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This is not completely inaccurate: modern Italian was born when in 1840 the novelist Alessandro Manzoni decided to “wash his clothes in the Arno river”, i.e., rewrite The Betrothed using the dialect spoken by the Florentine elite, or a close approximation to that.Fast forward to 1867: Florence is the capital of the newly formed kingdom, and the ministry of education asked senator Manzoni to submit a proposal for what kind of Italian language should be taught in school; his Relazione intorno all’unità della lingua e ai mezzi per diffonderla (essay on the unity of the language and the means to diffuse it) was based on the same principle: the dialect spoken by the Florentine elite. But with a quite different pronunciation, much more similar to what a Roman would have called Italian: go figure!Actually, it was only with the diffusion of television in the ’50s that every Italian got acquainted with standard Italian.

Hugh Ellsworth Rodham, born 1911, April 2, Scranton, Pennsylvania, graduate of Pennsylvania State University, small textile supply owner; died, April 7, 1993, in Little Rock, Arkansas The second of three sons, Hugh Rodham was the first in his family to attend and graduate from college, able to attend Penn State University on a football scholarship.Upon graduation, he found work as a travelling salesman of drapery fabrics through the upper-Midwest. He met Dorothy Howell, who was working as a company clerk typist and after a lengthy courtship they married and moved into a one-bedroom Chicago apartment. With the outbreak of World War II, he served in the U.S. Navy, stationed at the Great Lakes Naval Station, an hour outside of Chicago, where he worked as a chief petty officer. He oversaw sailor training. After the war, he began his own small, independent drape and fabric printing business in downtown Chicago.He assumed responsibility for his younger brother, Russell, a former physician who suffered from mental depression. Gruff, often highly critical of his children as a way to encourage their improvement in school grades and behavior, he taught Hillary the habits of hard work and study and that one had to earn success. Extremely thrifty, he also taught his children to never waste even the smallest amount of anything from food to toothpaste.Mother:Dorothy Howell Rodham at the time of her 1942 marriage. (WJCPL)Dorothy Emma Howell Rodham, born June 4, 1919, Chicago, Illinois; married to Hugh Rodham, 1942; died November 1, 2011.Beyond what might be considered a traditional closeness with her mother, Hillary Clinton has described Dorothy Rodham as a crucial figure in life, not just a mentor and role model but one who had a story that sparked part of her lifelong mission on behalf of children's rights and protection.Were it not for the care, direction and attention from a neighborhood woman who Dorothy worked for as a "mother's helper," it is unlikely the young girl would have developed a sense of her own potential. Poised to begin college in California, her mother contacted her, asking her to return to Chicago, where she had remarried, promising to pay for her education. When Dorothy returned, however, she discovered that her mother intended to have her work for free as a housekeeper and would not underwrite her higher education as promised.In California, she also witnessed the effect of racial bigotry on her fellow students who were Japanese-American. It left her with a rigorous sense of justice and recognition of how many children experienced disadvantage and discrimination from birth. She taught Hillary and her sons that they were no less or more important than any other human beings.Although denied the chance for a college education, Dorothy would take many college courses during her adulthood. She also read voraciously as a way of teaching herself about the larger world.The impact of her mother's early life proved to be of enormous influence on young Hillary Rodham's perception of parenting and childcare.As a mother, Dorothy inculcated her daughter and sons to never permit others to bully them and to defend themselves. She also passed on her belief that gender was no barrier to any potential endeavor, and that it was right to expect, and fight for equal treatment as a right.Dorothy Rodham with her daughter Hillary. (New York Times)Hillary Rodham as a toddler in Chicago. (WJCPL)Ancestry:Welsh, French, Scottish, Native American, English; Hillary Clinton's paternal grandfather Hugh Rodham was born in 1879 in Northumberland, England and immigrated to Pennsylvania to work at the Scranton Lace Company.Her maternal great-grandparents, the Howells, were immigrants from England and settled in California.Her maternal grandmother, Della Murray migrated from Canada to Illinois and married secondly to Max Rosenberg who was born in Russia in 1901.Birth Order:Hillary Rodham as a young girl. (WJCPL)Eldest of three; two brothers, Hugh E. Rodham, Jr. (born 1950) and Anthony Rodham (born 1954)Physical Appearance:5' 6", blonde hair, blue eyesReligious Affiliation:Methodist. In being raised within the original tenets of Methodism as preached by its founder, John Wesley, Hillary Clinton's faith inculcated her with a sense of duty towards not just those in need in her community but also those in the world at large. She was baptized in the parish of her paternal ancestors, the Court Street Methodist Church in Scranton, Pennsylvania.Hillary Clinton with her influential youth minister Don Jones. (NPR)In 1961, her First United Methodist Church of Park Ridge's youth group was led by a new youth minister, Don Jones, who introduced the students to the "University of Life," that encouraged them into social action as a way of enacting the Methodist ideology. Jones would lead the group outside the comfort zone of their middle-class, white suburban neighborhood into areas of need and where they found ways to volunteer in community service. Discussions on matters of racial equality and social justice permanently altered her consciousness about the larger world and the problems within it.Hillary Rodham's childhood home, Park Ridge, Illinois. (politicalstew.com - Index page)Education:Eugene Field Elementary School, Park Ridge, Illinois, 1953-1957.In grade school, Hillary Rodham was an eager student lucky to have attentive and imaginative teachers, and she wrote an autobiography and co-wrote and produced a play about an imaginary trip to Europe. She also won her first "election" in these years, as a co-captain of the safety patrol.Ralph Waldo Emerson Middle School, Park Ridge, Illinois, 1957-1961Maine Township High School, East and South, Park Ridge, 1961-1965Hillary Rodham on high school student council. (WJCPL)In high school, Hillary Rodham was as immersed as her peers in popular culture, heading up a fan club for the singer Fabian, crushing on one of the Beatles and attending a Rolling Stones concert.She also succeeded academically, becoming a National Honor Society member, joining a debating society, and being elected to student council and as the junior class vice president. She later reflected on how influential Paul Carlson, her ninth-grade history teacher had been on her thinking about individualism and the rights of each person to determine their own fate, in the context of that era's anti-communism that was a large part of the agenda of the conservative wing of the Republican Party.Second from left, Hillary Rodham making her first television appearance on a local Chicago station, with her high school "Cultural Values Committee." (WJCPL)As part of an effort to create greater understanding among divisive sub-groups within her high school, she was asked by the principal to serve on a "Cultural Values Committee." The group's efforts to find common bonds among the disparate student body was her first recognition of what she would come to identity as the crucial "American value" of "pluralism," the idea that however different the details of their acculturation, all Americans were united by a set of values, most important among them being "mutual respect and understanding." Her work on the committee led to her first appearance on television to discuss their work.Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, 1965-1969Hillary Rodham delivering her famous speech at Wellesley College graduation. (www.wbeegood.com)As Senior Class president, Hillary Clinton became the first student speaker at graduation, addressing the audience of faculty, graduates, their families, and guests in a speech that made national news. Here is an audio recording of that speech:Yale Law School, New Haven, Connecticut, 1969-1972Hillary Rodham in 1969. (Rex Features)At law school, Hillary Rodham was a member of the board of editors of the Yale Review of Law and Social Action, and graduated with honors.Yale Child Study Center, 1973-1974Upon graduating from law school, Hillary Rodham took a post-graduate year of study on children, exploring issues of early childhood development, child abuse, and medical-related matters. She also worked as a research assistant to the center's director, Dr. Al Solnit and one of her professors Joe Goldstein for their book, co-authored with Anna Freud, entitled Beyond the Best Interests of the Child.Occupation before Marriage:At the age of three years old, Hillary moved with her parents from their downtown Chicago apartment to a home in the booming, postwar suburb of Park Ridge. She was an active child, joining the Brownies and Girl Scouts, a girl's baseball team, and was often out biking, swimming and skating.Hillary Rodham with other children who raised funds for a local United Way campaign, presenting their earnings. (WJCPL)Even as a young girl, much of the diligence she would show later in her professional life were in evidence. In 1959, she organized backyard carnivals, sport competitions and gaming contests to raise money to raise funds, by nickels and dimes, on behalf of a local United Way campaign. It led to her first bit of publicity, appearing in a local newspaper photograph with other children handing over a paper bag of the money they raised. Hillary Rodham also worked as a babysitter both after school and during her vacation breaks, sometimes watching the children of migrant Mexicans brought to the Chicago area for itinerant work.Hillary Rodham as a "Goldwater Girl" in high school.(WJCPL)Ambitious at one point to become an astronaut, she wrote to NASA and received a response that stunned her when she was informed that women were not accepted for the astronaut program.Influenced by her father's strong loyalty to the Republican Party, Hillary Rodham was active in a young Republican group. She actively campaigned for Republican presidential candidate Barry Goldwater in 1964. Also influenced by her mother, who was a Democratic, she was inspired to work in some form of public service after hearing a speech in Chicago by Reverend Martin Luther King.In the summer of 1968, she was accepted into the Wellesley Internship Program in Washington, for nine weeks, assigned to work as an intern for the House Republican Conference. In that capacity, she was directly led by the future US President Gerald Ford, then serving as House Minority Leader, as well as congressmen Melvin Laird of Michigan and Charles Goodell of New York.Hillary Rodham as a congressional intern with future president Gerald Ford. (WJCPL)She was then invited by Goodell to continue working as an intern on behalf of New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller's last-minute presidential bid at the 1968 Republican National Convention in Miami, Florida. She attended the convention and watched as Richard Nixon was nominated for the presidency by his party.In her senior year, she researched and wrote a thesis on Chicago community organizer Saul Alinsky. Although she agreed with his premise that the disadvantaged of society had to be empowered to help themselves, she did not agree that social change came about best from working outside the establishment but rather from within. Although he offered her a chance to work with him after she graduated, Hillary Rodham decided instead to attend law school and work from within the system.She also worked at various jobs during her summers as a college student. In 1969, for example, she spent the summer washing dishes at a Denali National Park restaurant and sliming and boxing salmons in a canning factory in Valdez, Alaska fish factory.In 1970, she secured a grant and first went to work for what would become the Children's Defense Fund. Part of her research work that summer involved the concurrent Senate hearings held by Senator Walter Mondale's (Minnesota Democrat) subcommittee on migrant workers, researching migrant problems in housing, sanitation, health and education. Upon her return to Yale Law School, Miss Rodham determined to commit her focus to studying the law and how it affected children.Hillary Rodham and Bill Clinton at the time they were dating. (WJCPL)On the final day of her law classes in the spring of 1971, she met fellow law student Bill Clinton from Arkansas and had their first date by going to the Yale Art Gallery to see a Mark Rothko exhibit. In the summer of 1971, Hillary Rodham worked as a clerk at the small law form Treuhaft, Walker and Burnstein in Oakland, California. Bill Clinton, already declaring his love for her, followed Hillary Rodham and they lived in Berkeley, near the University of California campus.Upon graduation from law school, she served as staff attorney for the Children's Defense Fund in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In the summer of 1972, however, she joined Bill Clinton, living in a series of western states working for the Democratic presidential candidate George McGovern's campaign.In 1973 and 1974, while simultaneously working at the New Haven Legal Services during her post-graduate year at the Yale Child Study Center, she became exposed to severe cases of child neglect and abuse. The convergence of this work led her to help draft the legal process that the medical staff of the Yale-New Haven Hospital would use in dealing with cases where child abuse was suspected.Hillary Rodham as a member of the House Judiciary Committee's Watergate staff. (CNN)Hillary Rodham's first published scholarly article, "Children Under the Law" was published in the Harvard Educational Review in 1974. The article explored the sensitive issues involving to what degree judicial and legal powers should intervene in cases of child abuse and neglect.In the spring of 1974, she returned to Washington as a member of the presidential impeachment inquiry staff advising the Judiciary Committee of the House of Representatives during the Watergate Scandal. With Nixon's resignation in August of that year, the need for the continued work ceased.Marriage:Bill and Hillary Clinton on their wedding day. (WJCPL)27 years old, married 1975, October 11, Fayetteville, Arkansas to William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born August 19, 1946, Hope, Arkansas), professor of law.Although her education, legal and professional experience led to her being given a number of choices at well-paying and established New York and Washington law firms, she decided to instead "follow my heart" and go to the small-town of Fayetteville, Arkansas where her boyfriend Bill Clinton was working as a law professor at the University of Arkansas Law School. Hillary Rodham also joined the law school faculty there as assistant professor of law.While they were dating, Bill Clinton secretly purchased a small house in Fayetteville that she had noticed and remarked that she had liked. When he proposed marriage to her and she accepted, he revealed that they owned the house. Their modest wedding ceremony and reception were held in their new home.The Clinton home in Fayetteville, now a museum. (Wikipedia)They married and lived here, briefly. Following Bill Clinton's election in 1976 as state attorney general, the couple relocated to the state capital of Little Rock, Arkansas.In 1976, the newly married Hillary Clinton attended that year's Democratic National Convention in New York, which nominated Jimmy Carter as the party's presidential candidate. Carter asked Bill Clinton to head his campaign in Arkansas and asked Hillary Clinton to work as field coordinator in Indiana. After the couple took a two week vacation in Europe, she relocated to Indianapolis to work for Carter's campaign.

Anytime you try to generalize about a party that is as big and diverse as either the Democratic Party or the Republican Party, you'll look like a fool...there are just too many different parts.That said, it was a Republican (Gov. Bobby Jindal) who said "we need to stop being the stupid party." In appealing to some parts of the base or core, the GOP has ended up taking positions that end up having to deny a lot of science or hard statistical data or that are so stubborn, they appear self-defeating:--the teaching of intelligent design and labeling evolution an unproven theory--denying that the planet's climate is changing and that humans are significantly contributing to that change.--arguing that cutting taxes (especially for higher incomes) is an effective way to spur economic growth for all.Not all Republicans believe those positions. But you've got a significant number who do...enough that science teachers in Texas are rejoicing that they can now fully teach evolution in classrooms--why is that even up for debate? Why is Kansas so heavily committed to the teaching of creationism in schools? Given both the world's acceptance of this issue and the scientific agreement, how is it that the GOP really wants to pick a fight on climate change?If you look at voters, the majority in the US believe that climate change is a real problem and that humans are a big factor in it. If you look at scientists, there is very little disagreement on this issue. Among millennials there is a lot of agreement that climate change is happening. Yet among GOP leaders, climate change is still a battle to be fought. Only in the last 2 years have you grudgingly seen some GOP officials or candidates say "yeah, we're seeing climate change...but there's no agreement how bad it is or if humans or a factor and besides we can't really do anything about it, we're just a tiny little country." Irrelevant of what YOU think ought to be done when you see Rubio saying "“Our climate is always changing,” he said, noting that human activity has nothing to do with it and that any efforts to do something about it “will destroy our economy" or Walker being a keynote speaker at a climate denier conference or Trump saying that "climate change is not one of our big problems" than you appear to be a party that ignores science.You also have some talking points/issues within some parts of the GOP that to moderates just seem like "really? you really believe that nonsense?" I'm not referring to instances where parties disagree on politics or someone is dogmatically trying to defend a position or policy. I mean specifically...--Obama was born in Kenya, his short-form and long-form birth certificates are forgeries, he's not a native born US citizen, never eligible to hold office, it's all a giant coverup and conspiracy.--Obama is a muslim. Despite the fact that his former Christian preacher got him in trouble in the 2008 campaign, that we have photos of him and his family attending Christian churches, that he knows a number of Christian hymns without having to look at the hymnal (google "Obama Amazing Grace"), that no-one has video or pictures of him bowing to Mecca, 43% of Republicans say he's muslim.To the rest of the US political spectrum and the rest of the world, those kind of positions (especially when repeatedly brought to the US courts or argued vehemently in public...see the latest Trump rally issue with his supporter), just makes Republicans look really dumb (at best) or like racists (at worst). Again, I'm not arguing all Republicans hold those beliefs or even that they're a test of intelligence--some people just really, really, really hate Obama to the point that they lose objectivity. But to folks who are not avid political junkies, it makes the GOP look really dumb. Case in point: I was speaking on the phone with someone in the UK recently who is a member of their conservative party, had never traveled to the US (though he'd obviously met a lot of Americans), we were just chatting before getting down to business and he said "Joe, what is it with all of this Obama birth nonsense...is there some serious in-breeding in the Republican party?" GOP supporters have no idea how dumb these positions (Obama born in Kenya, Obama a muslim) make them look to others.And then you have a number of positions popular with the GOP base that (correctly or not) just seem so counter-intuitive to millennials (that gays shouldn't be allowed to marry, that we're now in a post discrimination age, that we're going to deport all illegals and their families in a major government initiative) that seem dumb (even if they're not driven by science) to most millennials regardless of their political orientation. And for real political junkies, when you sit down and read about how off-base literally the entire GOP was in the 2012 election about polls (writing off Nate Silver, believing their own polls, how Romney was convinced he was going to win right up to election night and how stunned he was with the results, how Fox News was flabbergasted by the results and convinced the reports must be wrong, how Obama's Narwhal performed vs. Romney's Orca)....the GOP (unfairly) ends up looking like a bunch of luddites who look at a smart phone and go "ewww....I just want a phone that takes calls!" Again, it's unfair but it's symbolic.Finally, the GOP has politically embraced positions that are are against well-educated people and hate education Let me explain...think of all the times when the GOP has talked about "pointy-head intellectuals" or the "elites" or the attacks on schools. Many GOP governors have proposed major cuts for Universities (see: Jindal, Walker). The GOP has (in many venues) sought to argue that they're the party of the working stiffs in blue collar positions who sweat and the Democrats are the party of the college-educated elites swilling wine and driving volvos (rather than pickup trucks) who have fancy degrees from big schools. Yes, it's a stereotype but it's one that the GOP has really pushed: Why Is the GOP Suddenly Turning Against College? and Page on usnews.com and Page on nytimes.com For instance, Rick Santorum accused Obama of being a snob b/c he was arguing that it's critical that people go to at least community college--that a HS diploma is no longer sufficient for most good jobs. Or the campaign against Elizabeth Warren by arguing that she was a law professor who taught at a University (as if that is a badge of shame). When as a party you do stuff like this and take positions like this, it sounds like you're defending "stupid" and arguing against education.I think if you sat down and measured IQ and then averaged it by supporters, it would probably end up equal for both parties. Each party has some groups (and supporters) that probably range more to one end of the spectrum (well educated or less educated). The GOP has (as one of its' core group of supporters) rural whites and whites without college degrees. But it also has a lot of finance managers (folks with MBA's from top ten schools) with generally high IQs. The Democrats tend to have more women as supporters (and women are more likely to be college educated than men in the US) and college professors. So in terms of an average IQ, I think it's all a wash honestly. But the reference to "dumb party" or "stupid party" is really more about politics and political stands than it is actual IQ. And right now, the GOP is stuck with a perception (fair or not) that they're anti-education, ignore statistical data, and trash evolution. And that ends up creating a very negative stereotype of GOP supporters and especially the party.