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India’s first general election was carried out in 1951. The voter turnout was 45.7%.We entered the nuclear club in 1974 when we carried out our first nuclear test at Pokhran.Assassination of GandhiDeclaration of a Republic India- 19501951: First IIT: IIT KharaghpurOur first organised resistance to destruction of forests, the Chipko movement, began in 1974.Green Revolution spearheaded by MS Swaminathan.White Revolution: Operation FloodNationalisation of BanksEmergency.Aryabhatta, our first satellite, named after the 5th century scientist, was launched in 1975. Since then we’ve only got bigger on the satellite front.1983: India won the cricket World Cup for the first time, and made a mark as world-class sportsmen.1991 Economic ReformsWe defeated Pakistan in the Kargil War in 1999 and recaptured Tiger Hill.We became one of the first few countries to have a woman head of state when Pratibha Patil took over as President of India in 2007We always had hits and misses at the Olympics, but we reached new heights when Abhinav Bindra won the gold medal in the 10m Air Rifle event at the 2008 Beijing Olympics.A.R. Rehman made the nation proud when he received two oscars for Slumdog Millionaire in 20092011: We won the cricket World Cup AGAIN. Dhoni finishes off in style. India wins world cup after 28 years. Party begins in Mumbai.2012: Defence Research and Development Organisation successfully test fired Agni V, taking a big step towards being more powerful.The Indian government declared the Golden Quadrilateral complete in 2012. Over 40,000 km of highways and expressways were added to our infrastructure.2014: We became the first country to reach the Mars orbit in the very first attempt. The whole world was pleasantly surprised and proud when Mangalyaan reached Mars.2014: After years of battling Polio, India got rid of it in 2014.Kailash Satyarthi made us proud when he received the Nobel Prize for Peace in 2014.

First, I am sorry for the mistakes, English is not my first language. To answer your question, Catherine has the bigger and much more expensive jewelry collection. Bellow, I will try to talk about a number of pieces from both Meghan's and Catherine's collections.Let’s start with the Duchess of Cambridge. She owns an extensive jewelry collection, gathered during the past 15 years.1. Her engagement ring, which belonged to Diana, Princess of Wales, was created by Garrard (the original price was £28,000, but now it's worth £300,000) and consists of a 12-carat oval blue Ceylon sapphire, set in 18-karat white gold and surrounded by fourteen solitaire diamonds.2. For the engagement announcement, she wore a set by Tiffany & Co. It consists of a pair of earrings with a Cabochon sapphire set in yellow gold, hanging from a diamond stud and a matching necklace which features two diamonds on either side of the sapphire.3. For her wedding, Catherine chose the “Cartier Halo Tiara” which was purchased in 1936 by the Duke of York (later King George VI) for his wife, the Duchess of York (later Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother). The tiara features 16 graduated scrolls set with 739 brilliants and 149 baton diamonds.4. On the wedding day, she also wore a pair of earrings commissioned by her parents, Carole and Michael, from London-based jeweller, Robinson Pelham. The £15,000 earrings are made of 18-karat white gold and diamonds and their design is inspired by the coat of arms of the Middleton Family and the “Cartier Halo Tiara”.5. It’s said that these earrings come from Diana's collection and William gave them to Catherine after their engagement. Originally, each earring consisted of two sapphires, surrounded by eight/nine diamonds with a single diamond between both clusters. She had the bottom re-set and the earrings became a favorite of hers.6. This gold three-leaf Shamrock brooch was made by Cartier and belongs to the Irish Guards, who determines to whom it will be loaned. It’s worn every year on St. Patrick's Day.7. The “Maple Leaf Diamond Brooch” was given to Queen Elizabeth by her husband, King George VI, before they visited Canada in 1939. The Duchess also wore the brooch during both Canadian tours.8. Another gift from William is this set created by G. Collins & Sons. The earrings and necklace are made of platinum and set with pear-shaped tanzanite stones surrounded by diamonds.9. These diamond chandelier earrings are a long-term loan from the Queen. Catherine was spotted with them for the first time at a gala in Los Angeles in 2011 and she wore the earrings multiple times since then.10. Her most worn earrings are the Annoushka Pearl Drops (£320) with the 'Kiki' Diamond Hoop Drops (£500).11. In celebration of Prince George's birth, William gifted his wife an Annoushka “Eclipse” Eternity Band made from white gold and set with 0.23 carats of brilliant-cut diamonds.12. The “Lotus Flower Tiara” was made from a diamond and pearl necklace received by Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (later Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother) from her future husband, Prince Albert (later King George VI) in 1923, as a wedding present. The Duchess of Cambridge wore it for the 2013 Diplomatic Reception and the 2015 Chinese State Banquet.13. At the christening of Prince Louis, she debuted the “Cavolfiore Pearl Studs” from Cassandra Goad, which feature seven pearls set with diamonds. They cost £4,360.14. The Asprey London “Charm Pendant” necklace features three charms: an acorn (£3,200) and an oak leaf (£2,150)—which are featured on the coat of arms of the Middleton Family—and a mushroom (£4,300).15. Princess Elizabeth (later Queen Elizabeth II) received several pearls from the ruler of Bahrain as a wedding present. Two of the pearls were used on the bottom of these dangling earrings that feature trios of round and baguette diamonds suspended from more round diamonds. Since 2016, they were loaned to the Duchess and most recently, she wore them at Trooping the Colour.16. This diamond and platinum “Fern Brooch” was gifted to the Queen by the women of Auckland during her first visit to New Zealand. It was pinned to Catherine's coat when she arrived in Wellington, in 2014.17. For the premiere of the James Bond movie “Spectre”, she wore the “Pagoda” earrings which were previously seen on her mother. The £14,300 blue topaz and diamond earrings are set in platinum and were created by Robinson Pelham. Carole Middleton wore them and a matching necklace for Catherine's wedding reception, in 2011.18. When she visited Bletchley Park, the home of codebreakers during WWII, Catherine wore this gold brooch which belonged to her grandmother, Valerie Middleton, who worked there during the war. It was designed to resemble a part of an Enigma Machine.19. For the 2018 Dutch State Banquet, she borrowed “Queen Alexandra's Wedding Necklace” from the Queen. This diamond and pearl piece was created by Garrard as part of a parure, at the request of the Prince of Wales (later King Edward VII). It was a wedding present for his bride, Princess Alexandra of Denmark.20. This suite of jewels was a gift for Catherine, possibly from a Middle Eastern ruler. It features a necklace, a pair of earrings and a bracelet made of white diamonds, emeralds and yellow diamonds set in platinum. The Duchess wore the earrings in long form at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, in 2014 and as studs, at the BAFTAs, in 2018.21. The “Diamond Quatrefoil Bracelet” belonged to the Queen Mother. It was inherit by Queen Elizabeth II in 2002 and it has been loaned to Catherine since 2017.22. Another long-term loan to Catherine, these diamond pendant earrings were publicly worn by the Queen for the first time in 2012, at the State Opening of the Parliament. The Duchess of Cambridge used them on a number of occasions, from white-tie dinners to evening receptions and day-time events.23. At the 2017 Spanish State Banquet, the Duchess wore this “Ruby-and-Diamond Bandeau Necklace”. It was purchased by the Hon. Mrs. Ronald Greville in 1907 from Boucheron. When she died, in 1942, Dame Margaret left her magnificent collection of jewels (an estimated 60 pieces) to the Queen Mother and a big part of it, including this necklace, was later inherit by Queen Elizabeth II.24. Another piece inspired by the Middleton Family's coat of arms is this diamond and pearl acorn brooch. Catherine wore it on a number of occasions, including the 2019 US State Banquet, but it's origin is unknown.25. The “Sapphire and Diamond Fringe Earrings” were once owned by the Queen Mother. The Duchess debuted them at a black-tie gala dinner in 2015.26. Collingwood Jewellers gave these diamond and pearl earrings to Lady Diana Spencer as a wedding gift and they were some of her favorites. Since 2017, the Duchess of Cambridge wears them regularly.27. “Queen Mary's Lover's Knot Tiara” was made by Garrard, in 1913, for Queen Mary, who took inspiration from her aunt's “Cambridge Lover's Knot”. Today, it’s Catherine's go-to tiara.28. This four-strand pearl bracelet was also part of Diana's collection. She wore it for the first time at the US State Banquet in June 2019.29. The Asprey London “167 Button” set was seen on Miss Middleton since 2006 and is made up of stud earrings and a same-style pendant which hangs from an 18-karat white gold chain. The center features an amethyst stone surrounded by pavé diamonds, set in white gold.30. Prince Charles' wedding gift for his new daughter-in-law was the “Art-Deco Suite” which consists of a bracelet, a pair of earrings and a ring. They are made of white and yellow diamonds and set in platinum. Their estimated value is £250,000.31. On their third wedding anniversary, William's gift for Catherine was a Cartier “Ballon Bleu” watch (£5,500). She wears it at almost all day-time events.32. This £55,000 Cartier “Trinity” necklace is believed to be a gift from her parents for her 30th birthday. Catherine wore it at an exhibition celebrating the London Olympics which took place at the National Portrait Gallery. The 18-karat chain features pavé diamonds as well as three intertwined circles of white, yellow and pink gold which are set with shimmering diamonds. It’s speculated that the matching earrings (£36,000) were gifted to her by Prince William.33. The “Mouawad Ruby Parure” was a wedding gift from a friend. This set consists of a diamond and ruby necklace, a matching bracelet and a pair of earrings. Their price is somewhere between £100,000—£200,000.34. This was a wedding gift from The Duchess of Cornwall. The gold bracelet features a disc engraved with Catherine's and Camilla's monograms.35. Pippa gifted this beautiful £150 necklace to her sister after Prince George's birth. Made by the London boutique “Merci Maman”, it features a gold disc with George's full name, a heart-shaped charm with an engraved “W” and the figure of a boy. Diana received a similar necklace from Prince Charles after William's birth.36. The “Nigel Milne Three-Strand Pearl and Diamond Bracelet” also comes from Diana and Catherine wore it for the first time at a reception in Berlin, in 2017.37. In 1947, the Nizam of Hyderabad left instructions with Cartier to let Princess Elizabeth (later Queen Elizabeth II) pick anything from their existing collection for her wedding present. One of the pieces she chose was this platinum necklace created in 1935. It features 12 emerald-cut diamonds and a pear-shaped drop with a chain of 38 brilliant-cut diamonds. The Duchess wore it at the Portrait Gala in 2014 and the 2019 Diplomatic Reception.38. The “Pearl and Triple Leaf Brooch” is composed of three leaves of white gold, each outlined with thin bands of yellow gold and a large mabe pearl at the centre of each leaf, which are also set with naturalistic scatterings of tiny diamonds. It belongs to the Queen, who wore it during a state visit in Seoul, in 1999. Catherine wore it for a WWI centenary service in Belgium and at the Royal Albert Hall.39. Queen Elizabeth II donned this diamond and pearl earrings during the Silver Jubilee celebrations. They were loaned to the Duchess of Cambridge since 2016 and she wore them on a number of occasions, most notably on the steps of Lindo Wing, after giving birth to Prince Louis.40. Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten (later Prince Philip, the Duke of Edinburgh) gifted this bracelet to Princess Elizabeth (later Queen Elizabeth II) after their engagement. The “Edinburgh Wedding Bracelet” was designed by Philip and was made using diamonds from a tiara received by his mother, Princess Alice of Battenberg, from her uncle and aunt, Emperor Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra Feodorovna of Russia, with the occasion of her wedding to Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark. Catherine wore it for the first time at the Chinese State Banquet, in 2015.41. The “Empress” set from Mappin & Webb is one of Catherine's favorites. It features a necklace and matching earrings made of 18-karat white gold and round brilliant-cut diamonds.42. After she became an Honorary Air Commandant of the RAF Air Cadets, the Duchess was gifted the “Royal Air Force Dacre Brooch”, which is set with diamonds, rubies and other gemstones.43. Catherine received this yellow gold brooch in the shape of two dolphins from the Royal Navy Submarine Service (for which William is Commodore-in-Chief) as a wedding present and she wore it during the Diamond Jubilee River Pageant. The pin is similar with the unit's badge.44. For the 2019 BAFTAs, she wore the top, detachable diamond portion of Diana's “South-Sea Pearl Earrings”, paired with the Collingwood pearls.45. Another diamond bracelet loaned to Catherine is “Queen Mary's Diamond Bar Choker Bracelet”. The piece was also worn by Queen Elizabeth for her 75th birthday portrait. The Duchess of Cambridge debuted it at the 2015 Chinese State Banquet. Since then, she wore it on many occasions, including a gala in Paris and a black-tie event in Norfolk.46. At the 2017 Diplomatic Reception, Catherine wore a collet necklace borrowed from the Queen, made of round diamonds set on a single strand.47. This £3,500 delicate “Riva” set from Monica Vinader features pavé diamonds set in rose gold-plated sterling silver. It was seen on the Duchess in the first years of her marriage.48. For a 2-days visit in Paris, Catherine chose to wear a pair of earrings and a necklace from the Cartier's “Trinity” collection. They are made of white, yellow and rose gold and the three bands symbolise love, fidelity and friendship.49. The “Four-Row Pearl Choker” is a Garrard creation. It was constructed using pearls which were a gifted to the Queen by the Japanese Government. The Duchess of Cambridge wore it at Windsor Castle for the 70th wedding anniversary of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip.50. At the Wimbledon Gentlemen's Final 2018, Catherine debuted a new pair of earrings. The £6,450 “Oak Leaf Small Hoops” from Asprey London are made of 18-karat yellow gold with pavé diamonds. They are probably another nod to her family's coat of arms and they might be a present in celebration of Prince Louis' birth.51. For the 2019 Diplomatic Reception, the Duchess of Cambridge wore “The Queen's Diamond Chandelier Drop Demi-Parure Earrings”. Although unconfirmed, it’s believed they were a gift from King Fahd of Saudi Arabia.52.Catherine wore the “Magic Alhambra” set (£11,700) from Van Cleef & Arpels at the 2020 BAFTAs. It features a pair of earrings and a necklace made of 18-karat yellow gold and white mother-of-pearl.53. The Duchess debuted the “Daisy Heritage Earrings” when she arrived in Dublin, in March 2020 and she later wore the matching necklace for an official portrait with the occasion of hers and William’s 10th wedding anniversary. These Asprey London pieces are made of 18-karat white gold and diamonds. Their price is £27,800 and they might be a birthday gift from her husband.54. This large citrine ring has been in her collection since 2006 and she wore it multiple times in the past three years, but it's provenance is unknown.55. The “Gold Midnight Moon” necklace was spotted on the Duchess at the end of January 2020. Created by the British designer Daniella Draper, it's a personalised piece engraved with “GCL” for George, Charlotte and Louis.Catherine has a big “Kiki McDonough” Collection:1. “Grace” White Topaz and Diamond Stud Earrings—£1,1002. Classic Peridot and Blue Topaz Double Oval Studs—£1,8003. Citrine Pear Drop Earrings—£4604. “Lauren” Pave Diamond Leaf Earrings in Yellow Gold—£2,2005. Citrine and Diamond Cushion Drop Earrings—£1,3006. Morganite and Diamond Cushion Drop Earrings—£3,4007. White Topaz and Diamond Cushion Drop Earrings—£3,0008. Green Amethyst and Diamond Cushion Drop Earrings—£1,3009. “Lola” Blue Topaz Hoops—£3,20010. Green Amethyst and Diamonds Oval Drop Earrings—£2,600 (A gift from William for their first Christmas as a married couple)11. Green Tourmalines, Green Amethyst and Diamonds Drop Earrings—£3,500 (A special edition made to celebrate Princess Charlotte's birth and gifted to Catherine by William)12. “Eden” Diamond Flower and Lemon Quartz Drop Earrings—£2,90013. Lavender Amethyst Pear and Oval Drop Earrings—£3,90014. Lemon Quartz Double Drop Earrings—£3,75015. Customized Candy Pink Tourmaline and Green Amethyst Drop Earrings—£8,90016. Morganite Double Drop Earrings in White Gold—£7,50017. Candy Green Mini Amethyst and Diamond Earrings in Yellow Gold—£1,75018. Blue Topaz and Diamond Drop Earrings in White Gold—£3,50019. Candy Green Mini Amethyst and Diamond Pendant in Yellow Gold—£1,25020. “Eden” Blue Topaz Flower Necklace—£1,400The Duchess of Sussex married Prince Harry a year ago. Except for the wedding tiara, Meghan didn’t receive any loans from the Queen's vault, but she was gifted a number of jewels from her late mother-in-law's collection instead. Mostly, her jewelry box consists of small earrings, bracelets and a lot of rings.1. The most famous piece is her £122,500 engagement ring. Designed by Prince Harry and made by Cleave & Co., the ring features a 5-carat diamond from Botswana and two smaller, round-cut diamonds from Diana's collection set on a yellow gold band which was changed into a micro pavé one.2. For the wedding, Meghan borrowed “Queen Mary's Diamond Bandeau Tiara” from the Queen. It was created in 1932 and the center piece is a brooch received by Princess Victoria Mary of Teck (later Queen Mary) from the County of Lincoln when she married the Duke of York (later King George V). The tiara is a flexible band of eleven sections, featuring interlaced ovals and pavé diamonds along with large and small brilliant diamonds.3. For her “something old”, she chose the £13,500 Cartier “Galanterie” Studs which are believed to be a gift from Prince Harry. The earrings are made of 18-karat white gold with a brilliant-cut diamond in the center and paved with small brilliant-cut diamonds.4. Meghan also wore the £217,000 “Reflection de Cartier” bracelet. This fabulous piece is made of 18-karat white gold, set with 104 brilliant-cut diamonds and 52 baguette-cut diamonds.5. When leaving Windsor Castle for the wedding reception, she wore Diana's £75,000 ring. Set in 24-karat yellow gold, the emerald-cut ring features a large aquamarine stone surrounded by smaller diamonds.6. For the evening reception, the Duchess of Sussex donned another pair of Cartier earrings. She wore the large version of the 18-karat white gold 'Reflection de Cartier' earrings which are set with 19 brilliant-cut and 12 baguette-cut diamonds. They cost £60,000.7. On the first day of the Australian tour, Meghan wore two pieces from Diana's collection: the “Butterfly” yellow gold earrings and a bracelet. They are set with diamonds and sapphires.8. When she visited Cheshire, the Duchess wore a new pair of earrings, which were a wedding gift from Queen Elizabeth II. The pearl and diamond pieces are a smaller version of “Queen Mary's Button Earrings”.9. In celebration of her baptism and confirmation, Harry gave his fianceé this diamond cross bracelet. It is believed to be a bespoke piece by Cleave & Co.10. This diamond tennis bracelet used to belong to Diana. Meghan wore it during the Fiji tour.11. Another tennis bracelet, the Cartier “Essential Lines” (£21,300) it’s said to be a wedding gift from Prince Charles. It’s made of white gold and set with 61 brilliant-cut diamonds.12. For the 1st wedding anniversary, Meghan received this £4,000 diamond eternity band from her husband. The piece was designed by Prince Harry and made by the New York-based jeweller Lorraine Schwartz. On the underside it features an emerald, a sapphire and a peridot, the birthstones of Archie, Harry and Meghan.13. This £400 necklace was debuted at the US Open Women's Final. Created by Mini Mini Jewels, it consists of two dog tags with the initials of Harry and Archie.14. After she got the “Rachel Zane” role in “Suits”, Meghan bought the Cartier “French Tank” watch, made of yellow gold and steel. It’s engraved with the phrase “To M.M from M.M”.15. Meghan wore these £500,000 earrings from Butani Jewellry twice. The three strand chandelier earrings feature white and yellow diamonds and were a gift from Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman of Saudi Arabia.16. This “A” necklace was spotted on The Duchess of Sussex at Wimbledon. It was made by the Sydney-based, British designer, Emma Swann.And the small pieces:1. Jennifer Meyer Turquoise Marquise Ring—£2042. Birks “Bee Chic” Stackable Diamond Ring—£1,8003. Birks “Iconic” Stackable Diamond Snowflake Ring—£3,0004. Birks “Iconic” Stackable Yellow Gold and Diamond Splash Ring—£9175. Birks “Rosée du Matin” Yellow Gold Flex Wrap Ring—£9006. Ecksand “Cirque” Ruby Ring—£1,0987. Ecksand Round-cut Emerald “Showcase” Stackable Ring—£7308. Ecksand Marquise-cut Blue Sapphire “Showcase” Stackable Ring—£5729. Ecksand Marquise-cut Diamond “Showcase” Stackable Ring—£60010. Ecksand “A La Folie” Emerald Secret Heart Stackable Ring—£72511. i+i Jewellery “Black Diamond Gold Pair” Ring—£14512. i+i Jewellery “Gold Crescent Moon” Ring—£19013. Jessica McCormack “Sapphire Heart” Ring—£3,00014. Natalie Marie “Rose” Morganite Ring—£1,03515. Pippa Small “Durga” Round Ring—£1,00016. Pippa Small “Herkimer” Diamond Almost Ring—£1,90017. Pippa Small “Herkimer” Diamond Cup Ring—£99518. Pippa Small “Herkimer” Diamond Eternity Ring—£1,70019. Solange “Love” Ring—£1,35020. Vanessa Tugendhaft “Promesse Infinie” Ring—£1,02521. Zofia Day “Bar Stack” Ring—£58622. Jennifer Meyer Diamond Bezel & Turquoise Marquise Stud Earrings—£49023. Adina Reyter Three Diamond “Amigos Curve Post” Earrings—£40024. Birks Cushion Cut Sapphire and Double Diamond “Halo” Drop Earrings—£13,48025. Birks “Bee Chic” Blue Topaz Silver Earrings—£38026. Birks “Be Chic” White Quartz Silver Earrings—£27627. Birks “Muse” Citrine and Diamond Drop Earrings—£2,13028. Birks “Petale” Gold and Diamond Earrings—£91729. Birks “Snowflake Snowstorm” Diamond Earrings—£7,30030. Birks “Plaisirs” Diamond Swirl Earrings—£97031. Birks “Snowflake” Large Round Jacket Earrings—£3,68032. Birks Yellow Gold and Opal Earrings—£81533. Birks Gold Bar Earrings—£30034. Boh Runga “Feather Kiss” Gold Discologo Stud Earrings—£16835. Dean Davidson Signature Midi “Knockout Rainbow” Moonstone Stud Earrings—£11836. Ecksand “Tresses” Bar Stud Earrings—£23937. Emily Mortimer “Nova” Gold White Topaz Earrings—£35038. Gabriela Artigas “Triple Shooting Star” Earrings—£28639. i+i Jewellry Diamond Half Hoop Earrings—£48040. Isabel Marant Enameled Gold-Tone Hoop Earrings—£6541. Jennifer Meyer Turquoise Inlay Bar Earrings—£32342. Jessica McCormack “Signature GYPSET” Hoop Earrings—£2,70043. Karen Walker “Temptation” Gold Stud Earrings​—£19844. Natalie Marie Diamond “Sun” Stud Earrings—£1,34645. Paspaley Lavalier “Circlé” Pearls Earrings—£4,93046. Pippa Small “Nosheen” Stud Earrings—£5047. Pippa Small Gold “Peepal Leaf” Earrings—£3,17548. Pippa Small “Kyanite” Classic Stud Earrings—£49549. Pippa Small “Herkimer” Diamond Stud Earrings—£49550. Shaun Leane “Talon” Earrings—£2,40051. Vanessa Tugendhaft “Precious Clover Charm” Stud Earrings—£66052. Vanessa Tugendhaft “Parisienne” Diamond Hoop Earrings—£1,05053. Vanessa Tugendhaft “Idylle La Rose” Diamond Earrings—£1,42454. Zofia Day “Dash” Stud Earrings—£61455. Bar Jewellery Gold Wide “Ripple” Bracelet—£24056. Bentley & Skinner “A Diamond Line” Bracelet—£4,15057. Birks White Gold “Flex” Wrap Bracelet—£1,59258. Birks “Rosée du Matin” Diamond Bar Bracelet—£56759. Giles & Brother Gold “Railroad Spike” Cuff Bracelet—£10660. Kismet by Milka Dangle Full Circles Bracelet—£43061. Missoma Double Chain Bracelet—£7062. Missoma Rainbow Moonstone Beaded Leaf Bracelet—£7563. Missoma 18ct Gold “Vermeil” Leaf Bracelet—£8064. Pippa Small “Meena” Bangle—£65065. Pippa Small “Wajiha” Bangle—£36066. Pippa Small “Oshna” Bangle—£11567. Pippa Small “Omeen” Bangle—£16068. Pippa Small “Herkimer” Diamond Bracelet—£2,20069. Shaun Leane Gold Thin “Serpents Trace” Bracelet—£4,60070. Shaun Leane Gold “Signature Tusk” Diamond Bracelet—£95071. Tai Asymmetrical Circle Moonstone Open Bracelet—£5272. Wwake Three-Stone Opal Cuff—£66073. Zofia Day “Open” Diamond Cuff—£98374. Adina Reyter Solid “Pavé Teardrop” Necklace—£34075. Jennifer Meyer 18K Gold Turquoise Necklace—£61476. Jessica McCormack “Tattoo” Diamond Pendant—£8,80077. Pascale Monvoisin “Cauri N°2” Necklace—£29578. Pippa Small Aquamarine Collette Pendant Cord Necklace—£1,40079. Right Hand Gal Solid Gold Asymmetrical Initial Necklace—£20480. Vanessa Tugendhaft “Precious Clover Charm” Necklace—£785

When people throw ideas around… I listen!I was in my second year when this guy from another lab dropped by. He said: “I need to image those gold nanorods. I was told people from your lab could help.”And yes, he was right. One PhD student who was there before me had developed this instrument called photothermal optical coherence tomography (PT-OCT) and he was able to image gold nanorods in tumors in mice with it.Tucker-Schwartz, Jason M., et al. "In vivo imaging of nanoparticle delivery and tumor microvasculature with multimodal optical coherence tomography." Biomedical optics express 5.6 (2014): 1731-1743.“Oh but I need to image those gold nanorods in the mouse eye,” the guy said.So I said: “Sure. Never done that before. Let’s try.”And that was the thing. Nobody had ever used PT-OCT to image gold nanorods in the eye before. Actually, there were no tool to image any gold nanoparticles into any eyes, even though gold nanoparticles were being investigated as potential drug carriers for eye diseases.So we just did it and 1) We were the first to perform PT-OCT in the eye, which enabled us to monitor gold nanorods distribution to the retina.While we were doing this experiment, we noticed one thing: PT-OCT was showing us images of the gold nanorods in the eye, but it was also showing us SO MUCH MELANIN. Because, yes, there is a lot of melanin at the back of people’s eyes.We didn’t think much of it at first. Who cares about melanin right?I presented my results at a conference. Researchers in the audience dismissed the gold nanorods data in 2 seconds. “Gold nanorods will never be approved by the FDA to go into patient’s eyes… However, the MELANIN! Tell us more about the MELANIN!”Turns out there are no good ways to quantify the melanin in our eyes even though changes in pigmentation could be linked to eye diseases such as age-related macular degeneration.So 2) We were the first to detect melanin in the eye using PT-OCT.We showed the data to a new collaborator of ours (who specialized in eye imaging) and he said “can we use PT-OCT to do a more in-depth study of melanin distribution in the eye?”He suggested we try to image melanin in the zebrafish eye (instead of mice) because zebrafish have beautiful eyes and the distribution of melanin in their eyes changes when the fish are exposed to light or if they are kept in the dark.So 3) We demonstrated that PT-OCT can detect very subtle changes in melanin distribution in the zebrafish. This opens the door to further studies to better understand how melanin changes with diseases.Oh, and somebody also said “Can you also image this dye called indocyanine green that is commonly used in eye surgery?”So 4) We imaged indocyanine green in the eye with PT-OCT, because again, why not, nobody had done it before.And that was my PhD:Development of PT-OCT for retinal imaging.Lapierre-Landry, Maryse, et al. "In vivo photothermal optical coherence tomography of endogenous and exogenous contrast agents in the eye." Scientific reports 7.1 (2017): 9228.Lapierre-Landry, Maryse, et al. “Imaging melanin distribution in the zebrafish retina using photothermal optical coherence tomography.” Translational vision science and technology 7.4 (2018)Lapierre-Landry, Maryse, et al. "Photothermal optical coherence tomography of indocyanine green in ex vivo eyes." Optics letters 43.11 (2018): 2470-2473.One thing you notice reading this story?I didn’t wake up in the middle of the night with an idea for my PhD. No, I was approached by people, I listened to them, they told me about their problem in need of a solution, and I tried the solution I knew best, PT-OCT.For me, it was all about listening!