations: An approach to historical tumor epidemiology. Oncol. Rep. 16, 197–202 (2006).[54] http://(Capasso, L. L. Antiquity of cancer. Int. J. Cancer 113, 2–13 (2005

This answer may contain sensitive images. Click on an image to unblur it.Perkier breasts as people refer/mention are breasts that are not sagged and have any wrinkle or stretch marks. Flawless breasts!!!To get breasts perkier, the present state of breasts have to be considered. And it will take effort to get them perkier and healthy.Let’s first see the anatomy of breastsBreasts are mostly made up of fat tissues (fat cells as mentioned in the image), alveoli, milk ducts (mamory ducts) and blood vessels. They are hold by pectoral muscles. First, fat tissues cannot be strengthen but it can be toned by massaging breasts. Breast massage also stimulates brain pleasure points which are necessary for breast health.Next factor is pectoral muscles, muscles surely can be strengthened. They can be strengthen by doing various exercises that target pectoral muscles. As pectoral muscles form a wide base for breasts to sit upon, this will increase the hold of breasts to the body and strengthening them would surely make breasts firmer.One of the other important factor is consuming health/food supplements that are required by the growth and maintenance of the breasts which are missed in food habit/style. I am not mentioning to consume any of the supplements which are advertised that will enhance the beauty of breasts. But mentioning about the vital vitamins and minerals that are being missed to consume which are also necessary/required by breasts.Wearing correct size brassieres (bra) that support breasts is also a factor to consider for healthier/perkier breasts. Considering if a woman is in sports/doing exercise, sports bra is mandatory to provide supports to breasts and prevent them from sagging. It is also been told that skin is the largest organ of the body and breasts do have skin on it and it should be exposed to air (in private place) and allow them to breath atleast for some time. This is one of the main thing that most women miss. They tend to keep them in bra almost all the time of the day except while bathing.Hope this helped!!!Image courtesy: Vectorstock