Classifying Chemicals 4 Classifying Chemicals: Fill & Download for Free

A2A.An application to classify life according to the Linnaean taxonomyAn application to classify chemical elements and their behavior.An application to classify people according to the Myers–Briggs Type IndicatorAn application to model behavior according to Eric Berne's Transactional Analysis parent adult child modelA system to demonstrate Newtons laws of motion.

presuming the context to be the Indian economy, you can broadly classify chemical engineering jobs after completion of ug in various categories:non-core: same as for other branches, ranges from 2lpa to 30lpa (two extremes i told :p)core:govt job (psu) : around 11 to 14 lpaprivate job: production- 3 to 7lpaepc: 4 to 7 lpathere are some other fields like project management, etc. but avg stays about 5-6lakhs only.

Hi there,The current information on the internet about YK-11 is somewhat incorrect, misleading and is by no means complete. YK-11 is not a member of the classical SARM (Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator) that is all the rage today. YK-11 is a testosterone (Test)/ 5-α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) derivative; a synthetic anabolic steroid.First, it’s important to understand what exactly are SARMs. Well, they are a class of androgen receptor ligands (molecules for all intensive purposes) that bind to androgen receptors, displaying tissue-selective activation of androgenic receptors. SARMs can be split into two categories:Steroidal SARMsNonsteroidal SARMsSteroidal SARMs or designer anabolic steroids are based on modifications of the testosterone molecule. These modifications have been going on since the 1940s. Such steroidal SARMs include but are not limited to:Anadrol (Oxymetholone)Anavar (Oxandrolone)Dianabol (Methandrostenolone)Deca-Durabolin (Nandrolone-Decanoate)Masteron (Drostanolone-Propionate)YK-11 ((17α,20E)-17,20-[(1-methoxyethylidene)bis(oxy)]-3-oxo-19-norpregna-4,20-diene-21-carboxylic acid methyl ester)Below are the chemical structures of Test and DHT and the conversion process.When we look at Test (above) and YK-11 (below) it’s clear on closer inspection that YK-11 is indeed a Test/DHT derivative; therefore, making it by default steroidal SARM or more commonly called an anabolic steroid.( above is the chemical structure of YK-11).YK-11 possess the same steroid backbone (see diagrams below) as all other chemicals classified as steroid hormones have a look>> (List of designer drugs)To date, no chemical classified as a nonsteroidal SARM aka a classical SARMs possess a steroid backbone >> (Selective androgen receptor modulator).(Structure of Ostarine)(Structure of LGD-4033)The first peer-reviewed paper on YK-11 by Kanno Y et al 2011 suggested that "YK-11 was a partial agonist of the Androgen receptor and might act as selective androgen receptor modulator " ((17α,20E)-17,20-[(1-methoxyethylidene)bis(oxy)]-3-oxo-19-norpregna-4,20-diene-21-carboxylic acid methyl ester (YK11) is a partial agonist of the an... - PubMed - NCBI ). A subsequent paper in 2013 by Kanno Y et al further investigating the molecular mechanics of YK-11 and named it a SARM in the paper's title (Selective androgen receptor modulator, YK11, regulates myogenic differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts by follistatin expression.). Although research performed by Kanno Y et al is scientifically sound, labelling this steroid as a SARM is very misleading.It can be argued that because no nomenclature (Nomenclature) exists for classifying chemicals as SARMs, calling YK-11 a SARM is justified. However, a quick look at steroid nomenclature confirms YK-11 is indeed a synthetic steroid have a look>> (3S-1).In addition in 2018 paper by Kanno Y et al, in their material and methods section, they more clearly state how YK-11 was prepared—which is through the use of DHT, hydroxyflutamide, ascorbic acid, and β-glycerol phosphate.If not labelled a SARM by mistake my guess as to why it was ladled so would be would be two-fold:To get media attention (but this will eventually snuff YK-11 out as an anabolic steroid and will as such need to go through the proper regulatory channels)To secure further funding (perhaps for animal testing) into the effects of YK-11 as research is not cheap.I would put my money on the second reason as being the most likely reason. As inferred above YK-11 has no animal testing data exists for YK-11 only in vitro data on C2C12 cells obtained from mice myoblast cell line capable of differentiation. Not all muscle cells can differentiate. C2C12 experiments tell us that YK-11 has the potential to cause muscle differentiation at certain concentrations. This can't directly be translated into a human equivalent dose because we have no data on its metabolism but we can speculate based on research we have on other synthetic steroids. But we have no safety data on it. It is worth mentioning that on the first line of the discussion of their 2018 paper they state that YK11 is a novel steroidal compound.The internet media and those who don’t know what on earth they are talking about have from a surface reading of papers by Kanno Y et al have somehow concluded that YK-11 is more potent than the rest of the steroid family and has fewer side effects than them. This has not been stated or even proven in any of the papers on Yk-11 published by Kanno Y et al. Instead, it is speculated that the safety parameters of YK-11 may be comparable to nonsteroidal SARMs but no comparison has actually been made. In fact from the skeletal structure of YK-11 alone, any biochemist or medical professional can tell you that YK-11 will be pretty liver toxic due to the sheer number of methylated groups.What we see a combination of collective enthusiasm of the people and marketing hype piggybacking on the SARM name. Make no mistake YK-11 is not a SARM that has become all the rage today across bodybuilding communities and it has absolutely no safety data. Safety data can only be obtained from toxicity studies done on animals and humans.Given that we now know that YK-11 is a designer anabolic steroid it likely possess the typical side effects associated with anabolic steroids which we can now assign to YK-11 >> (Anabolic steroid). YK-11 has 4 methyl (CH3) groups and so will likely prove taxing to the liver; SARMs have reduced liver toxicity profile because they have substituted methyl groups with Halocarbons. In addition, data produced by Kanno Y et al 2013 demonstrate that YK-11 induces the production of follistatin, a glycoprotein that inhibits myostatin a protein which inhibits myogenesis (the development/formation of new muscle tissue/ fibres during embryonic development and also extant in adult muscle tissue). Follistatin is also associated with prostate growth and is so being targeted as such (Follistatin as a potential therapeutic target in prostate cancer.). An interesting and necessary study to perform on male rodents would be to see how fast YK-11 treatment increases the rate and or the development of prostate cancer. This alone will disqualify it as a therapeutic agent in males.Osteoblasts are the major cellular component of bone. They synthesize dense, crosslinked collagen and specialized proteins in much smaller quantities, including osteocalcin and osteopontin, which compose the organic matrix of bone. A 2018 study by Kanno Y et al treated osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells with either YK-11 0.5 µM or DHT 0.01 µM for 21 days. They found calcium deposits in YK-11 and DHT treated cells. From their observations, they suggested that YK11 promotes osteoblast differentiation with mineralization similar to DHT. It’s important to understand that YK-11 was at a much higher concentration than DHT. What their most recent study showed is that 192.157% YK-11 is needed to produce osteoblast differentiation similar to DHT.Sparsely speculating on the potential therapeutic effects of YK-11 using existing data is by no means correct and no one should assume so without doing their own critical assessment of the information available.YK-11 is derivative of the anabolic steroid DHT, and as a partial agonist of the androgen receptor, it would activate the androgen receptor to give a submaximal response when inadequate amounts of DHT or Test are present. In the presence of overstimulation of androgen receptors say when excess amounts of DHT or Test are present YK-11 will act as a competitive inhibitor of androgen receptors. This is because partial agonists typically display both agonistic and antagonistic properties.Current pharmacodynamic data on YK-11 present by Kanno Y et al has me speculating that YK-11 will operate as an Antiandrogen with some anabolic potential in low levels of Test/DHT.As a derivative of DHT, YK-11 will likely have little or no significant clinical effect on muscle mass but may aid muscle mass retention with an effect on muscle hardness, muscle strength, libido and other typical masculine phenotypes because it shares a similar chemical makeup and mechanism of action to DHT. Also because YK-11 was chemically designed from ethisterone a steroidal progestin (as stated in methodology section of the 2011 paper by Kanno Y et al) and also bares some chemical resemblance to steroidal progestin Norethynodrel which was the first female oral contraceptive as well as the class of steroidal progestin which followed from Norethynodrel, YK-11 will likely possess the ability to bind and activate or inhibit progestogen receptors; which comes with it's own sets of effects. However, only androgen receptors have been looked at so far so it is unknown what else may YK-11 bind to.In healthy adult males the effects of YK-11 on muscle building quality are likely to be submaximal because it is a partial agonist on the androgen receptor and so a healthy male may experience reductions muscle strength and hardness while a female may experience improvements. However, the ability of Yk-11 to increase follistatin levels compared to DHT and other steroids is what makes it novel. No pre-clinical, clinical data exists to confirm its therapeutic significance if any.No chemical compound to my knowledge exists that displays follistatin stimulating effects like that of YK-11 so no comparison can be made. DHT is known to have effects on the CNS (central nervous system) and so YK-11 may also possess such effects if it can cross the blood-brain barrier.To conclude, YK-11 is a synthetic steroid with anabolic and likely undiscovered progestin potential. Because YK-11 is partial agonist to the androgen receptor it will be in direct competition with Test and DHT for binding and so its anabolic activity may be reliant on its ability to stimulate follistatin. Because of its partial agonist competition with Test and DHT it may reduce anabolic activity in otherwise healthy males. To date, no safety data or animal testing exist.Hope this is useful.