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1 IntroductionThe most important aspect of any new understanding is whether it empowers people to do things which could not be done previously.Shimomuran-Wernerian macroeconomics is just such an understanding, becauseIt empowers governments, in co-operation with the energies of their people, rapidly to increase the rate of economic growth by co-ordinated actionIt creates widespread prosperity of the people of a country by creating a high-growth economic miracle and producing within a few decades a more fully developed modern economy which laissez-faire economics has taken centuries to produceIt enables, through capital abundance, the more rapid resolution of major world problems such as poverty, global warming, and inadequate social provision and infrastructureIt ignites the inventive and innovative capabilities of mankind wherever it is fully practicedIt leads to a world of "abundant capital" and may be the key to the starsBUTIt requires that all governments act in the interests of all their people and not mainly for their ruling class or monied elite (which is mainly what they do in the West)It requires long-term, creative and competent governments to act altruistically (as the greatest geniuses of the human race have usually done) both within their economy and internationallyIt requires major international co-operation to avoid the runaway disasters which can result as a largely unintended side effect of high economic growth and new understandingsIn short, greater economic understanding requires governments to exercise greater responsibility and higher practical knowledge with altruism, in a co-ordinated international approach to deal with major world problems competently and constructively.This is more fully set out below.1.1 Definition of The Three Major Dimensions Of Wernerian-Shimomuran MacroeconomicsThere are three major dimensions to that new understanding, because it is:A realistic, practical economics based upon a detailed, meticulous historical observation of the recorded resulting higher economic growth in a dozen locationsBased upon parts of the writings of the six major master economists (Wang Anshi (1021-1086), John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946), Joseph A Schumpeter (1883-1950) Dr Osamu Shimomura (1910-89), Kenneth K Kurihara (1910-72), and Richard Werner (1967-? )An inclusive system of interlocking policies reflecting the more complete range of policy options available to governments, andA recognition of the position of individual invention and the role of Small Business Enterprise innovations as the major source of future economic development in all economies.So this Shimomuran-Wernerian macroeconomics is a realistic understanding, belonging to the German Historical school of economics, and is a complete system, not only founded upon the capability of the central bank of a nation to create credit but encompassing all the ways that credit can be focused, allocated and used, and acknowledges and includes the role of Schumpeterian invention and innovation in SMEs as the source of economic progress in all economies. Like this:https://georgetaitedwards.quora.com/The-Most-Successful-Economic-Policy-Of-All-Time-The-German-Historical-Economics-Development-of-Shimomuran-Wernerian1.2 CaveatsThe following paragraphs set out the major historical observations, and briefly indicates the role of master economists in explaining these, the range of policy options this new economics makes possible, and the local sources of invention and innovation as illustrated by history.Finally the rise of China and the new possibilities for effective international action to upgrade the world's future is suggested.The range of this discussion is inevitably incomplete due to the scale of the issues under consideration.The reader is invited to dig deeper into the quoted sources and elsewhere to examine the foundations of this essay. I may quote wherever possible the best book I know about each particular economic miracle, but many such texts may exist, often not in English.This essay is a result of my ongoing studies at the University of Southampton where the agreed focus of my research is "the integration of Shimomuran macroeconomics with Wernerian macroeconomics." It is a "story so far" rather than a “final definitive text" which I hope to produce to the best of my ability within a further two years or so.Eight previous attempts partially to answer this question are atGeorge Tait Edwards's answer to What should everyone know about Japanese history?George Tait Edwards's answer to What did China get right in its economic and social development which the US got wrong?George Tait Edwards's answer to What kind of economic system does modern China use and how does it differ from the modern US economy?George Tait Edwards's answer to What makes a GDP grow high or stay high?https://www.quora.com/Is-China-the-best-example-of-world-economic-growth/answer/George-Tait-Edwardshttps://www.quora.com/How-is-the-future-of-economics/answer/George-Tait-Edwardshttps://www.quora.com/What-is-Shimomuran-economics/answer/George-Tait-Edwardshttps://www.quora.com/What-is-the-hypothetical-scenario-of-the-highest-possible-world-GDP/answer/George-Tait-EdwardsI have stopped at eight articles but there are seven relevant books and over 350 relevant articles, with perhaps another three or four books and a hundred articles on the way.1.3 The Insight of Kurt Godel (1906-1978)Perhaps the greatest insight of Kurt Godel was that all intellectual systems are either inconsistent or incomplete.See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Gödel#Incompleteness_TheoremExperience shows repeatedly that historical reality often produces unintended consequences, particularly when the elite of any country rule that nation only in their interests. Those who do not learn the difficult, sometimes negative but often positive lessons of economic history are usually condemned to play a smaller part in it in future. As Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Perigord observed"History teaches nothing, only punishes those who do not learn its lessons."After over 46 years of private economic research by me and often others, I am keenly aware of the occasional inconsistencies and continuing incompleteness of my understandings. All research covers a continually widening range and is inevitably incomplete particularly when it is summarised.1.4 Why is this Macroeconomics called Shimomuran-Wernerian?This new economics is Shimomuran - because it is based upon the no-cost investment credit creation policies explained by Dr Osamu Shimomura (1910–1989) and practised to produce the economic miracles in the Tokyo Consensus Zone economies (Japan,South Korea,Taiwan and China) and Wernerian because“The prime requirement for continual economic development is the existence of a local (preferably public) banking system which funds the establishment, development and growth of the SMEs which are everywhere the source of the continual invention, innovation, most employment, and better living standards on which economic development depends.” That’s the central theme of Wernerian macroeconomics. Only Germany and to a lesser extent China has such a system. SeeWhat makes a GDP grow high or stay high? andGerman public bank - Wikipedia”and see George Tait Edwards's answer to Is Democracy a prerequisite for economic growth or is economic growth a prerequisite for Democracy? where the above quote originates.2 The Historical Evidence About Economic DevelopmentThis section will list the twelve major historical economic miracles and will encapsulate these tremendous events in very few words. The interested reader is invited to dig deeper into the references quoted and other sources to discover the ever-widening context of the reality of these economic miracles.Modern Western macroeconomics generally does not recognise the importance of the banking systems and money and the use of credit and promissory notes in the process of bringing about rapid economic development. Since money and credit (and all banknotes are promissory notes) is central to the production of economic miracles, there is a hole at the heart of modern Western economics. Major surgery is required to place money and particularly investment credit creation at the heart of Western economic understanding where it belongs.2.1 The First Industrial Revolution in the Song and Ming Chinese EmpiresAfter the Chinese invention of paper money in the 9th century, the Chinese economy exploded into a fuller employment mass production economy in the 11th century Song Empire under the Prime Minister of Wang Anshi and his friend the Emperor Shenzong. See part 2 ofhttps://www.quora.com/What-are-major-Chinese-innovations/answer/George-Tait-EdwardsWhere the role of Wang Anshi is more fully set out. And see the Wikipedia entry on the Song Dynasty (960-1279) atEconomy of the Song dynasty - Wikipediawhich begins"For over three centuries during the Song dynasty (960–1279) China experienced sustained growth in per capita income and population, structural change in the economy, and increased pace of technological innovation. Movable print, improved seeds for rice and other commercial crops, gunpowder, water-powered mechanical clocks, the use of coal as a source of fuel for a variety of industries, improved techniques for iron and steel production, pound locks and many other technological innovations transformed the economy. In north China, the main fuel source for ceramic kilns and iron furnaces shifted from wood to coal.During the Song dynasty, there was also a notable increase in commercial contacts with global markets. Merchants engaged in overseas trade through investments in trading vessels and trade which reached ports as far away as East Africa. This period also witnessed the development of the world's first banknote, or printed paper money (see Jiaozi, Guanzi, Huizi), which circulated on a massive scale. Combined with a unified tax system and efficient trade routes by road and canal, this meant the development of a truly nationwide market. Regional specialization promoted economic efficiency and increased productivity. Although much of the central government's treasury went to the military, taxes imposed on the rising commercial base refilled the coffers and further encouraged the monetary economy.[1] Reformers and conservatives debated the role of government in the economy. The emperor and his government still took responsibility for the economy, but generally made fewer claims than in earlier dynasties. The government did, however, continue to enforce monopolies on certain manufactured items and market goods to boost revenues and secure resources that were vital to the empire's security, such as tea, salt, and chemical components for gunpowder.These changes made China a global leader, leading some historians to call this an "early modern" economy many centuries before Western Europe made its breakthrough. Many of these economic gains were lost, however, in the succeeding Yuan dynasty."The Mongols had no idea about how to use created credit for positive productive purposes but created credit for their own consumption and produced the massive inflation which partly led to the fall of their Chinese dynasty. The Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368) refused to allow the Han Chinese to learn Mongolian and their major (or minor) legacy to Chinese culture is in the name now given to Chinese currency. Ashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty puts it"Explanations for the demise of the Yuan include institutionalized ethnic discrimination against Han Chinese that stirred resentment and rebellion, overtaxation of areas hard-hit by inflation, and massive flooding of the Yellow River as a result of the abandonment of irrigation projects.[8]"The succeeding Great Ming Empire (1358-1644) understood productive credit creation during the years of the Ming Treasure voyages (1405-1433). SeeMing treasure voyages - WikipediaThe rise of the elite-serving Conservatives in China led to the contraction of the Ming Empire after the death of the Yongle Emperor in 1424. And as I say at"As The Ming Voyages | Asia for Educators | Columbia University records under the heading “The Fateful Decision”“The Ming court was divided into many factions, most sharply into the pro-expansionist voices led by the powerful eunuch factions that had been responsible for the policies supporting Zheng Ho's voyages, and more traditional conservative Confucian court advisers who argued for frugality. When another seafaring voyage was suggested to the court in 1477, the vice president of the Ministry of War confiscated all of Zheng He's records in the archives, damning them as "deceitful exaggerations of bizarre things far removed from the testimony of people's eyes and ears." He argued that "the expeditions of San Bao [meaning "Three Jewels," as Zheng He was called] to the West Ocean wasted tens of myriads of money and grain and moreover the people who met their deaths may be counted in the myriads. Although he returned with wonderful precious things, what benefit was it to the state?"Linked to eunuch politics and wasteful policies, the voyages were over. By the century's end, ships could not be built with more than two masts, and in 1525 the government ordered the destruction of all oceangoing ships. The greatest navy in history, which once had 3,500 ships (the U.S. Navy today has only 324), was gone.”The Great Zheng He Fleets could have formed the foundation of the Sea Silk Road covering almost precisely the same sea “road” routes of the modern OBOR development. China had the option of becoming the world-leading hegemony based on its industrial strength and the high levels of wealth and welfare of its people soundly based upon the towering levels of invention and innovation in its people. The dominance of China's Conservatives resulted in the destruction of their great navy and Chinese decline."That history has recently repeated itself in the decline of the UK navy, once the most powerful in the world, under "Conservative" policies and the reduction in funding of the US Navy under the the Republicans. And in the decline of the British and American hegemonies in the 20th century which accelerated after 1980 when, under Thatcher and Reagan leadership, rule for the benefit of the rich was installed in both of these countries.2.2 The Dutch as a Major Colonial PowerThe small country of Holland (now known as the Netherlands) became a major world power through the creation of credit targeted at funding overseas shipping ventures to trade and colonise many locations all over the world.What the Dutch did is one of the least well recorded triumphs of the successful use of investment credit creation in the foundation of a vast Empire. Because the victors write the histories, the place of the Dutch Empire and its enormous success is either ignored or more usually relegated to a footnote of most Westernised world history books written in English. But see the Wikipedia entry athttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Empirewhich does quote 98 sources and 16 books. (The Wikipedia entry on the now defunct larger British Empire, for comparison, quotes 247 sources and hundreds of book references.)One exception to the above comment is the recent book by Noah Harari which describes the Dutch Empire and its enabling major company, on pages 359-363, which begins with"The Netherlands was a small and windy swamp, devoid of natural resources, a small corner of the King of Spain's dominions." and on the same page"The secret of Dutch success was credit." And on the next page:"Financiers extended the Dutch enough credit to set up armies and fleets and these armies and fleets gave the Dutch the control world trade routes which yielded handsome profits."See Yuval Noah Harari, Sapiens, A Brief History of Humankind, Penguin Random House,London 2011.2.3 Three of the The American Colonies Three of the original colonies of what became the USA - Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina - grew to be very prosperous on the back of the slave trade which was founded on the basis of Tobacco Lord promissory notes. These notes, monetised in relation to pounds of tobacco and backed by the provision of goods in the 125 Tobacco Lord shops, became the most stable alternative currency in these colonies. These IOUs cost the Tobacco Lords nothing to create yet the use of these notes as currency - to buy slaves, wives, settle debts, act as a store of value and medium of exchange - was the major reason for the immense early development of these three colonies. I have not yet researched this issue adequately, but a paper on this issue is the first in my PhD and I cannot publish here the results so far of my researches without prejudicing my academic studies.One of the major driving factors behind the American Declaration of Independence might have been the wish of at least two the signatories of that document to repudiate Tobacco Lord loans. George Washington and Thomas Jefferson had large tobacco farms with loans to match.In much of history there is often the political cover story imbued with high ideals and a more financial foundation of the advantage conferred to individuals or groups by legal or constitutional changes. So it is with the USA. Of course, the US historians do not wish their founding fathers to be besmirched, as they may see it, by money motives. But whatever the motivational foundation of the brilliantly written US Declaration of Independence, the financial facts are beyond dispute.The repudiation of the Tobacco Lord loans was a great advantage to the largest tobacco farmers but it ruined the tobacco industry for the majority of its farmers. It is often thus.2.4 The First Western Industrial Revolution In Scotland 1700-1800 The Tobacco Lords used their money to establish the first banks in Scotland, led by the almost undocumented Murdoch Bank in Glasgow in 1730, and to fund the early ground-breaking commercial companies in Scotland. A complete list of all of these companies may be difficult to determine, but the data in Tom Devine's book has provided me with this list:Source: Calculated by me from:And see The Scottish Industrial Revolution, or The Scottish First Industrial Miracle 1700–18002.5 The English Industrial Revolution 1750-1880 The earliest part of the English industrial revolution was the smuggling prior to 1750 of a large amount of hogsheads of tobacco into Scotland via Whitehaven in the English Lake District (now called Cumbria).The English Industrial revolution was driven by three major circumstancesthe massive inventiveness of the Scots, who for centuries had (and still have) a much better educational system than that of England and Wales and which led to the development by James Watt of a much more effective (six times more efficient) steam engine, which was the major driver of the first (steam engine) and second (railway era) Kondriatieff Cyclesthe permissive parliamentary framework of new local "Country Bank" creation as illustrated by the fact that there were 116 Country Bankers who were Members of Parliament- see pages 179-82 of Volume 2 of Country Banks of England and Wales, Privatre Provincial Banks and Bankers, 1688-1933, Margaret Dawes and CN Ward-Perkins, which names the MPs and the town banks in which they were involved. Here's page 179 naming some of these MP bankers:the easy creation by industrialists of local private SME-supporting "Country Banks of England and Wales" which provided the funding of local invention and its conversion to factory-floor innovation by means of an 1810 Stamp Office License (costing £20) "Banker's Licence in England" purchased at the Post OfficeSource: R.M Fitzmaurice, British Banks And Banking.a pictorial history, D Bradford Barton Ltd, Truro,Cornwall, 1975, p55.Any company wishing to issue its own banknotes could pay £20 for that privilege and could legally do so. It is a sobering reflection that this system led to Britain becoming the workshop of the world due to the local funding of local industry. No such system exists today - the restrictive legal requirements imposed by the BoE prevent any such banks now being founded in England.Where the local Country Banks of England and Wales were located looks like this:Source: Margaret Dawes and C N Ward-Perkins, Op. Cit., p 12. For a list of defunct banks in the United Kingdom seeCategory:Defunct banks of the United Kingdom - WikipediaA modern map of major “English”banks would show five dots in London. The decline of the UK is intimately linked to the lack of local financial support for small SMEs. The last "Country" (or Provincial) bank in Scotland, the Airdrie Savings Bank (1835-2017) was shut down partly due to (BoE) "increasing cost of regulation."See Airdrie Savings Bank - WikipediaSME-supporting Savings Bank legislation is positive and helpful to German public savings banks but wholly negative in the UK where the BoE supports the Clearing Banks. The Scots under the 1996 LA reorganisation have established eleven Municipal Banks in Scotland. SeeMunicipal bankingThese municipal banks are located in Airdrie, Bellshill and Coatbridge (where the late Airdrie Bank had branches and previously operated) and in Cumbernauld, Kilsyth, Moodlesburn, Motherwell, Norh Lanarkshire, Shotts, Viewpark, and Wishaw and these banks cover the Glasgow-centred area of major operation of the previous Glaswegian Tobacco Lords. This may be a coincidence, but maybe not.The later inventions of the Scots includedthe electromagnetic understandings of James Clerk Maxwell which led to the the third Kondratieff cycle of electrical power provision and generation (and Westinghouse/Tesla AC distribution in the USA)the invention of television by James Baird (and his early experiments with radar)the invention of the telephone by the Scottish-Born James Bell and the massive telecommunications industries based upon that.2.6 Germany 1778 and 1802-2018Probably from observation of how local banks in Great Britain stimulated local SME development, Germany's Sparkassen public banking system was set up and grew in independent public bank numbers from 630 in 1850 to 2,834 in 1903. As Wikipedia reports athttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_public_bank"The first savings banks in Germany were founded at the beginning of the 18th century in its major trading cities. One of the first institutions with the business model of modern savings banks was the Ersparungscasse der Hamburgischen Allgemeinen Versorgungsanstalt in Hamburg in 1778. Founders were rich merchants, clerks and academics. They intended to develop solutions for people with low income to save small sums of money and to support business start-ups.[14] In 1801 the first savings bank with a municipal guarantor was founded in Göttingen to fight poverty.[15] Between 1850 and 1903 the idea of the municipal savings banks spread and the number of savings banks in Germany increased from 630 to 2834.[16] Fulfilling public interests is still one of the most significant characteristics of public banks in general and the savings banks in particular."These purposes continue to be delivered to the present day, and although the number of Sparkassen Savings Banks has fallen to 431 the number of bank branches has grown to 15,600.The German Sparkassen Banking system is the most effective in the world at funding the establishment and growth of German SME industry.Here’s where these 431 banks and 15,600 branches are located in Germany:And they have produced the result thatAnd Hermann Kahn, a German author, has suggested that result is produced because Germany has about 50% of the “Hidden Champions”in the world:See Hermann Simon, Hidden Champions of the 21st Century, atThe Success Strategies of Unknown World Market Leaders: Amazon.co.uk: Hermann Simon: 9780387981468: BooksBecause Germany understands and practices a Sparkassen Public Banking System which encourages invention and its conversion to factory-floor innovation, Germany dominates the EU. But Germany’s “Hidden Champions” only grow to medium size. Germany does not practice Shimomuran economics, so many of its best champions become continental leaders within the EU but not world champions.In 1985 I tried to interest the German politicians in Shimomuran macroeconomics. One representative of the Anglo-German Foundation advised me then that Germany had no need of any Asian understanding of how to facilitate higher economic growth.2.7- 2.12 Other Economic MiraclesThe followIng economic miracles have been briefly covered atGeorge Tait Edwards's answer to What should everyone know about Japanese history? and athttps://georgetaitedwards.quora.com/The-Most-Successful-Economic-Policy-Of-All-Time-The-German-Historical-Economics-Development-of-Shimomuran-Wernerianalso quoted above.The circumstances of these economic miracles are therefore mentioned as relevant but not repeated in detail here. Relevant books are listed in the sources, except for these by Alice Hoffenberg Amsden (1943-2012) who authored one major book and co-authored another as listed at 2.10 and 2.11 below2.7 The South Manchurian Railway Company 1905-19452.8 FDR's Economic Miracle 1938-442.9 The Japanese Economic Miracle 1945-52 and 1953-732.10 The South Korean Economic Miracle 1960-80 (also see the brilliant book by Alice Hoffenberg Amsden (1943-2012) See Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization, Oxford University Press, 1989.2.11 The Taiwanese Economic Miracle - also see Alice Amsden's book Beyond Late Development: Taiwan's Upgrading Policies, MIT Press, 2003, (with Wan Wen Chu).2.12 The Chinese Economic Miracle 1975-2018 See http://londonprogressivejournal.com/article/view/1620/the-historical-backdrop-to-the-third-economic-bomb-a-brief-guide-to-early-chinese-history-the-land-and-the-people-and-the-first-emperorand A Brief Guide To Early Chinese History: The Mongol Conquest Of China And Its Consequencesand China’s All-Inclusive Economic Miracle: The Third Economic BombParticularly from the section beginning“Chinese ICC development is more complete and on a broader front than Japan’s”which states that“The Chinese have used and are using Shimomuran economics to transform every aspect of China’s economy, given that the national income of a country is the sum of consumer, investment and government expenditure. The successive Chinese Governments have sought to maximise consumer, investment and government expenditure within achievable limits, and to increase each demand sector by the highest amount each year. That policy is entirely different from the Japanese Shimomuran policy of focused industrial growth (or “Economic Growth First”) based upon private-growth company-centred (eg machine tools, shipping) and consumer-goods-centred development for the sake of acquiring a trading advantage. The Chinese development focus is on the full development of all sectors of the economy, increasing the investment capacity of the country to provide for higher consumer demand, better housing, and higher government expenditure. Planning is on a giant and unprecedented scale - not only city construction but city-copying in China - and nothing required for the better functioning of the economy is left out of that development.Official Chinese data does not fully reflect the level of Chinese investment. As the CIA World Factbook comments:“official data; data cover both central government debt and local government debt, which China's National Audit Office estimated at RMB 10.72 trillion (approximately US$1.66 trillion) in 2011; data exclude policy bank bonds, Ministry of Railway debt, China Asset Management Company debt, and non-performing loans.”’and George Tait Edwards's answer to Why is China more outstanding in its economic growth than a having political figures like in Europe and the US?3 Brief Comments on The Significance of Six Major Economists3.1 Wang Anshi (1021-1086)Wang Anshi was the first investment credit economist whose understandings enabled the economic miracles of the Song and Ming Empires. SeeGeorge Tait Edwards's answer to How did Wang Anshi contribute to the economic world?and note the role of Wang Anshi as set out in Section 2.1 above3.2 John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946)John Maynard Keynes in his writings produced the three major insights which are the foundation of investment credit economics.The first is in what is usually called the General Theory.“While there are intrinsic reasons for the shortage of land, there are no intrinsic reasons for the shortage of capital” (Book 6, Chapter 24, Section 2, p. 376).The second great insight was his statement that savings can be created to fund investment prior to the returns which justify them.And the third is that“Central Banks can purchase no-debt assets by making claims against themselves - In the “Tract on Monetary Reform”, Keynes recognised that a Central Bank “may itself purchase assets, i.e. add to its investments, and pay for them, in the first instance at least, by establishing a claim against itself” (Keynes, 1923).”See Shimomuran Economics and the Rise of Japan and ChinaKeynes did not see the possibility that the Central Bank could create vast flows of investment credit annually, canalising that credit to enterprises through local banks and producing very high rates of economic growth. The Asian Keynesian who became the Asian Keynes - Dr Osamu Shimomura - made that observation the central pillar of his explanation about how to produce higher investment and growth in his Economic Model of the Japanese Economy.3.3 Joseph A Schumpeter (1883-1950)As Joseph Schumpeter - Wikipedia comments“Schumpeter identified innovation as the critical dimension of economic change.[35] He argued that economic change revolves around innovation, entrepreneurial activities, and market power. He sought to prove that innovation-originated market power can provide better results than the invisible hand and price competition. He argued that technological innovation often creates temporary monopolies, allowing abnormal profits that would soon be competed away by rivals and imitators.”Schumpeter made the crucial distinction between the inventor and the innovator, who took that invention to the factory floor and sold the products.3.4 Dr Osamu Shimomura (1910-89)I have written so much about this master economist that I find it difficult to select relevant published articles, because my books are best. But seeThe Master Economist – George Tait Edwards – Mediumand the Gresham College slides athttps://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/content.gresham.ac.uk/data/binary/260/03mar15longfinance_georgetaitedwardsfinal.pdfandhttp://londonprogressivejournal.com/article/view/1566/the-origin-of-shimomuras-japanese-economic-miracle-or-the-second-economic-bomb-japan-from-to-economic-miracles-partandDr Osamu Shimomura (1910–89) — His Major AchievementsandShimomuran Economics is the Most Significant Advance Ever Made in Economic Understanding and the…3.5 Kenneth K Kurihara (1910-72)Kenneth Kenkichi Kurihara was born in 1910 in Kuchan, Hokkaido, Japan but immigrated to the USA where he worked for the US Government, became a noted growth economist and in turn Professor of Economics at Princeton University, Rutgers University and the State University of New York. SeeKenneth K. Kurihara - WikipediaHis insights into how Shimomuran macroeconomics propelled the rapid development of Japan were largely ignored by US and Western economists. Seehttps://medium.com/@georgetaitedwards/the-key-relevance-of-the-writings-of-professor-kenneth-kenkichi-kurihara-the-world-expert-on-high-99d1f80e1733. 6 Richard Werner (1967-? ) Richard Werner has not simply postulated that increases in investment credit cause economic growth, he has used the recently invented technique of Granger Predictive Causation analysis to show that annual increases in investment credit at the Bank of Japan is a leading “Granger Predictive Indicator” of subsequent Japanese economic growth. And he has used the same technique of Granger Predictive Causation analysis to show that increases in speculative credit at the Bank of Japan is a leading “Granger Predictive Indicator” of subsequent asset bubble growth in Japan.4 The New Capabilities of China4.1 Large Capital Investment Projects The full practice of Shimomuran-Wernerian Macroeconomics enables very large and historically unprecedented capital investments successfully to be made. Of course, we can only clearly see the first of these, but there are many other potential international projects which can be Chinese led. Some of these projects are essential to the future of the world.4.2 The Associated Scientific Advantages Emerging from The Chinese and the World Rennaissance In addition to these greater capital projects, there are likely to be advances in scientific understanding that will have an immense significance. Some of these are part and parcel of the increased invention and innovation associated with higher local funding of SMEs, but still others will arise spontaneously as the boundless ingenuity of mankind and womankind becomes more activated.By their very nature, these developments are less forecastable. I think these might include the drug stimulation of intellectual development, much more effective mood control drugs, easier genetic modification techniques, and the improvement of the partly developed and developing researches of Professor David Andrew Sinclair about life extension and health improvement. I cannot fully cover all of these here.4.3 The Actual and Likely Very Large Capital Projects4.3.1 OBOR - a $5tr Project Over 5 YearsSee George Tait Edwards's answer to How will China's One Belt One Road influence urban development in Central Asia? andGeorge Tait Edwards's answer to What is it about the Chinese “One Belt, One Road” initiative (beside the economic aspect of it) that has a lot of European leaders critical of it? One said it threatens western liberalism, for example.There is no genuine comparison between the OBOR project (costing $5tr in all) and the Marshall Plan for the recovery of Europe which would cost about $160bn in current prices. OBOR is monumental: the Marshall Plan, while it was not trivial, was and is not really comparable in scale.OBOR will have a gigantic positive effect on the economies it connects.4.3.2 Reversing Global Warming - A more than $29tr Project over 30 yearsSee The Drawdown Project at DrawdownWhich is one of the best listings of the likely costings of reversing global warming is the list of approximately costed policies which estimate the extent of global CO2 reduction and the net benefits of eighty activities.4.3.3 Educating Willing Nations About Shimomuran-Wernerian Macroeconomics - a 30-year programme involving trillions of dollars a yearSee The Chinese have set up a New Structural Economics Department at Peking University under the…which contains the sentences“Needless to say, the Western media as usual has no idea about what is going on.I think the Chinese are going to get round to teaching the Rest of the World (RoW) about how to produce rapid economic growth and I’ve suggested I might possibly lecture there, if they’d have me.”I have so far had no response to my email to Mr P H Yu or from his two colleagues at Beijing University. Perhaps the Chinese during the 2010s are as self-confident about Shimomuran Macroeconomics as the Germans were during the 1980s about Sparkassen Banking economics. We’ll see.The current ($2017 PPP) best estimate of the GDP of the world is c$129 tr. Investment credit economics in the entire world requires CB credit creation of about 10% to 15% of GDP pa for decades. This will produce a final rise in finance of about 20% to 30% pa with the usual 14% to 20% fixed investment plus 6% to 10% of financial liquidity investment and an increase in government incomes of between 5% to 7% of GDP pa. World economic growth would initially increase by about 5% to 8% pa.But these are whole-world figures and what is most likely to happen is the faster development of particular countries.Subtext: The Menu of Economic ChoicesThere is a complex menu of political choices in Shimomuran-Wernerian Macroeconomics, both sets of options illustrated on two slides during the Gresham College lectures by me and by Professor Richard Werner. My presentation was headed asand contained Slide 19 which saidWhile Professor Richard Werner’s banner wasAnd his Slide 23 wasThese two slides briefly set out the available choices in the use of credit creation.4.3.3.1 Accelerating India’s Economic Growth RateThe indian Government has recently set up The National Instute For Transforming India, (NITI) headed by Amitabh Kant. That organisation has the objective of increasing India’s growth rate to 10% for the next thirty years.I have tried over several decades to interest India in increasing its rate of economic growth. SeeI agree that India needs to grow rapidly for decades in order to improve the prosperity of its…Maybe the Indians via the NITI are now looking for Answers. I do hope so.4.4 Leading Disaster Recovery - an ongoing $1 to $2tr tr project a YearThe deteriorating weather over much of the world - the emergence of very powerful hurricanes over 300 mile an hour winds in the Atlantic, and the historically unprecedented downpours of very large amounts of rainfall in a few hours in many locations in much of the world - is the natural result of global warming.I calculate about one to two trillion dollars worth a year of property damage is being caused outside the USA by that much worse weather.China could lead and partly fund an international disaster recovery programme, which is sorely needed by many nations.4.5 The Mars Project -Perhaps a $20tr project over 20 yearsThe Americans went to the moon. The Chinese are going to be able to afford to colonise Mars by setting up substantial numbers of colonists in the Martian tunnels.Astronauts previously were all damaged by radiation. Prior to the recent epigenetic advances of Professor David Andrew Sinclair a trip to Mars would kill the astronauts all of whom would be suffering from cancer on arrival.NASA has invested in these epigenetic researches so as to acquire a pill which will protect interplanetary travellers. But that’s not all it will do. See 5.1.1 below. And seeAnd the article is athttps://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/06/mars-organic-compounds-methane-curiosity-space-science/?cmpid=org=ngp::mc=crm-email::src=ngp::cmp=editorial::add=wildscience_20180618::rid=89305642155 The Chinese Renaissance and Likely New Technological Advances5.1 In Biochemistry5.1.1 The Epigenetic Control of the Aging Process and The Epigenetic Key to Interplanetary TravelThe only major government in the world which appears to be talking to David Andrew Sinclair is the Chinese Government. SeeThe Transition to the Long-Living Society Part 5 – George Tait Edwards – Medium particularly section 4.11 which points out:“Astronauts experience DNA damage in space that can lead to cancer and premature aging, so when news of the study began to circulate, NASA got in touch. Sinclair has another project now — “What we’ve been working on with the NASA scientists is to formulate the [NAD] pill for a journey to Mars,” Sinclair said.”At present, the radiation on a trip to Mars would kill the occupants of the spaceship, but Sinclair’s research is very likely to provide a survival pill for that journey, with profound implications for human life on Earth.And Section 4.2 says“4.2 ChinaThe most intelligent government in the world — the Chinese one — are in discussions with Prof Sinclair. The highest levels of the Chinese Government appear to be involved in these discussions, as Professor Sinclair reports atDavid Sinclair’s beginner’s guide to anti-ageing“In passing, he [David Andrew Sinclair] mentions he’s advising a large Asian nation (China, he clarifies after some questions) on how economic growth and a healthy population intersect.“This gets down to how do you transform the planet economically and not just [with] health,” he says.“The advice I’m giving that nation — and it’s at the highest level — they now want to know how do they raise up not just the economics, but the health [of their people]. Because they are very clever, they know [the two] have to go hand in hand.”If the Trump administration understood that principle, Obamacare would be extended and not reduced. If the British Government understood that principle, the underfunding of the NHS would cease. But these governments would also have to understand the Shimomuran Macroeconomics which makes such policies affordable and an assistance to growth.”5.1.2 The stimulation of intellectual capabilityThere are many drugs which improve the duration and often the intensity of intellectual endeavour. Most of these so-called "nootropics" do not have any proven effectiveness but a few seem to be effective.Drugs that are used to treat Alzheimers, for example, seem to reverse some of the outcomes of mental decline. Hydergine (or ergoloid mesylates) appears to work by reducing the increases in monamine oxidase (MAO) in the blood, where it assists cognitive impairment or recovery from a stroke. Side effects from Hydergine are minimal.Other substances which elevate dopamine and safely limit MAO appear to be effective. Pharmaceutical advances in this area are likely to have a major effect in future and will improve the basic level of inventiveness across the world.5.1.3 The "vital arts" - the genetic modification route to the futureGenetic modification of DNA will be one of the industries of the future. When frozen mammoths are again discovered in the Siberian ice, it may become possible for their cells to be implanted in and delivered by a female elephant. The repopulation of the Mammoth plains by herds of Alaskan elk, Sami reindeer and re-born mammoths could make a great contribution to global cooling. One image from the drawdown project shown below illustrates that possibility.5.1.4 The improved understanding of the electromagnetic foundation of gravityI think that should be possible.SeeGeorge Tait Edwards's answer to Can we use the scientific method to combine electromagnetic and gravitational forces into a unified field theory?6 My Caveats - The Downsides of Rapid Economic DevelopmentI can only see these potential developments in capital projects, in biological issues and in scientific developments in which I happen to be interested. The above list is inevitably incomplete and may be inconsistent with the stable economic development of nations. There are downsides in these new developments which are too large to be fully considered here.6.1 The Sterility of Conservative Rule Governments only come in two flavours, in the Progressive and the Conservative varieties. The Chinese concept of the Mandate of Heaven, that governments are only stable and successful when they act in the interests of all their people, is highly relevant to the future of mankind.6.2 The Fractious Nature of Rapid Economic AdvanceMany of these advances can be made within a nation without external assistance. This too has immense implications which are too large to be considered here.6.3 The Spread of Low-Income Limited hours or No-Hours contractsThe widespread adoption of low-income jobs in many nations is discouraging the formation of marriages. This problem seems most developed in Japan where many young men perhaps are disappointing their more realistic female potential partners, resulting in a significant dip in the Japanese birth rate. The Japanese Government has recognised this phenomenon and has produced a report upon it. See The Mystery of Why Japanese People Are Having So Few Babies. The Japanese Government at present sees no solution yet to this issue. But the re-adoption of Shimomuran-Wernerian macroeconomics by Shinzo Abe could lead to many more generations of the Japanese economic miracle.7 Conclusions7.1 Shimomuran-Wernerian macroeconomics opens the door to a new world by providing a newer and fresher intellectual universe, partly consistent with but vastly superior to the current level of Western economic understanding.7.2 The people of the world stand on the edge of a human explosion which is unprecedented in history. That parcel of changes leads to the abundant capital of a much better world and can be enormously beneficial to the prosperity and achievements of mankind, and may be brought about by the widespread adoption of Shimomuran-Wernerian Macroeconomics.7.3 Shimomuran-Wernerian Macroeconomics is the key understanding in the future of mankind because it empowers people to achieve things they could could not possibly do before, such ascreate a much richer capital-abundant world with widespread prosperity,reduce and resolve the problem of global warming andgo to Mars and perhaps elsewhere in this galaxy.We'll see. This collection of essays is perhaps most relevant:George Tait EdwardsBristol, England18 June 2018

NOT FAST as NASA data shows global sea levels have been falling for the past two years. We depend on coastal measurements for sea level rise or fall and it is uneven with many coasts falling and none rising but a few mm. As to the Atlantic it is noticeable that the closer you get to the Arctic ice the more seas are falling not rising. See for example NOAA Tides data for Finland-Relative Sea Level Trend060-051 Vaasa/Vasa, FinlandThe relative sea level trend is -7.25 millimeters/year with a 95% confidenceinterval of +/- 0.32 mm/yr based on monthly mean sea level data from1883 to 2016 which is equivalent to a change of -2.38 feet in 100 years.Relative Sea Level Trend040-001 Vardo, NorwayThe relative sea level trend is -0.26 millimeters/year with a 95% confidenceinterval of +/- 0.44 mm/yr based on monthly mean sea level data from1947 to 2016 which is equivalent to a change of -0.09 feet in 100 years.Relative Sea Level Trend970-141 Churchill, CanadaThe relative sea level trend is -9.35 millimeters/year with a 95% confidenceinterval of +/- 0.5 mm/yr based on monthly mean sea level data from1940 to 2016 which is equivalent to a change of -3.07 feet in 100 years.Relative Sea Level Trend030-003 Russkaya Gavan II, RussiaThe relative sea level trend is -0.54 millimeters/year with a 95% confidenceinterval of +/- 1.07 mm/yr based on monthly mean sea level data from1953 to 1993 which is equivalent to a change of -0.18 feet in 100 years.NOAA Tides & CurrentsIt is hard to imagine yet alone predict there is any issue for humans from sea levels rising over the next 100 years. Any sea rise is too small to matter or even perceive and falling seas on some key coasts like the Atlantic sea board opens up valuable real estate for development. Al Gore is a huckster on this issue making unscientific and wildly exaggerated predictions about the seas as confirmation bias for shoddy UN science reports.Bewildered Scientists…A Global Warming Crisis Fails To Appear: Sea Level Rise Grinds To A CrawlBy P Gosselin on 2. February 2018Over the past months a spate of scientific papers published show sea level rise has not accelerated like many climate warming scientists warned earlier. The reality is that the rise is far slower than expected, read here and here.Alarmist bedwetting by scientists over sea level rise proving to have been needless. Photo: PIK climate scientist Stefan Rahmstorf. Source: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Rahmstorf FTP folder.Scary scenarios abound.The latest findings glaringly contradict alarmist claims of accelerating sea level rise. For example the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) here wrote sea levels would “likely rise for many centuries at rates higher than that of the current century”, due to global warming.In 2013 The Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) wrote here sea-level rise in this century would likely be 70-120 centimeters by 2100″ (i.e. 7 – 12 mm annually) and that 90 experts in a survey “anticipated a median sea-level rise of 200-300 centimeters by the year 2300” (i.e. on average circa 7 to 10 mm every year).It’s important to note that the above scary figures given above are mostly based on computer simulations, where parameters are simply assumed by the scientists.Evidence in fact points to decelerationUsing these modelled estimates, the globe should now be seeing a rapid acceleration in sea level rise. Yet no evidence of this can be found so far. In fact the real measured data show the opposite is happening: a deceleration in sea level rise is taking place.Instead of the 7 – 12 mm annual sea level rise the PIK projected in 2013, a recent study appearing in the Geophysical Research Letters in April 2017 corrected the satellite measured sea level rise downwards from 3.3 mm annually to just 3.0 mm over the past 24 years – or less than half what PIK models projected.Only 1.5 mm/yearWorse, satellite data measuring sea level have turned out to be far more complex and uncertain than one would wish, and evidence is piling up and showing that satellite data likely have been overstating sea level rise. For example when measuring sea level rise along coastlines (where people actually live)using tide gauges, the rise has even been far slower. Renowned Swedish sea level expert Axel Mörner published a paper in 2017 showing an observed sea level rise rate of only 1.5 – 2.0 mm/year.Second half of the 20th century slower than in the first halfIn another newly published paper by Frederiske et al. 2018 just this year, oceanographers estimate that global sea levels rose at a rate of only 1.42 mm per year between 1958 and 2014. That figure closely coincides with the results of Dr. Simon Holgate from 2007. According to the Holgate study: “The rate of sea level change was found to be larger in the early part of last century (2.03 ± 0.35 mm/yr 1904–1953), in comparison with the latter part (1.45 ± 0.34 mm/yr 1954–2003).”The Holgate result was confirmed by another 2008 paper authored by Jevrejeva et al, which found the fastest sea level rise during the past 300 years was observed between 1920 – 1950 with maximum of 2.5 mm/yr.In other words: global sea level rise has decelerated since the 1950s.At less than 2 mm annually, sea level is rising at only one sixth of the 12 mm per year rate projected by the PIK in 2013.Archive for February 2018...Why is there so little sea rise in the Atlantic Ocean? A key answer is surely the fact of the rapid ocean cooling.WRITTEN BY PIERRE GOSSELIN ON JULY 5, 2018. POSTED INGLOBAL WARMING, LATEST NEWS, OCEANS, POLAR, SCIENCENorth Atlantic Ocean’s Rapid Cooling May Portend Further Arctic Sea Ice GrowthVery recent scientific publications show that the North Atlantic heat content and surface temperatures have been cooling significantly, and so may lead to a rebound in Arctic sea ice in the region.Already Arctic sea ice has stabilized over the past 10 years and Greenland has shown a surprising ice mass gain.Kenneth wrote about this here not long ago.Climate scientists agree that variations in the North Atlantic temperatures and ocean currents have a great impact on sea ice in the North Atlantic Arctic region and Europe’s climate.Dramatic fall in North Atlantic heat contentFor example, recent findings published in Nature by a team led by David J. R. Thornalley of Department of Geography, University College London, show that the heat content of the North Atlantic from zero to 700 meters depth has cooled the most dramatically since the 1950s:North Atlantic ocean heat content (OHC) dives. Source: Thornalloy et al, Nature.In the 1970s, most scientists believed an Ice Age was approaching after the surface temperature of the North Atlantic had cooled sharply from its 1950s peak.Another very recent publication appearing in the Geophysical Research Letters by a team of researchers led by D.A. Smeed of National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK shows that surface and subsurface temperatures of the North Atlantic have fallen to their lowest levels in more than 30 years:The researchers suspect that decreased lower temperatures are related to the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), which is a powerful system of currents in the Atlantic involving the northward flow of warm water in the upper layers of the Atlantic and a southward flow of colder deep waters, which are part of the thermohaline circulation.Changes in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) have significant impacts on North Atlantic climate. Source: R. Curry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution/Science/USGCRPThe scientists theorize that melting Arctic sea ice may be responsible for the recent changes, but this remains highly speculative as the data to support this is extremely sparse.Meanwhile, other scientists believe it has all more to do with multidecadal scale ocean cycles that have occurred throughout history.Warming changes over to coolingAnother team of scientists led by Christopher G. Piecuch published a study in the journal Geophysical Research Letters here which shows that the subpolar North Atlantic (SPNA) upper ocean and sea‐surface temperature trends reversed from warming during 1994–2004 to cooling over 2005–2015.The authors write that the region “is subject to strong decadal variability”, meaning natural cycles are at play. The authors present the following chart, which shows that the North Atlantic heat content has fallen sharply since 2010.So is it any surprise that Arctic sea ice has stabilized in the wake of the North Atlantic cooling and that Greenland is putting on gigatons of added ice?Veteran meteorologist Joe Bastardi of WeatherBell Analytics has said repeatedly that when ocean heat content in the regions adjacent to the Arctic falls, it’s only natural for sea ice to recover, and vice versa when ocean heat content rises.Arctic ice extent fluctuates along with the natural Atlantic and Pacific ocean cycles. It has little to do with trace gas CO2.https://climatechangedispatch.com/north-atlantic-cooling-portends-more-arctic-ice/The fundamental reason for failed alarmist predictions about sea levels is that the so called greenhouse gas warming the planet from human emissions of carbon dioxide is very shoddy unbelievable science!The planet’s atmosphere is very large and the amount of human emissions of Co2 plant food in comparison is very small. ln fact it is so small it is NEAR ZERO. Therefore, it is impossible to even imagine how this minute amount of a non-toxic wholly beneficial gas could have any impact.The greenhouse metaphor and science hypothesis is fake. There is no greenhouse cover on the earth because Co2 from trace human activities is too minute to matter. Human activities simply do not matter to the climate.Think about it - how could a trace gas almost zero like Co2 at 0.29% in the atmosphere (not even 1%) from humans have any effect on the climate? It cannot. The greenhouse hypothesis is demolished on the facts of size.The Rice Video - Carbon Dioxide in perspective by The Galileo MovementThe amount of Co2 today at just 400 ppm. Co2 today pales in comparison with the past when there was more than 5000 ppm which is > 10 X as much! [ Remember with breath out we exhale > 35,000ppm of Co2 into the atmosphere.]The entire misnamed greenhouse gases (these are infared gases that have absolutely nothing to do with greenhouses) together make up less than 4% of the earth’s atmosphere. The major gases are Nitrogen at 76.56% and Oxygen at 20.54 %. How can such a puny amount < 4% control the climate warming? It cannot.This critical graph of all the gases in the atmosphere is always ignored by climate alarmists because they know it would sow doubt about their ridiculous view that the science is settled.It is essential to understand the complexity of measuring human made Co2 emissions and to realize at a detail level the trace amounts are indistinguishable from natural sources of co2. The atmosphere contains approximately 800 Gt of Co2 with 95% coming from natural sources of vegetation, land and ocean and 4% form human fossil fuel emissions. Here is a vital graph sourced from the IPCC and it is only an a rough estimate and far from accurate -The amounts are measured in Gt and obviously the are just estimates. There is no actual observation of the three primary different sources of Co2. Numbers are simply statistical estimates from data. This is a significant problem for the alarmist theory of human caused global warming.“For example, until recently estimates of the carbon dioxide yield of one of the world’s best known land volcanoes, Kilauea Volcano (Hawaii), was 2,800 tonnes/Co2/day. In 2001, Gerlach and co-authors established by measurement a more accurate figure of 8,800 tonnes/day. which is over three times as great. If such uncertainty attends to well-studied subaerial volcanoes, the estimates of carbon dioxide emissions from submarine volcanoes, the majority, are obviously little better than guesses.” Robert M. Carter, CLIMATE: THE COUNTER CONSENSUS.NO DOUBT THE 2001 ESTIMATE IS WRONG AFTER RECENT HAWAII VOLCANIC EXPLOSIONSKilauea is one of the most active volcanoes on earth and has been in a state of constant eruption since 1983, turning explosive this month after a magnitude 6.9 volcano rocked the area.So far, at least 47 homes and other structures have been destroyed by lava from 23 open fissures, forcing thousands from their homes.This means the human contributions in context are not well understood because no one, including the IPCC, can satisfactorily account for the observed levels in detail. There is no doubt carbon dioxide sources and sinks have large DATA ERRORS. Even with guesses the IPCC admits man’s carbon dioxide contribution is small, but the IPCC argues that, nonetheless, anthropogenic emissions will ‘tip’ the natural balance of the planet causing dangerous climate change and acidification of the ocean.One expert climatologist Tim Ball estimates that human production of carbon dioxide is more than four times less than the combined statistical error (32Gt) on the estimated carbon dioxide production from all other sources. IBID, page 74 Carter.This means that human emission are no more than the statistical error of the estimates.“A perspective that follows is that even were human emissions to be reduced to zero, the difference would be lost among other uncertainties to the global carbon budget. What is presently missing from the public debate, then - and it is not provided by computer model outputs, either - is an appreciation of both the small scale (in context) of human emissions, and the range of uncertainty in the carbon budget.”GREENHOUSE GASES COMPOSITIONHere is a key graph of all Greenhouse gases that shows detailed percentages of where the source of C02 in the atmosphere and human emissions are miniscule at only 0.117%.Human activities contribute slightly to greenhouse gas concentrations through farming, manufacturing, power generation, and transportation. However, these emissions are so dwarfed in comparison to emissions from other natural sources it is foolish to think humans make any difference. Even the most costly efforts to limit human Co2 emissions if they succeeded would have a very small-- undetectable-- effect on global climate.http://www.geocraft.com/WVFossil...It may be a little hard to picture just how minute the fossil fuel emissions across the globe are. Please take 3 minutes to view this helpful Australian Rice video that helped Australia’s public decide to axe the futile carbon tax.AXE THE TAX AUSTRALIA THE RICE VIDEO 85880 32 CO2 1 HUMAN CO2The Rice Video - Carbon Dioxide in perspective by The Galileo MovementIt is hard to imagine, but essential to realize they have no effect on the climate, just how small the Co2 emissions from fossil fuels are. Co2 so small drawn to scale it is invisible.Ibid, page 75"Many chemicals are absolutely necessary for humans to live, for instance oxygen. Just as necessary, human metabolism produces by-products that are exhaled, like carbon dioxide and water vapor. So, the production of carbon dioxide is necessary, on the most basic level, for humans to survive. The carbon dioxide that is emitted as part of a wide variety of natural processes is, in turn, necessary for vegetation to live. It turns out that most vegetation is somewhat 'starved' for carbon dioxide, as experiments have shown that a wide variety of plants grow faster, and are more drought tolerant, in the presence of doubled carbon dioxide concentrations. Fertilization of the global atmosphere with the extra CO2 that mankind's activities have emitted in the last century is believed to have helped increase agricultural productivity. In short, carbon dioxide is a natural part of our environment, necessary for life, both as 'food' and as a by-product."- Roy Spencer, Ph.D. Meteorology, Former Senior Scientist for Climate Studies, NASA"Carbon dioxide is not a pollutant. It is a colorless, odorless trace gas that actually sustains life on this planet. Consider the simple dynamics of human energy acquisition, which occurs daily across the globe. We eat plants directly, or we consume animals that have fed upon plants, to obtain the energy we need. But where do plants get their energy? Plants produce their own energy during a process called photosynthesis, which uses sunlight to combine water and carbon dioxide into sugars for supporting overall growth and development. Hence, CO2 is the primary raw material that plants depend upon for their existence. Because plants reside beneath animals (including humans) on the food chain, their healthy existence ultimately determines our own. Carbon dioxide can hardly be labeled a pollutant, for it is the basic substrate that allows life to persist on Earth."- Keith E. Idso, Ph.D. Botany"C02 is not a pollutant as Gore infers. It is, in fact essential to life on the planet. Without it there are no plants, therefore no oxygen and no life. At 385 ppm current levels the plants are undernourished. The geologic evidence shows an average level of 1000 ppm over 600 million years. Research shows plants function most efficiently at 1000-2000 ppm. Commercial greenhouses use the information and are pumping C02 to these levels and achieve four times the yield with educed water use. At 200 ppm, the plants suffer seriously and at 150 ppm, they begin to die. So if Gore achieves his goal of reducing C02 he will destroy the planet."- Tim F. Ball, Ph.D. Climatology"To classify carbon dioxide as a pollutant is thus nothing short of scientific chicanery, for reasons that have nothing to do with science, but based purely on the pseudo-science so eagerly practiced by academia across the world in order to keep their funding sources open to the governmental decrees, which are in turn based on totally false IPCC dogma (yes, dogma - not science)."- Hans Schreuder, Analytical Chemisthttp://www.populartechnology.net...CO2 CORRELATION WITH TEMPERATUREC02 has been 11 times more prevalent in the atmosphere than today. With the long view of ice cores going back 600 million years there is no correlation of Co2 with temperature.Also looking over the past 2000 years of climate history you cannot find a correlation of temperature and Co2.The ice core data about Co2 impact over the 20th and 21st Centuries shows no correlation with temperature.If you break out human sourced Co2 from non- human the lack of correlation with temperature is obvious. The catastrophy claim of the alarmists is only limited to our trace amount of fossil fuel emissions of Co2.The current global warming trend started before 1700, yet human CO2 emissions were negligible before 1850. So the theory that humans started the recent global warming is absurd and obviously wrong.Have you ever seen a graph of human CO2 emissions versus temperature (the alleged cause and effect) anywhere in the media or from the climate establishment? Why not?Why do the climate establishment and mainstream media instead show us graphs of atmospheric CO2 levels versus temperature? Isn’t this misdirection to disguise the almost complete non-correlation between our emissions and the temperature?http://joannenova.com.au/2010/10...Solar correlation with past temperatures is very strong.Here is another graphic that helps see how de minimus C02 is: “Over the past century, atmospheric CO2 has increased by one part per ten thousand. That is equivalent to packing an extra ten people into the Rose Bowl.”https://realclimatescience.com/2...It is beyond imagination that this minuscule amount of non-toxic life giving through photosynthesis gas is having any effect on the climate.If you live in Vancouver there is only one molecule of C02 from fossil fuels statistically from the city to Hope an hour away and that molecule is a climate control knob???Human emissions are very small by comparison; if all human industrial CO2 emissions stopped tomorrow the greater natural system would remain in equilibrium.The TRUTH about carbon dioxide (C02): Patrick Moore, Sensible EnvironmentalistHuman CO2 Emissions are Wholly Beneficial - Dr Moore20,981 views14th October, 2015 Lecture by Dr Patrick Moore in London at the Global Warming Policy Foundation outlining why our CO2 emissions are wholly beneficial, and may have even prevented the end of life on Earth.The use of CO2 in greenhouses can give light use efficiencies exceeding those of field crops (Wilson et al 1992). Glasshouse crops with CO2 enrichment achieve maximum efficiency of light energy utilization between 12-13% (Wilson et al 1992). The ability of plants to utilize CO2 is dependent upon the presence of light, for this reason it is only useful to supplement CO2during the daylight hours (Styer and Koranski 1997).http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$dep...Seeing is Believing289,504 viewsco2sciencePublished on 9 Apr 2010Isolated for 42 days in chambers of ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations, we periodically document the growth of cowpea plants (Vigna unguiculata) via time-lapse photography.Submarine crew are reported to be the major source of CO2 on board submarines (Crawl 2003). Data collected on nine nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines indicate an average CO2 concentration of 3,500 ppm with a range of 0-10,600 ppm, and data collected on 10 nuclear-powered attack submarines indicate an average CO2 concentration of 4,100 ppm with a range of 300-11,300 ppm (Hagar 2003).Thus, CO2 at 40,000 ppm for 2 weeks did not affect performance on multiple tests of cognitive function in physically fit young airmen, a population probably not unlike submariners.https://www.quora.com/At-what-CO...GOVERNMENT ACTION IS TALK ONLY WITH NO IMPACTTHE CLIMATE IS COOLING WHY TRY TO MAKE IT COLDER?It is obvious that government action is terribly wasteful and useless assuming Co2 matters to the climate as renewables and carbon taxes are having zero impact on reality.Do we really want to go back in history to low levels of Co2 and low life expectancy? Now of course the above graph only shows correlation between increasing Co2 levels and increasing life expectancy. Obviously simple correlation does not prove causation. However as to causation the connection is that Co2 is essential to all plant and animal life on the planet through photosynthesis. Even the politically driven UN IPCC recognized that government plans to reduce Co2 levels could be disastrous to plants and have a devastating impact on life expectancy. As a result the PARIS ACCORD specifies in ARTICLE 2(b) that if reducing Co2 ‘threatens FOOD PRODUCTION’ the reductions and targets should be cancelled. Yes a full exemption is allowed for governments against action on lowering Co2 levels from human emission, THANKFULLY! The climate is getting colder as sunspots decline and yet the Paris Agreement hopes to make the climate even colder yet. WHY? This madness must stop.Why such shoddy climate science wrongly fingering human emissions of carbon dioxide without any physical studies ? The best explanation is lack of ethical science publicly revealed by the full disclosure of the infamous CLIMATE GATE emails. Here is a summary of highlight of fudging and distortions from the emails written in 2009-In February, the UK Guardian revealed that a key study co-authored by Phil Jones that purported to show there was no such thing as the well-researched Urban Heat Island effect was found to have relied on seriously flawed data. This, according to the Guardian, led to “apparent attempts to cover up problems with [the] temperature data.”In September, John Holdren, the man who had previously advocated adding sterilizing agents to the water supply to combat the overpopulation problem which he thought would ravage the Earth by the year 2000, and who currently is the Science czar in the Obama White House, advocated a name change for global warming to “climate disruption,” further affirming the theory’s non-scientific status as an unfalsifiable prediction that anything that ever is due to manmade carbon dioxide.Later that month, Britain’s prestigious Royal Society rewrote its climate change summary to admit that the science was infused with uncertainties and that “It is not possible to determine exactly how much the Earth will warm or exactly how the climate will change in the future…”In October, a carbon reduction advocacy group called 10:10 released a video to promote its campaign in which those skeptical about participating in the program are literally blown up.And just this month, Scientific American, a publication that has been noted for publishing increasingly alarmist reports about the reality and the dangers of manmade- Co2 induced global warming, a poll of its own readers that found over 77 believe natural processes to be the cause of climate change and almost 80 responded that they would not be willing to pay a single penny on schemes to “forestall” the supposed effects of supposedly-manmade global warming (warming that even climategate scientist Phil Jones now admits is no longer taking place).https://www.corbettreport.com/climategate-is-still-the-issue/http://www.breadandbutterscience.com/GMDPP.pdfGLOBAL CLIMATE OBSERVATION SYSTEMThe 1997 Conference on the World Climate Research Programme to the Third Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change concluded that the global capacity to observe the Earth's climate system is inadequate and is deteriorating worldwide: "Without action to reverse this decline and develop the Global Climate Observation System, the ability to characterize climate change and variations over the next 25 years will be even less than during the past quarter century."See Adequacy of Climate Observing Systems (1999) (Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate)See surfacestations.org (Climate stations physical site survey data)See Is the U.S. Surface Temperature Record Reliable? (Anthony Watts, 2009. Heartland Institute)There has clearly been some warming in recent decades, most notably 1979 to 1998. However the global surface station based data is seriously compromised by major station dropout. There has been a clear bias towards removing higher elevation, higher latitude and rural stations. The data suffers contamination by urbanization and other local factors such as land-use/land-cover changes, and improper sitting. There is missing data and uncertainties in ocean temperatures. These factors all lead to overestimation of temperatures.See A U.S. ClimateGate? (Dr. Joseph D'Aleo, Jan. 17 '10)See Climategate: CRU Was But the Tip of the Iceberg (Marc Sheppard, American Thinker, Jan. 22 '10)"A simple graph by Canadian statistician, Ross McKitrick puts this in picture form. His graph shows that when many stations were selectively and suddenly eliminated from world temperature records, reported global temperature immediately and instantly appeared to step up alarmingly to higher levels-in the 1990's and 2000's.""Temperature measuring stations are placed mostly, 2/3rd, on places where effects of urban heat affects measurements, exhaust of air condition, parking lots, airports jet engines exhausts, increased traffic, concrete grounds etc. cause incorrect measurements, i.e. too high temperatures.""Globally, 12,000 to 14,000 stations during 1970-1989 were reduced to less than 8,000 in year 1991, further to less than 6,000 in year 2000 and to 1,500 now and mainly located at airports. Stations were relocated from previous sites in forests and rural areas to urban sites.These changes reducing rural stations in favour of urban stations is again unethical and biased science work because it is well known urban sites are unnaturally hotter.Heat pollution caused by concrete and paved roads acting like storage heaters or heat banks has created the Urban Heat Island which in turn allows the BBC and Met Office to fake global warming. #BBCbreakfast #BBCnewsDid you know that cities could be 7 degrees F warmer than neighbouring grassy areas, such as farms or parks? #HeatSciencehttps://earthobservatory.nasa.go...Measurements in cold Siberia were eliminated after the collapse of Soviet [Union]. Weather stations were moved from north to south, from high altitudes to low altitudes, all giving higher temperatures.""90% of stations give 1-2°C too high temperatures, i.e. more than IPCC claim for AGW (Anthropogenic Global Warming).During 1950 to 1989 with 12-14,000 stations, average temperature is around 10.0°C and 1990 to 2000 temperature is 11-12°C, average around 11.5°C thus an increase of 1.5°C.90% of all air temperature measurements are taken over land, while land covers only 30% of the planet and the oceans cover 70%."http://www.oarval.org/ClimateChange.htm#McKitrick