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Use of the FACS CredentialThe FACS credential exists to foster the professional growth and development of surgeons, promote high standards and best practices in surgical care, and establish and maintain patients’ confidence in the ability and integrity of their surgeon. Conferred on surgeons who meet specific academic and practice requirements, the FACS credential can only be used by Fellows in good standing with the American College of Surgeons (ACS). The FACS credential is not an honor that should be discarded lightly; members are expected to engage in ACS activities and remain financially current with their membership dues in order to continue to use the designation. Once membership lapses, a surgeon is no longer legally allowed to display FACS after their name and medical degree in any context. The designation is the exclusive intellectual property of the ACS. Misuse of the FACS designation by nonmembers is pursued by the ACS.United States and CanadaThe American College of Surgeons admits to its Fellowship only those surgeons whose professional activity is devoted to surgical practice and who agree without compromise to practice by the professional and ethical standards of the College.The standards of practice established and demanded by the American College of Surgeons are contained in the Fellowship Pledge, Statements on Principles, and the Code of Conduct. All Fellows of the College and applicants for Fellowship are expected to adhere to these standards.Surgeons voluntarily submit applications for Fellowship. In so doing, they are inviting an evaluation of their practice by their peers.In evaluating the eligibility of applicants for Fellowship, the College investigates each applicant's surgical practice. Applicants for Fellowship are required to provide to the appointed committees of the College all information deemed necessary for the review and evaluation of their surgical practice.Attainment of board certification in the appropriate surgical specialty does not, in and of itself, entitle a surgeon to Fellowship.Fellowship RequirementsThe College has designated December 1 of each year as the final date for acceptance of these applications. The completed applications (new or continuing) must be on file in the Division of Member Services in Chicago by this date. Only completed applications from surgeons who fulfill the following requirements will be considered for entry into Fellowship in October of the following year.Applicants for Fellowship in the American College of Surgeons are required to have the following qualifications:Graduation from a medical school acceptable to the American College of SurgeonsCertification which is appropriate to the applicant's specialty practice by an American Surgical Specialty Board which is a member of the American Board of Medical Specialties, or an American Osteopathic Surgical Specialty Board, or an appropriate specialty certification by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada.A full and unrestricted license to practice medicine in the respective state or province with no reportable action pending which could adversely affect the status of that licensure.One year of surgical practice after the completion of all formal training is required.A current appointment on the surgical staff of the applicant's primary hospital with no reportable action pending that could adversely affect staff privileges at that or any other health care facility.A current surgical practice that establishes the applicant as a specialist in surgery. All applicants are expected to be physicians who have primary independent responsibility for the surgical treatment of patients.Ethical fitness as well as professional proficiency. This determination is based upon information obtained from Fellows who were consulted as references and from other sources.Interest in pursuing professional excellence both as an individual surgeon and a member of the surgical community. Such interest may be evidenced by membership in local, regional, and national surgical societies; participation in teaching programs and on hospital committees; continuing medical education through attendance at professional meetings, courses, and seminars.The Member Services Liaison Committee determines whether the requirements for Fellowship are satisfied and may, at its discretion; defer any application until such requirements are met.The Board of Regents makes the final decision regarding the applicant's eligibility for Fellowship.The Board of Regents may, at any time, modify the requirements for Fellowship.Process of Applying for FellowshipAll properly submitted and accepted applications for Fellowship are evaluated on a one-year cycle. The closing date for receiving completed applications is December 1 of each year.Surgeons who fulfill all of the requirements may submit an online application for Fellowship.A completed online application is required from each applicant. In addition to providing information regarding their surgical training and practice, applicants are requested to:Abide by the bylaws, rules and regulations of the College and the Fellowship PledgeAccept an Authorization to Release Information for hospital, medical organization, and others to release information deemed by the College to be material to its evaluation of the applicant.Furnish as references the names of five Fellows of the College who can provide an evaluation based on their actual knowledge of your surgical practice. The applicant is to obtain verbal assurance from these Fellows of their willingness to serve as references.Each Fellow named as a reference will be asked by the College to complete a form about the applicant's qualifications as a surgeon, as well as the applicant's professional and ethical standing in the community. The chief of surgery at each applicant's designated primary hospital(s) will be requested to provide a letter of reference. The College may also consult others.Applicants are expected to compile and submit the most recent twelve-month summary listing of all surgical procedures they have performed after completion of all formal training. The appropriate forms and instructions will be provided. This surgical list is intended to serve as an index to the volume, variety, and character of an applicant's surgical experience.Applicants may be requested to present detailed case reports and related information as additional evidence of their professional proficiency.Evaluation of Applications for FellowshipThe evaluation of an applicant for Fellowship is based on information relating to the applicant's surgical judgment and experience, professional competence, ethical conduct, and professional standing in the local community. Such information is obtained from appointed College committees, references named by the applicant, and others.The College Credentials Division reviews each application for completeness and prepares a summary of the biographical information and other pertinent information for applicant review and evaluation by the appointed Committee on Applicants.The Committee on Applicants interviews each applicant and reports its findings regarding the applicant's eligibility for Fellowship to the Credential Division.The College Credentials Division appraises information and recommendations from all sources relating to Fellowship applications and make recommendations to the Board of Regents. The Applicant Review Committee (ARC) evaluates unusual practice situations to determine if the requirements for Fellowship have been met and recommends an action to the Board of Regents.After review and evaluation of all information, the Board of Regents makes one of three decisions:Approved for Fellowship—In order to attain Fellowship, each applicant must receive the approval of three-fourths of the Board of Regents. Postponed (for one or two years)—an applicant's postponement is not considered a denial of the application. It is designed to give the applicant an opportunity to acquire further knowledge or additional experience or to develop professionally. It also provides the College with an additional period for observation, investigation, and further evaluation of the applicant's eligibility for Fellowship.Denial of ApplicationFollowing a denial of an application, the applicant may submit a new application after a waiting period of three years.Applicants who have received a denial of their application may request an appeal. To initiate an appeal, the applicant must submit a written request to the Director of the Division of Member Services. Appeals are heard under the direction of the Board of Regents.The Board of Regents may reverse a denial of an application at its discretion. However, the final decision of the Board of Regents, following an appeal, is binding.No action is taken when an application is determined by the College's Division of Member Services to be incomplete. Incomplete applications are deferred for consideration to the following year.Successful applicants (Initiates) are admitted into Fellowship during the Convocation Ceremony at the College's Clinical Congress in October of each year. Fellowship is conferred by the President of the College.Initiates are notified by email of their acceptance prior to August 1. Between the date of the acceptance notification letter and the Convocation, Initiates must notify the Division of Member Services of any changes in their location, practice situation, type of practice or hospital privileges since such changes may affect their admission into Fellowship.The College provides information concerning the status of an application for Fellowship only to the applicant or those individuals involved in the College's evaluation of the application.The regulations for admission into Fellowship have been formulated by the Board of Regents and apply uniformly to all applicants. No other means of admission is available.FeesApplication FeeThe fee must accompany every application for Fellowship and is paid at the time the application is submitted. The fee covers a portion of the cost of reviewing and processing the application and is not refundable. No application will be processed without the fee.Initiate FeeA statement for the Initiate Fee is sent to the applicants who are notified of their Initiate status. If this fee is not received at the College by September 1 of the appropriate year, the Initiate will not be awarded Fellowship in the College.Annual DuesUpon the recommendation of the Board of Governors, the Board of Regents determines the amount of annual dues.Fellowship PledgeRecognizing that the American College of Surgeons seeks to exemplify and develop the highest traditions of our ancient profession, I hereby pledge myself, as a condition of Fellowship in the College, to live in strict accordance with the College's principles and regulations.I pledge to pursue the practice of surgery with honesty and to place the welfare and the rights of my patient above all else. I promise to deal with each patient as I would wish to be dealt with if I were in the patient's position, and I will respect the patient's autonomy and individuality.I further pledge to affirm and support the social contact of the surgical profession with my community and society.I will take no part in any arrangement or improper financial dealings that induce referral, treatment, or withholding of treatment for reasons other than the patient's welfare.Upon my honor, I declare that I will advance my knowledge and skills, will respect my colleagues, and will seek their counsel when in doubt about my own abilities. In turn, I will willingly help my colleagues when requested.I recognize the interdependency of all health care professionals and will treat each with respect and consideration.Finally, by my Fellowship in the American College of Surgeons, I solemnly pledge to abide by the Code of Professional Conduct and to cooperate in advancing the art and science of surgery.Code of Professional ConductAs Fellows of the American College of Surgeons, we treasure the trust that our patients have placed in us, because trust is integral to the practice of surgery. During the continuum of pre-, intra-, and postoperative care, we accept responsibilities to:Serve as effective advocates of our patients' needs.Disclose therapeutic options, including their risks and benefits.Disclose and resolve any conflict of interest that might influence decisions regarding care.Be sensitive and respectful of patients, understanding their vulnerability during the perioperative period.Fully disclose adverse events and medical errors.Acknowledge patients' psychological, social, cultural, and spiritual needs.Encompass within our surgical care the special needs of terminally ill patients.Acknowledge and support the needs of patients' families.Respect the knowledge, dignity, and perspective of other health care professionals.Our profession is also accountable to our communities and to society. In return for their trust, as Fellows of the American College of Surgeons, we accept responsibilities to:Provide the highest quality surgical care.Abide by the values of honesty, confidentiality, and altruism.Participate in lifelong learning.Maintain competence throughout our surgical careers.Participate in self-regulation by setting, maintaining, and enforcing practice standards.Improve care by evaluating its processes and outcomes.Inform the public about subjects within our expertise.Advocate strategies to improve individual and public health by communicating with government, health care organizations, and industry.Work with society to establish just, effective, and efficient distribution of health care resources.Provide necessary surgical care without regard to gender, race, disability, religion, social status, or ability to pay.Participate in educational programs addressing professionalism.As surgeons, we acknowledge that we relate to our patients when they are most vulnerable. Their trust and the privileges we enjoy depend on our individual and collective participation in efforts that promote the good of both our patients and society. As Fellows of the American College of Surgeons, we commit ourselves and the College to the ideals of professionalism.Source: www.facs.org

Entry-Level Financial JobsFinance can be a fiercely competitive field to break into. After all, it’s a famously high-paying industry known to pay six or seven figures in salaries and bonuses for those at the top. And even those on the bottom rung can expect to start out at a strong wage compared to other fields.You may not walk into your dream job right away, but the good news is that finance is a vast industry, so once you’re in, there’s plenty of room to evolve, move around, and find your niche. First, however, you have to get your foot in the (entry level) door.Finance-sector jobs pay much higher than the median salary, even at the entry level.The Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that finance sector jobs will increase by 11% by the year 2026, higher than the average occupation.You don’t need an Ivy League background to get in on the finance action, but an undergraduate degree is required at the very least, and economics- or math-oriented majors are preferable.The hottest entry-level jobs include analysts, tax associates, auditors, and financial advisors.Education RequirementsIt is often preferable to have several years of financial or business work experience before acquiring an MBA.However, an undergraduate degree is required for a position at almost any reputable financial institution nowadays. While companies claim they hire MAJOR OF ALL TYPES, ideally, your academic background should demonstrate your ability to understand and work with numbers. That means disciplines such as economics, applied mathematics, accounting, business, and computer sciences. Interestingly, the NACE study found that breaking down financial-sector salaries by major, those concentrating on engineering and computer sciences scored the highest compensation, those in sales and communication the lowest. If your primary major is in a different field, try to minor in something finance-related.Continuing Financial EducationIf you've already graduated, continuing education is another great way to boost your financial IQ and demonstrate your commitment to a financial-sector career. Finance-specific credentials such as the chartered financial analyst (CFA), certified public accountant (CPA), or certified financial planner (CFP®) designations can all help your job prospects, depending on the particular facet of finance you are targeting.In the U.S., professionals who plan to deal with investments and financial must pass a series of licensing exams. In the past, you had to be sponsored by a financial institution to even take one of these tests. However, in 2018 the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) finalized the new Securities Industry Essentials Program (SIE), which can be taken without sponsorship.Financial AnalystFinancial analysts work for investment companies, insurance companies, consulting firms, and other corporate entities. Responsible for consolidating and analyzing budgets and income statement projections, they prepare reports, conduct business studies, and develop forecast models. Financial analysts research economic conditions, industry trends, and company fundamentals. They also often recommend a course of action about investments, reducing costs, and improving financial performance.Along with a B.A. in finance, accounting, or economics, you should have strong IT skills for this role.The BLS estimated that there were about 329,500 financial analyst jobs in the American economy in 2018 and projected a faster-than-average growth rate of 6% through 2028 for them. Financial analysts earned a median salary of $85,660 in 2018.9Investment Banking AnalystInvestment banking is one of the most prestigious areas of the financial sector; professionals within it assist individuals, corporations, venture capital firms, and even governments with their requirements related to capital. Investment banks underwrite new debt and equities for all types of corporations, aid in the sale of securities, take companies public, and help to facilitate mergers and acquisitions, reorganizations, and broker trades for both institutions and private investors.An analyst is usually the entry-level role at an investment bank, hedge fund, or venture capital firm. The most common duties include producing deal-related materials, performing industry research and financial analyses of corporate performance, and collecting materials for due diligence. Recommendations based on your interpretation of financial data often play a role in determining whether or not certain activities or deals are feasible.The average investment banking analyst starting salary is $69,613 in March 2020, according to PayScale, a compensation-analysis site. Candidates have B.A.s in economics, finance, or management, though this is one job where an M.A. in these areas helps too.10Junior Tax Associate/AccountantSome financial services remain in constant demand, especially those that are associated with taxation—the need to comply with changing IRS regulations as well as local and state laws. These professionals implement measures and develop policies for dealing with various areas relating to taxes, including calculating and estimating payments, doing research, reviewing internal fiscal systems, preparing returns and other tax-related documents, and working with auditors. The duties may sound arcane, but tax-related jobs can often lead to corporate positions like the controller (also known as a comptroller), accounting manager, budget director, and even treasurer or chief financial officer.For this sort of work, you'd need a bachelor's degree in accounting (or at least accounting skills), and eventually—if you want to advance—a CPA license, though companies often offer the opportunity to obtain one while on the job.With this in mind, the role of a junior tax associate is ideal for college graduates who are looking to develop valuable work experience in the financial sector. According to the BLS, the annual median salary is $54,400 in 2018, but this field might see a 2% decline in jobs by 2028.11Financial AuditorThe role of the financial auditor is a particularly relevant one today. In the decade since the 2007–09 financial crisis and global recession, governments and regulatory agencies have imposed more stringent operational requirements and compliance standards on businesses, financial transactions, and investment practices. As a result, companies have had to become more diligent in their self-policing and reporting practices.Auditors' work somewhat overlaps with that of accountants, but their mandate is broader: They conduct risk assessments and are responsible for keeping the company from breaching regulations. As an auditor, you review companies' financial statements and ensure that their public records are kept accurately and in compliance with existing legislation. You check not just the books, but overall business practices and procedures as well, suggesting ways to reduce costs, enhance revenues, and improve profits.The profession offers an annual median salary of $70,500 according to the BLS and is projected to increase at 6% by 2028.12 Along with accounting or internal auditing, auditors often hold degrees in economics or corporate finance. To improve your prospects, you should also consider completing an advanced degree course in accounting.This is another field where a CPA license will eventually be necessary. Another valuable credential is that of certified internal auditor (CIA), which is recognized internationally.Personal Financial AdvisorPersonal financial advisors evaluate the monetary needs of individuals and help them with decisions on investing, budgeting, and saving. Advisors help clients strategize for short- and long-term financial goals, from tax planning to retirement planning to estate planning. Many advisors provide tax services or sell insurance in addition to providing financial counsel; they might offer financial products such as mutual funds or even directly manage investments, or serve as a liaison between the individual and an assets manager

Software engineering is a field that is vitally important to computer technology as a whole. Without the software to run the computer hardware, that hardware is simply a clump of plastic, silicon and metal – perhaps useful as an overpriced paperweight.In the strictest sense, software engineering is the application of engineering principles to the design, development and implementation of software. Because software engineering is such as a unique, scientific and technically-driven field, special training and formal degrees are required. By getting a degree in software engineering, graduates can work in any number of fields creating video games, developing internet applications, running computer networks or implementing computer security measures for an organization. Find out more about software engineering degrees and careers, and learn about salaries and employment projections for this specialized field.WHAT DOES A SOFTWARE ENGINEER DO?SOFTWARE ENGINEERING BASICSCombining business sense with programming know-how, software engineers devise software application solutions for business problems. Software engineers work with different platforms, such as the Internet, mobile devices, and desktop computers.SOFTWARE ENGINEERING IN-DEPTHThe practice of software engineering blends engineering, computing, project management, and software development. Software engineers manage a comprehensive list of critical functions across broad knowledge areas, such as Web and mobile applications, embedded systems, networking, data, security and systems administration. These critical functions span the entire development process, which often includes business needs and use analysis, design and development, implementation, quality assurance testing, and product release.As a profession, software engineering has two central specializations: software/systems development and applications development. Applications developers review the needs of a user to design and code computer applications for different platforms, such as Web, social media, and mobile. Software/systems engineers, on the other hand, use programming languages and frameworks to design and create systems that keep technology functioning correctly.SOFTWARE ENGINEER SALARIESThe market demand for qualified software engineers has created an arms race for the top talent. Salary research from ComputerWorld, the Bureau of Labor Statistics and Robert Half International all reveal the same thing: Companies are willing to pay a premium to acquire top talent, with some annual salaries pushing northward of six figures. ComputerWorld’s 2015 IT salary survey reported average salaries of nearly $109,000 for software engineers, while Robert Half reported earnings that range from $96,000 to $147,000. The financial climate is good for individuals considering a career in the field — Robert Half projects salaries will climb by 6.6 percent in 2016.TOP CAREER IN SOFTWARE ENGINEERINGMEDIAN SALARYSoftware Engineer, Application$95,510Software Engineer, Software$102,880Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational and Wage Estimates, 2014STEPS TO BECOMING A SOFTWARE ENGINEERSoftware engineering is an ever-changing profession, one that adapts as new technologies are developed. Because of its shifting nature, there are multiple entry points into the profession. Although no single path to becoming a software engineer exists, the steps below outline the general path to employment.1GET AN EDUCATIONCompleting a formal education is the first step toward becoming a software engineer. Prospective students can select from both traditional and nontraditional training programs to gain the education necessary to pursue entry-level positions. Some options include:ASSOCIATE DEGREE (TWO YEARS).Although employers typically prefer candidates with a four-year degree, an associate degree can open the door to entry-level jobs in the field. Students may choose to pursue majors in several related areas, such as software engineering technology or software systems engineering. Curriculum focuses on the core principles of software engineering, programming languages, and modern approaches to software development.BACHELOR’S DEGREE (FOUR YEARS).A bachelor’s degree in computer science, or a related field, is the traditional minimum degree preferred by employers. Bachelor’s degree programs expose students to a broader curriculum, one that provides a foundation in mathematics and computer science. Students develop a comprehensive understanding of programming, software architecture, and software testing. They may also take specialized courses in application areas, such as networking or embedded systems.CODING BOOTCAMP (8 TO 12 WEEKS).Coding bootcamps are a relatively new educational path for aspiring software engineers or developers. These programs typically last between eight and 12 weeks and place students into a hands-on, immersive learning environment. Upon graduation, students should be ready for entry-level careers as software engineers or developers.2DO AN INTERNSHIPCompleting an internship provides students with real world experience. Technology companies may offer internships for students with a bachelor’s or master’s degree who are seeking to expand their skills in specific areas, such as Java, XML or SQL. Internships typically last between three and six months and allow students to work on specific projects or products related to their skills.3PURSUE A SPECIALIZATIONGenerally speaking, there are two specializations within software engineering: applications and software/systems development. However, distinct areas of practice exist within each of these areas. Software engineers may choose to become experts in a single programming language or type of development. Below is a list of example specialty areas to consider:Web developmentDevOpsMobile developmentTechnical stack (e.g., Python, Ruby)4PURSUE ENTRY-LEVEL CAREER OPPORTUNITIESAfter earning a computer science or related degree or completing a bootcamp program, the next step is to seek out entry-level employment. Because of the demand, software engineering has been rated one of the best entry-level careers available, according to Forbes. Although the dream job may be at Google, prospective software engineers can start with a small, local job hunt because, in the profession, experience is a critical commodity for career advancement.5GET CERTIFIEDAlthough some certifications have lost their luster, they remain an integral part of the tech industry. Software engineering is precise and technical, and gaining certification verifies an applicant’s knowledge and abilities. Along with experience, certification can improve a person’s marketability in an increasingly competitive marketplace. Certifications are available from technology vendors (e.g., Microsoft, Cisco and Oracle) as well as professional organizations (e.g., IEEE) and are tailored to specific areas of practice.6ATTEND CONFERENCESInnovation drives change. That means software engineers need to stay abreast of the latest developments in both the general profession and their specialty. Attending conferences is a great way to network with other engineers and learn about new products, business practices, and technologies. Popular conferences for software engineers include the International Conference on Software Engineering and the International Conference on Automated Software Engineering.7EARN A GRADUATE DEGREEA graduate degree offers the opportunity to qualify for management and leadership positions in the industry. In addition, there is more to engineering than just programming. Software engineering calls upon interdisciplinary skills such as critical thinking, cost analysis and project management — skills that can be enhanced in a master’s program in computer science, computer engineering, information science or software engineering.SOFTWARE ENGINEERING DEGREES & CONCENTRATIONSMATCHING GOALS TO SOFTWARE ENGINEERING DEGREESCareer Goals and Educational NeedsAssociateBachelor’sMaster’sDoctorateOnlineI am already working in the computer technology field, but I want to advance my career. Perhaps I could take on more responsibility by managing large software development projects or eventually working my way into a management position.I have no educational background in computer technology or computer science, but I’m pretty sure I want to become a software engineer and begin working in the field as soon as possible.I think I want to study software engineering, but I’m not 100% sure. I’d hate to waste four years and tons of money on a bachelor’s degree on something I may not end up enjoying. I’d love it if there’s a way I can get exposure to the fundamental software engineering classes without committing to four years of schooling.I have an extensive software engineering background, having worked in the private sector for many years. My experience has given me many ideas I would like to explore and research. Also, I may want to try my hand at teaching.I want to get work as a software engineer, but I can’t afford to move to attend school, nor do I have the time to attend on campus classes during the day. Additionally, I enjoy self-paced learning so I can speed through the stuff I understand, but take my time with more challenging material.SOFTWARE ENGINEERING DEGREE LEVELSFor those interested in a software engineering degree, there are many options to choose from on both the graduate and undergraduate levels. Depending on prior work and educational background, as well as professional aspirations, one degree will probably make more sense than the other. Let’s take a look at the software engineering degrees available.Software Engineering Associate DegreesAn associate degree in software engineering takes about two years to complete. The associate degree can be a useful way for students who want a degree to take on an entry level software engineering position without spending the time and money getting a four-year degree. As an added bonus, some associate degrees can serve as stepping stones to getting a bachelor’s degree later on.Classes typically found in software engineering associate degree programs include:DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMSThis course covers how database management systems work, as well as how to design, create and implement systems within an organization to meet their specific needs.Skills GainedGaining familiarity in commonly used database management systemsLearning the principles of relational, hierarchical and object-oriented databasesUnderstanding the current trends in data management, such as data mining and business analyticsWEB APPLICATION DEVELOPMENTThe architectural design of web applications, as well as programming languages and technologies to help build web applications, are reviewed in this class.Skills GainedDesigning a web applicationImplementation and testing client and server solutionsLearning user-interface principlesOPERATING SYSTEMSFoundational concepts, as well as fundamental principles of operating system design and operation, are examined in this class.Skills GainedCommonly used operating system programming languagesComputer architecture design considerationsFile management techniquesNETWORKINGTeaches students the basic principles of networks, and the role software plays in their functionality and application.Skills GainedNetwork security protocolsTypes of networksNetwork design considerationsSoftware Engineering Bachelor’s DegreesFor students fresh out of high school (or shifting over from another career) who want to maximize their professional potential in software engineering and give themselves the best chance of finding ideal post-graduate employment, the bachelor’s in software engineering is worth pursuing. In fact, most entry-level software engineering positions will require this four-year degree. Some more advanced positions may require a master’s degree in software engineering. In that case, a bachelor’s degree could be a prerequisite to admission.Four of the typical classes that can be found at most software engineering bachelor’s degree programs are described below:OBJECT-ORIENTED SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENTStudents will take an advanced programming language in order to solve common computer problems and tasks.Skills GainedComputer programming expressionsUnderstanding how fields and methods workProgramming logicCOMPUTER SECURITYStudents receive an overview of computer security. Ethical, legal and practical considerations will also be discussed.Skills GainedDisaster and data loss recoveryUser access methodsFundamentals of cryptographyPROJECT MANAGEMENTTechniques and methods for designing and developing software projects on schedule and on budget should be covered in this class.Skills GainedUnderstanding project lifecyclesProject planningRisk managementUSER INTERFACEBy applying the concepts of human communication methods, students should learn how to create user-friendly software that can communicate with people.Skills GainedUser interface design considerationsTailoring software to human user specificsUsability testingSoftware Engineering Master’s DegreeDepending on the program, a master’s degree in software engineering takes about two years to complete. Many programs are designed for students who are working full-time. The master’s degree not only provides additional knowledge of the software engineering field, but also offers education in management and leadership, so that graduates can take on more complex projects, be able to successfully coordinate those projects and work well with a team.Students who enter a master’s degree program in software engineering can expect to cover classes such as these:MATHEMATICAL MODELINGMathematical modeling Students are introduced to mathematical models, which have applications in understanding and predicting natural phenomenon and human nature.Skills GainedApplying models to real world problemsIdentification of a particular mathematical model for a given situationQuantification of variables and intended resultsSOFTWARE DESIGNSoftware design Students should expect to examine different programming languages and learn how their particular characteristics can be applied to software creation.Skills GainedReinforcement of object-oriented programming principlesCritically analyze existing computer codeTechniques to effectively and efficiently design programsSOFTWARE TESTINGTools and techniques for practical testing of software, as well as analyzing theoretical testing models, are the focus of this class.Skills GainedHow to troubleshootMethods of debuggingAnalyzing and interpreting test resultsSOFTWARE SYSTEM ARCHITECTURECovers the fundamentals of software architecture paradigm and their application to the software development process.Skills GainedIdentify software architectural techniquesAnalysis of software designTools used for software architecture designSoftware Engineering PhD DegreeWhile PhD programs in software engineering do exist, they are far less common than the bachelor’s or master’s degree. Usually taking at least four years to complete, PhD software engineering degrees are often research-oriented, culminating with a dissertation. In addition, students will take focused classes on very specific areas of software engineering, such as robotics, distributed systems, software security and quantitative research methods. A PhD is usually necessary for those who desire a career in research or academia, such as teaching at a college or university.By enrolling in a PhD software engineering program, students can tailor a curriculum that’s unique to them. As such, there are very few similar class schedules among students in the same program. However, the following courses would likely be helpful in the PhD course list:SOFTWARE MODELING AND DESIGNPrinciples for developing large scale software systems.Skills GainedIdentification of design concepts to use when designing softwareFamiliarity with the Unified Modeling LanguageUtilization of advanced object-oriented software architecturesUnderstanding of various design notationECONOMICS OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERINGStudents will be taught how to take profitability and economic considerations into account when designing and managing softwareSkills GainedQuantitative modeling of software lifecycleCost-benefit analysis during software designCommonly used software evaluation metricsSOFTWARE ENGINEERING FOR THE INTERNETPrinciples on how to create useful and effective web-based software and applications are taught in this classSkills GainedFactors that make a useful interactive web applicationClient-server programming methodsUnderstanding middlewareEXPERIMENTATION IN SOFTWARE ENGINEERINGThis course covers how the scientific process can be applied to software engineeringSkills GainedUtilizing the scientific method to conduct empirical studiesApplication of software engineering experimentation techniquesPresent findings in effective and compelling mannerCOMPONENTS OF A SUCCESSFUL SOFTWARE ENGINEERING CAREER: SKILLS, TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGYSKILLSSoftware engineers are expected to have a broad knowledge base and skill set in multiple proficiencies, including both nontechnical and technical areas.Nontechnical Skills.Because software engineers work non-engineers such as with vendors, customers, and other team members, employers value individuals who possess nontechnical skills. A good software engineer should be a:COLLABORATOR.Able to leverage the input of others to devise solutions.TEAM PLAYER.Works effectively in group settings.CREATIVE THINKER.Able to develop new approaches to development.PROBLEM-SOLVER.Understands complex issues and knows how to use technology to solve them.COMMUNICATOR.Can speak in both technical and nontechnical terms to a variety of audiences.Industry-Specific Skills.Software engineering requires a comprehensive technical skill set and knowledge base that ranges from understanding business requirements to testing products. Below is a list of the core software engineering competencies from the National Workforce Center for Emerging Technologies.SKILLDESCRIPTIONSoftware RequirementsThe ability to determine the needs of the software user or objective of the softwareSoftware DesignThe process of planning and developing specifications for software solutionsSoftware ConstructionThe development of software through object-oriented programming (coding), testing and debuggingSoftware TestingThe review of software systems or components prior to product releaseSoftware MaintenanceThe process of modifying software products to make improvements or solve issuesSoftware Configuration ManagementThe tracking and management of software changesSoftware Engineering ManagementThe management of the software development process, from design to product deliverySoftware Engineering ProcessThe methodology applied to software development (e.g., agile methodology, waterfall programming)Software QualityThe ability to create and maintain software that meets its functional requirementsSoftware Engineering EconomicsThe knowledge of software costs, production estimation and current market trendsAccording to Robert Half Technology, computer software engineers who possess valuable technical skills in the following programming, database, and Web areas may see a related increase in earning potential.SKILL AREA% PAY INCREASEJava9%C#8%Java EE/J2EE8%.NET8%PHP8%Web services8%Hadoop7%ASP5%C++5%DCOM/COM/Active X5%Professional certifications in software engineering establish an individual’s qualifications within the field. Certifications demonstrate a conceptual understanding and technical expertise in specific areas of the profession. Software engineers can select from a variety of credentialing programs based on their career needs and professional goals. Below is a snapshot of potential certifications.C++ CERTIFICATION.The C++ Institute has designed multiple certification programs for both the C and C++ programming languages. Advancing in difficulty, there are associate, professional and senior examinations available for each programming language. Associate certifications are foundational in nature, demonstrating the candidate’s basic knowledge of C/C++ programming. Professional certifications are advanced, measuring the candidate’s understanding of complex C/C++ programing techniques. Senior is expert-level certification, testing the candidate’s knowledge of highly complex C/C++ coding problems. Certifications include:C Programming Language Certified Association (CLA)C Certified Professional Programmer (CLP)Certified Senior Programmer (CLS)C++ Certified Associate Programmer (CPA)C++ Certified Professional Programmer (CPP)C++ Certified Senior Programmer (CPS)IEEE PROFESSIONAL SOFTWARE DEVELOPER CERTIFICATION(PSD)Sponsored by the IEEE Computer Society, the Professional Software Developer Certification (PSD) tests the candidate’s knowledge of software engineering requirements, design, construction and testing.IEEE PROFESSIONAL SOFTWARE ENGINEERING PROCESS MASTER CERTIFICATION (PSEPM)The PSEPM measures the candidate’s critical knowledge of software engineering. A two-part examination, the first test covers software requirements, software construction and testing, software design, maintenance and configuration management. The second examination reviews software engineering management, software engineering processes, software models and methods, quality and engineering economics, and software project management.IEEE SOFTWARE ENGINEERING MASTER CERTIFICATION (PSEM)An advanced certification, the PSEM tests the candidate’s knowledge of software engineering principles as well as technical skills through an applied examination. The applied examination places the test taker in the position of a professional developer and requires the completion of two performance tasks, which are reviewed and rated.MICROSOFT CERTIFIED SOLUTIONS DEVELOPER (MCSD)The MCSD certification is designed for professionals working with Microsoft languages and enterprise development tools. The MCSD covers several certification areas, including Windows Store apps, Web applications, SharePoint applications, Azure Solutions Architect, application lifecycle management, and Universal Windows Platform.TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGYSoftware engineers have a multidisciplinary, multifunctional skill set that goes beyond programming languages to incorporate everything from project management to computer science. In turn, they rely on a variety of tools and technologies to leverage their technical talent, for example:Integrated Development Environment.The environment refers to the programming tools and applications used in software development.Microsoft Visual Studio .NETOracle NetbeansEclipseDreamWeaverObject-Oriented Programming Languages.Software engineers use object-oriented programming languages in programming and software application development. Languages often include:PythonC++RubyPHPJavaOperating System SoftwareOperating system software manages both the software and hardware resources of a computing system and is required by application programs to operate. Examples include:WindowsiOSAndroidLinuxProgram Testing Software.Program testing software is used to find bugs and validate applications operate as designed. Examples include:LoadRunnerTestcloudJiraCritiwareWeb Development SoftwareWeb development software is used in the production of websites and applications. Some of the commonly used development software includes:Apache TomcatWebMatrixXamarinCodaCAREER TRENDS IN SOFTWARE ENGINEERINGThe demand for software engineers is driven by the emergence of the information economy and the need for technological solutions for both consumer- and enterprise-based markets. For example, Robert Half Technology reports that healthcare organizations are seeking new software solutions to improve patient care, while financial service organizations are looking for ways to provide more effective technology-driven services to customers. Coupled with these traditional industries, emerging markets — such as big data, mobile computing, and security — are creating new opportunities for software engineers. Finally, because the complex skills of a software engineer translate across any industry, it is a must-have position in nearly every business sector.RELATED CAREERSBelow is a list of related career opportunities that are projected to experience double-digit employment growth between 2012 and 2022, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.Business Information AnalystCombining business knowledge with computing expertise, business information analysts help companies translate business needs into technical solutions. In their role, business information analysts draw upon an analytical skill set to research, plan and manage how information systems and software can be used to solve business problems.Job Growth :19%Web DeveloperWeb developers have a strong command of Internet conventions and Web applications. Using Web technologies and programming languages, such as JavaScript, HTML or AJAX, Web developers write code for websites, integrate backend systems (such as databases with websites) and develop new website features and applications.Job Growth :20%Help Desk Support SpecialistHelp desk support specialists have a comprehensive understanding of software, hardware and networking systems. They provide a variety of technical support to companies and their employees, from resolving hardware problems to managing software program installation to troubleshooting networking issues.Job Growth :20%Computer Systems AnalystsComputer systems analysts use an in-depth knowledge of hardware and software systems to determine how an organization can best utilize those resources to operate effectively. They assist companies in identifying technical infrastructure needs, research the design and installation of computing packages, and prepare cost-benefit analyses for information systems.Job Growth :25%Information Security AnalystInformation security analysts are at the forefront of computer and network security, such as encryption technologies and firewall protection. They perform security audits, conduct risk assessments and make recommendations to improve the security of a company’s data systems. By identifying weaknesses, information security analysts develop appropriate security policies that keep data safe.Job Growth :37%Database AdministratorDatabase administrators have a technical foundation in database structure, installation and maintenance. With specific knowledge of relational database languages (e.g., Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server), they manage company databases, maintain database stability, perform database backups and modify the structure of databases in accordance with the company’s data needs.Job Growth :15%The hottest, most in-demand software engineering skill is currently mobile application development because of exploding growth in mobile networks, phones, and commerce. By 2017, the global mobile app market will be worth $77 billion, according to the University of Alabama at Birmingham, and the mobile Web market will be worth $850 billion by 2018 says mobile industry consulting firm Digi-Capital. As a result, mobile application developers possess skills that companies want. Below is a list of three spotlight careers in the software engineering field and their corresponding salary figures according to a Robert Half Technology survey.MOBILE APPLICATION DEVELOPERMedian salary: $134,500Mobile application developers employ languages and platforms such as JavaScript, .NET and Objective-C to build applications and websites for mobile devices (e.g., iPhone, iPad, Samsung Galaxy). Working with mobile operating systems such as iOS and Android, developers design, code, test, debug and document the mobile application development process. A degree in computer science or computer engineering is recommended. In today’s mobile-first world, the increasing demand for personal and enterprise mobile apps has led to a crushing need for developers. Gartner Inc. projects that by the end of 2017 the market demand will outpace available talent for enterprise mobile app developers by at least five to one.QUALITY ASSURANCE ENGINEERMedian salary: $76,000 (QA Engineer – Manual); $89,000 (QA Engineer – Automated)Quality assurance engineers devise and execute testing and quality review plans to identify issues during the software development process. With an understanding of the software development lifecycle and quality assurance principles, QA Engineers define the scope of testing, conduct manual and automated testing plans, and work closely with developers to identify areas of improvement. The Bureau of Labor Statistics has labeled the career field as an emerging and high-growth field, and it is expected to create 100,000 new jobs nationally between 2012 and 2022.APPLICATIONS ARCHITECTMedian salary: $126,625Applications architects combine a knowledge of development tools and system architecture with business savvy and team leadership skills to coordinate the creation of enterprise-level applications. An important position, an applications architect serves as the team liaison that brings together user experience and front-end developers, programmers and quality assurance specialists on each project. A bachelor’s degree in computer science or information systems is traditionally required, and it is one of the best paying occupations in the information technology field.SOFTWARE ENGINEER JOB GROWTH, PROSPECTS, AND OUTLOOKToday, software accounts for 19 percent of the IT market in the United States, according to research from CompTIA. A convergence of several factors are contributing to the age of the software engineer: the shift to cloud-based infrastructure, the rise of mobile devices and computing, the explosion of big data analytics, the yet-to-be-tapped potential of social media, and the need for companies to provide managed services.WHAT DO RELATED OCCUPATIONS MAKE?Whether in online technology services, data storage, network management or security, technological innovation is driven by a central need: more effective and powerful computing solutions. Because programming languages and frameworks (e.g., HTML, SQL, Java, C++) cut across industry channels, individuals with both education and experience can stand out in today’s crowded and competitive IT marketplace. In turn, other tech roles are growing alongside software engineering, with salaries that can exceed $100,000 for experienced professionals.10th PercentileMedian Salary90th PercentileComputer Hardware EngineerComputer ProgrammerWeb Developer$0$25,000$50,000$75,000$100,000$125,000RELATED OCCUPATIONS: WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOWThe need for high-skilled informational technology talent stretches across specializations, from information systems to networking, databases to business intelligence. An education in computer science and software development can lead to a variety of related career opportunities throughout the technology industry. Below is a list of example occupational avenues:BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE ANALYST18.6%Salary$90,860Education and Training:Bachelor's degreeCOMPUTER SYSTEMS ADMINISTRATOR11.7%Salary$79,770Education and Training:Bachelor's degreeDATABASE ADMINISTRATORS15.1%Salary$82,280Education and Training:Bachelor's degreeHELP DESK/USER SUPPORT20.2%Salary$51,500Education and Training:Some college, no degreeINFORMATION SYSTEMS MANAGER15.3%Salary$136,280Education and Training:Bachelor's degreeNETWORK SUPPORT SPECIALIST6.9%Salary$66,140Education and Training:Associate degreeSYSTEMS ANALYST24.5%Salary$87,320Education and Training:Bachelor's degreeTECHNICAL WRITER14.8%Salary$71,950Education and Training:Bachelor's degreeSource: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational and Employment Wages, 2014SOFTWARE ENGINEERING DEGREE & CAREER RESOURCESABETABET is a leading organization for accrediting undergraduate and graduate programs in science, technology and engineering fields.Association for Computing MachineryThe ACM is the world’s largest computer society with the mission of promoting computer science and related fields in the educational and professional realms.CompTIACompTIA promotes the interests of information technology professionals by advocating on their behalf and providing professional certifications and educational opportunities for those working in information technology.IEEEIEEE is a leading professional organization with the goal of helping humanity through the support of advanced technology.Institute for the Certification of Computing Professionals (ICCP)The ICCP is a non-profit organization that offers many internationally-recognized computer certifications.Software Engineering RadioThis excellent podcast updates every two weeks or so with compelling expert guests and insider information on the world of software engineering, past, present and future.Try Engineering: Computer Software EngineerThis site offers insight into a variety of engineering careers, including software engineer. This is a great basic description of what software engineers do.Source: Software Engineering Degrees & Careers | How to Become a Software Engineer