Center For Research And Learning Abstract Format Guidelines: Fill & Download for Free

There are two words that evoke instant anxiety in nearly every academic—research paper. In this article, we’ll break down the steps to writing a research paper.Here’s a tip: Although the research paper format is fairly standardized, writing guidelines may vary not only among academic institutions but also among individual professors. Pay attention to any how-to handouts you’ve received, and don’t forget to check your university’s writing lab for more resources.There are 4 best legit research paper writing services in the world (for students from US, UK, UAE, Australia, Singapore and other countries):99ResearchPapers - with low prices and good quality!MyResearchPapersHelp - high quality papers!FirstResearchPaper - too more years experience from 2005!GreatResearchPapers - the best US writing service.How does a research paper differ from a research proposal?A research paper is different from a research proposal (also known as a prospectus), although the writing process is similar. Research papers are intended to demonstrate a student’s academic knowledge of a subject. A proposal is a persuasive piece meant to convince its audience of the value of a research project. Think of the proposal as the pitch and the paper as the finished product.A prospectus is a formal proposal of a research project developed to convince a reader (a professor or research committee, or later in life, a project coordinator, funding agency, or the like) that the research can be carried out and will yield worthwhile results.Dig into the research process.Although we’ll focus more on the organization and writing of a research paper in this article, the research process is an important first step. Research will help you in several ways:understanding your subjectformulating ideas for your paperdeveloping a thesis statementspeaking about your topic with authorityGather resource materials and begin reviewing them. Here are a few good information sources:Google ScholarOnline encyclopedias, almanacs, and databasesBooks and periodicalsNewspapersGovernment publications, guides, and reportsAs you read and evaluate the information you discover, take notes. Keep track of your reference materials so you can cite them and build your bibliography later. The Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) and other university writing lab websites are excellent resources to help you understand what information you’ll need to collect to properly cite references.Here’s a tip: Try storing your notes in a spreadsheet. Create columns for elements you want to include in your paper as well as information necessary for your citations/bibliography. Columns can include headings such as Title, Author, Reference link, Page number, and Quotes.Here’s a tip: Check with your instructor or university writing lab to determine the preferred citation style. Grammarly Premium identifies things that need to be cited and helps you cite them.Organize before you start writing.Your research spawned tons of ideas. Great! Now you’re ready to begin the process of organizing your presentation . . . before you begin writing. Don’t skip the organization step—it’s critical to your paper’s success. Without it, your paper will lack focus and you’ll spend much more time in the revision process trying to make sense of your jumbled thoughts.The Thesis StatementThe thesis statement is a sentence that summarizes the main point of your essay and previews your supporting points. The thesis statement is important because it guides your readers from the beginning of your essay by telling them the main idea and supporting points of your essay.—Purdue OWL – Developing a ThesisMost research papers begin with a thesis statement at the end of an introductory paragraph. Even if it’s not a requirement, it’s a good idea to write a thesis statement as you begin to organize your research. Writing the thesis statement first is helpful because every argument or point you make in your paper should support this central idea you’re putting forward.Most research papers fall into one of three categories: analytical, expository, or argumentative. If you’re presenting an analysis of information, then your paper is analytical. If you’re writing to explain information, then your paper is expository. If you’re arguing a conclusion, then it’s argumentative or persuasive. Your thesis statement should match the type of paper you’re writing.Invest time in writing your thesis statement—it’s the main idea of your paper, from which everything else flows. Without a well-thought-out thesis statement, your paper is likely to end up jumbled and with an unclear purpose. Here’s more guidancefrom Purdue OWL.The OutlineAn outline will help you organize your thoughts before you dig into the writing process. Once you’ve developed your thesis statement, think about the main points you’ll need to present to support that statement. Those main points are your sub-headings. Now, organize your thoughts and information under each sub-heading.Any information that doesn’t fit within the framework of your outline, and doesn’t directly support your thesis statement, no matter how interesting, doesn’t belong in your research paper. Keep your focus narrow and avoid the kitchen sink approach. (You know, the one where you throw in every bit of interesting research you uncovered, including the fungal growth in the U-joint of your kitchen sink?) Everything you learn may be fascinating, but not all of it is going to be relevant to your paper.Need more help? Here’s an effective outlining strategy.Writing the Research PaperThe good news is, once you reach this point in the process you’re likely to feel energized by all the ideas and thoughts you’ve uncovered in your research, and you’ll have a clear direction because you’ve taken the time to create a thesis statement and organize your presentation with an outline.Need help? Try to use one of 4 best legit research paper writing services in the world :99ResearchPapers - with low prices and good quality!MyResearchPapersHelp - high quality papers!FirstResearchPaper - too more years experience from 2005!GreatResearchPapers - the best US writing service.Here are the best elements to a research paper:1 The IntroductionHere’s where you present the background and context for the rest of your article. Craft a strong opening sentence that will engage the reader. Just because you’re writing an academic research paper doesn’t mean you have to be dry and boring.Here’s a tip: See Step 4 in our guide to better content writing. Although it’s about writing for the web, it’s relevant here, too.Explain the purpose of your paper and how you plan to approach the topic. (Is this a factual report? An analysis? A persuasive piece?) Describe how you’ve organized your approach to the topic. Conclude the introductory paragraph with your thesis statement.The introduction is the broad beginning of the paper that answers three important questions:What is this?Why am I reading it?What do you want me to do?You should answer these questions by doing the following:Set the context – Provide general information about the main idea, explaining the situation so the reader can make sense of the topic and the claims you make and support.State why the main idea is important – Tell the reader why he or she should care and keep reading. Your goal is to create a compelling, clear, and convincing essay people will want to read and act upon.State your thesis/claim – Compose a sentence or two stating the position you will support with logos (sound reasoning: induction, deduction), pathos(balanced emotional appeal), and ethos (author credibility).—Purdue OWLMORE INFO: Starting Your Research Paper: Writing an Introductory Paragraph2 The BodyHere’s where your outline will come in handy. As you’re writing, remember that your outline isn’t meant to be a prison—it’s a guideline to keep you on track. Your paper may evolve, so keep it fluid, but do remember to stay focused on your thesis statement and proving your points. Don’t let your sources organize your paper! Organize first and use your sources as they become relevant.Consider the Rule of Three. Find supporting arguments for each point you make, and present a strong point first, followed by an even stronger one, and finish with your strongest point.MORE INFO: Strong Body Paragraphs3 ConclusionNow, it’s time to wrap it up. Most research papers conclude with a restated thesis statement. Present your thesis again, but reword it. Briefly summarize the points you’ve made. Take a moment to explain why you believe those points support your case. If your research is inconclusive, take a moment to point out why you believe this topic bears further research.MORE INFO: USC Libraries Research Guides: The ConclusionChecklist for Revising Your Research Paper DraftMake sure you allow time to revise and edit after you’ve completed your first draft. This part of the process is about much more than just fixing typos and adding or subtracting commas. Here’s a handy checklist to help you make sure your paper is on point.Developmental EditIs your thesis statement clear and concise?Is your paper well-organized and does it flow from beginning to end with logical transitions?Do your ideas follow a logical sequence in each paragraph?Have you used concrete details and facts and avoided generalizations?Do your arguments support and prove your thesis?Have you avoided repetition?Are your sources properly cited?Have you checked for accidental plagiarism?Line EditIs your language clear and specific?Do your sentences flow smoothly and clearly? (Hint: Read your paper aloud to help you catch syntax problems.)Have you avoided filler words and phrases?Have you checked for proper grammar, spelling, and punctuation? (Hint: Grammarly can help!)Thorough research, thoughtful organization and presentation, and attention to detail in your developmental and final line edit will help you succeed in crafting a winning research paper.How to Write a Research Paper in 11 StepsIt’s a beautiful sunny day, you had a big delicious breakfast, and you show up bright-eyed and bushy-tailed for your first class of the day. Just as you’re getting comfortable in your chair, your teacher hits you with it:A 5-page, size 12 font research paper… due in 2 weeks.The sky goes black, your breakfast turns to a brick in your stomach. A research paper? FIVE pages long? Why???Maybe I’m being a little over-dramatic here. But not all of us are born gifted writers. In fact, I think it’s safe to say that most of us struggle a little or a lot with writing a research paper.But fear not!! I can help you through it. If you follow these 11 steps I promise you will write a better essay, faster.Oh… and before we get started, I HAVE to share with you the # 1 tool needed to write your research paper…It is the same tool I used to write this blog article and make sure my grammar errors were caught without having to hire an expensive editor!1. Start earlyWe all do it. We wait until the LAST day to start an assignment, and then something goes wrong at the LAST minute, and Woops! We get a bad grade.ALWAYS start your essays early. This is what I recommend. Especially since writing a research paper requires more effort than a regular paper might.I have a 3-week timeline you can follow when writing a research paper. YES, 3 weeks!! It may sound like waaay too early to start, but it gives you enough time to:Outline and write your paperCheck for errorsGet pointers from your teacher on what to improveAll of this = a better grade on your assignment. You’re already going through all the effort — why not be positive that you’ll get the best results??2. Read the GuidelinesEver taken a shirt out of the dryer to find it has shrunk 10 sizes too small?It’s because the shirt probably wasn’t meant to go in the dryer, and if you had read the tag, you’d have saved yourself one whole article of clothing!Before you even START on writing a research paper, READ THE GUIDELINES.What is your teacher looking for in your essay?Are there any specific things you need to include?This way, you don’t have to finish your essay only to find that it needs to be re-done!3. Brainstorm research paper topicsSometimes we’re assigned essays where we know exactly what we want to write about before we start.Write an essay on my favorite place to travel?? I know where I’M going to choose!But there are probably more times where we DON’T know exactly what we want to write about, and we may even experience writer’s block.To overcome that writer’s block, or simply avoid it happening in the first place, we can use a skill called mind-mapping (or brainstorming) to come up with a topic that is relevant and that we’re interested in writing about!Here’s an example of a mind-map I just did for Influential People!By writing whatever came to my mind and connecting those thoughts, I was able to come up with quite a few influential people to write about — I could come up with EVEN MORE if I kept writing!!See here I can choose to write about Hillary Clinton and how she may have an influence on women and women’s rights in society.Following this method, you can determine your own research paper topics to write about in a way that’s quick and painless.4. Write out your questionsTo get the BEST research, you have to ask questions. Questions on questions on questions. The idea is that you get to the root of whatever you are talking about so you can write a quality essay on it.Let’s say you have the question: “How do I write a research paper?”Can you answer this without more information?Not so easy, right? That’s because when you “write a research paper”, you do a lot of smaller things that ADD UP to “writing a research paper”.Break your questions down. Ask until you can’t ask anymore, or until it’s no longer relevant to your topic. This is how you can achieve quality research.5. Do the researchIt IS a research paper, after all. But you don’t want to just type all your questions into Google and pick the first source you see. Not every piece of information on the internet is true, or accurate.Here’s a way you can easily check your sources for credibility: Look for the who, what, and when.WHOWho is the author of the source?What are they known for?Do they have a background in the subject they wrote about?Does the author reference other sources?Are those sources credible too?WHATWhat does the “Main” or “Home” page of a website look like?Is it professional looking?Is there an organization sponsoring the information, and do they seem legitimateDo they specialize in the subject?WHENWhen was the source generated — today, last week, a month, a year ago?Has there been new or additional information provided since this information was published?Double-check all your sources this way. Because this is a research paper, your writing is meaningless without other sources to back it up.Keep track of your credible sources!When you find useful information from a credible source, DON’T LET IT GO. You need to save the original place you found that information from so that you can cite it in your essay, and later on in the bibliography.You don’t want to have to go back later and dig up the information a second time just to list the source you got it from!To help with this, you may be familiar with the option to “Bookmark” your pages online — do this for online sources.There IS another tool you can use to keep track of your sources. It’s called Diigo, and it’s what we use at Student-Tutor to build an online database of valuable educational resources!You can create a Diigo account and one free group for your links. Check out this video on how to use Diigo to save all your sources in one convenient location.Now, of course there are other ways besides the Internet to get information, and there’s nothing wrong with cracking open a well-written book to enrich your essay’s content!Ways to get information when writing a research paperThe InternetBooksNewspapersMagazinesJournalsInterviews6. Create a Thesis StatementHow to write a thesis statement is something that a lot of people overlook. That’s a mistake.The thesis statement is part of your research paper outline but deserves its own step. That’s because the thesis statement is SUPER important! It is what sets the stage for the entire essay.How do you write a thesis statement?Here’s a color-coded example:7. Create an outlineOnce you have constructed your thesis, the rest of the outline is pretty simple. It should mimic the structure of your thesis!Here’s a color-coded research paper outline you can follow:8. Write your research paperHere it is — the dreaded writing. But see how far we’ve already come?We already know what we’re going to write about, and where we’re going to write it. That’s a lot easier than taking a pen straight to your paper and hoping for some magical, monk-like inspiration to come, am I right?As you write, be sure to pin-point the places where you are inserting sources. I’ll talk about in-text citations in just a moment!Here are some basic tips for writing your essay from International Student:Generally, don’t use “I/My” unless it’s a personal narrativeUse specific examples to support your statementsVary your language — don’t use the same adjective 5 times in a rowPRO TIP: Write is using a FREE app like Grammarly so it catches all your grammar and spelling mistakes! Click here to download it for FREE!9. Cite your sourcesThis goes along with the second step — make sure to check your essay guidelines and find out BEFOREHAND what kind of citation style your teacher wants you to use.Like I promised earlier, Purdue University has a great article that provides instructions on and examples on how to cite different types of sources WITHIN your text. Reference this when you’re not sure what to do.As a general rule of thumb, in-text citations usually go AFTER the sentence drawing from the source, but BEFORE the period of that sentence, in parentheses. If more than one sentence is referencing the same source, try to place it at the last of those sentences.However, no matter what you cite INSIDE your writing, all the sources you use for the paper need to be included in your bibliography.This goes on a separate page, after your main essay and may be titled “Works Cited” or “Bibliography”. (Make sure to check the guidelines, and ask your teacher!)For this, I’m going to introduce you to an awesome, totally free citation tool called EasyBib.Important Tip: Make sure that when you use EasyBib, you are filling in a template provided by EasyBib and NOT asking EasyBib to pull information directly from the source. EasyBib can’t always find information that is there, and your citation will be incomplete without it!By selecting “Manual Cite”, EasyBib will provide you with a template for filling in the necessary information to create your citation.You can then ask EasyBib to generate the source in the citation format you’ve selected. Copy and paste that source into your bibliography — easy!10. Read your essayWhy do I need to read my essay if I wrote it?You’d be surprised what you’ll catch the second, third, and bazillionth time around reading your own writing! Not that you have to read THIS a bazillion times… just once or twice over will do.I recommend that you read your essay once-through, and the second time read it aloud. Reading your essay aloud reinforces your words and makes it easier to recognize when something is phrased strangely, or if you are using a word too often.And if you use a tool like Grammarly it will even give you tips on using active vs. passive voice. Not sure what that means? It tells you!Seriously… I know I keep talking about this app but it is a lifesaver!11. Have someone else read your essayLastly it is always important that someone else besides you read your essay before you submit it.Find a professional who can give you constructive feedback on how to improve your essay — this may be a tutor or a teacher. It can also be someone who specializes in the subject you are writing about.The absolute BEST person to review your essay would be the teacher that assigned it to you.And yes, many teachers WILL read the essay they assigned before it is due and give you pointers on how to make it better. They want you to succeed and they’re the ones grading it — I think it’s safe to say they know what they’re talking about!ConclusionFor most of us, writing a research paper is no walk in the park. Unfortunately, it’s important that you know how to do it!Let’s review the steps to make this process as PAINLESS as possible:Start early — 3 weeks in advance!Read the guidelinesMind map/Brainstorm research paper topicsWrite out your questionsDo the research (Remember to keep track of your sources!)Create a Thesis StatementCreate an outlineWrite your essayCite your sources (In-text and in your bibliography)Read your essay (twice and once aloud!)Have someone ELSE read your essay — try your teacher first.Do you have experience writing a research paper? What process did you use, and was it effective? Tell us about it in the comments below!In addition, if you haven’t already… please download Grammerly! I would hate for you to hand in your research paper and for it to have all these grammar and spelling errors that Microsoft Word doesn’t catch!From the first day of their university life, students know that they will have to write a lot - each professor requires them to create an essay or a research paper. It appears that picking research paper topics is the most difficult process. You cannot choose the first idea you see on the web or in the print publishing – it is about choosing interesting research paper themes on the relevant issues.If you need to create only one research paper at the end of the term, you can breathe out because you are blessed. If more – an appropriate solution exists. Turn to the professional online writing company. Contact them via email and get any college assignment solved within the set period of time! In this guide, we will answer some questions. How much time will you spend on finishing your research paper and what themes for a research paper should gain teacher’s appreciation? Follow our guide to find the answers.What is a Research Paper?A research paper is an N-page, size 12 font college-level document to be written due in several weeks. Why is it important? It trains several crucial skills to improve your language and other traits:ResearchReadingCritical thinkingEnglish WritingAnalyzingHow to Write a Research Paper?Picking exceptional research paper themes for high school scholars is half the way. Explore with our guide how to create each component of this type of assignment including thesis statement, outline and others.How to write a research paper outlineWrite My OutlineAn outline of research paper is a primary thing to include before the process begins. It looks like a map of your work. Check the necessary sections of the paper. In case of a research paper, clear outline looks this way:Title pageAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionConclusionBibliographyAppendixHow to write an introduction for a research paperIt is the opening section of the research paper, and we can call this paragraph the face of the entire document. Begin with a clear hook to make a reader go through it to the end. Use one word or collocation:Joke or anecdoteFactStatisticsMetaphorSimileAllegoryFamous person quoteLiterary quotationRhetorical questionHow to write a thesis statement for a research paperA thesis statement is the foundation of any academic assignment. It reflects the main argument of the entire text. Postpone writing a thesis statement until the last minute: once you have an overall picture, it is better to come up with the thesis statement. It should be clear, concise, and to-the-point. Check the correctness and grammar mistakes of this section.How to write a conclusion for a research paperEnd up your paper by summarizing the main points (those are the topic sentences from each body paragraphs). Rewrite the thesis and propose an impressive fact or rhetorical question to summarize crucial facts make the reader want to continue personal research.Good Topics for Research Paper: Things to Know about the Writing ProcessIs there something more complicated like a term paper to complete? It is possible to learn more about term papers here. Visit this link and find the answers. Writing an essay like research paper is never fast and easy. Once you consider on the subjects to write about for a research paper, there are things you should remember while working on the chosen topic:Do in-depth researchPrefer several interesting subjects to choose fromMake a plan of your workWrite all sections that include body parts and conclusionCite related resourcesEdit & proofread the writing to polish your English and avoid grammar mistakesMany scholars believe an initial couple of steps are the least problematic. It is not true. An extensive scientific research and proper topic ideas for academic paper are the steps that define the whole process. The better and clearer picture is in a person’s head, the easier the process of writing will be. Brainstorming activities and personal coaching might help. It is a crucial moment in writing a research paper because it shapes author’s abstract thoughts into a topic of the paper.Exciting Research Paper: Writing Process OverviewOrder Research PaperWithout a decent content, good college research paper themes will not make sense. The outline is the thing every scholar should begin the writing of research paper.An extended research paper outline assists in structuring the writer’s personal thoughts, and it prevents from getting lost in the middle of the process.Another thing you should plan ahead is the writing style and formatting. Once you obtain the prompt, try to adjust the academic style (APA, MLA, Chicago and more) with the help of numerous writing and formatting services. The APA style is the one most research paper writers use.Once an author picks one of the easy subjects, MLA or another style one more challenge comes out: preparing the primary sentence of the beginning, which is called a research problem, thesis statement, or hypothesis. The primary aim of a statement is to respond to this question.A final structure of research paper is stiff, it serves a particular purpose. The main goal of a tricky structure and formatting is to discover credible resources without obstacles and help organize the ideas you have regarding the picked issue. Remember the structure of an empiric research paper – it works no matter which themes to write about for a research paper the author prefers:Cover pageAbstract (1/3 of a page)Table of contentsIntroductionMethodology (equipment + tools)Results & Discussion (R&D)ConclusionReferencesAppendices (the list of images, graphs, reports, tables, and other visual elements applied to support the findings)A research paper example:Do you find it tricky? Experts recommend picking an appropriate language style for your research paper and focusing on every section separately. Don’t forget to check grammar carefully. Write the project step-by-step rather than complete research paper at one time.Find more advanced writing tips by going the link shared by the most successful scholars who used to survive their hardest academic years!Discover Ways to Cite Excellent Research Paper Ideas CorrectlyCiting/Referencing the primary sources in this type of academic paper is important. Without recalling the authors of the original resources in a decent manner, students will lose credits. It is an integral component of a grading rubric you have to include.Here are several recommendations for research paper in our guide to prevent you from falling into the trap associated with citing.Expert Advice:“Keep track of every book, scholarly article, academic journal, newspaper, magazine, video, website or other resources you attend to obtain relevant information. Taking notes is a clue to success with research paper.Always begin with the draft. It is the map of your paper. Check whether each bibliography entry has such information as the work’s complete title, writer’s name, place of publication, publisher, and date of publication.It is a good idea to have some note cards. Use them to write down the information about the selected sources in the top right corner to see if the bibliography list of the paper matches it in the end.”Prof. Marry Johnson, an expert English editor at WriteMyPaper4MeHow to Select Research Paper Topics to Impress a Teacher?Lucky you are if the themes for research papers were assigned to you by your professor. It makes the process more pleasant because a student already knows what source of information to search for. A huge piece of work is ready. A student should find the appropriate books, articles, journals, and other sources to begin research paper writing. The primary aim is to develop the extremely valuable skills of selecting a research paper topic and conducting a study.Get a little self-centeredIt may sound not too helpful, but at the point of choosing a theme for research paper, you should check those subject aspects that are easy and exciting for you. Does your professor of English want you to decide on the subject of matter? Feel free to go in whichever direction your heart desires and prefer your personal style for research paper.Get background information for research paperIf you do not understand the subject completely, never hesitate to contact your professor and ask thousands of questions. Your purpose is to understand the discipline enough and explore plenty of resources to get curious and ask questions. You may also subscribe on useful online guides that help to complete any academic paper.Look for review articlesDo not be lazy to read more and vary your resources. Professors provide a catalog of research articles useful for the class. It is your guide. You will have to read most of these sources during the course of the term along with other materials.Find your field and focus on it!Once you have an idea of what you want to write about in your research paper, make sure your topic is neither broad or narrow. If the research paper topic is too narrow, you might hardly find the appropriate literature. In-depth themes provide too many sources.200 Most Brilliant Research Paper TopicsResearch Paper Topics for CollegeDomestic political scandalsBusiness struggles & triumphs in certain market areaCollege battles in the particular regionUpcoming political regulations and their possible result and impact on societyPros & cons of hunting the wild deer in the specific areaMountaintop removal miningHealthcare privilege of youth in the United StatesJuvenile crime: contemporary methods of punishment & their effectivenessCollege tuition planningThe role of gambling/online gaming in the life of a studentGay, bisexual, and transgender - differences & similaritiesThe way menstruation affects young girlsPsychology Research Paper Topics for CollegeNon-experimental research methods in psychologyImportance of following ethics in psychological researchSubstance abuseEvolutionary aspects of mate preferencesAdvantages of social education in groupsFactors that impact animal behavior/growthEyewitness testimony & memory: the correlation between themAttention-deficit syndrome: myth to justify persons or reality?Is artificial intelligence going to dominate the planet?How do stereotypes appear in society?Steps necessary to end cyber crimesMethods criminals target cyber zonesThe components of the modern sex education: Is it effective or not?How comes that sexually transmitted diseases are on the rise?Facts that prove monkeys are the carriers of AIDsReasons why safe sex is the best way to avoid STDsReasons for the females below 18 to make abortionsThe most dangerous dissociative disordersGambling from the psychological perspectiveResearch Paper Topics for Middle SchoolThe song that made people betterThe way student contributes to his/her communityHow student’s ancestors arrived at where they are currently livingPrincess Diana & her dynastyPresident Obama and politicsThe Trail of Tears: What does it mean to the history of the US?How did the code talkers survive and won the war?Who is the greatest general that has lived on this planet?10 ways to start protecting the environmentEfficient options to achieve academic goalsText messaging & teen literacyWalmart influence in the development of the US economiesThe origins of EBMThe methods ancient sailors navigated the globeScience Research Paper TopicsReasons why flu virus is different from year to yearMedical services to save babies born before 27 weeksDifferent types of stem cells and their usageSleep disorders’ impact on the overall health conditionProof that screening for breast cancer is helpfulA correlation between breastfeeding & improved baby’s healthStem cells to assist in reducing death rates in heart attack casesSeveral reasons why eating disorders can lead to the patient's deathThe healthiest diet does not existStop smoking to improve mental healthNever-ending society evolution“Avengers” from Marvel from the scientific point of viewGood Research Paper TopicsFollow preventive measures against weaponFactors that define police brutalityThree Strikes Law effects on the communityDrug testing convenience for the patientsFactors that motivate society to get involved in sexual harassmentGreek letter society existsPrayer in schools: Be or not to be?Is there a way to minimize radioactive waste disposal?Children’s programming and commercial usage: legal or not?Social Security Reform: Possible Pros & ConsMeasures taken to intensify the airport security after September 11thMagna Carta: How it changed EnglandStages involved in making a music videoThe ingredients found in some hot dogsBusiness Research Paper TopicsCompare & contrast the effectiveness of various managerial techniquesElucidate the pros of the small businessesDoes franchising make it easier to run a business?What are the impacts of global warming on a specific type of business?Pros & cons of outsourcing servicesOld & rigid corporate traditions that save some popular companiesReasons to contribute some company’s assets to charityUseful techniques to attract the attention of a celebrity to take part in the marketing campaignThe impact of Burger King on the US economiesThe Great Depression VS the RecessionThe Manhattan Project: Expectations & realityHow communism affects business in Northern KoreaHistory Research Paper TopicsCentral Asian art: Its influence on contemporary artThe correlation between Greek culture & Roman cultureThe correlation between history & culture on the example of JapanDifferent monetary systems’ influences in the development of humanityThe act of Green Revolution in the history of mankindThe most effective military strategy of all timesFactors that initiated WWIIWill humans face WWIII in the closest few years?Is liberalism the most optimal solution?What are some of the consequences of the women’s suffrage movements?The impact of mass media in the US war attempts in VietnamHow Genghis Khan conquered PersiaMartin Luther King’s protest against the Catholic ChurchAztec Empire and its architectureResearch Paper Topics for Computer ScienceMultiple-Access Control ProtocolSymbian mobile OS: Main benefitsMethods to measure universal intelligenceReasons to choose Google appsWhat makes Macs safer than Windows computers?When will humanity start implementing brain chips?Confidential data storage & detection: Associated risksThe effectiveness of online grammar checkers & plagiarism detectorsSelf-defending networks: Their importanceThe most useful way to connect to the internet and use your emailExploring how GPS system functionsControlling airport security via computer technologiesThe primary dangerous computer virusesThe basics of search engine optimization (SEO)Literature Research Paper TopicsDuma’s “Three Musketeers” are not historically accurate in many sensesThe way Harry Potter reflects the ideal of the timeDiscuss and evaluate the allegory of 2 random novelsThe imagery within novel: The basic usesExplore the reasons why some authors use similes/metaphorsWhich factors help to identify the genre of the certain novel?What are the differences between a horror story and a thriller?Can you share a new aspect of prose based on independent research?A historical event of your interest depicted in different storiesExplain how a particular literary genre emerged and developedWomen’s suffrage movement in proseAlchemy as described in some literary piecesBooks on Joan of Arc: Her image in themThe down of literature in the current societyLaw Research Paper TopicsInternational Criminal Law Court Tools: Evaluate their effectivenessComparative criminal procedure: report & analysis with detailsThe mission of WIPO: World Intellectual Property OrganizationThe US Copyright Office: Does it really help the local writers to defend their business?What a European Patent Office does?Why is it important to learn GATT documents?Women’s authority in different parts of the planetInter-American Human Rights Library: Exciting outtakes & full reportMass communications lawECOLEX: A gateway to environmental lawElection laws of the United StatesIslamic law: The way people around the globe perceive itControversial Topics for Research PaperStudents must obtain a right to opt out of standardized testing if they do not find it necessaryNSA can purge the gathered phone records for safety purposesShould parents be severer?Is it ethical to force humans to attend church?Is it legal to do abortions?Circumstances under which a biological father replaces a child’s momTeaching teenagers about sex is immoralIt is okay for contemporary partners to live together before marriageIdeas on free-ranging parentingThe society would be better without organized religionTechnology affects religionOvereating VS consuming an insufficient amount of foodArgumentative Research Paper TopicsDADT repeal and its significanceThe United States border control: The collected insights & analysisAdvantages & disadvantages of breastfeedingChild adoption by a gay familyThe average wage in the USWhy is it immoral for an old lady to date a young boy?Money is not the root of all evil but the way people use themLegalizing prostitution does not make senseScholars should be given less homeworkThe techniques to fight obesity safelyCurfews help to keep young adults out of troubleResearch Paper Topics on EducationE-Learning at home VS traditional educationThe meaning of standardized testsNo Child Left Behind Act: Assessment of its effectivenessDoes grade inflation take place in the United States?Living on campus help to develop independenceReading & literacy in the early daysCurriculum, teaching, and assessment nowadaysHistory of schooling statementSteps to complex language learning at homeThe efficiency of self-regulated schoolingLearning style in limited groupsUrban education VS village educationGeneral tests and their effectiveness in various institutionsHR Research Paper TopicsThe negative impact of feminism on the progress of contemporary employment cultureThe role of business ethics in the company of student’s choiceWorkplace diversity is helpful in creating a productive work environmentThe possibility of erasing one’s memoryMaking a doll out of a personMembers of Congress must have specific term limitsCEOs receive unfairly huge wagesPeople’s Rights Research Paper TopicsSocial dramas in the area of livingWhy do so many girls get pregnant at the early age?Is there racial discrimination in present schools?Should a placement by academic ability take place?Police have a right to use drones to record the private life of citizensChildren’s interests in various parts of the EarthHumans should marry someone with the same political viewpointMethods to prevent high school bullyingDispute Topics for Research PapersWhite collar jobs are losing its significance: Main reasonsCrime taking place every day in some industriesThe impact of plastic bag usage on present-day consumers and their healthDrug & alcohol abuse among childrenHomeschooling & its consequencesSexual assault: Various methods to punish itSubstance abuse and its consequencesHow to deal with the narcissistic personality disorderWe hope that your next research paper won’t bring you any difficulties, and you will easily select a perfect topic and enjoy the writing. Follow our guide and keep in mind each student can count on online help. Contact us, subscribe to our newsletters, and qualified writing service will solve issues with homework at any level without any delays.You’ve spent months or years conducting your academic research. Now it’s time to write your journal article. For some, this can become a daunting task because writing is not their forte. It might become difficult to even start writing. However, once you organize your thoughts and begin writing them down, the overall task will become easier.We provide some helpful tips for you here.Organize Your ThoughtsPerhaps one of the most important tasks before you even begin to write is to get organized. By this point, your data is compiled and analyzed. You most likely also have many pages of “notes”. These must also be organized. Fortunately, this is much easier to do than in the past with hand-written notes. Presuming that these tasks are completed, what’s next?When suggesting that you organize your thoughts, we mean to take a look at what you have compiled. Ask yourself what you are trying to convey to the reader. What is the most important message from your research? How will your results affect others? Is more research necessary?Write your answers down and keep them where you can see them while writing. This will help you focus on your goals.Aim for ClarityYour paper should be presented as clearly as possible. You want your readers to understand your research. You also do not want them to stop reading because the text is too technical.Keep in mind that your published research will be available in academic journals all over the world. This means that people of different languages will read it. Moreover, even with scientists, this could present a language barrier. According to a recent article, always remember the following points as you write:Clarity: Cleary define terms; avoid nonrelevant information.Simplicity: Keep sentence structure simple and direct.Accuracy: Represent all data and illustrations accurately.For example, consider the following sentence:“Chemical x had an effect on metabolism.”This is an ambiguous statement. It does not tell the reader much. State the results instead:“Chemical x increased fat metabolism by 20 percent.”All scientific research also provide significance of findings, usually presented as defined “P” values. Be sure to explain these findings using descriptive terms. For example, rather than using the words “significant effect,” use a more descriptive term, such as “significant increase.”For more tips, please also see “Tips and Techniques for Scientific Writing”. In addition, it is very important to have your paper edited by a native English speaking professional editor. There are many editing services available for academic manuscripts and publication support services.Research Paper StructureWith the above in mind, you can now focus on structure. Scientific papers are organized into specific sections and each has a goal. We have listed them here.TitleYour title is the most important part of your paper. It draws the reader in and tells them what you are presenting. Moreover, if you think about the titles of papers that you might browse in a day and which papers you actually read, you’ll agree.The title should be clear and interesting otherwise the reader will not continue reading.Authors’ names and affiliations are on the title page.AbstractThe abstract is a summary of your research. It is nearly as important as the title because the reader will be able to quickly read through it.Most journals, the abstract can become divided into very short sections to guide the reader through the summaries.Keep the sentences short and focused.Avoid acronyms and citations.IntroductionInclude background information on the subject and your objectives here.Materials and MethodsDescribe the materials used and include the names and locations of the manufacturers.For any animal studies, include where you obtained the animals and a statement of humane treatment.Clearly and succinctly explain your methods so that it can be duplicated.Criteria for inclusion and exclusion in the study and statistical analyses should be included.ResultsDiscuss your findings here.Be careful to not make definitive statements.Your results suggest that something is or is not true.This is true even when your results prove your hypothesis.DiscussionDiscuss what your results mean in this section.LimitationsDiscuss any study limitations. Suggest additional studies.AcknowledgmentsAcknowledge all contributors.ReferencesAll citations in the text must have a corresponding reference.Check your author guidelines for format protocols.Tables and FiguresIn most cases, your tables and figures appear at the end of your paper or in a separate file.The titles (legends) usually become listed after the reference http://section.Be sure that you define each acronym and abbreviation in each table and figure.Helpful RulesIn their article entitled, “Ten simple rules for structuring papers,” in PLOS Computational Biology, authors Mensh and Kording provided 10 helpful tips as follows:Focus on a central contribution.Write for those who do not know your work.Use the “context-content-conclusion” approach.Avoid superfluous information and use parallel structures.Summarize your research in the abstract.Explain the importance of your research in the introduction.Explain your results in a logical sequence and support them with figures and tables.Discuss any data gaps and limitations.Allocate your time for the most important sections.Get feedback from colleagues.Some of these rules have been briefly discussed above; however, the study done by the authors does provide detailed explanations on all of them.It is important to start thinking about the result since you begin the work. It is a wise solution to start thinking how to write a conclusion for a research paper once a student comes up with a good topic. An outline is an action plan. Developing a research paper outline requires having an overall picture of the research paper conclusion.What if you have no idea how to finish your work? It is not a problem – read these helpful tips, and if the problem remains unsolved, contact professional online academic writers to get quality help.What is a Conclusion: Defining the TermSo, what does conclusion mean? Before moving to the straight answer to this question, it is important to define what a research paper conclusion is. The work itself is the collection of the findings from different studies. The writer gathers information during the process of in-depth observation of the primary sources (books, scholarly articles, scientific reports, academic journals, etc.)What is the Purpose of a Conclusion Paragraph?A conclusion is a closing paragraph or few of the academic/scientific/creative writing, which summarizes the main points of the story. These definitions will help to understand how to write a conclusion for a research paper.Are you ready to learn more secrets distinguished scientists use to succeed in their most famous scientific works? Look at the list of other mistakes to avoid.How to Write a Conclusion for a Research Paper: Things to Cover beforeWithout having a clear idea of the way introduction and the rest of the work’s pats should look like, a student will not succeed with the assignment. This type of academic work has more parts than a regular paper. It is not a regular school essay with an introductory paragraph, 3-5 body paragraphs, and a conclusion. It is a scientific study, which aims to explore the problem under the loop.How to Write a Research Paper OutlineBefore moving to the question how to end a research paper conclusion, have a look at the table of contents to understand the problem deeper:AbstractIntroductionMethodologyResults & DiscussionConclusionBibliography/ReferencesHow to write an outline for a research paper step-by-step? We will cover each section.How to Write an Abstract for a Research PaperAfter the title page, it is necessary to include an abstract. It will not take a while - prepare a summary of the main points and reasons to conduct a study in no longer than 1/3 of a page. It would be something around 250-300 words. Do not go into details!How to Write an Introduction for a Research PaperMany students face a writer’s block from the beginning, and it makes sense they want to know how to start a research paper. Structure the introduction around the outline. Do not go into the details when introducing the topic. The field experts constitute the target audience of a writer, and they possess the background information about the chosen problem. Present the problem briefly.Set the scene - provide short background information;Share some findings from the previous studies;Stress the significance of the problem;Give hints to what you will be talking about;State the thesis.How to Write a Thesis for a Research PaperHow to start a conclusion? One of the effective ways to start a conclusion is to remind the reader of why he/she was reading the paper with the help of paraphrased thesis statement, which appears in the introduction. Answer several critical questions while working on the thesis statement:Is your thesis statement in the right place?Is the thesis statement specific?Does the thesis sound general?An example of a bad thesis would be: “Several serious objections to modern horror films exist.”A better example of a thesis is: “The cinematic methods used nowadays allowed obtaining more graphic, and horror flicks have provoked higher levels of violence among American youth. Slasher films became incapable of delivering the emotional catharsis that retro horror movies did.”Working on the Body ParagraphsIt is impossible to learn how to write a good research paper without covering the sections that constitute the body of this work.Methods: A methodology section is there to describe the equipment and tools. Focus on providing the details about the equipment and tools you used to carry out the experiments necessary to study the problem in-depth. It should be a kind of user’s guide. Tell what you did step-by-step so that another potential writer interested in this topic will be Abel to duplicate your steps and continue the investigation.Results & Discussion (R&D): Writers can combine these two. Interpret the results (numbers and figures) obtained during the process; discuss the findings and explain what they mean in a. Broader sense.Conclusion: This section is similar to the typical essay conclusion - sum up the main points in the R&D section, restate the thesis, and provide some forecasts for the future. One may add a rhetorical question as a hook.How to Write an Effective Conclusion for a Research Paper?If you wish to learn how to write an effective conclusion for a research paper meaning you need the highest possible score, pay attention to the abstract, introduction, and results. These sections predetermine the conclusion. An abstract arrives at the beginning of the work with a summary of the findings, but the student has to compose it after the rest of the sections are ready, including the conclusion. There is no way to develop an abstract without writing a final thought.If a student wants to find out how to write a conclusion paragraph for a research paper, he/she should draw a parallel between the conclusion and introduction. In this situation, a conclusion depends on the opening one. The student should know what he will be writing about in the conclusion when developing an introduction - these two parts must be interconnected. The closing section restates the thesis statement mentioned in the beginning.The final thing to pay attention to is the part that contains study results because the conclusion must reveal the research findings once more and conclude everything mentioned in the Results & Discussion section by adding the ideas to implement them further and provide forecasts for the future.How to Write a Good Conclusion for a Research Paper?We are not interested in explaining how to finish the study – we are trying to explain how to write a good conclusion for a research paper, and these are different things.The conclusion of the research paper conclusion is the discussion. This part predetermines the course of concluding section as it evaluates the way results reply to the main question and explain their relevance to the current knowledge in the proposed area.All conclusion does answer the primary research question stated in the introduction. Try to reply to several questions succinctly even though the author should have answered part of them in the discussion section. The core idea is to leave some unanswered questions and propose forecasts. Other potential scientists will then use this information to support ongoing studies. One day the humanity may obtain the detailed information on the given problem (example: healthcare issue) thanks to you and your followers' investigations.Would you like other people to cite your words and recall your name through ages? In this case, it is important to understand how to write a conclusion paragraph for a research paper according to the rules of great scientific work.BUY SOLUTION ONLINEGet a Free Research Paper Conclusion Example!The students who are in search of the good research paper conclusion example.Example A:“2 different designs of an emission-free fuel cell vehicle have been introduced in the paper. The 1st automobile, a premium-class Jaguar functions thanks to hydrogen. The 2nd vehicle, a small family Suzuki, runs on a mix of hydrogen and oxygen. Every automobile has recyclable elements. Both cars meet the requirements of the Australian design standards regarding overall performance and security. The main point if that the 2nd automobile, Suzuki, is more economical in terms of manufacturing.”The best way to write a conclusion for a research paper is to remain neutral concerning the participants if the study contains comparisons.Another example is:“The presented study presented a couple of environmentally-friendly automobile designs. The team revealed the information about the engine, materials, security, comfort, status, and accessories along with the sketches for every model. Both would be more expensive than regular family automobiles, but they are good regarding the environment.”Grab one more how to write a conclusion for a research paper example!“Physical punishment can be an effective disciplinary measure. It should be the last resort for parents if they want to achieve lower levels of violence in the world. Home violence is not the best alternative. Instead, parents should focus on teaching responsibility to their naughty children.”What about discussing some dangerous sports?“I believe our community would be healthier if more citizens took part in sports of various types, no matter whether those are extreme sports or not. It does not mean we should not go on trying to prevent the adverse consequences of the dangerous sports. The sports must be both challenging and safe. Make it fun is the direct responsibility of the event managers, coaches, participants themselves, and watchers.”The final example to share with our readers would sound this way:“To conclude, the society has to ensure the animals used for laboratory purposes have the minimum of suffering and discomfort. Animal testing is necessary to save human lives. We could benefit from that in multiple ways.”These types of conclusions may be used in a variety of settings. A team/single student may decide to compose the conclusion in the third-person voice or describe everything using the first-person voice. The main goal is to reveal the truth.The Results & Discussion section is what predetermines the conclusion of the study, and it is critical to understand how to write a conclusion for a research paper with the help of so-called transitions words.Top Conclusion Transitions for Research PapersHave you heard about the transition words? Starting from the English Composition 101 class, each student should know what these words mean and how to use them. Those are the building bridges between the sentences/paragraphs. These words help to unite various related ideas into one whole. Transition words constitute an integral part of any world’s language – keep in mind some of them to write papers of any complexity level!Here is the list of the conclusion transitions for research papers. We have chosen the basic categories of the transition words to make it easier for you to search for the most appropriate word.That is everything a student needs to know about the art of concluding a research paper. Was this information useful? If there are any questions left, it is possible to get the immediate help with any homework assignment from the professional academic & scientific writing company without leaving home!

Hey Rance!Hope to find you in good health during these trying times.The goal of a research proposal is twofold: to present and justify the need to study a research problem and to present the practical ways in which the proposed study should be conducted. The design elements and procedures for conducting research are governed by standards of the predominant discipline in which the problem resides, therefore, the guidelines for research proposals are more exacting and less formal than a general project proposal. Research proposals contain extensive literature reviews. They must provide persuasive evidence that a need exists for the proposed study. In addition to providing a rationale, a proposal describes detailed methodology for conducting the research consistent with requirements of the professional or academic field and a statement on anticipated outcomes and/or benefits derived from the study's completion.Your professor may assign the task of writing a research proposal for the following reasons:Develop your skills in thinking about and designing a comprehensive research study;Learn how to conduct a comprehensive review of the literature to determine that a research problem has not been adequately addressed or has been answered ineffectively and, in so doing, become better at locating pertinent scholarship related to your topic;Improve your general research and writing skills;Practice identifying the logical steps that must be taken to accomplish one's research goals;Critically review, examine, and consider the use of different methods for gathering and analyzing data related to the research problem; and,Nurture a sense of inquisitiveness within yourself and to help see yourself as an active participant in the process of doing scholarly research.A proposal should contain all the key elements involved in designing a completed research study, with sufficient information that allows readers to assess the validity and usefulness of your proposed study. The only elements missing from a research proposal are the findings of the study and your analysis of those findings. Finally, an effective proposal is judged on the quality of your writing and, therefore, it is important that your proposal is coherent, clear, and compelling.Regardless of the research problem you are investigating and the methodology you choose, all research proposals must address the following questions:What do you plan to accomplish? Be clear and succinct in defining the research problem and what it is you are proposing to research.Why do you want to do the research? In addition to detailing your research design, you also must conduct a thorough review of the literature and provide convincing evidence that it is a topic worthy of in-depth investigation. Be sure to answer the "So What?" question.How are you going to conduct the research? Be sure that what you propose is doable. If you're having difficulty formulating a research problem to propose investigating, strategies in developing a problem to study.Common Mistakes to AvoidFailure to be concise. A research proposal must be focused and not be "all over the map" or diverge into on unrelated tangents without a clear sense of purpose.Failure to cite landmark works in your literature review. Proposals should be grounded in foundational research that lays a foundation for understanding the development and scope of the issue.Failure to delimit the contextual boundaries of your research [e.g., time, place, people, etc.]. As with any research paper, your proposed study must inform the reader how and in what ways the study will examine the problem.Failure to develop a coherent and persuasive argument for the proposed research. This is critical. In many workplace settings, the research proposal is intended to argue for why a study should be funded.Sloppy or imprecise writing, or poor grammar. Although a research proposal does not represent a completed research study, there is still an expectation that it is well-written and follows the style and rules of good academic writing.Too much detail on minor issues, but not enough detail on major issues. Your proposal should focus on only a few key research questions in order to support the argument that the research needs to be conducted. Minor issues, even if valid, can be mentioned but they should not dominate the overall narrative.Beginning the Proposal ProcessAs with writing most college-level academic papers, research proposals are generally organized the same way throughout most social science disciplines. The text of proposals generally vary in length between ten and thirty-five pages, followed by the list of references. However, before you begin, read the assignment carefully and, if anything seems unclear, ask your professor whether there are any specific requirements for organizing and writing the proposal.A good place to begin is to ask yourself a series of questions:What do I want to study?Why is the topic important?How is it significant within the subject areas covered in my class?What problems will it help solve?How does it build upon [and hopefully go beyond] research already conducted on the topic?What exactly should I plan to do, and can I get it done in the time available?In general, a compelling research proposal should document your knowledge of the topic and demonstrate your enthusiasm for conducting the study. Approach it with the intention of leaving your readers feeling like, "Wow, that's an exciting idea and I can’t wait to see how it turns out!"I. IntroductionIn the real world of higher education, a research proposal is most often written by scholars seeking grant funding for a research project or it's the first step in getting approval to write a doctoral dissertation. Even if this is just a course assignment, treat your introduction as the initial pitch of an idea or a thorough examination of the significance of a research problem. After reading the introduction, your readers should not only have an understanding of what you want to do, but they should also be able to gain a sense of your passion for the topic and to be excited about the study's possible outcomes. Note that most proposals do not include an abstract [summary] before the introduction.Think about your introduction as a narrative written in two to four paragraphs that succinctly answers the following four questions:What is the central research problem?What is the topic of study related to that research problem?What methods should be used to analyze the research problem?Why is this important research, what is its significance, and why should someone reading the proposal care about the outcomes of the proposed study?II. Background and SignificanceThis is where you explain the context of your proposal and describe in detail why it's important. It can be melded into your introduction or you can create a separate section to help with the organization and narrative flow of your proposal. Approach writing this section with the thought that you can’t assume your readers will know as much about the research problem as you do. Note that this section is not an essay going over everything you have learned about the topic; instead, you must choose what is most relevant in explaining the aims of your research.To that end, while there are no prescribed rules for establishing the significance of your proposed study, you should attempt to address some or all of the following:State the research problem and give a more detailed explanation about the purpose of the study than what you stated in the introduction. This is particularly important if the problem is complex or multifaceted.Present the rationale of your proposed study and clearly indicate why it is worth doing; be sure to answer the "So What? question [i.e., why should anyone care].Describe the major issues or problems to be addressed by your research. This can be in the form of questions to be addressed. Be sure to note how your proposed study builds on previous assumptions about the research problem.Explain the methods you plan to use for conducting your research. Clearly identify the key sources you intend to use and explain how they will contribute to your analysis of the topic.Describe the boundaries of your proposed research in order to provide a clear focus. Where appropriate, state not only what you plan to study, but what aspects of the research problem will be excluded from the study.If necessary, provide definitions of key concepts or terms.III. Literature ReviewConnected to the background and significance of your study is a section of your proposal devoted to a more deliberate review and synthesis of prior studies related to the research problem under investigation. The purpose here is to place your project within the larger whole of what is currently being explored, while demonstrating to your readers that your work is original and innovative. Think about what questions other researchers have asked, what methods they have used, and what is your understanding of their findings and, when stated, their recommendations.Since a literature review is information dense, it is crucial that this section is intelligently structured to enable a reader to grasp the key arguments underpinning your proposed study in relation to that of other researchers. A good strategy is to break the literature into "conceptual categories" [themes] rather than systematically or chronologically describing groups of materials one at a time. Note that conceptual categories generally reveal themselves after you have read most of the pertinent literature on your topic so adding new categories is an on-going process of discovery as you review more studies. How do you know you've covered the key conceptual categories underlying the research literature? Generally, you can have confidence that all of the significant conceptual categories have been identified if you start to see repetition in the conclusions or recommendations that are being made.NOTE: Do not shy away from challenging the conclusions made in prior research as a basis for supporting the need for your proposal. Assess what you believe is missing and state how previous research has failed to adequately examine the issue that your study addresses.To help frame your proposal's review of prior research, consider the "five C’s" of writing a literature review:Cite, so as to keep the primary focus on the literature pertinent to your research problem.Compare the various arguments, theories, methodologies, and findings expressed in the literature: what do the authors agree on? Who applies similar approaches to analyzing the research problem?Contrast the various arguments, themes, methodologies, approaches, and controversies expressed in the literature: describe what are the major areas of disagreement, controversy, or debate among scholars?Critique the literature: Which arguments are more persuasive, and why? Which approaches, findings, and methodologies seem most reliable, valid, or appropriate, and why? Pay attention to the verbs you use to describe what an author says/does [e.g., asserts, demonstrates, argues, etc.].Connect the literature to your own area of research and investigation: how does your own work draw upon, depart from, synthesize, or add a new perspective to what has been said in the literature?IV. Research Design and MethodsThis section must be well-written and logically organized because you are not actually doing the research, yet, your reader must have confidence that it is worth pursuing. The reader will never have a study outcome from which to evaluate whether your methodological choices were the correct ones. Thus, the objective here is to convince the reader that your overall research design and proposed methods of analysis will correctly address the problem and that the methods will provide the means to effectively interpret the potential results. Your design and methods should be unmistakably tied to the specific aims of your study.Describe the overall research design by building upon and drawing examples from your review of the literature. Consider not only methods that other researchers have used but methods of data gathering that have not been used but perhaps could be. Be specific about the methodological approaches you plan to undertake to obtain information, the techniques you would use to analyze the data, and the tests of external validity to which you commit yourself [i.e., the trustworthiness by which you can generalize from your study to other people, places, events, and/or periods of time].When describing the methods you will use, be sure to cover the following:Specify the research process you will undertake and the way you will interpret the results obtained in relation to the research problem. Don't just describe what you intend to achieve from applying the methods you choose, but state how you will spend your time while applying these methods [e.g., coding text from interviews to find statements about the need to change school curriculum; running a regression to determine if there is a relationship between campaign advertising on social media sites and election outcomes in Europe].Keep in mind that the methodology is not just a list of tasks; it is an argument as to why these tasks add up to the best way to investigate the research problem. This is an important point because the mere listing of tasks to be performed does not demonstrate that, collectively, they effectively address the research problem. Be sure you clearly explain this.Anticipate and acknowledge any potential barriers and pitfalls in carrying out your research design and explain how you plan to address them. No method is perfect so you need to describe where you believe challenges may exist in obtaining data or accessing information. It's always better to acknowledge this than to have it brought up by your professor.V. Preliminary Suppositions and ImplicationsJust because you don't have to actually conduct the study and analyze the results, doesn't mean you can skip talking about the analytical process and potential implications. The purpose of this section is to argue how and in what ways you believe your research will refine, revise, or extend existing knowledge in the subject area under investigation. Depending on the aims and objectives of your study, describe how the anticipated results will impact future scholarly research, theory, practice, forms of interventions, or policymaking. Note that such discussions may have either substantive [a potential new policy], theoretical [a potential new understanding], or methodological [a potential new way of analyzing] significance.When thinking about the potential implications of your study, ask the following questions:What might the results mean in regards to challenging the theoretical framework and underlying assumptions that support the study?What suggestions for subsequent research could arise from the potential outcomes of the study?What will the results mean to practitioners in the natural settings of their workplace?Will the results influence programs, methods, and/or forms of intervention?How might the results contribute to the solution of social, economic, or other types of problems?Will the results influence policy decisions?In what way do individuals or groups benefit should your study be pursued?What will be improved or changed as a result of the proposed research?How will the results of the study be implemented and what innovations or transformative insights could emerge from the process of implementation?NOTE: This section should not delve into idle speculation, opinion, or be formulated on the basis of unclear evidence. The purpose is to reflect upon gaps or understudied areas of the current literature and describe how your proposed research contributes to a new understanding of the research problem should the study be implemented as designed.VI. ConclusionThe conclusion reiterates the importance or significance of your proposal and provides a brief summary of the entire study. This section should be only one or two paragraphs long, emphasizing why the research problem is worth investigating, why your research study is unique, and how it should advance existing knowledge.Someone reading this section should come away with an understanding of:Why the study should be done,The specific purpose of the study and the research questions it attempts to answer,The decision to why the research design and methods used where chosen over other options,The potential implications emerging from your proposed study of the research problem, andA sense of how your study fits within the broader scholarship about the research problem.VII. CitationsAs with any scholarly research paper, you must cite the sources you used. In a standard research proposal, this section can take two forms, so consult with your professor about which one is preferred.References -- lists only the literature that you actually used or cited in your proposal.Bibliography -- lists everything you used or cited in your proposal, with additional citations to any key sources relevant to understanding the research problem.In either case, this section should testify to the fact that you did enough preparatory work to ensure the project will complement and not just duplicate the efforts of other researchers. Start a new page and use the heading "References" or "Bibliography" centered at the top of the page. Cited works should always use a standard format that follows the writing style advised by the discipline of your course e.g., education=APA; history=Chicago] or that is preferred by your professor. This section normally does not count towards the total page length of your research proposal.Hope this answers your question!Best Regards,Samreena Qaiser.Follow me for more info!

This is a very loaded question. I suggest reading this article.Conservation Issues of Modern and Contemporary Art(CIMCA) MeetingMuseum of Modern Art, New York, June 2-4, 2008INTRODUCTION AND OVERALL PURPOSE OF THE MEETINGIn June 2008, the Getty Conservation Institute (GCI) organized a meeting of international experts to discuss the significant and often highly complex issues faced by professionals in the conservation of modern and contemporary art. The meeting, entitled Conservation Issues of Modern and Contemporary Art (CIMCA), was hosted by the Museum of Modern Art in New York, and supported by Agnes Gund and Daniel Shapiro. Attended by twenty-six invited participants from Europe and the Americas, the group included conservators from a number of key institutions and in private practice, as well as scientists, collection managers, and those involved in conservation training programs and professional networks for contemporary art. (A full list of attendees is provided at the end of this document.)The meeting’s attendees were asked to reflect on three questions:• What are the principal needs and/or issues in modern and contemporary artcurrently faced by the conservation profession?• How might the conservation profession best set about responding to these issues?• What changes would the profession want to see in the next five years that wouldlead to a significant improvement in the situation?Although by no means the first such gathering of conservation professionals on thissubject, this meeting had a particular task—to build upon some of the main issueshighlighted at The Object in Transition conference, held at the Getty Center in January2008(http://www.getty.edu/conservation/science/modpaints/modern_materials_conf.html).With an ever-increasing number of researchers becoming more active in this field, it was also felt timely to convene this meeting in order to take stock of current interests, needs, and intentions. The observations and conclusions from this meeting will form the basis of a strategic framework that will enable the GCI and others to initiate, cultivate, and coordinate a range of activities in the conservation of modern and contemporary art—including research, education and training, and dissemination.ISSUESThe primary issues identified by the meeting participants were grouped into six broad categories:• research into modern materials;• research into conservation treatments;• ethical/theoretical issues;• documentation;• dissemination and information sharing;• education and training.Research into Modern MaterialsDespite recent and significant advances in the conservation profession’s knowledge of some of the materials used in modern and contemporary art—in particular, modern paints—there remains a severe lack of information regarding the vast majority of modern /contemporary materials, in terms of understanding how they behave (either alone or in combination with other materials), and how they might alter with age, in storage, with treatment, and/or in transit, etc. Specifically, there is a clear need for:• further characterization of these materials to understand their chemistry and condition, and how they are likely to alter/deteriorate with age;• improved access to existing methods of analysis and characterization, especially for private studios/smaller museums, either through hand-held instruments or closer collaborations with analysts/conservation scientists;• more portable analytical instruments for in situ identification of materials in actual objects—in particular, for rapid surveying of large collections of disparate materials;• more portable analytical instruments for in situ monitoring of chemical, physical, and/or surface changes in objects with age and/or after treatments;• better documented, accessible, and reliable collections of reference materials with which analytical methods for identification can be developed and aging studies conducted;• establishing the optimum environmental conditions/strategies for the display and storage of all modern and contemporary materials;• determining guidelines for the packing and transportation of modern and contemporary works of art.Research into Conservation TreatmentsConservators often have to carry out treatments on modern and contemporary art works with a limited range of appropriate materials and treatment options, and without the desired level of understanding of the materials/process themselves and/or the long-term consequences of their use. There appear to be two main factors hampering progress in this area: 1) a lack of research focusing on developing new and novel conservation treatments and/or materials; and 2) a lack of experience and case studies on which conservators can evaluate the longer-term success of previous treatments. In many cases this has lead to reluctance by conservators to execute treatments—which, in turn, means that future generations of conservators may have access to even fewer case studies on which they can establish the success or failure of treatments.An initial attempt to establish a list of concerns for treatments identified the following:• cleaning of all non-varnished/uncoated surfaces;• removing stains from raw canvas;• dealing with surface blemishes on monochromatic paintings;• removing imbibed materials from acrylic paints;• difficulties in color-matching synthetic organic pigments.A wish list for better conservation materials included:• a broader range of in-painting media, especially water-based media and media for matt surfaces;• consolidants for matt surfaces (i.e., with low refractive index);• stable and better-tested UV protective coatings (that could be applied to a range of different materials to slow down their deterioration);• thixotropic lining adhesives.Ethical/Theoretical IssuesMany of the difficult decisions faced by conservators for modern and contemporary art pose highly complex, ethical dilemmas, and in numerous instances there are clear disagreements within the conservation profession—as well as among other parts of the art world—on how to resolve conflicting values. Art history and conservation have traditionally relied on the authority that each field brings to an artwork's meaning and understanding. This is now under some re-evaluation when it comes to contemporary works. Not only is there a certain curatorial/conservation blur when it comes to questions of meaning and material, with contemporary works there is an inherent resistance to shutting down interpretive possibilities for works that have not yet lived in the world. There therefore appears to be a particular need for a far more active interdisciplinary dialogue with other areas of the arts profession, especially art historians and curators, and for more opportunities for theoretical research projects and/or masters/doctoral theses to be undertaken.Some specific issues raised were a need to:• rethink and revise the traditional and strict role definitions of the conservator, researcher, artist (or their estate), art historian, curator, dealer, valuer, insurance agent, and others;• identify, weigh, and navigate a different set of values in works of modern and contemporary art, such as meaning, function and intent, and how they will all change with time;• establish a set of ethics for the conservation of ephemeral/transitory art;• assess further the implications of making replicas of works of art, particularly for those works that have altered dramatically with time;• develop additional appropriate forums to discuss these issues in a cross–disciplinary way.DocumentationConsiderable amounts of time and resources are currently placed on gathering information on modern and contemporary art for documentation purposes, especially—but not exclusively—for museum collections. However, this creates its own set of issues, in particular the need to consider several new aspects in works of contemporary art that should be documented beyond the physical object—such as the significance, value, and meaning of materials, sound, motion, and even smell—and to develop strategies and methodologies for documenting them. It is also imperative that a more standardized terminology is developed within the profession to ensure that this documentation is easily shared and understood.Specific issues that were identified include a need to:• offer more descriptions of why a decision to treat an object (or not) was made;• offer more instructions/information from the artist and/or manufacturers;• document works of art as soon as possible after they are made;• gain access to other conservators’ unpublished records/archives;• address the fact that because a diversity of approaches/models are currently used by different collections for installation art, information sharing is very difficult;• manage obsolete technology and the data from time-based media works;• devise a process to document Web art (which can suddenly disappear offline);• develop a method to characterize the patinas on bronze sculptures.Dissemination and Information SharingCommunication and information exchange within and beyond the profession is inadequate. Despite the existence of professional networks—for example, INCCA (The International Network for the Conservation of Contemporary Art), ICOM-CC: MMCA (the Modern Materials and Contemporary Art working group of the International Council of Museums–Conservation Committee), and AMIEN (Art Materials Information and Education Network)—these are still under-utilized; they remain, however, the logical vehicles for creating far more dynamic forms of networking and dissemination.There is a clear need for:• improved communication among colleagues/institutions to share information more effectively on all aspects of conservation (especially research results and treatment decisions);• engaging a broader cross-section of the arts profession (especially art historians, artists, collectors, and curators) in many of the discussions;• identifying more experts from other fields (e.g., structural engineers and video technicians) who could share useful advice and experience on specific issues and types of artwork;• raising awareness within the public through many of the discussions and debates.Education and TrainingIt was recognized that the training and education of more conservators in modern and contemporary art is key to progress in the field, and that the majority of conservation training programs are already attempting to respond to this need. There remains, however, a significant amount of disagreement on how best to achieve the most appropriate training for such conservators, and on how to get around the limitations of existing educational models. Other levels of education and training possibilities are also lacking—for example, pre-program and mid-career opportunities.It was felt that there is a need to:• consider a more cross-disciplinary track (i.e., to move away from the conventional materials-based divisions) at the training programs;• identify a new skills set for conservators of modern and contemporary art;• establish opportunities for PhD research in theory/ethics and conservation science;• establish opportunities for sabbaticals/mid-career exchanges;• improve public awareness of issues;• broaden demographics of the field, and attract students from a wider background of education styles/subjects.POTENTIAL RESPONSES TO THESE NEEDSThe suggested responses for all six categories of issues fell into four areas: research, documentation, dissemination, and training and education.ResearchClearly, increased research into many of the identified issues—for both modern/contemporary materials and for the development of more appropriate conservation treatments—would be an effective response. It was felt that the conservation profession should attempt to establish a well-integrated network of researchers and/or a high level of collaboration in order to avoid unnecessary duplication, and to facilitate the evaluation of different approaches taken. It was deemed particularly important to encourage a range of approaches to developing and testing conservation treatments, due to the inevitable uncertainties of aging processes, resulting in an inability to properly evaluate success for many years. Breaking up some of the larger, long-term research projects into smaller units would also have significant benefits. Some of the larger research projects identified include:Aging of Modern Materials• Establish more complete data on the aging of coatings, adhesives, andconsolidants.• Develop methods to monitor surface changes.• Improve non-destructive means to assess the structural stability of materials.• Develop methods to stabilize cellulose acetate (CA) and cellulose nitrate (CN) plastics.• Study further the aging processes involved in modern oils to better understand water-sensitive oils, liquefying oil paints, and efflorescence.Preventive Conservation• Compare current state of thinking and practice regarding climate guidelines, control, and management in different museums and collections, either by a survey or with a meeting to compare/contrast the various approaches and policies.• Gather data on the behavior of different materials to different environmental conditions in order to develop knowledge (and ultimately guidelines) for optimum storage or display conditions for these materials/objects.• Assess the implications for storage of objects in crates: design of crates, interaction of materials, off-gassing, etc.• Assess the implications of climate change and sustainability issues, which are set to impact heavily all areas of cultural heritage conservation in the near future.• Assess the increase in longevity of face-mounted photographs in cold storage.• Establish guidelines (for packers and artists) for the display and transportation of modern and contemporary works of art (especially the effects of vibration on 3D objects), and design better wrapping methods for unvarnished paintings.Research into Conservation Treatments and Materials• Make stronger connections with industrial partners (e.g., Rohm & Haas) to tap into their knowledge and expertise on resins and coatings.• Increase involvement of conservators in evaluating the success of treatments from a more practical and empirical standpoint.• Establish, whenever possible, practical research efforts that test multiple treatment approaches.New Instruments/MethodologiesDevelop methods for improved, scientific documentation of change—especially portable, non-invasive, low cost, and yet still high-tech instruments. It was stressed that for all such development, it would be important to concentrate on changes that are significant (e.g., weak links or irreplaceable components). Some specific ideas included:• better methods for characterization of surfaces (texture, gloss, transparency) to assess the effects of aging and treatments;• development of non-invasive deterioration indicators (e.g., peroxide formation);• development of improved methods of characterizing/ describing patinas on bronzes;• assessment of new methods (e.g., mechanical techniques, laser techniques) for cleaning non-varnished surfaces, especially on monochrome paintings.Time-Based Media: Magnetic Media and Digital Art• Bring established technical knowledge to the art world.• Create guidelines for mastering digital art on servers.• Develop methodologies of keeping works accessible when technologies become obsolete.Contemporary Art in Tropical Climates• Develop methods to prevent and treat mold growth.• Revisit the pros and cons of microclimates (e.g., glazing and/or applying backboards) for paintings• Refine management systems for climatic extremes.• Study salt degradation of oil paints.DocumentationA number of ways in which the new needs for documentation practice could be addressed in general were identified, as well as some specific responses for installation and digital art.General• Develop better links with more artists and/or artist estates, to ensure continued access to any information held by them.• Document contemporary art at the earliest possible moment, and continue to monitor changes.• Improve methods for data collection (artists’ interviews, etc.).• Improve access to oral histories.• Create more documentation specialists (e.g., Tate’s Information Coordinator).• Establish a standard terminology.Installation Art• Create, share, and test models and new technologies for documentation of installation art that include new parameters: light, sound, motion, 3D, etc., building on those explored in the Inside Installations project(Preservation and Presentation of Installation Art).• Test documentation models and technologies via installations at other institutions.• Encourage more collectors/institutions to test models and provide accessible case studies.• Create best practice guides.• Work toward a methodological approach. Time-Based Media• Evaluate and utilize existing methods for documenting moving images (such as those used in libraries, industry, etc.) for time-based media.DisseminationDissemination and information sharing are considered absolutely key to improving the field, in both the short-term and the long-term. A number of ideas were discussed on how to facilitate the exchange of information and experiences.PublicationsDissemination and information sharing ideas related to publications included:• launching an online peer reviewed journal that would link conservation, art history thinking and research, and beyond (e.g., visual culture, sociology, etc.), in recognition of the fact that all these perspectives inform the way we look at and live with art made in our time;• making far better use of existing journals—for example, Reviews in Conservation for overviews of the profession to date, and Art Forum and Future Anterior—to target the interdisciplinary audience of conservators and art historians;• facilitating access to master’s theses and student research projects through links to ENCoRE, VDR, and ANAGPIC.ConferencesConferences are still viewed as essential to the field in terms of keeping abreast of current research, as well as fostering larger debates through panel discussions and audience participation. It was thought that, ideally, a series of conferences could be developed that would:• be attended by a maximum of 200 people (to facilitate discussion);• be focused on a specific themes that should involve invited and targeted specialists, thereby engaging other disciplines, especially those in science;• be accompanied by a Web-based publication;• include, potentially, the following themes: coatings; failure (of materials); time-based media; ephemeral (transitory) objects; and preventive conservation.New Forums on the WebA number of suggestions revolved around making more use of the Web to disseminate information. These included:• creating a series of online panel discussions with an invited group of experts, to focus on specific issues/ problems, using the model of Skin Deep: Questions on the Conservation of Post-War Paintings (Collectors World Online Forum, January 29–February 15, 2003 [Conservation OnLine - CoOLlists/cdl/2003/0129.html];• supporting INCCA to be a clearing house—the first Web site people will access to find information, or to seek links to other Web sites/publications;• drawing more attention to AMIEN, a widely accessed Web site, that is already facilitating communication between artists and conservators/conservation scientists;• encouraging all museums and research institutions to be more pro-active in linking their Web sites to those of other organizations;• initiating a discussion list/listserv for the conservation of contemporary art;• utilizing more innovative formats with improved visual layouts and more dynamic functionality (e.g., Second Life, virtual study rooms/ conferences);• raising awareness with the public by utilizing the numerous Web methods for public feedback, discussion loops, and community involvement.Education and TrainingThe conservation profession needs to establish methods for improving the training of modern and contemporary art conservators. It was felt that to enhance training and education of conservators of modern and contemporary art it was important to consider the continuum of training from pre- through post- conservation education programs. Specific suggestions included:• increasing flexibility of programs to allow variable paths through curriculum;• establishing a conservation PhD (especially important for researching ethical and theoretical issues);• seeking a broader demographic diversity/ education backgrounds in entrants to the field;• developing a series of public lectures about some of the complex issues in order to public raise awareness;• establishing a number of post-program fellowships in museums of modern and contemporary art, learning from experience gained by SFMOMA;• establishing further opportunities for staff exchanges, including private as well as institutional conservators (in fact, exchanges between private and institutional studios could be especially beneficial to both sectors);• assessing desirable qualities in the new breed of modern and contemporary art conservator (e.g., problem solving skills, ability to evaluate complex and abstract data, ability to make collaborative decisions, ability to arrive at negotiated outcomes, skills in engineering or structural issues, and experience with all aspects of digital imaging and processing)PRIORITIESAlthough the difficulties and limitations in setting priorities were recognized, the following short- and long-term priorities were identified.Research• Increase focus on preventive conservation issues, including evaluation of optimum environmental conditions for modern materials.• Develop more portable analytical instruments for materials identification, condition assessment, and surfaces characterization.• Continue and expand studies on cleaning modern painted surfaces, with the specific requirement that the results be made very accessible to conservators.• Increase study of time-based media conservation.• Provide greater access to existing research on magnetic tape and digital media.• Conduct more research on coatings and adhesives.• Increase study of the effects of tropical climates on modern and contemporary art (including a reassessment of micro-climates).Documentation• Develop standard methodologies and test new technologies for the documentation of installation art.Dissemination• Establish a series of conferences focused on specific issues.• Support and improve INCCA for information dissemination.• Use IIC/ICOM-CC meetings to report on the CIMCA meeting and to encourage further feedback.• Establish online discussion forums.• Create an online inter-disciplinary journal.Training and Education• Establish a working group to discuss the pros/cons of different training program models and to consider whether to promote a unified approach or to encourage variations.• Establish and monitor further post-program training fellowships.• Create opportunities for mid-career staff exchanges and sabbaticals.• Develop more possibilities for students to spend time in artist’s studios.MEETING PARTICIPANTSJim CoddingtonHead of Conservation, Museum of Modern Art, New YorkDana CranmerDirector of Cranmer Art Conservation Inc, New YorkAlberto de TagleChief of Research, Instituut Collectie Nederland (ICN), AmsterdamFrancesca EsmayConservator, Dia Art Foundation, New YorkGunnar HeydenreichHead of Paintings and Contemporary Art Conservation, RestaurierungszentrumDüsseldorfIJsbrand HummelenSenior Research Conservator, Instituut Collectie Nederland (ICN), AmsterdamJay KruegerSenior Conservator of Modern Paintings, National Gallery of Art, Washington DCSusan LakeDirector of Collection Management, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden,Washington DCTom LearnerSenior Scientist, Head of Modern and Contemporary Art Research, Getty ConservationInstitute, Los AngelesCarol Mancusi-UngaroAssociate Director of Conservation and Research, Whitney Museum of American Art,New YorkFounding Director of the Center for the Technical Study of Modern Art, HarvardUniversity Art Museums, Cambridge.Ana MartinsAssociate Conservation Scientist, Museum of Modern Art, New YorkMichele MarincolaChairman of the Conservation Center, Institute of Fine Arts, New York UniversityGary MattisonDepartment Coordinator, Getty Conservation Institute, Los AngelesChristopher McGlincheyConservation Scientist, Museum of Modern Art, New YorkNancy MicklewrightSenior Program Officer, Getty Foundation, Los AngelesAlan PhenixScientist, Getty Conservation Institute, Los AngelesDerek PullenHead of Sculpture Conservation, Tate, LondonAntonio RavaDirector of Studio Rava, TurinChristian ScheidemannDirector of Contemporary Conservation Ltd., New YorkStephan SchaeferProfessor for Painting and Contemporary Art Conservation, Universidade Nova deLisboa, LisbonMichael SchillingSenior Scientist, Head of Analytical Technologies, Getty Conservation Institute, LosAngelesLuiz SouzaCoordinator of LACIOR–Conservation Science LaboratoryDeputy-Director of the School of Fine Arts, Federal University of Minas Gerais, BrazilJill SterrettDirector of Collections and Conservation, San Francisco Museum of Modern ArtCarol StringariHead of Conservation, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New YorkJeanne Marie TeutonicoAssociate Director of Programs, Getty Conservation Institute, Los AngelesGlenn WhartonConservator of Time-Based Media, Museum of Modern Art, New YorkResearch Scholar at New York UniversityActing Executive Director of INCCA-NAPaul WhitmoreDirector of the Art Conservation Research Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh