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Global Glioblastoma Multiforme Market is Expected to Reach USD 898.9 Mn by 2022The latest market report published by Credence Research, Inc. “Global Glioblastoma Multiforme Market- Growth, Share, Opportunities, Pipeline Analysis, Competitive Analysis, and Forecast, 2016 - 2022,” the glioblastoma multiforme market was valued at USD 352.2 Mn in 2015, and is expected to reach USD 898.9 Mn by 2022, expanding at a CAGR of 10.95% from 2016 to 2022.Market InsightsGlioblastoma multiforme (GBM) belongs to a group of brain tumors known as gliomas that grows from a type of brain cell called a glial cell. It is the most common primary brain tumor in adults and also the most aggressive form of brain tumor. According to U.S. National Cancer Institute, GBM is considered as the most aggressive form of brain cancer which represents 15.4% of all primary brain tumors and about 60% - 75% of all astrocytoma and shows rapid growth rate of benign cells in the organ. According to World Health Organization (WHO), the incidence of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is 2 to 3 per 100,000 people in the United States and Europe.Overall GBM accounts for 12 to 15% of all intracranial tumors and 50 to 60% of astrocytic tumors. In year 2015, temozolomide accounted for the largest market share of the global glioblastoma multiforme market. The key advantages possessed by temozolomide are delayed progression without impacting the quality of life and less adverse effects compared to other molecules. Medical practitioners suggest that, combination radiotherapy and temozolomide chemotherapy is currently the standard of care for most patients suffering from GBM. On the other hand, the geographical analysis of glioblastoma multiforme market projected North America and Europe as the dominant regions followed by Asia-Pacific.Download Sample research report with TOC and Figures @ https://www.credenceresearch.com/sample-request/57903The key factors driving the glioblastoma multiforme market include developed research and development facilities, upcoming drug launches, rising incidences of the central nervous system cancers in the geriatric population. Thus, upcoming drugs and ongoing research developments are expected to drive the overall market og glioblastoma multiforme market across the globe.Pipeline AnalysisThe phase III drugs included in the pipeline analysis are TRC-105, VB-111, TOCA 511, DCVax-Brain, Rindopepimut (CDX-110), and others. According to market experts, these upcoming drugs assure to provide enhanced efficacy, shorter onset of action and fewer side effects as compared to the currently available glioblastoma multiforme treatment. Large number of investigational molecules belongs to immunotherapy category which is expected to change the overall perspective of the market. Thus, future commercialization of these molecules during the forecast period 2016 – 2022 is anticipated to have a reflective impact on the growth of the overall glioblastoma multiforme market.Key Market MovementsNorth America presently dominates the overall market and is also projected to experience the fastest growth throughout the forecast periodImmunotherapy has shown significant efficacy in other oncology indications, and as they affect the tumor microenvironment rather than directly targeting the tumor, it is also expected to perform against glioblastoma multiformeFor novel molecules treating glioblastoma multiforme could be tricky due to the tumor cells resistance to conventional therapies, as well as the blood brain barrier, which often prevents therapies from reaching the targeted cells.TOC :Chapter 3 Glioblastoma Multiforme Market: Market Dynamics and Outlook3.1 Glioblastoma Multiforme Market Overview3.2 Glioblastoma Multiforme Disease Overview and Treatments3.2 Market Inclination Insights3.3 Market Dynamics3.3.1 Drivers3.3.2 Challenges3.3.3 Opportunities3.4 Attractive Investment Proposition3.5 Competitive Analysis3.5.1 Market Share Analysis: Global Glioblastoma Multiforme Market, 2015 (Value %)Chapter 4 GlobalGlioblastoma Multiforme Market, By Type of Drug4.1 Preface4.2 Bevacizumab4.3 Temozolomide4.4 Carmustine4.6 Pipeline Analysis4.6.1 Projected sales of Phase III Drugs estimated till 2022 (US$ Mn)4.6.1.1 TRC-1054.6.1.2 VB-1114.6.1.3 TOCA 5114.6.1.4 DCVax-Brain4.6.1.5 Rindopepimut (CDX-110)4.6.1.6 ICT-1074.6.1.7 Others4.6.2 Tabular Representation of Phase II and I DrugsChapter 5 Global Glioblastoma Multiforme Market, By Geography5.1 Preface5.2 North America5.2.1 U.S5.2.2 Canada5.3 Europe5.3.1 U.K5.3.2 Germany5.3.3 Rest of Europe5.4 Asia Pacific5.4.1 China5.4.2 Japan5.4.3 Rest of Asia Pacific5.5 Latin America5.4.1 Brazil5.4.2 Mexico5.4.3 Rest of Latin America5.6 Middle East and AfricaChapter 6 Company Profiles6.1 AbbVie, Inc.6.1.1 Business Description6.1.2 Financial Health and Budget Allocation6.1.3 Product Portfolio6.1.4 News Coverage6.2 Activartis GmbH6.2.1 Business Description6.2.2 Financial Health and Budget Allocation6.2.3 Product Portfolio6.2.4 News Coverage6.3 Agenus Inc.

Childhood/AdolescenceTo understand the context of a person's life course, it is critical to understand the age cohort to which that individual belongs. Youth growing up today will see changes that earlier generations of lesbians and gay men would never have expected in their lifetimes, including politicians, business leaders, and educators who are openly gay; marriage between same-sex couples; and an evolving popular and artistic culture that provides many positive portrayals of lesbian and gay characters in movies and plays, on television, and in literature. Today's youth are able to use the Internet to retrieve online information about LGBT issues, providing social networking opportunities and access to knowledge in a way that was not available to older cohorts. At the same time, young LGBT people searching the Internet and interacting with their peers will be aware of the pervasive negative views of sexual and gender minorities.Likewise, many transgender elders did not even know as children that other transgender people existed, and certainly received little acknowledgment of their transgender feelings. By contrast, many transgender children and adolescents today have role models (either in the media or in real life), and their gender-variant expression is often sufficient for parents to obtain more information and access existing networks of families with gender-variant children. Moreover, transgender youth today have access to early medical intervention to alleviate any gender dysphoria (defined as discomfort with one's sex assigned at birth) they might experience.In this report, childhood and adolescence encompasses the life course through the emergence of adulthood, generally understood by the committee to occur in the early 20s. During this phase of life, a person, regardless of his or her sexual orientation or gender identity, develops from a child who must be cared for to a self-reliant individual. The developmental changes that occur are complex, particularly with the onset of puberty. LGBT youth face the same challenges as their heterosexual peers, but also stigma that may contribute to the identified disparities in health status between sexual- and gender-minority youth and heterosexual youth.The ability to address these disparities is hampered by our lack of knowledge about LGBT youth. One of the challenges of discussing the development of children and adolescents who are LGBT is that beliefs and biases have often precluded substantive research. Not long ago, for example, a prevailing notion was that one's sexual identity and orientation did not emerge until late adolescence and that an attraction to people of the same sex was likely a passing phase (Money, 1990). Moreover, efforts to survey young people about their sexual orientation have been fraught with difficulties at both the institutional review board and community levels. These barriers have impeded important developmental research.While the current state of knowledge regarding the health of LGBT youth is derived from limited research, it is worth noting that much of this research has focused on mental health; little research has been conducted on the physical health of LGBT youth because, like most other youth, they generally do not struggle with chronic diseases that impact their physical health. As mentioned in previous chapters, the disparities in both mental and physical health that are seen between LGBT and heterosexual and non-gender-variant youth are influenced largely by their experiences of stigma and discrimination during the development of their sexual orientation and gender identity and throughout the life course.This chapter begins with a discussion of the development of sexual orientation and gender identity in LGBT youth. The chapter then reviews the research on mental health and then physical health in these youth. Risk and protective factors and health services are then addressed in turn. The chapter next examines contextual influences, such as demographic characteristics and the role of the family. The chapter concludes with a summary of key findings and research opportunities. Of note, the chapter emphasizes adolescence rather than childhood because of the limited research available on younger children's and pre-adolescents' awareness of, feelings about, and experiences with being LGBT.Go to:DEVELOPMENT OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND GENDER IDENTITYAdolescents are engaged in an ongoing process of sexual development (Rosario et al., 2008); many adolescents may be unsure of their sexual orientation, while others have been clear about it since childhood. This ongoing process suggests that for some adolescents, self-identification of sexual orientation and the sex of sexual partners may change over time and may not necessarily be congruent (Saewyc et al., 2004).The development of sexual identity in lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals is a unique process that has been widely reported in the scientific literature and popular culture but has received surprisingly little empirical attention. Early models of sexual identity development were generated on the basis of retrospective descriptions by adults. Models of homosexual identity development proposed by Cass (1979) and Troiden (1989) describe a staged process that (1) recognizes the impact of stigma that affects both the formation and expression of homosexual identity, (2) unfolds over a period of time, (3) involves increasing acceptance of a homosexual identity, and (4) includes disclosure to other persons. However, these models were developed at a time in which access to information about sexual orientation was limited; negative attitudes about homosexuality were more prevalent; and few resources existed for the study of LGB populations, particularly adolescents. Furthermore, the development of these theoretical models was based on the retrospective experiences of white adults.The first study to explore the development of adolescent lesbian and gay identity in depth included 202 LGB adolescents, more than half of whom were racial minority youth (Herdt and Boxer, 1993). The mean age of self-identification as lesbian or gay was 16.7 years for males and 16 years for females. Gay males were, on average, aware of same-sex attraction at about age 9; the average age for lesbians was 10. Based on the results of their study, the researchers concluded that sexual identity development should be viewed as an ongoing process rather than as a series of stages or phases.Investigators who conducted early work on the development of sexual orientation identity argued that coming out or self-identifying as lesbian or gay during adolescence may be a developmental process seen only in contemporary LGB youth—one that may have unique consequences for later life-course development compared with lesbian and gay adults who did not come out during adolescence (Boxer and Cohler, 1989). Herdt and Boxer (1993) document the process of transition from a heterosexual to a gay identity in the context of LGB cultural supports (social institutions, a gay youth program, lesbian and gay adult role models). Boxer and Cohler (1989) observe that one of the major developmental tasks for lesbian and gay youth is the deconstruction of previously internalized heterosexual expectations and the construction of a new set of future expectations of the gay and lesbian life course.A range of investigators have focused on “milestones” as indicators of sexual identity development among LGB adolescents. These include age of awareness of sexual attraction; age of self-labeling as lesbian, gay, or bisexual; age of disclosure of same-sex orientation; and age of first sexual experience. Research subsequent to Herdt and Boxer's early work found comparable ages of first awareness of sexual attraction (i.e., approximately age 10) (e.g., D'Augelli, 2006; D'Augelli and Hershberger, 1993; Rosario et al., 1996).“Coming out” or self-identifying and subsequently sharing that identity with others is a process that occurs in a social and historical context. Earlier literature indicates that this experience may be especially challenging for young people who come out during adolescence, given the need to integrate an LGB identity with other aspects of identity development in the context of social stigma and discrimination. However, little current research is available to show how this process might differ for contemporary adolescents as a result of increased awareness, greater access to information, and changes in media representation of LGB people. More research is needed to understand the process of coming out for diverse populations of LGB youth.Similarly, little research has focused on sexual identity development among ethnically diverse LGB adolescents. Development experiences may differ as adolescents negotiate both ethnic and sexual orientation identity. One community-based study of 145 white, black, and Latino LGB youth aged 14–21 found no differences in sexual identity, current sexual orientation, or comfort with and acceptance of sexual identity among the three racial groups (Rosario et al., 2004). However, black youth were involved in fewer gay-related social activities, were less comfortable with others knowing about their sexual identity, and disclosed their sexual orientation to fewer persons than their white peers. While Latino youth disclosed their LGB identity to fewer people than white or black youth, they were more comfortable with others knowing about their LGB identity than members of the other racial groups.More recent research examined ethnic and sexual identity development during adolescence among 22 black and Latino gay youth aged 16–22 (Jamil et al., 2009). The researchers found that ethnic and sexual identity developed concurrently during adolescence, but the processes were different and not related. Ethnic identity development was shaped by growing awareness of the youth's ethnic and cultural heritage and was supported by peers; family members; and cultural markers such as food, music, and holidays. Sexual identity development was supported by community-based organizations, peers, and information from the Internet. Sexual identity development was described as a private process, while ethnic identity development was viewed as a more public process.The ongoing process of sexual development among adolescents presents challenges to the collection of data on the size of the population of LGB youth, although some studies using large samples of adolescents have examined the prevalence of same-sex attraction, same-sex sexual behavior, and LGB identities. In the 1999 wave of the Growing Up Today Study (n = 10,685), a national survey of adolescents aged 12–17, approximately 1 percent of adolescents identified as homosexual or bisexual (n = 103), with 5 percent identifying as mostly heterosexual (n = 511) and 2 percent identifying as unsure (n = 226) (Austin et al., 2004a). In the first wave of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, conducted among 7th- through 12th-grade adolescents (n = 11,940), 5 percent of females and about 7.3 percent of males reported same-sex romantic or sexual attractions (Russell and Joyner, 2001). DuRant and colleagues (1998), reporting on the prevalence of reported same-sex sexual behavior using the 1995 wave of the Vermont Youth Risk Behavior Survey (n = 3,886 sexually active 8th-through 12th-grade males), found that 8.7 percent of high school males reported having had at least one same-sex partner (DuRant et al., 1998).Similar to sexual orientation identity, gender expression is not necessarily constant throughout childhood development. Gender variance, as it relates to expressing and exploring gender identity and gender roles, is a part of normal development. A relatively small percentage of gender-variant children develop an adult transgender identity (Green, 1987; Wallien and Cohen-Kettenis, 2008; Zucker and Bradley, 1995). However, research shows that the majority of adolescents with a gender-variant identity develop an adult transgender identity (Wallien and Cohen-Kettenis, 2008). Data on the prevalence of childhood gender-variant or transgender identities are severely limited, largely because there is no national database available to collect such data. A relatively small number of studies using nonprobability samples have attempted to assess the incidence of childhood gender-variant identities. One such study, discussed in Chapter 2, found that 1 percent of parents of boys aged 4–11 reported that their son wished to be of the other sex; for girls, the percentage was 3.5 percent (Zucker et al., 1997).Other studies using small nonprobability samples have documented trends in referrals to gender identity clinics by gender and persistence of gender identity concerns into adolescence and adulthood. One study examining children aged 3–12 with gender identity issues in a Toronto clinic (n = 358) and a Utrecht clinic (n = 130) showed that boys were referred more often and at an earlier age than girls for such concerns (Cohen-Kettenis et al., 2003). In another small study (n = 77) examining psychosexual outcomes of gender-dysphoric children at age of referral and then at follow-up approximately 10 years later, 27 percent of those with childhood gender identity concerns were still gender dysphoric (Wallien and Cohen-Kettenis, 2008). (It should be noted that at follow-up, 30 percent of the sample failed to respond to recruitment letters or were not traceable.) Research with small clinical samples of gender-variant children has shown that, compared with controls, gender-variant children have more difficulties with peer relationships (Zucker et al., 1997); this is the case particularly for boys compared with girls (Cohen-Kettenis et al., 2003). Poor peer relations was found to be the strongest predictor of behavior problems in both gender-variant boys and girls (Cohen-Kettenis et al., 2003). One small study showed that children with gender identity disorder (n = 25) may have a more anxious nature than gender-conforming children (n = 25) (Wallien et al., 2007).Grossman and D'Augelli (2006) conducted focus groups with young self-identified transgender males and females aged 15–21 and explored factors related to physical and mental health. In this qualitative study, most of the youth reported experiences of family and peers reacting negatively toward their gender-atypical behaviors. Therapy or counseling that aims to change an individual's sexual orientation, often based on the presumption that LGBT orientation/identity is abnormal or unhealthy, is known as conversion or reparative therapy (Just the Facts Coalition, 2008). The nation's most prominent medical and mental health professional organizations, including the American Medical Association, the American Psychiatric Association, and the American Psychological Association, oppose the use of conversion therapy with both youth and adults (AMA, 2010; American Psychiatric Association, 2000a). The American Psychological Association formed a task force to review peer-reviewed studies on efforts to change sexual orientation. The task force concluded that evidence is lacking for the effectiveness of efforts to change sexual orientation and that conversion therapy may cause harm to LGBT individuals by increasing internalized stigma, distress, and depression (American Psychological Association, 2009). Instead, the task force expressed support for the use of affirmative, culturally competent therapy that helps those facing distress related to their sexual orientation cope with social and internalized stigma and strengthen their social support networks (American Psychological Association, 2009).

Audio forensics tools use voice biometrics technology to analyze voice and assist forensics experts in their crime prevention andinvestigation efforts. By using these tools, forensics experts can: Determine whether a voice belongs to a specific person. Test to see if a recording has been edited or altered.The road to admissibility of voice identification evidence in the courts of the United States has not been without its potholes. ... Although many courts have denied admission to voice identification evidence, none of the courts excluding the spectrographic evidence have found the technique unreliable.I – IntroductionUuue validity and reliability of the process when performed by a trained and certified examiner using established, standardized procedures. Voice identification experts are found all over the world. No longer limited to the visual comparison of a few words, the comparison of human voices now focuses on every aspect of the words spoken; the words themselves, the way the words flow together, and the pauses between them. Both aural and spectrographic analysis are combined to form the conclusion about the identity of the voices in question.The road to admissibility of voice identification evidence in the courts of the United States has not been without its potholes. Many courts have had to rule on this issue without having access to all the facts. Trial strategies and budgets have resulted in incomplete pictures for the courts. To compound the problem, courts have utilized different standards of admission resulting in different opinions as to the admissibility of voice identification evidence. Even those courts which have claimed to use the same standard of admissibility have interpreted it in a variety of ways resulting in a lack of consistency. Although many courts have denied admission to voice identification evidence, none of the courts excluding the spectrographic evidence have found the technique unreliable. Exclusion has always been based on the fact that the evidence presented did not present a clear picture of the technique’s acceptance in the scientific community and as such, the court was reluctant to rely on that evidence. The majority of courts hearing the issue have admitted spectrographic voice identification evidence.II – THE SOUND SPECTROGRAPHThe sound spectrograph, an automatic sound wave analyzer, is a basic research instrument used in many laboratories for research studies of sound, music and speech. It has been widely used for the analysis and classification of human speech sounds and in the analysis and treatment of speech and hearing disorders.The instrument produces a visual representation of a given set of sounds in the parameters of time, frequency and amplitude. The analog spectrograph is composed of four basic parts; (1) a magnetic tape recorder/playback unit, (2) a tape scanning device with a drum which carries the paper to be marked, (3) an electronic variable filter, and (4) an electronic stylus which transfers the analyzed information to the paper. The analog sound spectrograph samples energy levels in a small frequency range from a magnetic tape recording and marks those energy levels on electrically sensitive paper. This instrument then analyses the next small frequency range and samples and marks the energy levels at that point. This process is repeated until the entire desired frequency range is analyzed for that portion of the recording. The finished product is called a spectrogram and is a graphic depiction of the patterns, in the form of bars or formants, of the acoustical events during the time frame analyzed. The machine will produce a spectrogram in approximately eighty seconds. The spectrogram is in the form of an X,Y graph with the X axis the time dimension, approximately 2.4 seconds in length, and the Y axis the frequency range, usually 0 to 4000 or 8000 Hz. The degree of darkness of the markings indicates the approximate relative wsystems provide high fidelity signal acquisition, high-speed digital processing circuitry for quick and flexible analysis, and CD-quality playback. The computerize-based systems accomplish all the same tasks of the analog systems, but with the computer-based systems the examiner gains a host of comparicircuitryThe accuracy and reliability of the sound spectrograph, either analog or digital, has never been in question in any of the courts and never considered an issue in the admissibility of voice identification evidence. This may be due in part to the wide use of all the instrument in the field of speech and hearing for non-voice identification analysis of the human voice and, in part to the fact that given the same recording of speech sounds the sound spectrograph will consistently produce the same spectrogram of that speech.Tic technique of voice identification base their decisions on the theory that all human voices are different due to the physical uniqueness of the vocal track, the distinctive environmental influences in the learning process of speech development, and the unique development of neurological faculties which are responsible for the production of speech. Opponents claim that not enough research has been completed to validate the theory that intraspeaker variability is less than interspeaker variability.III – THE METHOD OF VOICE IDENTIFICATIONThe method by which a voice is identified is a multifaceted process requiring the use of both aural and visual senses. In the typical voice identification case the examiner is given several recordings; one or more recordings of the voice to be identified and one or more recorded voice samples of one or more suspects. It is from these recordings the examiner must make the determination about the identity of the unknown voice.The first step is to evaluate the recording of the unknown voice, checking to make sure the recording has a sufficient amount of speech with which to work and that the quality of the recording is of sufficient clarity in the frequency range required for analysis. The volume of the recorded voice signal must be significantly higher than that of the environmental noise. The greater the number of obscuring events, such as noise, music, and other speakers, the longer the sample of speech must be. Some examiners report that they reject as many as sixty percent of the cases submitted to them with one of the main reasons for rejection being the poor quality of the recording of the unknown voice.Once the unknown voice sample has been determined to be suitable for analysis, the examiner then turns his attention to the voice samples of the suspects. Here also, the recordings must be of sufficient clarity to allow comparison, although at this stage, the recording process is usually so closely controlled that the quality of recording is not a problem.The examiner can only work with speech samples which are the same as the text of the unknown recording. Under the best of circumstances the suspects will repeat, several times, the text of the recording of the unknown speaker and these words will be recorded in a similar manner to the recording of the unknown speaker. For example, if the recording of the unknown speaker was a bomb threat made to a recorded telephone line then each of the suspects would repeat the threat, word for word, to a recorded telephone line. This will provide the examiner with not only the same speech sounds for comparison but also with valuable information about the way each speech sound completes the transition to the next sound.There are those times when a voice sample must be obtained without the knowledge of the suspect. It is possible to make an identification from a surreptitious recording but the amount of speech necessary to do the comparison is usually much greater. If the suspect is being engaged in conversation for the purpose of obtaining a voice sample, the conversation must be manipulated in such a way so as to have the suspect repeat as many of the words and phrases found in the text of the unknown recording as possible.re final conclusion. The first step is an aural comparison of the voice samples. Here the examiner compares both single speech sounds and series of speech sounds of the known and unknown samples. At this stage the examiner is conducting a number of tasks; comparing for similarities and differences, screening out less useful portions of the samples, and indexing the samples for further analysis. An example of the initial aural comparison is the screening of the samples for pronunciation similarities or discrepancies such as the word “the” may be said with a short “a” sound or a long “e” sound. If thsxamined.During the aural comparison the examiner studies the psycholinguistic features of the speakers voice. There are a large number of qualities and traits which are examined from such general traits as accent and dialect to inflection, syllable grouping and breath patterns. The examiner also scrutinizes the samples for signs of speech pathologies and peculiar speech habits.The second step in the voice identification process is the spectrographic analysis of the recorded samples. The sound spectrograph is an automatic sound wave analyzer with a high quality, fully functional tape recorder. The speech samples to be analyzed are recorded on the sound spectrograph. The recording is then analyzed in two and one half second segments. The product is a spectrogram, a graphic display of the recorded signal on the basis of time and frequency with a general indication of amplitude.The spectrograms of the unknown speaker are then visually compared to the spectrograms of the suspects. Only those speech sounds which are the same are compared. The comparisons of the spectrograms are based on the displayed patterns representing the psychoacoustical features of the captured speech. The examiner studies the bandwidths, mean frequencies, and trajectory of vowel formants; vertical striations, distribution of formant energy and nasal resonances; stops, plosives and fricatives; interformant features, the relation of all features present as affected during articulatory changes and any peculiar acoustic patterning. The examiner looks not only for similarities but also for differences. The differences are closely examined to determine if they are due to pronunciation differences or if they are indicative of different speakers.When the analysis is complete the examiner integrates his findings from both the aural and spectrographic analyses into one of five standard conclusions; a positive identification, a probable identification, a positive elimination, a probable elimination, or no decision. In order to arrive at a positive identification the examiner must find a minimum of twenty speech sounds which possess sufficient aural and spectrographic similarities. There can be no differences either aural or spectrographic for which there can be no accounting.The probable identification conclusion is reached when there are less then twenty similarities and no unexplained differences. This conclusion is usually reached when working with small samples, random speech samples or recordings of lower quality. The result of positive elimination is rendered when twenty differences between the samples are found that can not be based on any fact other than different voices having produced the samples. A probable elimination decision is usually reached when working with limited text or a recording of lower quality. The no decision conclusion is used when the quality of the recording is so poor that there is insufficient information with which to work or when there are too few common speech sounds suitable for comparison.IV – History🥶out the pronunciation of that word than the dictionary spelling could ever suggest. His depiction of speech sounds demonstrated the subtle differences with which different people pronounced the same words. This system of speech sound analysis developed by Bell is the phonetic alphf spoken. This system was used by both Bell and his son, Alexander Graham Bell, in helping deaf people learn to speak.It was in the early 1940’s that a new method of speech sound analysis was developed. Potter, Kopp & Green, working for Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey, began work on a project to develop a visual representation of speech using a sound spectrograph. This machine, an automatic sound wave analyzer, produced a visual record of speech portraying three parameters; frequency, intensity and time. This research was intensified during World War II when acoustic scientists suggested that enemy radio voices could be identified by the spectrograms produced by the sound spectrograph. The war ended before the technique could be perfected.sources1. FRYE v US 293 F 1013 (D.C. Ct. App. 1923)2. US v WRIGHT 37 CMR 447 (1967)3. STATE v CARY 230 A.2d 384 (N.J. 1967)4. STATE v CARY 239 A.2d 680 (N.J.Super. 1968)5. PEOPLE v KING 266 C.A.2d 437 (1968)6. STATE v CARY 250 A.2d 15 (N.J. 1969)7. STATE v CARY 264 A.2d 209 (N.J. 1970)8. STATE EX REL. TRIMBLE v HEDMAN 192 N.W.2d 432 (Minn. 1971)9. US v RAYMOND 337 F.Supp. 641 (DCDC 1972)10. WORLEY v STATE 263 So.2d 613 (Fla. 1972)11. ALEA v STATE 265 So.2d 96 (Fla. 1972)12. US v ASKINS 351 F.Supp. 408 (1972)13. STATE v ANDRETTA 296 A2d 644 (N.J. 1972)14. HODO v SUPERIOR COURT 30 C.A.3d 778 (Calif. 1973)15. PEOPLE v CHAPTER 13 CrL 2479 (Calif. 1973)16. US v SAMPLE 378 F.Supp. 44 (Penn. 1974)17. US v ADDISON 498 F.2d 741 (DCDC 1974)18. PEOPLE v LAW 40 C.A.3d 69 (Calif. 1974)19. US v FRANKS 511 F.2d 25 (6th Cir. 1975)20. COMMONWEALTH v LYKUS 327 N.E.2d 671 (Mass. 1975)21. COMMONWEALTH v VITELLO 327 N.E.2d 819 (Mass. 1975)22. STATE v OLDERMAN 336 N.E.2d 442 (Oh. 1975)23. US v BALLER 519 F.2d 463 (4th Cir. 1975)24. 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FREE 493 So.2d 781 (La., 1986)45. POPE v. STATE of TEXAS 756 S.W.2d 401 (Texas 1988)46. UNITED STATES v. MAIVIA 728 F. Supp 1471 (D. Hawaii, 1990)47. PEOPLE v. JETER 80 N.Y. 818 (NY 1992)48. DAUBERT v. MERRELL DOW PHARMACEUTICALS 113 S. Ct.