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Disclaimer: This is not original. I had come across all this information, somewhere on the internet and had copied it for my own reference. I am sharing it. I don’t know the original sources.This is a super long answer. (5700 words). It is best if those interested copy it and save it for reference.In alphabetical order here are some British words and expressions followed by what the Americans say.AA year back , A year agoBritish: lamps (in the context of cars)American:⦁ Headlights⦁ Tail lights⦁ Brake lights⦁ Parking lightsAfters, DessertAll-in InclusiveAlsatian German shepherdAluminium AluminumAnorak ParkaAntenatal PrenatalAnticlockwise CounterclockwiseBritish: appointed, People are appointed for each actionAmerican: assigned , People are assigned to each job functionArchaeology ArcheologyAssure , ensureAt a single shot, In one stepattache, briefcaseBritish: automobileAmerican: Do not use automobile when referring to any motorized vehicle. In America, “automobile” refers only to a two- or four-door car. Use “vehicle” when referring to motorized vehicles in general.Autumn, FallAvail of, UseBBack of beyond Middle of nowhereBank holiday National holidaybatch classBill (at a restaurant) CheckBills InvoicesBin , Garbage canBiscuit Cookie, CrackerBlinds (of window), ShadesBlock of flats, Apartment houseBloke GuyBobby Policeman/CopBonnet, HoodBook ReserveBoot (car), TrunkBootlace, shoelace ShoestringBrooch, PinCCabinet maker Skilled carpenterCafe DinerCar components Car partsCar park Parking lotCaravan Motor home, TrailerCarrier bag Shopping bagBritish: Cashier ,American: Teller, (Tellers work in banks. Cashiers work in supermarkets or grocery stores.)Catalogue CatalogCentre CenterChat show Talk showChat up Chat flirtatiouslycheap inexpensiveChemist PharmacistCheque CheckChest of drawers bureauchief editor , editor-in-chiefChristian name first name, given nameCinema MovieCinema hall Movie theaterCloakroom, checkroomClothes peg Clothes pinclubbed, joinedColour, ColorConscription (Enforced membership of military forces), DraftCooker OvenCopse ThicketCotton wool CottonCounterfoil , StubIn British usage, a "stub" is a shortened end of something, often implying that the rest of the object has been broken off, the usage "stub one's foot" means to bring the foot into sudden, often accidental, contact with some obstacle.Creche, Day care centerCrisps Potato chipsCrossroads IntersectionCul de sac Dead endCurb kerbCurrent account Checking accountBritish: Curriculum vitae (CV) In British usage, a résumé is used to mean a summary or summing up in any context.American: Résumé ("curriculum vitae" is sometimes used by American academics)Cutting , Clipping (eg from a newspaper)DDaft StupidDear ExpensiveDeduce, figuredDefence DefenseDepartmental store Department storeDependent dependantDialling code Area codeDialogue DialogDiary Appointment bookDin into Hammer (an idea) into someone's headDistension, distentionDiversion, DetourDo the needful , Do what is necessaryDownmarket, SeedyDownwards , downwardDraughts CheckersDressing gown bathrobeDummy PacifierDustbin Garbage canDuvet ComforterEearthing groundingEiderdown, quilt ComforterElastoplast, Bandaid (both brand names for bandages)Electric fire Heater (electric)else otherwiseBritish: Employment agencyAmerican: In the United States, Employment agency refers to a temporary placement agency that specializes in short-term work. To refer to an agency that places people in professional work, use “recruitment agency.”enterprise companyEstate Agent Realtorexpiry expirationFFA Cup, Superbowl of SoccerBritish: facultyAmerican: Only used as a plural noun in American usage. You can refer to the “faculty” of a school, but use “professor,” “teacher,” or “instructor” to refer to one person.Fancy (verb) Likefavourite favoritefetch retrieveFill a form, Fill out a formFilm MovieFirst Floor Second floorFishmongers' Fish Storefixed scheduledFlat ApartmentFlyover , OverpassBritish: folio (Each share is assigned a folio.)American: stock certificate number( Each share is assigned a stock certificate number.)Football SoccerForm GradeFortnight Two weeksFringe BangsFull stop Period (the punctuation mark)Furore, furorGgadgets , Instruments, devicesGadgets is slang.Gaffer BossGammon HamGaol JailGarden, YardGas fire , Gas heaterGear lever, gear shift, gear stickGents, Men's roomGlycerine, glycerinGoose pimples, Goose bumpsGuard ConductorHHair pin Bobby pinHandbag PurseHas the facility to, Has the ability to or has the capacity toA facility in American English refers to a building or a center –e.g. a childcare facility.Have a look at, Look at, read, reviewHedgerow, HedgeHence, Thereforehereunder, Use “the following” or “listed below”High street , Main streetHire purchase, CreditHoliday Vacationhonour honorHood, Vinyl Top (of convertible)housewife, homemakerHousing estate, Tenementhumour humorIIce lolly, PopsicleIdentity parade, Lineupincrease, hikeIn good nick, In good conditionInterval, IntermissionIronmongers', Hardware storeJJacket potato, Baked potatoJam, JellyJelly, Gelatin, Jell-o (US term is proprietary)jeweller jewelerJewellery jewelryJob vacancy Job openingJoining date Hiring dateJoint. RoastJumble sale, Yard saleJumper, SweaterKKeeper, CuratorKerb, CurbLlabour, laborLad BoyLadies', Lady's roomLadybird , LadybugBritish: Lead (Flexible electrical cable joining an electrical appliance or telephone to a socket.)British practice uses the same colours as are used in Europe: brown for live, blue for neutral and green with yellow stripe for earth. Older British practice still used for permanent cables is red for live, black for neutral and green (or bare copper) for earth.American: CordAmerican practice is black for live, white for neutral and green for earth.Leader page , Editorial pagelicence (license for the verb and licence for the noun), licenseLift ElevatorBritish: LimitedBritish firms often have titles ending in "Ltd" meaning limited liability or "Plc" meaning public liability company. "Public" implies that the company's shares are publically traded. There are also private companies.American: IncorporatedLoo Bathroom/ JohnLorry TruckLounge Living RoomMMac See mackintoshMackintosh RaincoatBritish: Majored inAmerican high school students do not select a major course of study. It is only at the university level that students select a “major.”Mange tout Snow peasManoeuvre ManeuverMatch GameMean StingyMerry-go-around carouselBritish: Metre ("meter" for a measuring device and "metre" for the unit of length)American: MeterMince Ground beefMinder BabysitterMinder BodyguardMotorway Highway, FreewayNNail varnish Nail polishNappy DiaperNatter (noun or verb) ChatNaturist NudistNaughts and crosses Tic-Tac-ToeNick Steal (verb), prison (noun)No mean task No easy taskNote BillNought naughtNumber plate License PlateNursery KindergartenOOff license Liquor storeOld age pensioner Senior citizenOn holiday On vacationOnce, AfterAmerican: (Do not use once as a synonym for after. Use once only to mean one time.)Over the moon, ElatedOver the top , Carried awayPPack of playing cards Deck of playing cardsPanda car Police carParaffin KeroseneParting PartPavement SidewalkPay slip paycheckPer cent PercentPetrol Gaspetrol pumps gas stationPickle RelishPilchards SardinesPinch StealPitch Playing fieldPlait BraidPlimsolls SneakersPlough plowPorridge OatmealPost (noun or verb) MailPostal code Zip codePostman Mail man/mail carrierPower point Electrical outletPower up Turn onPram/ perambulator Baby carriagePresenter NewscasterPress up Push upProgramme programproperty Real estatePub BarPublic school Private schoolPudding DessertPulses BeansPumps SneakersPut paid to, Put an end toPvt. Ltd. Inc., Co., Corp.QQuery Question, askAmerican: Query is used only in a technical context.Queue, Line, Wait in line or stand in lineRRaise bills Prepare invoicesRedundant UnemployedReel SpoolRemoval MovingRemoval man MoverRemoval van Moving truck, moving vanReturn, Round-tripReverse charge call Collect callRing CallRoundabout Traffic circleRow QuarrelRubber , EraserRubbish garbage (waste food) and other things that are thrown away are called trash.Rucksack BackpackSSack (verb), FireSaloon car, SedanSavory biscuit, CrackerScatty Scatter-brainedSceptic , skepticscheme , Plan, welfare policy (Scheme has a negative connotation in American English.)Serviette Napkinshare broker stock brokerShop assistant Sales clerkShopping centre, MallShort dress, Jumper(in British usage, "jumper" means a sweater )Silencer MufflerSingle One-waySnooker BilliardsSocket OutletSod , Unpleasant personBritish: Solicitor, lawyer, barristerAmerican: Lawyer, advocate, attorney (there are subtle differences)Sort code Routing number (in banking)Spanner WrenchSpeciality specialtySpot PimpleSpot on , PerfectSquash, Juice concentratestate Explain, describeState school Public schoolstipulation Rule, lawStock inventoryStone Fourteen poundsStream, brook(in British usage, a "creek" is a small inlet of the sea) CreekSubway Pedestrian crossingSurgery Doctor's examination roomSweets CandySwimming costume Bathing suitTTap FaucetTarmac , AsphaltTelly TVTerrace, Bleacherstheatre, theaterTimber LumberAmerican usage seems to distinguish "standing timber" (i.e. trees that haven't been chopped down) from lumber (which is what they become after they've been chopped down and the logs cut to shape and size). British usage is "timber" in both contexts.Timetable, ScheduleIn British usage, "schedule" is used to refer to forward planning of, usually personal, activities with a very similar meaning to the word "plan".Tin, CanTissues Kleenex (American term is proprietary)Torch Flashlighttout brokerTower block High-risetownship towntraffic signals traffic lightsTrainers SneakersTram Streetcartransport transportationTransport cafe Truck stopTreacle , MolassesTrunk-call Long-distance callTuition, InstructionTyre TireUUnderground Subwayupdation updateUpmarket ClassyUpwards upwardVVan Delivery truckBritish: Vicar, minister, rector. American: PastorWWardrobe ClosetWater closet BathroomWellingtons Gumboots (rubber)Wholefood HealthfoodWindscreen WindshieldWish WantWonky UnstableWay out ExitZZebra Crossing , Pedestrian CrossingZed, Zee (the letter)Zip, Zipper(A compilation of the differences between British English and American English)There are various English language styles in the United States---the most characteristic ones being Southern, New England, New York, and Midwest. While each style is distinctive and individualistic, all these styles have been delineated under a common heading, American English, in this document since the purpose of this document is to familiarize the reader with the basic differences between British English and American English.The differences between British English and American English are considerable. They span areas such as spelling, grammar, pronunciation, vocabulary, usage and idioms.Some of the key differences between the two styles are mentioned in this document.Sentence StructureAmerican English has simpler sentence structures than British English. At its best, American English is more direct and vivid than its British counterpart. For example, lay off is a preferable American expression to make redundant.British English: As well as going shopping, we went to the park.American English: We went to the park and also went shopping.British English: Britons go to school.American English: Americans go to the school.British English chooses between one or other thing.American English chooses between one thing or the otherBritish English takes a decision.American English makes a decision.Please could British English have the menu? (Please may introduce or end a request in British English)Can American English have the menu, please? (Please always ends a request in American English)British English appeals against a legal decision or sentence.American English appeals a legal decision or sentence.British English has got a new car.American English has a new car.British English has a bath. (Have, have got and has are more common in British English.)American English takes a bath. (Take and took are more common in American English.)British English went for a swim.American English took a swim.British English looks forward to future.American English looks forward to the future.British English: Have you got her address?American English: Do you have her address?British English is rich enough to retire.American English is rich enough that it can retire.British English: Go and see what you have done.American English: Go see what you did.British English is in jubilant mood.American English is in a jubilant mood.SpellingAmerican English is more phonetic than British English. The main spelling differences are listed below:⦁ -eable/-ableThe silent e in some adjectives is often omitted in American English. For example, likable is used instead of likeable and unshakeable becomes unshakable.⦁ -ae/-oeIn American English, the composite vowel is replaced by a single e. For example, medieval instead of mediaeval; anesthetic instead of anaesthetic; gynecology instead of gynaecology; diarrhoea instead of diarrhea.⦁ -se/-zeSome words that are spelled with s in British English end with z in American English. For example, organise and organize; civilise and civilize; analyse and analyze; paralyse and paralyze.⦁ -ce/-seIn British English, the verb that relates to a noun ending in –ce is sometimes given the ending –se. For example, advice (noun) and advise (verb); device (noun) and devise (verb); practice (noun) and practise (verb). American spelling follows the same distinction between advice/advise and device/devise because the spelling change is accompanied by a slight change in the sound of the word. When the noun and the verb are pronounced in the same way such as practice/practise, American English spelling reflects only the –ce form, that is practice. However, American English extends the use of –se to other nouns that are spelt with –ce in British English. For example, defense instead of defence; offense instead of offence; pretense instead of pretence.⦁ -e/-ueThe final silent e or ue of several words is omitted in American English but retained in British English. For example, analog instead of analogue; catalog instead of catalogue; dialog instead of dialogue.⦁ -our/-orWords such as candour, colour, demeanour, favour, valour, and behaviour lose the u in American English. For example, candor, color, demeanor, favor, valor, and behavior.⦁ -re/-erSome words ending in re in British English end in er in American English. For example, centre, fibre, sombre, and metre become center, fiber, somber, and meter in American English. However, there are exceptions such as cadre, lucre, massacre, ogre, etc.⦁ -t/-edBritish English uses -t in words such as spelt, learnt, dreamt, burnt. American English uses -ed. For example, spelled, learned, dreamed, and burned.⦁ -oul/-olSome words spelled with oul in British English are spelled with ol in American English.For example, mould and smoulder become mold and smolder in American English.⦁ Some items are written as two words in British English and as one word in American English.For example, any more, de luxe and per cent become anymore, deluxe, and percent in American English.Grammar⦁ Shall/willShall (including its variants such as shan’t) is more common in British English. For example, Shall you be at the embassy? No, I am afraid I shan’t.Will is more common in American English. It is also used as a rough equivalent of must. For example, That will be my brother at the door.⦁ Should/wouldShould is mostly used in British English, particularly in advice-giving formulas, in polite first-person statements and in its putative use. It is rarely used in American English.British EnglishWe should be happy to comply with your request.I should dress warmly if I were you.It is astonishing that they should leave without informing me.I demanded that he should leave.That would be the postman at the door.American EnglishI demanded that he leave.It is astonishing that they left without informing me.Would in American English is used as an equivalent for used to.When I was young, I would get up early.⦁ Can/mayBoth are used freely on both sides of the Atlantic for ability as well as permission.⦁ Can’t/mustn’tCan’t is generally used in British English rather than in American English. For example, You can’t go out in the rain.Mustn’t is popular in American English. For example, You mustn’t go out in the rain.⦁ Must/have (got) toHave (got) is more common in British English.For example,This must have been the best novel this year.Have you eaten yet?They have already leftMust is more common in American English.For example,This must be the best novel this year.Did you eat yet?They left already⦁ Had got/hadHad got is typically used in British English. For example, She left because she’d got a lot to do would be written as She left because she had a lot to do in American English.HyphenationIn American English, most nouns with prefixes such as anti, pre, sub, re, and co are spelled as a single word. For example, antisocial, cooperation, preempt, and subcommittee.In British English, these words are hyphenated. For example, anti-social, co-operation, pre-empt, sub-committee.Punctuation⦁ Full StopIn British English, the punctuation mark used at the end of a sentence is called a full stop. In American English, it is called a period.⦁ Exclamation markIn British English, the punctuation mark (!) used at the end of an exclamation is called an exclamation mark. In American English, it is called an exclamation point.⦁ Quotation marksSingle quotation marks or inverted commas are generally used in British English.For example, ‘Why did they do that?’Double quotation marks are used in American English. Single quotation marks are used for quotes within quotes. All periods and commas precede the closing quotation marks.For example“You are eating too much,” she said.“I liked her ‘sense and sensibility’ comment regarding Generation X,” he said.MeasurementsIn Britain, two systems of measurement are used, the metric system (that is, use of decimal numbers---e.g. 4.8 kilograms) and the imperial system (that is, use of fractions---e.g. one and a half tons of wheat). The metric system is now commonly used for most purposes.In America, the metric system is not commonly used, except for military, medical, and scientific purposes. Some common measurement values are inches, miles, feet, gallons, and pounds.British AmericanKilometres, Metres (meter in Am.) Mileslitres (liter in Am.) GallonsKilograms PoundsAmerican English and British English also differ in the measurement units of distance, speed, and weight. In addition, U.S. pints, quarts, and gallons are different from British ones.Example1 UK gallon = 4 1/2 liters1 US gallon = 3 1/2 litersDatesThe date format followed in American English is the MM-DD-YY format. The DD-MM-YY format is used in British English. However, the former style is becoming popular in British English too.In addition, in British English, April 20 will be stated as ‘April the twentieth.” Britons use “the” in front of the number.In American English, it is stated as “April twentieth.”Time⦁ In British English, "past" or "to" is used to refer to time.For example,The time is twenty past seven.He returned at quarter to eight.In American English, 'after" is used instead of "past," and "of" instead of "to".For example,It was twenty after eight.At a quarter of eight, he called her.⦁ In British English, a full stop is used after the hour when time is stated in numerals.For example,The train leaves at 7.30.In American English, a colon is used instead of a full stop after the hour.The train leaves at 7:30.Prepositions⦁ Sentences can end with a preposition in British English.For example: It was appropriate for the situation it was used in.However, it is American English prefers not to end a sentence with a preposition unless necessary.For example: It was appropriate for the situation in which it was used.⦁ Other Examples regarding the use of prepositions:British English lives in a street.American English lives on a street.British English works in a company.American English works for a companyBritish English schedules for a meeting.American English schedules a meeting.British English does something at the weekend.American English does something on the weekend.British English is in two minds about something.American English is of two minds about something.The British girl was named after her mother.The American girl was named for her mother.British English can leave on Monday.American English can leave Monday.The Britons on the course had a distinct advantage.The Americans in the course had a distinct advantage.It provided British English with an excuse.It provided American English an excuse.British English: That approximates to the truth.American English: That approximates the truth.British English: Monday to Friday inclusiveAmerican English: Monday through FridayBritish English: Can you come on Tuesday?American English: Can you come Tuesday?British English consults its doctor.American English consults with its doctor.British English is different to (or different from) American English. Different than is not used in British English.American English is different from or different than British English.CurrencyIsolated references to amounts of money in United States currency are spelled out or expressed in numerals. Large round numbers that are cumbersome to express in numbers can be spelled out in units of millions or billions, accompanied by numerals and a dollar sigh.For exampleHe paid five dollars to attend the event.The committee raised a total of $350. (No space between the dollar sign and the number)Both firms agreed upon a price of $3 million.In British usage, a billion is equal to a million million. In American English, a billion is equal to a thousand million.TitlesIn British English, titles such as Mr and Mrs do not end with a period. In American English, these titles end with a period.IdiomsBritish English and American English have slightly different idioms.British English⦁ A home from home⦁ Leave well enough⦁ A storm in a teacup⦁ Sweep under the carpet⦁ Blow one’s own trumpetAmerican English⦁ A home away from home⦁ Leave well enough alone⦁ A tempest in a teacup/teapot⦁ Sweep under the rug⦁ Blow one’s own hornGeneral Usage⦁ JustBritish English uses the present perfect tense with just. For example, I have just arrived. American English uses the simple past tense. For example, I just arrived.⦁ TermAt a British school and college or university, each year is divided into three terms. It is divided into four terms at an American school.At an American college or university, each year is divided into two semesters or three trimesters.⦁ LawyerIn British English, a barrister is a lawyer who speaks in the higher courts of law on behalf of either the prosecution or the defence. A solicitor is a lawyer who gives legal advice to clients, prepares legal documents, and may also, in certain circumstances, represent a client in court.In American English, an attorney is a lawyer who acts for someone in a legal matter and is qualified to represent clients in court.⦁ Ground floorIn British English, the floor of a building that is in level with the ground is called the ground floor. The floor above it is called the first floor, the floor above that is the second floor, and so on.In American English, the floor that is in level with the ground is called the first floor, the floor above it is called the second floor, and so on.⦁ BillIn British English, a bill is a piece of paper showing how much money you owe for a meal in a restaurant. For example, Two women at the next table paid their bill and walked out.In American English, a piece of paper like this is called a check. A bill in American English is a piece of paper money.⦁ BanknoteIn British English, paper money is referred to as banknotes or simply notes.For example, some of the banknotes were unbelievably dirty.He handed me a ten-pound note.In American English, a banknote is referred to as a bill.For example, He took a five-dollar bill.⦁ ChemistIn British English, a chemist is a person who is qualified to prepare and sell drugs and medicines.For example, He took the pills that the chemist had given him.In American English, such a person is called a pharmacist.For example, He was training to become a pharmacist.However, in both British and American English, a chemist is also a person who conducts chemical research. For example, He was a research chemist.⦁ Chemist'sIn Britain, a chemist's is a shop where you can buy medicine, cosmetics, and some household items.In American English, a shop where you can buy medicines and cosmetics is called a drugstore. You can also buy simple meals and snacks in a drugstore.⦁ ShopIn British English, a building or part of a building where goods are sold is usually called a shop.In American English, it is called a store, unless it is very small and has just one type of goods, in which case it is called a shop.In British English, very large shops are sometimes called stores.In both British and American English, a large shop that has separate departments selling different types of goods is called a department store.⦁ SchoolIn British English, a school refers to only schools, not universities.For example, The children are at school.She is at university.In American English, school (without "a" or "the") is used to refer to both schools and universities. For example, The children were in school.She is doing well in school.⦁ HomeworkIn British English, a piece of academic work given to students to do at home is called homework.In American English, it is called an assignment.⦁ Shopping centerThe obsolescent British usage "shopping arcade" means a group of shops fronting on to a covered pedestrian way. "Shopping centre" usually implies covered access in British usage whereas American usage uses "mall" to imply covered access and "center" to imply non-covered access. A "parade of shops" in British usage refers to a row of shops fronting on to a road, this usage is largely confined to Southern England. "Mall" can also mean a large public park-like area such as Independence Mall in Philadelphia.⦁ ClassIn Many British schools and in some American private schools, form is used instead of class. Form is used especially with a number to refer to a particular class or age group.For example, she is the fifth form.He is in Form 3.In American schools, grade is used to refer to a form.For example He is in the second grade.⦁ HolidayIn British English, you refer to a period of time you are allowed to spend away from work or school as the holiday or holidays.For example, We went away during the Christmas holidays.I went to Paris for a holiday.Remember to turn off the gas when you go on holiday.In American English, a holiday is a single day when people do not work. It is often to commemorate an important event.In British English, such a day is called a bank holiday.The usual American word for a longer period of time spent away from work or school, or for a period of time spent away from home enjoying yourself is vacation.For example, She used to take a vacation at that time.In British English, a vacation is one of the periods of several weeks when the university or college is officially closed for teaching.For example, I did a lot of reading over the vacation.⦁ HomelyIn American English, if you say that a person is homely, you mean that they are not attractive to look at.For example, A broad grin spread across his homely features.In British English, an unattractive person is called plain. Homely in British English refers to a simple, kind, and unsophisticated attitude.⦁ CinemaFilms in Britain are referred to as cinema or pictures. A building where films are shown is called a cinema theatre or cinema hall.For example,Everyone has gone to the cinema.She went twice a week to the pictures.In America, films are often called movies. A building where films are shown is called a movie theater.For example,I was driving home from the movies.⦁ Sorry?In British English, Sorry?, I'm sorry, and Pardon? are expressions of apologies or comments made when you did not hear or understand what somebody said and want them to repeat it. For example, ‘Pardon, could you say that again?’In American English, you say "Pardon me (or Excuse me), I didn’t see you there" as apologies."Pardon me?" and "Excuse me?" are used when you did not hear or understand what somebody said and want them to repeat it.⦁ ProfessorIn a British university, a professor is the most senior teacher in a department.In an American or Canadian university, a professor is a senior teacher. He or she is not necessarily the most senior teacher in a department.⦁ Shop AssistantIn British English, a person selling goods to customers in a shop is called a shop assistant. In American English, such a person is called a sales clerk.⦁ PubIn British English, a place where you can buy and drink alcoholic drinks is called a pub. Such a place is called a bar in American English.⦁ ParcelThere is very little difference between parcel and package in British English. A packet is a small container in which a quantity of something is solid. For example, a cigarette packet.Package is more common in American English than parcel. Packets are called packs or packages in American English.For example, I am taking this package to the post office.⦁ FortnightIn British English, the common term for two weeks is fortnight.For exampleHe borrowed it for a fortnight.American speakers do not usually use this word. They use “two weeks” instead.⦁ FairIn British English, a fair is an amusement event held in a park or field. In American English, an event like this is called a carnival.In British English, a carnival is an outdoor public festival, which is held every year in a particular place.⦁ MatchIn Britain, two teams play a match. In America, they play a game.⦁ RoundThe American English equivalent for round is around.⦁ EnquireThe American English term for enquire is inquire.⦁ LonelyIn British English, someone who is lonely is unhappy because they are alone.For exampleSince he left India, he had been lonely and homesick.American speakers usually say lonesome instead of lonely.For exampleI bet you told her how lonesome you were.National Holidays of the United StatesNew Year's Day January 1Martin Luther King's Day^ ** January 15Abraham Lincoln's Birthday^ February 12George Washington's Birthday** February 22Memorial Day^ ** May 30Fourth of July (Independence Day) July 4Labor Day First Monday in SeptemberColumbus Day^ ** October 12Veterans Day** November 11Thanksgiving Day Third Tuesday in NovemberChristmas Day December 25^ These are legal holidays only in some of the states.** These are holidays for all federal employees. In some states, these are celebrated on Mondays, regardless of their actual dates.Indian EnglishThe following represents a typical usage of English in India.⦁ Interrogative construction without subject/object inversion.For example, What you would like to buy?⦁ Missing definite articleFor example, Office is closed today.⦁ One used instead of an indefinite articleHe gave me one book.⦁ Use of the gerund form with the verbFor example,Geetha is having two brothers.You must be knowing my cousin.⦁ Repetition for emphasisI bought some small small things.⦁ Use of Yes and No as question tagsShe was helping you, no?He is coming, yes?⦁ Use of Isn’t it as a generalized tagThey are coming tomorrow, isn’t it?You are liking it here, isn’t it?⦁ Only used for emphasisThey live like that only (instead of That’s how they live)⦁ Use of present perfect instead of simple pastI have bought the book yesterday.AMERICANIZATION of English.============================You don't open a telephone conversation with a HELLO but with a "Hi"The telephone is never "engaged", it's always "busy".You don't "disconnect" a phone, you simply "hang-up".You never "mess-up" things, you only "screw them up".You never have a "residence" tel. no., you have a "home" no.You don't stop at the "signals", but halt at the "lights".You don't "accelerate", you "step on the gas".Your tire never "punctures", you may have a "flat".The trains have "coaches" or "boggies' no more but "carriages" or"boxes".There R no "petrol pumps", but "gas stations"."I don't know nothing", 2 negatives don't make a positive here.You no longer meet a "wonderful" person, you meet a "cool" guyYou don't pull the switch down to light a bulb,rather flick it up.No one stays "a stone's throw away", but "a few blocks away".There's no "Town Side", it's "Down Town".In hotel you no longer ask for "bill" and pay by "cheque", rather askfor "check" and pay with (Dollar) "bill"s.There are no "soft drinks", only "sodas".Life's no longer "miserable" it "stinks".Never "post" a letter, always "mail" it and "glue" the stamps,don't "stick" them.You no longer live in "flats" or "blocks", find an "apartment".You don't stand in a "queue", you are in a "line".You no longer "like" something, you "appreciate" it."#" is not "hash", it's "pound".You can't get "surprised" you get "zapped".You never "joke", you just "kid".You never "increase" the pressure, you always "crank" it up.You never ask for a pencil "rubber" you ask for an eraser. a rubber isa condomYou don't try to find a lift, you find an elevator.You don't ask somebody "How are you ?", you say "What's up dude?"You never go to see a match, you go to watch a game.There's no FULL STOP after a statement, there's a PERIOD.If someone gets angry at U, you get "flamed".You don't say "How do you do", you say "How you doin"In short you don't speak English, you speak American.Well you don't say life is boring you say LIFE SUCKS !!!!!

Slaves in the USA did everything that skilled and unskilled workers or people on the frontier could do, usually in the rural environment, but also in factories. Here are a number of quotations from the former slaves themselves, whose names are in bold, because they are the true experts:“Food, Clothing, Shelter & Work. The supposition in abolitionist and neo-abolitionist literature is that slaves were forced to do things they did not want to do . . . mainly work. From the abolitionist’s cozy library, the idea of a long, hard day of manual labor was horrendous. But people generally like to do what they are good at, and the slaves were good farmers. Yes, many or most enjoyed farming, weaving, cooking, sewing, animal husbandry, blacksmithing, tailoring, plowing, carpentry, masonry, managing others, picking cotton, serving aristocrats, childcare, lumberjacking, driving teams of horses and mules and gardening. Berry Smith at 116 years old confirmed longevity through hard labor, saying “I’d ruther pick cotton dan eat, any day.” Getting up before sunrise is characterized as something tough. Anyone who has worked outside in a Deep South summer will appreciate the advantages of rising early during the growing season, the main advantage being that it is much cooler.Slaves in the fields did not work in isolation. They worked with their families and friends, sang and told jokes. Tasks went faster and easier when the work gang sang songs. Music lifts the spirit, creates a fun atmosphere and satisfies an inner need. Exercise reduces emotional stress and anxiety. Mollie Williams’s mammy preferred fieldwork to housework. Field hands worked under less supervision than factory workers did. Factory-hands were “worse slaves than the Negroes in America, for they are more sharply watched,” according to Friedrich Engels.One of the favored occupations was that of a coachman, a driver of the family’s carriages. The coachman visited homes, towns and plantations, enjoyed a close relationship with the planter’s family, kept up the horses and carriages, wore nice clothes and enjoyed being around horses. The British royal family enjoys coach driving, Prince Philip having been a competitor in four-in-hand events.A favorite pastime of modern Americans, the one that occupies the greatest share of their leisure time, is gardening and yard work. Most slave families either had their own garden patches or a large garden fed the entire plantation. Just as Russian collective workers cared for their gardens better than the fields of their agricultural collectives, antebellum servants cherished their gardens and livestock, too.Some slaves enjoyed plowing. Others preferred to work in timberlands or as boatmen, away from direct supervision and close to nature. Sewing, a favorite pastime for many Americans, was the dedicated career of seamstresses and tailors on the plantation. According to ex-slaves, most chief plantation seamstresses could simply look at a man and prepare a fitting coat and pants for him. Quilting was another festive activity enjoyed by the slaves, often in their own quarters. Arrie Binns of Washington-Wilkes loved to hear the old spinning wheel, loved her plow horse ‘Toby,’ and was “glad she knew slavery, glad she was reared by good white people who taught her the right way to live, and . . . glad I allus worked hard an’ been honest – hit has sho paid me time an’ time agin.”By the time they reached adulthood, all slaves had job training, job experience, and were usually working hard. While they might be sold away, they were not isolated long from co-workers. While the continuous hard work performed by slaves is most often characterized as an oppressive aspect of slavery, unemployment is worse. Unemployment is highly correlated with a host of problems. Many Americans suffer a devastating job loss at least once in their lives. For breadwinners, it is awful. Egos shatter, social status dives, finances tighten, situational depression increases, homes are lost and the school grades of a displaced worker’s children drop. Modern workers who are fired or layed off usually sever ties to most co-workers, people they have worked with for years, and then become more socially isolated. Unemployed felons often return to prison. Employment, a job, is one of the main things that reduces recidivism among new age slaves.Slaves usually occupied the middle and sometimes upper management positions on plantations. The overseer of Jefferson Davis’s Mississippi plantation was his trusted James Pemberton, a man who helped Davis clear the land for Brierfield Plantation. While some states attempted to enforce white supremacy by requiring white overseers, planters routinely ignored this law and had African-American managers of the entire plantation. Blacks were often elevated into the ranks of a specialized trade. Slaves were promoted to drivers (i.e. foremen), tradesmen making more than the average field hand, coach driver and other skilled or favored positions. Slave drivers were very commonly field hands with the strength to enforce work discipline and achieve results from their fellow slaves. Field hands became artisans, drivers, head drivers, coachmen and overseers of the plantation. Women, for example, would start out bringing in wood, move up to maid or waitress, and perhaps ultimately become a cook if they progressed satisfactorily. Uncle Robert Henry was proud that his Pa was the butler at the big house and that his mother had been head seamstress. In the hot months, whites might leave plantations in malarial environments to the sole sovereignty of a slave overseer with greater immunity to tropical diseases.Planters employed many different incentives to boost production and profits: prizes for the best cotton picking, unscheduled holidays, trips to town, extra pay for overtime work, proceeds from work on their own account, yearly bonuses based on performance, patches of land to grow their own crops (which they could use or sell), promotions to artisan, house servant, driver, or overseer, allowing artisans to move to town and assume a freer lifestyle, improvements in food, clothing and shelter, and manumission. Some planters even used detailed profit-sharing plans whereby the slaves earned a percentage of the crops they grew and harvested. It was emphatically untrue, as abolitionists claimed, “that FEAR is the only motive with which the slave is plied during his whole existence.”Plantation visitors gave servants tips for their services, which put servants in the role of mediating Southern hospitality. Guests would be uncomfortable offering money to their hosts, but payment to plantation servants in the form of tips allowed the guests to repay hospitality.Plantation discipline taught the advantages of hard work. Alabama freed-woman Jane proclaimed, “I raise my chillums jes’ lak Ole Mistis raise her’n en’ dats de way to raise ‘em, to wuk en’ keep outen debilment.” Sam Polite of South Carolina gave slavery credit for his work ethic: “W’at I t’ink ‘bout slabery? I t’ink it been good t’ing. It larn nigger to wuk. If it ain’t mek nigger wuk, he wouldn’t do nutting but tief (thief). . . Me – I slabing for self right now. I don’t want nobody to mek me wuk, but slabery larn me for wuk. . . Slabery done uh good t’ing for me, ‘cause if he ain’t larn me to wuk, today I wouldn’t know how to wuk.” Hard work was not in itself bad. “Work never hurt nobody,” said Charles H. Anderson. On her deathbed, Julia Cole’s mother asked their master to make men out of her two sons by making them work hard, and he did what she asked. Many slaves in their later years appreciated learning to work hard and disdained the generation of their people born in freedom. Perhaps as important as specific trades, antebellum methods inculcated the culture of productivity found in successful organizations today.“Overdriving” slaves to the point of ill health or shortened life expectancy was bad business. Published accounts of successful slave owners and slaves repudiate the common misconception that slaves starved or worked past the point of exhaustion or to death. Slaves were productive until their very old age, often learning valuable trades, and working into their 70s if they lived that long.The dark legend that Southern slaves were worked to death was propagated by Harriet Beecher Stowe and then by Karl Marx in Das Kapital:“Hence the negro labour in the Southern States of the American Union preserved something of a patriarchal character, so long as production was chiefly directed to immediate local consumption. But in proportion, as the export of cotton became of vital interest to these states, the over-working of the negro and sometimes the using up of his life in 7 years of labour became a factor in a calculated and calculating system. It was no longer a question of obtaining from him a certain quantity of useful products.”As with many of his “facts,” Marx had it wrong. Elsewhere in Das Kapital, Marx admitted that slaves on sugar plantations had it rougher. Slaves in the American South were treated much better than in the Caribbean, according to another passage quoted by Karl Marx in Das Kapital:“It is in tropical culture, where annual profits often equal the whole capital of plantations, that negro life is most recklessly sacrificed. It is the agriculture of the West Indies, which has been for centuries prolific of fabulous wealth, that has engulfed millions of the African race. It is in Cuba, at this day, whose revenues are reckoned by millions, and whose planters are princes, that we see in the servile class, the coarsest fare, the most exhausting and unremitting toil, and even the absolute destruction of a portion of its numbers every year.”Rev. Dr. Nehemiah Adams wrote after his 1854 journey that the slave’s workload was “no more toilsome than is performed by a hired field hand at the north.” Dr. Ulrich B. Phillips successfully disproved the myth of slave exhaustion from overwork. But the misconception persists. In 2008, the Public Broadcasting System website proclaimed, “The diets of enslaved people were inadequate or barely adequate to meet the demands of their heavy workload.” William L. Dunwoody remembered differently: “The slaves ate just what the master ate. They ate the same on my master’s place. . . He had hogs, goats, sheep, cows, chickens, turkeys, geese, ducks. . . My old master’s slaves et anything he raised.” The sweeping generalization of PBS cannot be true; there was wide variation in the way slaves were treated. Many accounts of plenty in the Slave Narratives clearly refute PBS’s blanket proclamation. Rias Body said, “No darky in Harris County, [Georgia] that he ever heard of ever went hungry or suffered for clothes until after freedom.” While food was usually “allowanced” at regular intervals, some had free access to food supplies. “Food was there in abundance and each person was free to replenish his supply as necessary,” said Pierce Cody, who also remembered an abundance of fish and wild game. Slaves didn’t always have to wait for fish to bite their lines, because they often used seines to bring up substantial quantities of fish and turtles. “Our white folkses b’lieved in good eatin’s,” said Carrie Hudson, who expressed the view of the majority of slaves. Mama Duck said, “I reckon I a heap bettah off dem days as I is now. Allus had sumpin’ t’ eat an’ a place t’ stay.”Agricultural work is exhausting by its very nature, and requires substantial sustenance, but there were times of the year when agricultural work was necessarily less strenuous. Agricultural workers in pre-modern times typically worked very strenuously on a regular basis. . As Mary Rice observed, “De fiel’ han’s had a long spell when de crops was laid by in de summer and dat’s when Massa Cullen ‘lowed us to ‘jubilate’ (several days of idle celebration). I was happy all de time in slavery days, but dere ain’t much to git happy over now . . . Niggers dese days ain’t neber knowed whut good times is. Mebbe dat’s why dey ain’t no ‘count. And dey is so uppity, too.” Cotton growing itself only takes four months, about one-third of the entire year. Preparation and other crops took up an additional two months. The entire growing season was only for about half the year. The planters had other work for the slaves to do in the late fall, winter, and early spring, but it was during the growing season that work took on urgency. Statements that slaves worked 6 days a week from sunup to sundown did not refer to the winter months or rainy days. “All of de hard work on de plantation wuz done in de summertime,” Mrs. Amanda Jackson said, “In rainy weather an’ other bad weather all dat dey had to do wuz to shell corn an’ help make cloth.” On rainy days, which are very common in the South , the slaves could rest from their heavy manual labor. Rule 13th of published Rules of the Plantation states: “The overseer is particularly required to keep the negroes as much as possible out of the rain, and from all kind of exposure.” During the summer, the slave workforce often went to the river to eat, swim, cool off, and be with their co-workers and friends. A mid-day break, often in the highest heat of the day, was common, and slaves were thus allowed rest during the daylight hours.Slaves took breaks and naps in the field or back at their cabins. Breaks are not usually mentioned when the working hours are stated in the popular media. One TV mini-series, a more balanced soap opera, depicted these down-by-the-river mid-day breaks. On small plantations, whites worked alongside blacks. In those more intimate work relationships, it was even less likely that slaves would be overworked.Task Systems. Under “task systems,” slaves had tasks to do, which allowed them to finish early and enjoy some free time. In North Carolina, “The slave lumberman then lives measurably as a free man; hunts, fishes, eats, drinks, smokes and sleeps, plays and works, each when and as much as he pleases. It is only required of him that he shall have made, after half a year has passed, such a quantity of shingles as shall be worth to his master so much money as is paid to his owner for his services, and shall refund the value of the clothing and provisions he has required. No "driving" at his work is attempted or needed.” On South Carolina and Georgia cotton and rice plantations, “These tasks certainly would not be considered excessively hard, by a Northern labourer; and, in point of fact, the more industrious and active hands finish them often by two o'clock. I saw one or two leaving the field soon after one o'clock, several about two; and between three and four, I met a dozen women and several men coming home to their cabins, having finished their day's work. Under this "Organization of Labour," most of the slaves work rapidly and well. In nearly all ordinary work, custom has settled the extent of the task, and it is difficult to increase it. The driver who marks it out, has to remain on the ground until it is finished, and has no interest in overmeasuring it; and if it should be systematically increased very much, there is danger of a general stampede to the " swamp" - a danger the slave can always hold before his master's cupidity. In fact, it is looked upon in this region as a proscriptive right of the negroes to have this incitement to diligence offered them; and the man who denied it, or who attempted to lessen it, would, it is said, suffer in his reputation, as well as experience much annoyance from the obstinate "rascality" of his negroes.” In yet another system, tasks “were light enough so that a worker could complete them in three or four hours. His time was his own when his task was done, and it was not uncommon for slaves, in their free time, to work the acres that were uniformly allotted to them by their masters and thereby to accumulate personal property. It was more common for slaves to double up on their work — to do two or even three tasks in a day — and then to take several days off, during which they might travel many miles by horse or boat to visit friends, family, or lovers on other plantations. The task system became the norm in low country plantations, allowing slaves to grow crops on their own account, sell the produce to their owners or others and accumulate significant personal property.”The age of the slave largely determined the job they performed. While the field hands were the hardest working, the older slaves gravitated to more sedentary jobs, or were promoted to drivers of work gangs, carriage drivers, house servants, shoemakers, nurses, blacksmiths, baby-sitters, machine operators or artisans.African-Americans played a prominent antebellum role as jockeys. One jockey, Uncle Robert Coltin of Louisiana, spoke fondly of riding the stallion Equinox in a big race he won, competing against an English jockey named Kilpatrick and the fastest horses in Louisiana. Winners filled his cap with money after the big race, tips from those who won their bets on Equinox. Successful African-American jockeys enjoyed a good lifestyle with much more freedom and higher status than ordinary slaves. Some were freed because of their victories. After jockeying, these athletes would typically become jockey and horse trainers. Horseracing was the only American sport for many early years of our country’s existence. Later, African-American jockeys would win most of the early Kentucky Derbies, until forced out of the sport well after the War, proving again that for decades, in several ways, slaves had it better than freed people. The “Jocko” lawn jockey, to the extent is represents the prominent role African-American jockeys played earlier in history, is not as racially insensitive as it is sometimes regarded today.The skills learned in slavery helped after Emancipation, according to Booker T. Washington. “For two hundred and fifty years, I believe the way for the redemption of the Negro was being prepared through industrial development. Through all those years the Southern white man did business with the Negro in a way that no one else has done business with him. In most cases if a Southern white man wanted a house built he consulted a Negro mechanic about the plan and about the actual building of the structure. If he wanted a suit of clothes made he went to a Negro tailor, and for shoes he went to a shoemaker of the same race. In a certain way every slave plantation in the South was an industrial school. On these plantations young colored men and women were constantly being trained not only as farmers but as carpenters, blacksmiths, wheelwrights, brick masons, engineers, cooks, laundresses, sewing women and housekeepers.”Many slaves purchased their freedom by making money at various trades. “Mr. Adams, in a large degree, derived his unusual power of mind from the training given his hands in the process of mastering well three trades during the days of slavery. If one goes to-day into any Southern town, and asks for the leading a most reliable coloured man in the community, I believe that in five cases out of ten he will be directed to a Negro who learned a trade during the days of slavery.”“In later years, I [Booker T. Washington] confess that I do not envy the white boy as I once did. I have learned that success is to be measured not so much by the position that one has reached in life as by the obstacles which he has overcome while trying to succeed. Looked at from this standpoint, I almost reach the conclusion that often the Negro boy’s birth and connection with an unpopular race is an advantage, so far as real life is concerned.”“I was free now,” Uncle William Baltimore explained, and “I went to Dersa County and opened up a blacksmith shop. I learned how to do this work when I was with Dr. Waters. He had me taught by a skilled man. I learned to build wagons too. . . I made my own tools.” The prized skills and trades learned on the plantation, which could support freedpeople included blacksmithing, building, carpentry, cooking, masonry, sewing, shoemaking, tanning, weaving and midwifery. Once servants learned these valuable skills, they did not go back to the fields, according to Uncle William Jones of Vicksburg, because their time was then too valuable.”Selections from Amazon.com: Prison & Slavery - A Surprising Comparison eBook: John Dewar Gleissner: Kindle Store (names of ex-slaves given in bold; footnotes available in book).