Form Wh 382: Fill & Download for Free

Therapeutic PO doses of L and D amphetamine do not pose any significant long term risks if taken as directed for the appropriate condition in terms of the literature I have read in peer reviewed studies from academic journals:Potential Adverse Effects of Amphetamine Treatment on Brain and Behavior: A Review==========================================================I have been on methylphenidate, Adderral, Dexedrine and lisdexamphetamine for over twenty years. (separately) and while my experience is entirely anecdotal with a pretty small sample size and no control………The benefits of being able to function outweigh any potential long term risks for me.My concern when I was put on both methylphenidate and Mirapex (a dopamine agonist) together whether the increase in dopamine activity might trigger Parkinson’s or some other horrible issue. I was assured there was no correlation in my case.So do a risk reward matrix and figure out the best choice with your physician, Be an active challenging , questioning, patientIt is your right!1. Volkow ND, Insel TR. What are the long-term effects of methylphenidate treatment? Biol Psychiatry. 2003 Dec 15;54(12):1307–1309. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]2. Fleckenstein AE, Volz TJ, Riddle EL, Gibb JW, Hanson GR. New insights into the mechanism of action of amphetamines. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 2007;47:681–698. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]3. Clement BA, Goff CM, Forbes TDA. Toxic amines and alkaloids from Acacia berlandieri. Phytochemistry. 1997;46(2):249–254. [Google Scholar]4. Clement BA, Goff CM, Forbes TDA. Toxic amines and alkaloids from Acacia rigidula. Phytochemistry. 1998;49(5):1377–1380. [Google Scholar]5. Goodman LS, Hardman JG, Limbird LE, Gilman AG. Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. McGraw-Hill; New York: 2001. [Google Scholar]6. Madras BK, Miller GM, Fischman AJ. The dopamine transporter and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry. 2005;57(11):1397–1409. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]7. Boutrel B, Koob GF. What keeps us awake: the neuropharmacology of stimulants and wakefulness-promoting medications. Sleep. 2004;27(6):1181–1194. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]8. Elia J, Borcherding BG, Potter WZ, Mefford IN, Rapoport JL, Keysor CS. Stimulant drug treatment of hyperactivity: biochemical correlates. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1990;48(1):57–66. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]9. Kuczenski R, Segal DS, Cho AK, Melega W. Hippocampus norepinephrine, caudate dopamine and serotonin, and behavioral responses to the stereoisomers of amphetamine and methamphetamine. Journal of Neuroscience. 1995;15(2):1308–1317. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]10. Bradley C. The behavior of children receiving benzedrine. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1937;94:577–585. [Google Scholar]11. International Narcotics Control Board Staff . Psychotropic Substances. United Nations Publications; 2004. [Google Scholar]12. Education USDo . Identifying and Treating Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Resource for School and Home. U.S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services, Office of Special Education Programs; Washington, D.C.: 2003. [Google Scholar]13. Zametkin AJ, Nordahl TE, Gross M, King AC, Semple WE, Rumsey J, et al. Cerebral glucose metabolism in adults with hyperactivity of childhood onset. New England Journal of Medicine. 1990;323(20):1361–1366. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]14. Goldman LS, Genel M, Bezman RJ, Slanetz PJ. Diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Council on Scientific Affairs, American Medical Association. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1998;279(14):1100–1107. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]15. McGough JJ, Biederman J, Greenhill LL, McCracken JT, Spencer TJ, Posner K, et al. Pharmacokinetics of SLI381 (ADDERALL XR), an extended-release formulation of Adderall. Journal of American Academy of Child Acolescent Psychiatry. 2003;42(6):684–691. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]16. Goodman DW. Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate: The First Prodrug Stimulant. Psychiatry MMC. 2007 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]17. Adler L. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Boston, MA: 2007. Efficacy and Safety of Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate in Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactvity Disorder. al. e. [Google Scholar]18. Connor DF, Steingard RJ. New formulations of stimulants for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: therapeutic potential. CNSDrugs. 2004;18(14):1011–1030. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]19. Wilens TE. Drug therapy for adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Drugs. 2003;63(22):2395–2411. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]20. Wilens TE, Faraone SV, Biederman J. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2004;292(5):619–623. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]21. Mitler MM, Aldrich MS, Koob GF, Zarcone VP. Narcolepsy and its treatment with stimulants. ASDA standards of practice. Sleep. 1994;17(4):352–371. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]22. Mitler MM, Hajdukovic R. Relative efficacy of drugs for the treatment of sleepiness in narcolepsy. Sleep. 1991;14(3):218–220. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]23. National Toxicology P NTP-CERHR monograph on the potential human reproductive and developmental effects of amphetamines. 2005. Report No.: 16. [PubMed]24. Clinical practice guideline: treatment of the school-aged child with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics. 2001;108(4):1033–1044. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]25. Efron D, Jarman F, Barker M. Side effects of methylphenidate and dexamphetamine in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a double-blind, crossover trial. Pediatrics. 1997;100(4):662–666. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]26. Frishman WH, Del VA, Sanal S, Ismail A. Cardiovascular manifestations of substance abuse: part 2: alcohol, amphetamines, heroin, cannabis, and caffeine. Heart Dis. 2003;5(4):253–271. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]27. Safer DJ, Zito JM, dosReis S. Concomitant psychotropic medication for youths. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003;160(3):438–449. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]28. dosReis S, Zito JM, Safer DJ, Gardner JF, Puccia KB, Owens PL. Multiple psychotropic medication use for youths: a two-state comparison. JChild AdolescPsychopharmacol. 2005;15(1):68–77. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]29. CDC. Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) 2005. [2008/01/23/]. Available from: Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD))30. Biederman J, Faraone SV. Current concepts on the neurobiology of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. JAttenDisord. 2002;6(Suppl 1):S7–16. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]31. Faraone SV, Biederman J, Spencer TJ, Aleardi M. Comparing the efficacy of medications for ADHD using meta-analysis. MedGenMed. 2006;8(4):4. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]32. Faber A, Kalverdijk LJ, de Jong-van den Berg LT, Hugtenburg JG, Minderaa RB, Tobi H. Parents report on stimulant-treated children in the Netherlands: initiation of treatment and follow-up care. JChild AdolescPsychopharmacol. 2006;16(4):432–440. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]33. Preen DB, Calver J, Sanfilippo FM, Bulsara M, Holman CD. Patterns of psychostimulant prescribing to children with ADHD in Western Australia: variations in age, gender, medication type and dose prescribed. AustNZJPublic Health. 2007;31(2):120–126. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]34. Sankaranarayanan J, Puumala SE, Kratochvil CJ. Diagnosis and treatment of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder at US ambulatory care visits from 1996 to 2003. CurrMedResOpin. 2006;22(8):1475–1491. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]35. Wu EQ, Birnbaum HG, Zhang HF, Ivanova JI, Yang E, Mallet D. Health care costs of adults treated for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder who received alternative drug therapies. JManagCare Pharm. 2007;13(7):561–569. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]36. Brown GL, Hunt RD, Ebert MH, Bunney WE, Jr., Kopin IJ. Plasma levels of d-amphetamine in hyperactive children. Serial behavior and motor responses. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 1979;62(2):133–140. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]37. Thorpy M. Therapeutic advances in narcolepsy. Sleep Med. 2007;8(4):427–440. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]38. Dowling GJ, Weiss SR, Condon TP. Drugs of abuse and the aging brain. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008;33(2):209–218. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]39. Substance A, Mental Health Services A. Detailed Emergency Department Tables from DAWN: 2002. 2002. [2008/01/23/]. Available from: http://dawninfo.samhsa.gov/old_dawn/pubs_94_02/pickatable/2001/2.8.0.xls (http://dawninfo.samhsa.gov/old_dawn/pubs_94_02/pickatable/2001/2.8.0.xls).40. Gfroerer J, Penne M, Pemberton M, Folsom R. Substance abuse treatment need among older adults in 2020: the impact of the aging baby-boom cohort. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2003;69(2):127–135. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]41. Bowyer JF, Holson RR, Chang LW, Dyer RS. Handbook of Neurotoxicology. Marcel Dekker, Inc; New York: 1995. Methamphetamine and amphetamine neurotoxicity. pp. 845–870. [Google Scholar]42. Seiden LS, Sabol KE, Chang LW, Dyer RS. Handbook of Neurotoxicology. Marcel Dekker, Inc; New York: 1995. Neurotoxicity of methamphetamine-related drugs and cocaine. pp. 825–843. [Google Scholar]43. Kita T, Wagner GC, Nakashima T. Current research on methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity: animal models of monoamine disruption. JPharmacolSci. 2003;92(3):178–195. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]44. Selemon LD, Begovic A, Goldman-Rakic PS, Castner SA. Amphetamine sensitization alters dendritic morphology in prefrontal cortical pyramidal neurons in the non-human primate. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2007 Apr;32(4):919–931. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]45. Tata DA, Yamamoto BK. Interactions between methamphetamine and environmental stress: role of oxidative stress, glutamate and mitochondrial dysfunction. Addiction. 2007;102(Suppl 1):49–60. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]46. Segal DS, Kuczenski R. Escalating dose-binge treatment with methylphenidate: role of serotonin in the emergent behavioral profile. JPharmacolExpTher. 1999;291(1):19–30. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]47. Yuan J, McCann U, Ricaurte G. Methylphenidate and brain dopamine neurotoxicity. Brain Research. 1997;767(1):172–175. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]48. Fischer JF, Cho AK. Chemical release of dopamine from striatal homogenates: evidence for an exchange diffusion model. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1979 Feb;208(2):203–209. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]49. Krueger BK. Kinetics and block of dopamine uptake in synaptosomes from rat caudate nucleus. Journal of Neurochemistry. 1990;55:260–267. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]50. Segal DS, Kuczenski R. Repeated binge exposure to amphetamine and methamphetamine: Behavioral and neurochemical characterization. JPharmacolExpTher. 1997;282:561–573. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]51. Melega WP, Raleigh MJ, Stout DB, Lacan G, Huang SC, Phelps ME. Recovery of striatal dopamine function after acute amphetamine- and methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity in the vervet monkey. Brain Research. 1997;766:113–120. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]52. Moll GH, Hause S, Ruther E, Rothenberger A, Huether G. Early methylphenidate administration to young rats causes a persistent reduction in the density of striatal dopamine transporters. JChild AdolescPsychopharmacol. 2001;11(1):15–24. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]53. Ricaurte GA, Mechan AO, Yuan J, Hatzidimitriou G, Xie T, Mayne AH, et al. Amphetamine treatment similar to that used in the treatment of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder damages dopaminergic nerve endings in the striatum of adult nonhuman primates. JPharmacolExpTher. 2005;315(1):91–98. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]54. Borcherding BG, Keysor CS, Cooper TB, Rapoport JL. Differential effects of methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine on the motor activity level of hyperactive children. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1989;2(4):255–263. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]55. Greenhill LL, Swanson JM, Steinhoff K, Fried J, Posner K, Lerner M, et al. A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic study comparing a single morning dose of adderall to twice-daily dosing in children with ADHD. Journal of American Academy of Child Acolescent Psychiatry. 2003;42(10):1234–1241. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]56. Anderson LI, Leipheimer RE, Dluzen DE. Effects of neonatal and prepubertal hormonal manipulations upon estrogen neuroprotection of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system within female and male mice. Neuroscience. 2005;130(2):369–382. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]57. Bowyer JF, Gough B, Slikker W, Jr., Lipe GW, Newport GD, Holson RR. Effects of a cold environment or age on methamphetamine-induced dopamine release in the caudate putamen of female rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 1993;44(1):87–98. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]58. Miller DB, O'Callaghan JP, Ali SF. Age as a susceptibility factor in the striatal dopaminergic neurotoxicity observed in the mouse following substituted amphetamine exposure. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2000;914:194–207. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]59. Teuchert-Noodt G, Dawirs RR. Age-related toxicity in prefrontal cortex and caudateputamen complex of gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) after a single dose of methamphetamine. Neuropharmacology. 1991;30(7):733–743. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]60. Truex LL, Schmidt MJ. 3H-amphetamine concentrations in the brains of young and aged rats: implications for assessment of drug effects in aged animals. Neurobiology of Aging. 1980;1(1):93–95. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]61. O'Neil ML, Kuczenski R, Segal DS, Cho AK, Lacan G, Melega WP. Escalating dose pretreatment induces pharmacodynamic and not pharmacokinetic tolerance to a subsequent high-dose methamphetamine binge. Synapse. 2006 Nov;60(6):465–473. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]62. Segal DS, Kuczenski R, O'Neil ML, Melega WP, Cho AK. Escalating dose methamphetamine pretreatment alters the behavioral and neurochemical profiles associated with exposure to a high-dose methamphetamine binge. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003;28:1730–1740. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]63. Carlsson A, Winblad B. Influence of age and time interval between death and autopsy on dopamine and 3-methoxytyramine levels in human basal ganglia. J Neural Transm. 1976;38(3−4):271–276. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]64. Carlsson A. Aging and Brain Neurotransmitters. In: D P, editor. Funkitionsstorurgen des Gehirns im Alter. 1981. pp. 67–81. [Google Scholar]65. Advokat C. Update on amphetamine neurotoxicity and its relevance to the treatment of ADHD. JAttenDisord. 2007;11(1):8–16. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]66. Poulton A. Growth on stimulant medication; clarifying the confusion: a review. ArchDisChild. 2005;90(8):801–806. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]67. Pliszka SR, Matthews TL, Braslow KJ, Watson MA. Comparative effects of methylphenidate and mixed salts amphetamine on height and weight in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of American Academy of Child Acolescent Psychiatry. 2006;45(5):520–526. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]68. Spencer TJ, Faraone SV, Biederman J, Lerner M, Cooper KM, Zimmerman B. Does prolonged therapy with a long-acting stimulant suppress growth in children with ADHD? Journal of American Academy of Child Acolescent Psychiatry. 2006;45(5):527–537. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]69. Swanson JM, Elliott GR, Greenhill LL, Wigal T, Arnold LE, Vitiello B, et al. Effects of stimulant medication on growth rates across 3 years in the MTA follow-up. Journal of American Academy of Child Acolescent Psychiatry. 2007;46(8):1015–1027. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]70. Charach A, Figueroa M, Chen S, Ickowicz A, Schachar R. Stimulant treatment over 5 years: effects on growth. Journal of American Academy of Child Acolescent Psychiatry. 2006;45(4):415–421. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]71. Swanson J, Greenhill L, Wigal T, Kollins S, Stehli A, Davies M, et al. Stimulant-related reductions of growth rates in the PATS. Journal of American Academy of Child Acolescent Psychiatry. 2006;45(11):1304–1313. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]72. Srisurapanont M, Jarusuraisin N, Kittirattanapaiboon P. Treatment for amphetamine dependence and abuse. CochraneDatabaseSystRev. 2001;(4):CD003022. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]73. Hill KP, Sofuoglu M. Biological treatments for amfetamine dependence : recent progress. CNSDrugs. 2007;21(10):851–869. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]74. Executive Board AAoP Use of d-amphetamine and related central nervous system stimulants in children. Pediatrics. 1973;51(2):302–305. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]75. Johnston LD, O'Malley PM, Bachman JG, Schulenberg JE. Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use, 1975−2006: Volume I, Secondary school students. National Institute on Drug Abuse; Bethesda, MD: 2007. [Google Scholar]76. Rawson RA, Condon TP. Why do we need an Addiction supplement focused on methamphetamine? Addiction. 2007;102(Suppl 1):1–4. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]77. Sato M, Hida M, Nagase H. Analysis of pyrolysis products of methamphetamine. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 2004;28(8):638–643. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]78. Musser CJ, Ahmann PA, Theye FW, Mundt P, Broste SK, Mueller-Rizner N. Stimulant use and the potential for abuse in Wisconsin as reported by school administrators and longitudinally followed children. JDevBehavPediatr. 1998;19(3):187–192. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]79. McCabe SE, Teter CJ, Boyd CJ. The use, misuse and diversion of prescription stimulants among middle and high school students. SubstUseMisuse. 2004;39(7):1095–1116. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]80. McCabe SE, Teter CJ, Boyd CJ. Medical use, illicit use and diversion of prescription stimulant medication. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 2006;38(1):43–56. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]81. McCabe SE, Teter CJ, Boyd CJ. Medical use, illicit use, and diversion of abusable prescription drugs. JAmCollHealth. 2006;54(5):269–278. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]82. Poulin C. Medical and nonmedical stimulant use among adolescents: from sanctioned to unsanctioned use. CMAJ. 2001;165(8):1039–1044. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]83. Farris KB, McCarthy AM, Kelly MW, Clay D, Gross JN. Issues of medication administration and control in Iowa schools. JSch Health. 2003;73(9):331–337. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]84. Reiterman T. Prescriptions supplanting illegal substances as drugs of choice. Los Angeles Times. 2008 May 18; 2008. [Google Scholar]85. Bassetti C, Aldrich MS. Narcolepsy. Neurologic Clinics. 1996;14(3):545–571. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]86. Stoops WW, Glaser PE, Fillmore MT, Rush CR. Reinforcing, subject-rated, performance and physiological effects of methylphenidate and d-amphetamine in stimulant abusing humans. J Psychopharmacol. 2004 Dec;18(4):534–543. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]87. Kollins SH. Comparing the abuse potential of methylphenidate versus other stimulants: a review of available evidence and relevance to the ADHD patient. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64(Suppl 11):14–18. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]88. Stoops WW, Lile JA, Glaser PE, Rush CR. Discriminative stimulus and self-reported effects of methylphenidate, d-amphetamine, and triazolam in methylphenidate-trained humans. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2005 Feb;13(1):56–64. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]89. Spencer TJ, Biederman J, Ciccone PE, Madras BK, Dougherty DD, Bonab AA, et al. PET study examining pharmacokinetics, detection and likeability, and dopamine transporter receptor occupancy of short- and long-acting oral methylphenidate. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2006;163(3):387–395. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]90. Jasinski D, Krishnan S. U.S. Psychiatric & Mental Health Congress. New Orleans, LA: 2006. A double-blind, randomized, placebo- and active-controlled, 6-period crossover study to evaluate the likability, safety, and abuse potential of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (LDX) in adult stimulant abusers. [Google Scholar]91. Jasinski D, Krishnan S. U.S. Psychiatric & Mental Health Congress. New Orleans, LA: 2006. Abuse liability of intravenous lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (LDX; NRP104). [Google Scholar]92. Wilens TE, Fusillo S. When ADHD and substance use disorders intersect: relationship and treatment implications. CurrPsychiatry Rep. 2007;9(5):408–414. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]93. Wilens TE, Adamson J, Sgambati S, Whitley J, Santry A, Monuteaux MC, et al. Do individuals with ADHD self-medicate with cigarettes and substances of abuse? Results from a controlled family study of ADHD. The American Journal on Addictions. 2007;16(Suppl 1):14–21. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]94. Lambert NM, Hartsough CS. Prospective study of tobacco smoking and substance dependencies among samples of ADHD and non-ADHD participants. JLearnDisabil. 1998;31(6):533–544. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]95. Lambert NM, McLeod M, Schenk S. Subjective responses to initial experience with cocaine: an exploration of the incentive-sensitization theory of drug abuse. Addiction. 2006 May;101(5):713–725. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]96. Kollins SH, MacDonald EK, Rush CR. Assessing the abuse potential of methylphenidate in nonhuman and human subjects: a review. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2001 Mar;68(3):611–627. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]97. Vitiello B. Long-term effects of stimulant medications on the brain: possible relevance to the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2001;11(1):25–34. Spring. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]98. Wilens TE, Faraone SV, Biederman J, Gunawardene S. Does stimulant therapy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder beget later substance abuse? A meta-analytic review of the literature. Pediatrics. 2003;111(1):179–185. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]99. Kuczenski R, Segal DS. Exposure of adolescent rats to oral methylphenidate: preferential effects on extracellular norepinephrine and absence of sensitization and cross-sensitization to methamphetamine. J Neurosci. 2002 Aug 15;22(16):7264–7271. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]100. Andersen MB, Fuxe K, Werge T, Gerlach J. The adenosine A2A receptor agonist CGS 21680 exhibits antipsychotic-like activity in Cebus apella monkeys. Behav Pharmacol. 2002 Dec;13(8):639–644. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]101. Mague SD, Andersen SL, Carlezon WA., Jr Early developmental exposure to methylphenidate reduces cocaine-induced potentiation of brain stimulation reward in rats. Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Jan 15;57(2):120–125. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]102. Brandon CL, Marinelli M, Baker LK, White FJ. Enhanced reactivity and vulnerability to cocaine following methylphenidate treatment in adolescent rats. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2001 Nov;25(5):651–661. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]103. Mannuzza S, Klein RG, Truong NL, Moulton JL, 3rd, Roizen ER, Howell KH, et al. Age of methylphenidate treatment initiation in children with ADHD and later substance abuse: prospective follow-up into adulthood. Am J Psychiatry. 2008 May;165(5):604–609. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]104. Spear LP. The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations. NeurosciBiobehavRev. 2000;24(4):417–463. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]105. Holland PC, Gallagher M. Amygdala circuitry in attentional and representational processes. Trends Cogn Sci. 1999 Feb;3(2):65–73. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]106. Frantz K, Van Hartesveldt C. The locomotor effects of MK801 in the nucleus accumbens of developing and adult rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 1999 Mar 5;368(2−3):125–135. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]107. Teicher MHA, S.L Limbic serotonin turnover plunges during puberty.. Society for Neuroscience Annual Conference; Miami Beach, FL. 1999. [Google Scholar]108. Kalsbeek A, Voorn P, Buijs RM, Pool CW, Uylings HB. Development of the dopaminergic innervation in the prefrontal cortex of the rat. J Comp Neurol. 1988 Mar 1;269(1):58–72. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]109. Leslie CA, Robertson MW, Cutler AJ, Bennett JP., Jr. Postnatal development of D1 dopamine receptors in the medial prefrontal cortex, striatum and nucleus accumbens of normal and neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine treated rats: a quantitative autoradiographic analysis. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 1991 Sep 19;62(1):109–114. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]110. van Eden CGK, J.M., Uylings HBM. The development of the rat prefrontal cortex: Its size and development of connections with thalamus, spinal cord and other cortical areas. In: Uylings HBMvE, C.G., De Bruin JPC, Corner MA, Feenstra MGP., editors. Progress in brain research, The prefrontal cortex: its structure, function and pathology. Elsevier; Amsterdam: 1990. pp. 169–183. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]111. Kellogg CK, Awatramani GB, Piekut DT. Adolescent development alters stressor-induced Fos immunoreactivity in rat brain. Neuroscience. 1998 Apr;83(3):681–689. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]112. Heimer LdO, J., Alheid GF, Zaborszky L. Perestroika in the basal forebrain: Opening the border between neurology and psychiatry. In: G H, editor. Progress in brain research, Role of the forebrain in sensation and behavior. Vol. 87. Elsevier; Amsterdam: 1991. pp. 109–165. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]113. Powell EW, Leman RB. Connections of the nucleus accumbens. Brain Res. 1976 Apr 9;105(3):389–403. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]114. Risold PY, Thompson RH, Swanson LW. The structural organization of connections between hypothalamus and cerebral cortex. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1997 Sep 19;24(2−3):197–254. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]115. Saphier D, Feldman S. Effects of neural stimuli on paraventricular nucleus neurones. Brain Res Bull. 1985 May;14(5):401–407. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]116. Bolanos CA, Glatt SJ, Jackson D. Subsensitivity to dopaminergic drugs in periadolescent rats: a behavioral and neurochemical analysis. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 1998 Nov 1;111(1):25–33. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]117. Lanier LP, Isaacson RL. Early developmental changes in the locomotor response to amphetamine and their relation to hippocampal function. Brain Res. 1977 May 13;126(3):567–575. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]118. Laviola G, Adriani W, Terranova ML, Gerra G. Psychobiological risk factors for vulnerability to psychostimulants in human adolescents and animal models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1999 Nov;23(7):993–1010. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]119. McKinzie DLM, W.J., Murphy JM, Lumeng L, Li T-K. Rat lines selectively bred for alcohol preference: A potential animal model of adolescent alcohol drinking. In: Hannigan JHS, L.P., Spear NE, Goodlett CR, editors. Alcohol and alcoholism: Effects on brain and development. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; Mahwah, NJ: 1999. pp. 135–160. [Google Scholar]120. Snyder KJ, Katovic NM, Spear LP. Longevity of the expression of behavioral sensitization to cocaine in preweanling rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1998 Aug;60(4):909–914. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]121. Spear LP, Brick J. Cocaine-induced behavior in the developing rat. Behav Neural Biol. 1979 Aug;26(4):401–415. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]122. Karreman M, Moghaddam B. The prefrontal cortex regulates the basal release of dopamine in the limbic striatum: an effect mediated by ventral tegmental area. J Neurochem. 1996 Feb;66(2):589–598. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]123. Karler R, Calder LD, Thai DK, Bedingfield JB. The role of dopamine and GABA in the frontal cortex of mice in modulating a motor-stimulant effect of amphetamine and cocaine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1998 May;60(1):237–244. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]124. Kolachana BS, Saunders RC, Weinberger DR. Augmentation of prefrontal cortical monoaminergic activity inhibits dopamine release in the caudate nucleus: an in vivo neurochemical assessment in the rhesus monkey. Neuroscience. 1995 Dec;69(3):859–868. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]125. Cappon GD, Vorhees CV. Plasma and brain methamphetamine concentrations in neonatal rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2001 Jan-Feb;23(1):81–88. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]126. Crawford CA, Williams MT, Newman ER, McDougall SA, Vorhees CV. Methamphetamine exposure during the preweanling period causes prolonged changes in dorsal striatal protein kinase A activity, dopamine D2-like binding sites, and dopamine content. Synapse. 2003 Jun 1;48(3):131–137. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]127. Lucot JB, Wagner GC, Schuster CR, Seiden LS. Decreased sensitivity of rat pups to long-lasting dopamine and serotonin depletions produced by methylamphetamine. Brain Res. 1982 Sep 9;247(1):181–183. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]128. Pu C, Vorhees CV. Developmental dissociation of methamphetamine-induced depletion of dopaminergic terminals and astrocyte reaction in rat striatum. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 1993 Apr 16;72(2):325–328. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]129. Wagner GC, Schuster CR, Seiden LS. Neurochemical consequences following administration of CNS stimulants to the neonatal rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1981 Jan;14(1):117–119. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]130. Rice D, Barone S., Jr. Critical periods of vulnerability for the developing nervous system: evidence from humans and animal models. Environ Health Perspect. 2000 Jun;108(Suppl 3):511–533. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]131. Kokoshka JM, Fleckenstein AE, Wilkins DG, Hanson GR. Age-dependent differential responses of monoaminergic systems to high doses of methamphetamine. J Neurochem. 2000 Nov;75(5):2095–2102. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]132. Riddle EL, Kokoshka JM, Wilkins DG, Hanson GR, Fleckenstein AE. Tolerance to the neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine in young rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 2002 Jan 25;435(2−3):181–185. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]133. Biederman J, Monuteaux MC, Spencer T, Wilens TE, Macpherson HA, Faraone SV. Stimulant therapy and risk for subsequent substance use disorders in male adults with ADHD: a naturalistic controlled 10-year follow-up study. Am J Psychiatry. 2008 May;165(5):597–603. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]134. Berman SM, O'Neill J, Fears S, Bartzokis G, London ED. Abuse of Amphetamines and Structural Abnormalities in Brain. In: Uhl G, editor. Addiction Reviews. Vol. 1. NY Academy of Sciances; New York: 2008. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]135. Jaffe JH. Drug addiction and drug abuse. In: Goodman LG, A.G., editors. Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. McMillan; New York: 1985. pp. 284–324. [Google Scholar]136. Volkow NDC, L.W., Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Franceschi D, Gatley SJ, Wong CT, Hitzemann R, Pappas NR. In vivo evidence that methamphetamine abuse produces long lasting changes in dopamine transporters in human brain. J Nucl Med, SUPPL. 1999;(40) [Google Scholar]137. McCann UD, Wong DF, Yokoi F, Villemagne V, Dannals RF, Ricaurte GA. Reduced striatal dopamine transporter density in abstinent methamphetamine and methcathinone users: evidence from positron emission tomography studies with [11C]WIN-35,428. J Neurosci. 1998 Oct 15;18(20):8417–8422. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]138. Simon SL, Richardson K, Dacey J, Glynn S, Domier CP, Rawson RA, et al. A comparison of patterns of methamphetamine and cocaine use. J Addict Dis. 2002;21(1):35–44. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]139. Wilson JM, Kalasinsky KS, Levey AI, Bergeron C, Reiber G, Anthony RM, et al. Striatal dopamine nerve terminal markers in human, chronic methamphetamine users. Nat Med. 1996 Jun;2(6):699–703. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]140. Kalechstein AD, Newton TF, Longshore D, Anglin MD, van Gorp WG, Gawin FH. Psychiatric comorbidity of methamphetamine dependence in a forensic sample. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2000;12(4):480–484. Fall. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]141. Volkow ND, Chang L, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Leonido-Yee M, Franceschi D, et al. Association of dopamine transporter reduction with psychomotor impairment in methamphetamine abusers. Am J Psychiatry. 2001 Mar;158(3):377–382. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]142. Melega WP, Cho AK, Harvey D, Lacan G. Methamphetamine blood concentrations in human abusers: application to pharmacokinetic modeling. Synapse. 2007 Apr;61(4):216–220. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]143. Chang L, Alicata D, Ernst T, Volkow N. Structural and metabolic brain changes in the striatum associated with methamphetamine abuse. Addiction. 2007;102(Suppl 1):16–32. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]144. Moszczynska A, Fitzmaurice P, Ang L, Kalasinsky KS, Schmunk GA, Peretti FJ, et al. Why is parkinsonism not a feature of human methamphetamine users? Brain. 2004;127:363–370. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]145. Wilson JM, Kalasinsky KS, Levey AI, Bergeron C, Reiber G, Anthony RM, et al. Striatal dopamine nerve terminal markers in human, chronic methamphetamine users. NatMed. 1996;2(6):699–703. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]146. Frey K, Kilbourn M, Robinson T. Reduced striatal vesicular monoamine transporters after neurotoxic but not after behaviorally-sensitizing doses of methamphetamine. European Journal of Pharmacology. 1997;334(2−3):273–279. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]147. Fumagalli F, Gainetdinov RR, Wang YM, Valenzano KJ, Miller GW, Caron MG. Increased methamphetamine neurotoxicity in heterozygous vesicular monoamine transporter 2 knock-out mice. Journal of Neuroscience. 1999;19(7):2424–2431. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]148. Harvey DC, Lacan G, Tanious SP, Melega WP. Recovery from methamphetamine induced long-term nigrostriatal dopaminergic deficits without substantia nigra cell loss. Brain Research. 2000;871:259–270. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]149. Hogan KA, Staal RG, Sonsalla PK. Analysis of VMAT2 binding after methamphetamine or MPTP treatment: disparity between homogenates and vesicle preparations. Journal of Neurochemistry. 2000;74(5):2217–2220. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]150. Kilbourn MR, Frey KA, Vander BT, Sherman PS. Effects of dopaminergic drug treatments on in vivo radioligand binding to brain vesicular monoamine transporters. NuclMedBiol. 1996;23(4):467–471. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]151. Miller GW, Gainetdinov RR, Levey AI, Caron MG. Dopamine transporters and neuronal injury. Trends in Pharmacological Science. 1999;20(10):424–429. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]152. Vander BT, Kilbourn M, Desmond T, Kuhl D, Frey K. The vesicular monoamine transporter is not regulated by dopaminergic drug treatments. European Journal of Pharmacology. 1995;294(2−3):577–583. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]153. London ED, Simon SL, Berman SM, Mandelkern MA, Lichtman AM, Bramen J, et al. Mood disturbances and regional cerebral metabolic abnormalities in recently abstinent methamphetamine abusers. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2004;61:73–84. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]154. Berman SM, Voytek B, Mandelkern MA, Hassid BD, Isaacson A, Monterosso J, et al. Changes in cerebral glucose metabolism during early abstinence from chronic methamphetamine abuse. Molecular Psychiatry. 2007 Oct 16; [Epub ahead of print] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]155. Volkow ND, Chang L, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Franceschi D, Sedler MJ, et al. Higher cortical and lower subcortical metabolism in detoxified methamphetamine abusers. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001;158(3):383–389. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]156. Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Chang L, Miller E, Sedler M, Hitzemann R, et al. Partial recovery of brain metabolism in methamphetamine abusers after protracted abstinence. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2004;161(2):242–248. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]157. Thompson PM, Hayashi K, Simon SL, Geaga JA, Hong MS, Sui Y, et al. Structural abnormalities in the brains of human subjects who use methamphetamine. J Neurosci. 2004;24(26):6028–6036. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]158. Chang L, Cloak C, Patterson K, Grob C, Miller EN, Ernst T. Enlarged striatum in abstinent methamphetamine abusers: a possible compensatory response. Biological Psychiatry. 2005;57(9):967–974. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]159. Jernigan TL, Gamst AC, Archibald SL, Fennema-Notestine C, Mindt MR, Marcotte TD, et al. Effects of methamphetamine dependence and HIV infection on cerebral morphology. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162(8):1461–1472. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]160. Ernst T, Chang L, Leonido-Yee M, Speck O. Evidence for long-term neurotoxicity associated with methamphetamine abuse: A 1 H MRS study. Neurology. 2000;54(6):1344–1349. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]161. Nordahl TE, Salo R, Natsuaki Y, Galloway GP, Waters C, Moore CD, et al. Methamphetamine users in sustained abstinence: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(4):444–452. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]162. Sekine Y, Iyo M, Ouchi Y, Matsunaga T, Tsukada H, Okada H, et al. Methamphetamine-related psychiatric symptoms and reduced brain dopamine transporters studied with PET. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158(8):1206–1214. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]163. Sekine Y, Minabe Y, Kawai M, Suzuki K, Iyo M, Isoda H, et al. Metabolite alterations in basal ganglia associated with methamphetamine-related psychiatric symptoms: A proton MRS study. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2002;27(3):454–461. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]164. Sekine Y, Minabe Y, Ouchi Y, Takei N, Iyo M, Nakamura K, et al. Association of dopamine transporter loss in the orbitofrontal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices with methamphetamine-related psychiatric symptoms. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003;160:1699–1701. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]165. Sekine Y, Ouchi Y, Takei N, Yoshikawa E, Nakamura K, Futatsubashi M, et al. Brain Serotonin Transporter Density and Aggression in Abstinent Methamphetamine Abusers. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63(1):90–100. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]166. Volkow ND, Chang L, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Leonido-Yee M, Franceschi D, et al. Association of dopamine transporter reduction with psychomotor impairment in methamphetamine abusers. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001;158(3):377–382. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]167. Volkow ND, Chang L, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Ding YS, Sedler M, et al. Low level of brain dopamine D2 receptors in methamphetamine abusers: Association with metabolism in orbitofrontal cortex. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001;158(12):2015–2021. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]168. London ED, Berman S, Voytek B, Simon SL, Monterosso J, Geaga JA, et al. Cerebral metabolic dysfunction and impaired vigilance in recently abstinent methamphetamine abusers. Biological Psychiatry. 2005;58:770–778. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]169. Hwang J, Lyoo IK, Kim SJ, Sung YH, Bae S, Cho SN, et al. Decreased cerebral blood flow of the right anterior cingulate cortex in long-term and short-term abstinent methamphetamine users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2006;82(2):177–181. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]170. Volkow ND, Chang L, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Franceschi D, Sedler M, et al. Loss of dopamine transporters in methamphetamine abusers recovers with protracted abstinence. Journal of Neuroscience. 2001;21(23):9414–9418. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]171. McGregor C, Srisurapanont M, Jittiwutikarn J, Laobhripatr S, Wongtan T, White JM. The nature, time course and severity of methamphetamine withdrawal. Addiction. 2005;100(9):1320–1329. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]172. Newton TF, Kalechstein AD, Duran S, Vansluis N, Ling W. Methamphetamine abstinence syndrome: Preliminary findings. American Journal on Addictions. 2002;13:248–255. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]173. Pennypacker KR, Kassed CA, Eidizadeh S, O'Callaghan JP. Brain injury: prolonged induction of transcription factors. Acta NeurobiolExp(Wars) 2000;60(4):515–530. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]174. Nieuwenhuis S, Aston-Jones G, Cohen JD. Decision making, the P3, and the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system. Psychological Bulletin. 2005;131(4):510–532. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]175. Polich J, Criado JR. Neuropsychology and neuropharmacology of P3a and P3b. International Journal of Psychophysiology. 2006;60(2):172–185. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]176. Takeuchi S, Jodo E, Suzuki Y, Matsuki T, Niwa S, Kayama Y. Effects of Repeated Administration of Methamphetamine on P3-like Potentials in Rats. International Journal of Psychophysiology. 1999;32(3):183–192. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]177. Volkow ND, Gur RC, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Moberg PJ, Ding YS, et al. Association between decline in brain dopamine activity with age and cognitive and motor impairment in healthy individuals. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1998;155(3):344–349. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]178. Volkow ND, Logan J, Fowler JS, Wang GJ, Gur RC, Wong C, et al. Association between age-related decline in brain dopamine activity and impairment in frontal and cingulate metabolism. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:75–80. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]179. Volkow ND, Fowler JS, Wang GJ, Hitzemann R, Logan J, Schlyer DJ, et al. Decreased dopamine D2 receptor availability is associated with reduced frontal metabolism in cocaine abusers. Synapse. 1993;14:169–177. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]180. Unterharnscheidt F. A neurologist's reflections on boxing. V. Conclude remarks. RevNeurol. 1995;23(123):1027–1032. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]181. Kochunov P, Thompson PM, Coyle TR, Lancaster JL, Kochunov V, Royall D, et al. Relationship among neuroimaging indices of cerebral health during normal aging. HumBrain Mapp. 2008;29(1):36–45. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]182. Castellanos FX, Lee PP, Sharp W, Jeffries NO, Greenstein DK, Clasen LS, et al. Developmental trajectories of brain volume abnormalities in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2002;288:1740–1748. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]183. The MTA Cooperative Group. Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1999;56(12):1073–1086. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]184. Kuczenski R, Segal DS. Effects of methylphenidate on extracellular dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine: comparison with amphetamine. Journal of Neurochemistry. 1997;68(5):2032–2037. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]185. Schiffer WK, Volkow ND, Fowler JS, Alexoff DL, Logan J, Dewey SL. Therapeutic doses of amphetamine or methylphenidate differentially increase synaptic and extracellular dopamine. Synapse. 2006;59(4):243–251. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]186. Strakowski SM, Sax KW, Rosenberg HL, DelBello MP, Adler CM. Human response to repeated low-dose d-amphetamine: evidence for behavioral enhancement and tolerance. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2001;25(4):548–554. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]187. Becker JB. Gender differences in dopaminergic function in striatum and nucleus accumbens. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 1999;64(4):803–812. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]188. Robinson TE, Becker JB. Enduring changes in brain and behavior produced by chronic amphetamine administration: a review and evaluation of animal models of amphetamine psychosis. Brain Res. 1986 Jun;396(2):157–198. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]189. Kuczenski R, Segal DS. Stimulant actions in rodents: implications for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder treatment and potential substance abuse. Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Jun 1;57(11):1391–1396. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]190. Angrist B, Gershon S. Dopamine and psychotic states: preliminary remarks. Advances in Biochemical Psychopharmacology. 1974;12(0):211–219. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]191. Curran C, Byrappa N, McBride A. Stimulant psychosis: systematic review. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2004;185:196–204. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]192. Griffith J. A study of illicit amphetamine drug traffic in Oklahoma City. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1966;123(5):560–569. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]193. McKetin R, McLaren J, Lubman DI, Hides L. The prevalence of psychotic symptoms among methamphetamine users. Addiction. 2006;101(10):1473–1478. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]194. Hartel-Petri R, Rodler R, Schmeisser U, Steinmann J, Wolfersdorf M. [Increasing prevalence of amphetamine--and methamphetamine-induced psychosis]. PsychiatrPrax. 2005;32(1):13–17. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]195. Yui K, Ikemoto S, Ishiguro T, Goto K. Studies of amphetamine or methamphetamine psychosis in Japan: relation of methamphetamine psychosis to schizophrenia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2000;914:1–12. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]196. Yui K, Ikemoto S, Goto K. Factors for susceptibility to episode recurrence in spontaneous recurrence of methamphetamine psychosis. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002;965:292–304. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]197. Ujike H, Harano M, Inada T, Yamada M, Komiyama T, Sekine Y, et al. Nine- or fewer repeat alleles in VNTR polymorphism of the dopamine transporter gene is a strong risk factor for prolonged methamphetamine psychosis. PharmacogenomicsJ. 2003;3(4):242–247. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]198. Ujike H, Japanese Genetics Initiative for Drug Abuse (JGIDA) Nihon Shinkei Seishin Yakurigaku Zasshi. 2004 Oct;24(5):299–302. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]199. Downes MA, Whyte IM. Amphetamine-induced movement disorder. EmergMedAustralas. 2005;17(3):277–280. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]200. Anggard E, Jonsson LE, Hogmark AL, Gunne LM. Amphetamine metabolism in amphetamine psychosis. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1973;14(5):870–880. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]201. Sanga M, Younis IR, Tirumalai PS, Bland TM, Banaszewska M, Konat GW, et al. Epoxidation of the methamphetamine pyrolysis product, trans-phenylpropene, to transphenylpropylene oxide by CYP enzymes and stereoselective glutathione adduct formation. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 2006;211(2):148–156. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]202. Cherland E, Fitzpatrick R. Psychotic side effects of psychostimulants: a 5-year review. CanJPsychiatry. 1999;44(8):811–813. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]203. Masand P, Pickett P, Murray GB. Psychostimulants for secondary depression in medical illness. Psychosomatics. 1991;32(2):203–208. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]204. Murray JB. Psychophysiological aspects of amphetamine-methamphetamine abuse. JPsychol. 1998;132(2):227–237. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]205. Polchert SE, Morse RM. Pemoline abuse. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1985;254(7):946–947. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]206. Surles LK, May HJ, Garry JP. Adderall-induced psychosis in an adolescent. JAmBoardFamPract. 2002;15(6):498–500. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]207. Ross RG. Psychotic and manic-like symptoms during stimulant treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2006;163(7):1149–1152. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]208. Auger RR, Goodman SH, Silber MH, Krahn LE, Pankratz VS, Slocumb NL. Risks of high-dose stimulants in the treatment of disorders of excessive somnolence: a case-control study. Sleep. 2005;28(6):667–672. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]209. Pawluk LK, Hurwitz TD, Schluter JL, Ullevig C, Mahowald MW. Psychiatric morbidity in narcoleptics on chronic high dose methylphenidate therapy. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1995;183(1):45–48. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]210. Tsuang MT, Lyons MJ, Eisen SA, Goldberg J, True W, Lin N, et al. Genetic influences on DSM-III-R drug abuse and dependence: a study of 3,372 twin pairs. AmJMedGenet. 1996;67(5):473–477. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]211. van den Bree MB, Johnson EO, Neale MC, Pickens RW. Genetic and environmental influences on drug use and abuse/dependence in male and female twins. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 1998;52(3):231–241. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]212. Suzuki A, Nakamura K, Sekine Y, Minabe Y, Takei N, Suzuki K, et al. An association study between catechol-O-methyl transferase gene polymorphism and methamphetamine psychotic disorder. PsychiatrGenet. 2006;16(4):133–138. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]213. Matsuzawa D, Hashimoto K, Miyatake R, Shirayama Y, Shimizu E, Maeda K, et al. Identification of functional polymorphisms in the promoter region of the human PICK1 gene and their association with methamphetamine psychosis. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2007;164(7):1105–1114. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]214. Madras BK, Marwah J, Teitelbaum H. Advances in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Vol. 1. Prominent Press; Scottsdale, Arizona: 1998. Imaging the dopamine transporter: A window on dopamine neurons. pp. 229–253. [Google Scholar]215. Yatin SM, Miller GM, Norton C, Madras BK. Dopamine transporter-dependent induction of C-Fos in HEK cells. Synapse. 2002;45(1):52–65. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]216. Silverstone PH, Asghar SJ, O'Donnell T, Ulrich M, Hanstock CC. Lithium and valproate protect against dextro-amphetamine induced brain choline concentration changes in bipolar disorder patients. World JBiolPsychiatry. 2004;5(1):38–44. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]217. Wan FJ, Shiah IS, Lin HC, Huang SY, Tung CS. Nomifensine attenuates d-amphetamine-induced dopamine terminal neurotoxicity in the striatum of rats. Chin JPhysiol. 2000;43(2):69–74. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]218. Escubedo E, Chipana C, Perez-Sanchez M, Camarasa J, Pubill D. Methyllycaconitine prevents methamphetamine-induced effects in mouse striatum: involvement of alpha7 nicotinic receptors. JPharmacolExpTher. 2005;315(2):658–667. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]219. Klongpanichapak S, Govitrapong P, Sharma SK, Ebadi M. Attenuation of cocaine and methamphetamine neurotoxicity by coenzyme Q10. Neurochemical Research. 2006;31(3):303–311. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]220. Wu PH, Shen YC, Wang YH, Chi CW, Yen JC. Baicalein attenuates methamphetamine-induced loss of dopamine transporter in mouse striatum. Toxicology. 2006;226(2−3):238–245. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]221. Klongpanichapak S, Phansuwan-Pujito P, Ebadi M, Govitrapong P. Melatonin protects SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells from amphetamine-induced neurotoxicity. JPineal Res. 2007;43(1):65–73. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]222. Achat-Mendes C, Anderson KL, Itzhak Y. Impairment in consolidation of learned place preference following dopaminergic neurotoxicity in mice is ameliorated by N-acetylcysteine but not D1 and D2 dopamine receptor agonists. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2007;32(3):531–541. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]223. Iversen LL, Oxford University P . Speed, Ecstasy, Ritalin: The Science of Amphetamines. New York, NY: 2006. [Google Scholar]224. Rykhlevskaia E, Gratton G, Fabiani M. Combining structural and functional neuroimaging data for studying brain connectivity: A review. Psychophysiology. 2008;45(2):173–87. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]225. Apostolova LG, Thompson PM. Brain mapping as a tool to study neurodegeneration. Neurotherapeutics. 2007;4(3):387–400. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]226. Hutton C, De Vita E, Ashburner J, Deichmann R, Turner R. Voxel-based cortical thickness measurements in MRI. Neuroimage. 2008 May 1;40(4):1701–1710. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]227. de Win MM, Reneman L, Jager G, Vlieger EJ, Olabarriaga SD, Lavini C, et al. A prospective cohort study on sustained effects of low-dose ecstasy use on the brain in new ecstasy users. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2007 Feb;32(2):458–470. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]Formats:Article | PubReader | ePub (beta) | PDF (125K) | CitationShareShare on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter Share on Google Plus Google+Save itemsView more optionsSimilar articles in PubMedNTP-CERHR monograph on the potential human reproductive and developmental effects of amphetamines.[NTP CERHR MON. 2005]Psychosis with Methylphenidate or Amphetamine in Patients with ADHD.[N Engl J Med. 2019]Attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder: an update.[Pharmacotherapy. 2009]Current pharmacotherapy of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.[Drugs Today (Barc). 2013]Evolution of the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children: a review.[Clin Ther. 2008]See reviews...See all...Cited by other articles in PMCD-Amphetamine Exposure Differentially Disrupts Signaling Across Ontogeny in the Zebrafish[Bioelectricity. 2019]Adolescent Δ9-THC exposure and astrocyte-specific genetic vulnerability converge on NF-κB-COX-2 signaling to impair memory in adulthood.[Biological psychiatry. 2018]Dopaminergic Mechanisms Underlying Normal Variation in Trait Anxiety[The Journal of Neuroscience. 2...]A Review of Psychostimulants for Adults With Depression[Federal Practitioner. 2015]Interplay Between Amphetamine and Activity Level in Gene Networks of the Mouse Striatum[Bioinformatics and Biology Ins...]See all...LinksCompoundMedGenPubMedSubstanceTaxonomyRecent ActivityClearTurn OffPotential Adverse Effects of Amphetamine Treatment on Brain and Behavior: A Revi...Potential Adverse Effects of Amphetamine Treatment on Brain and Behavior: A ReviewNIHPA Author Manuscripts. 2009 Feb; 14(2)123Cannabidiol in Anxiety and Sleep: A Large Case SeriesCannabidiol in Anxiety and Sleep: A Large Case SeriesThe Permanente Journal. 2019; 23()Cannabidiol in Anxiety and Sleep: A Large Case Series.Cannabidiol in Anxiety and Sleep: A Large Case Series.Perm J. 2019;23:18-041. doi: 10.7812/TPP/18-041.PubMedNovel psychoactive substances: overdose of 3-fluorophenmetrazine (3-FPM) and eti...Novel psychoactive substances: overdose of 3-fluorophenmetrazine (3-FPM) and etizolam in a 33-year-old man.BMJ Case Rep. 2018 Jun 8;2018. pii: bcr-2018-224995. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2018-224995.PubMedRapid and sustained symptom reduction following psilocybin treatment for anxiety...Rapid and sustained symptom reduction following psilocybin treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threatening cancer: a randomized controlled trialSAGE Choice. 2016 Dec; 30(12)1165See more...Review New insights into the mechanism of action of amphetamines.[Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2007]Review The dopamine transporter and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.[Biol Psychiatry. 2005]Review What keeps us awake: the neuropharmacology of stimulants and wakefulness-promoting medications.[Sleep. 2004]Review New insights into the mechanism of action of amphetamines.[Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2007]Stimulant drug treatment of hyperactivity: biochemical correlates.[Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1990]Hippocampus norepinephrine, caudate dopamine and serotonin, and behavioral responses to the stereoisomers of amphetamine and methamphetamine.[J Neurosci. 1995]Cerebral glucose metabolism in adults with hyperactivity of childhood onset.[N Engl J Med. 1990]Review Diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Council on Scientific Affairs, American Medical Association.[JAMA. 1998]Pharmacokinetics of SLI381 (ADDERALL XR), an extended-release formulation of Adderall.[J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003]Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate: the first prodrug stimulant.[Psychiatry (Edgmont). 2007]Review New formulations of stimulants for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: therapeutic potential.[CNS Drugs. 2004]Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults.[JAMA. 2004]What are the long-term effects of methylphenidate treatment?[Biol Psychiatry. 2003]Stimulant drug treatment of hyperactivity: biochemical correlates.[Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1990]Review Narcolepsy and its treatment with stimulants. ASDA standards of practice.[Sleep. 1994]Relative efficacy of drugs for the treatment of sleepiness in narcolepsy.[Sleep. 1991]Review NTP-CERHR monograph on the potential human reproductive and developmental effects of amphetamines.[NTP CERHR MON. 2005]Clinical practice guideline: treatment of the school-aged child with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.[Pediatrics. 2001]Side effects of methylphenidate and dexamphetamine in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a double-blind, crossover trial.[Pediatrics. 1997]Pharmacokinetics of SLI381 (ADDERALL XR), an extended-release formulation of Adderall.[J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003]Review Cardiovascular manifestations of substance abuse: part 2: alcohol, amphetamines, heroin, cannabis, and caffeine.[Heart Dis. 2003]Review Concomitant psychotropic medication for youths.[Am J Psychiatry. 2003]Multiple psychotropic medication use for youths: a two-state comparison.[J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2005]Review Diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Council on Scientific Affairs, American Medical Association.[JAMA. 1998]Review Current concepts on the neurobiology of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.[J Atten Disord. 2002]Comparing the efficacy of medications for ADHD using meta-analysis.[MedGenMed. 2006]Parents report on stimulant-treated children in the Netherlands: initiation of treatment and follow-up care.[J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2006]Patterns of psychostimulant prescribing to children with ADHD in Western Australia: variations in age, gender, medication type and dose prescribed.[Aust N Z J Public Health. 2007]Patterns of psychostimulant prescribing to children with ADHD in Western Australia: variations in age, gender, medication type and dose prescribed.[Aust N Z J Public Health. 2007]Diagnosis and treatment of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder at US ambulatory care visits from 1996 to 2003.[Curr Med Res Opin. 2006]Health care costs of adults treated for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder who received alternative drug therapies.[J Manag Care Pharm. 2007]Review New formulations of stimulants for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: therapeutic potential.[CNS Drugs. 2004]Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults.[JAMA. 2004]Plasma levels of d-amphetamine in hyperactive children. Serial behavior and motor responses.[Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1979]Review Therapeutic advances in narcolepsy.[Sleep Med. 2007]Review Drugs of abuse and the aging brain.[Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008]Substance abuse treatment need among older adults in 2020: the impact of the aging baby-boom cohort.[Drug Alcohol Depend. 2003]Review Current research on methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity: animal models of monoamine disruption.[J Pharmacol Sci. 2003]Amphetamine sensitization alters dendritic morphology in prefrontal cortical pyramidal neurons in the non-human primate.[Neuropsychopharmacology. 2007]Review Interactions between methamphetamine and environmental stress: role of oxidative stress, glutamate and mitochondrial dysfunction.[Addiction. 2007]Escalating dose-binge treatment with methylphenidate: role of serotonin in the emergent behavioral profile.[J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999]Methylphenidate and brain dopamine neurotoxicity.[Brain Res. 1997]Hippocampus norepinephrine, caudate dopamine and serotonin, and behavioral responses to the stereoisomers of amphetamine and methamphetamine.[J Neurosci. 1995]Chemical release of dopamine from striatal homogenates: evidence for an exchange diffusion model.[J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1979]Repeated binge exposures to amphetamine and methamphetamine: behavioral and neurochemical characterization.[J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1997]Recovery of striatal dopamine function after acute amphetamine- and methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity in the vervet monkey.[Brain Res. 1997]Early methylphenidate administration to young rats causes a persistent reduction in the density of striatal dopamine transporters.[J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2001]Repeated binge exposures to amphetamine and methamphetamine: behavioral and neurochemical characterization.[J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1997]Amphetamine treatment similar to that used in the treatment of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder damages dopaminergic nerve endings in the striatum of adult nonhuman primates.[J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2005]Differential effects of methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine on the motor activity level of hyperactive children.[Neuropsychopharmacology. 1989]Pharmacokinetics of SLI381 (ADDERALL XR), an extended-release formulation of Adderall.[J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003]Amphetamine treatment similar to that used in the treatment of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder damages dopaminergic nerve endings in the striatum of adult nonhuman primates.[J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2005]Pharmacokinetics of SLI381 (ADDERALL XR), an extended-release formulation of Adderall.[J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003]A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic study comparing a single morning dose of adderall to twice-daily dosing in children with ADHD.[J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003]Repeated binge exposures to amphetamine and methamphetamine: behavioral and neurochemical characterization.[J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1997]Review Interactions between methamphetamine and environmental stress: role of oxidative stress, glutamate and mitochondrial dysfunction.[Addiction. 2007]Effects of neonatal and prepubertal hormonal manipulations upon estrogen neuroprotection of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system within female and male mice.[Neuroscience. 2005]Effects of a cold environment or age on methamphetamine-induced dopamine release in the caudate putamen of female rats.[Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1993]Age-related toxicity in prefrontal cortex and caudate-putamen complex of gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) after a single dose of methamphetamine.[Neuropharmacology. 1991]3H-amphetamine concentrations in the brains of young and aged rats: implications for assessment of drug effects in aged animals.[Neurobiol Aging. 1980]Escalating dose pretreatment induces pharmacodynamic and not pharmacokinetic tolerance to a subsequent high-dose methamphetamine binge.[Synapse. 2006]Escalating dose methamphetamine pretreatment alters the behavioral and neurochemical profiles associated with exposure to a high-dose methamphetamine binge.[Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003]Escalating dose pretreatment induces pharmacodynamic and not pharmacokinetic tolerance to a subsequent high-dose methamphetamine binge.[Synapse. 2006]Influence of age and time interval between death and autopsy on dopamine and 3-methoxytyramine levels in human basal ganglia.[J Neural Transm. 1976]Review Update on amphetamine neurotoxicity and its relevance to the treatment of ADHD.[J Atten Disord. 2007]Repeated binge exposures to amphetamine and methamphetamine: behavioral and neurochemical characterization.[J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1997]Recovery of striatal dopamine function after acute amphetamine- and methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity in the vervet monkey.[Brain Res. 1997]Review NTP-CERHR monograph on the potential human reproductive and developmental effects of amphetamines.[NTP CERHR MON. 2005]Review Growth on stimulant medication; clarifying the confusion: a review.[Arch Dis Child. 2005]Comparative effects of methylphenidate and mixed salts amphetamine on height and weight in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.[J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006]Does prolonged therapy with a long-acting stimulant suppress growth in children with ADHD?[J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006]Effects of stimulant medication on growth rates across 3 years in the MTA follow-up.[J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007]Comparative effects of methylphenidate and mixed salts amphetamine on height and weight in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.[J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006]Stimulant treatment over 5 years: effects on growth.[J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006]Effects of stimulant medication on growth rates across 3 years in the MTA follow-up.[J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007]Does prolonged therapy with a long-acting stimulant suppress growth in children with ADHD?[J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006]Stimulant-related reductions of growth rates in the PATS.[J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006]Review NTP-CERHR monograph on the potential human reproductive and developmental effects of amphetamines.[NTP CERHR MON. 2005]Review Treatment for amphetamine dependence and abuse.[Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001]Review Biological treatments for amfetamine dependence : recent progress.[CNS Drugs. 2007]Use of d-amphetamine and related central nervous system stimulants in children.[Pediatrics. 1973]Why do we need an Addiction supplement focused on methamphetamine?[Addiction. 2007]Review NTP-CERHR monograph on the potential human reproductive and developmental effects of amphetamines.[NTP CERHR MON. 2005]Analysis of pyrolysis products of methamphetamine.[J Anal Toxicol. 2004]Stimulant use and the potential for abuse in Wisconsin as reported by school administrators and longitudinally followed children.[J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1998]The use, misuse and diversion of prescription stimulants among middle and high school students.[Subst Use Misuse. 2004]Medical use, illicit use and diversion of prescription stimulant medication.[J Psychoactive Drugs. 2006]Medical use, illicit use, and diversion of abusable prescription drugs.[J Am Coll Health. 2006]Medical and nonmedical stimulant use among adolescents: from sanctioned to unsanctioned use.[CMAJ. 2001]Issues of medication administration and control in Iowa schools.[J Sch Health. 2003]Parents report on stimulant-treated children in the Netherlands: initiation of treatment and follow-up care.[J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2006]Review Therapeutic advances in narcolepsy.[Sleep Med. 2007]Review Narcolepsy.[Neurol Clin. 1996]Reinforcing, subject-rated, performance and physiological effects of methylphenidate and d-amphetamine in stimulant abusing humans.[J Psychopharmacol. 2004]Review Comparing the abuse potential of methylphenidate versus other stimulants: a review of available evidence and relevance to the ADHD patient.[J Clin Psychiatry. 2003]Discriminative stimulus and self-reported effects of methylphenidate, d-amphetamine, and triazolam in methylphenidate-trained humans.[Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2005]PET study examining pharmacokinetics, detection and likeability, and dopamine transporter receptor occupancy of short- and long-acting oral methylphenidate.[Am J Psychiatry. 2006]Review When ADHD and substance use disorders intersect: relationship and treatment implications.[Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2007]Do individuals with ADHD self-medicate with cigarettes and substances of abuse? Results from a controlled family study of ADHD.[Am J Addict. 2007]Prospective study of tobacco smoking and substance dependencies among samples of ADHD and non-ADHD participants.[J Learn Disabil. 1998]Review Long-term effects of stimulant medications on the brain: possible relevance to the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.[J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2001]Review When ADHD and substance use disorders intersect: relationship and treatment implications.[Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2007]Does stimulant therapy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder beget later substance abuse? A meta-analytic review of the literature.[Pediatrics. 2003]Medical use, illicit use and diversion of prescription stimulant medication.[J Psychoactive Drugs. 2006]Exposure of adolescent rats to oral methylphenidate: preferential effects on extracellular norepinephrine and absence of sensitization and cross-sensitization to methamphetamine.[J Neurosci. 2002]Early developmental exposure to methylphenidate reduces cocaine-induced potentiation of brain stimulation reward in rats.[Biol Psychiatry. 2005]Enhanced reactivity and vulnerability to cocaine following methylphenidate treatment in adolescent rats.[Neuropsychopharmacology. 2001]Age of methylphenidate treatment initiation in children with ADHD and later substance abuse: prospective follow-up into adulthood.[Am J Psychiatry. 2008]Review The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations.[Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2000]Amygdala circuitry in attentional and representational processes.[Trends Cogn Sci. 1999]The locomotor effects of MK801 in the nucleus accumbens of developing and adult rats.[Eur J Pharmacol. 1999]Development of the dopaminergic innervation in the prefrontal cortex of the rat.[J Comp Neurol. 1988]Postnatal development of D1 dopamine receptors in the medial prefrontal cortex, striatum and nucleus accumbens of normal and neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine treated rats: a quantitative autoradiographic analysis.[Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 1991]Review The development of the rat prefrontal cortex. Its size and development of connections with thalamus, spinal cord and other cortical areas.[Prog Brain Res. 1990]Effects of neural stimuli on paraventricular nucleus neurones.[Brain Res Bull. 1985]Subsensitivity to dopaminergic drugs in periadolescent rats: a behavioral and neurochemical analysis.[Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 1998]Augmentation of prefrontal cortical monoaminergic activity inhibits dopamine release in the caudate nucleus: an in vivo neurochemical assessment in the rhesus monkey.[Neuroscience. 1995]Plasma and brain methamphetamine concentrations in neonatal rats.[Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2001]Neurochemical consequences following administration of CNS stimulants to the neonatal rat.[Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1981]Review Critical periods of vulnerability for the developing nervous system: evidence from humans and animal models.[Environ Health Perspect. 2000]Developmental dissociation of methamphetamine-induced depletion of dopaminergic terminals and astrocyte reaction in rat striatum.[Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 1993]Age-dependent differential responses of monoaminergic systems to high doses of methamphetamine.[J Neurochem. 2000]Tolerance to the neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine in young rats.[Eur J Pharmacol. 2002]Stimulant therapy and risk for subsequent substance use disorders in male adults with ADHD: a naturalistic controlled 10-year follow-up study.[Am J Psychiatry. 2008]Age of methylphenidate treatment initiation in children with ADHD and later substance abuse: prospective follow-up into adulthood.[Am J Psychiatry. 2008]Review Abuse of amphetamines and structural abnormalities in the brain.[Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008]Psychiatric comorbidity of methamphetamine dependence in a forensic sample.[J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2000]Association of dopamine transporter reduction with psychomotor impairment in methamphetamine abusers.[Am J Psychiatry. 2001]Methamphetamine blood concentrations in human abusers: application to pharmacokinetic modeling.[Synapse. 2007]Review Structural and metabolic brain changes in the striatum associated with methamphetamine abuse.[Addiction. 2007]Review Current research on methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity: animal models of monoamine disruption.[J Pharmacol Sci. 2003]Why is parkinsonism not a feature of human methamphetamine users?[Brain. 2004]Striatal dopamine nerve terminal markers in human, chronic methamphetamine users.[Nat Med. 1996]Reduced striatal vesicular monoamine transporters after neurotoxic but not after behaviorally-sensitizing doses of methamphetamine.[Eur J Pharmacol. 1997]Analysis of VMAT2 binding after methamphetamine or MPTP treatment: disparity between homogenates and vesicle preparations.[J Neurochem. 2000]Effects of dopaminergic drug treatments on in vivo radioligand binding to brain vesicular monoamine transporters.[Nucl Med Biol. 1996]The vesicular monoamine transporter is not regulated by dopaminergic drug treatments.[Eur J Pharmacol. 1995]Review Structural and metabolic brain changes in the striatum associated with methamphetamine abuse.[Addiction. 2007]Mood disturbances and regional cerebral metabolic abnormalities in recently abstinent methamphetamine abusers.[Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004]Changes in cerebral glucose metabolism during early abstinence from chronic methamphetamine abuse.[Mol Psychiatry. 2008]Higher cortical and lower subcortical metabolism in detoxified methamphetamine abusers.[Am J Psychiatry. 2001]Partial recovery of brain metabolism in methamphetamine abusers after protracted abstinence.[Am J Psychiatry. 2004]Structural abnormalities in the brains of human subjects who use methamphetamine.[J Neurosci. 2004]Enlarged striatum in abstinent methamphetamine abusers: a possible compensatory response.[Biol Psychiatry. 2005]Effects of methamphetamine dependence and HIV infection on cerebral morphology.[Am J Psychiatry. 2005]Review Abuse of amphetamines and structural abnormalities in the brain.[Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008]Evidence for long-term neurotoxicity associated with methamphetamine abuse: A 1H MRS study.[Neurology. 2000]Association of dopamine transporter reduction with psychomotor impairment in methamphetamine abusers.[Am J Psychiatry. 2001]Low level of brain dopamine D2 receptors in methamphetamine abusers: association with metabolism in the orbitofrontal cortex.[Am J Psychiatry. 2001]Changes in cerebral glucose metabolism during early abstinence from chronic methamphetamine abuse.[Mol Psychiatry. 2008]Higher cortical and lower subcortical metabolism in detoxified methamphetamine abusers.[Am J Psychiatry. 2001]Mood disturbances and regional cerebral metabolic abnormalities in recently abstinent methamphetamine abusers.[Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004]Cerebral metabolic dysfunction and impaired vigilance in recently abstinent methamphetamine abusers.[Biol Psychiatry. 2005]Enlarged striatum in abstinent methamphetamine abusers: a possible compensatory response.[Biol Psychiatry. 2005]Decreased cerebral blood flow of the right anterior cingulate cortex in long-term and short-term abstinent methamphetamine users.[Drug Alcohol Depend. 2006]Loss of dopamine transporters in methamphetamine abusers recovers with protracted abstinence.[J Neurosci. 2001]Partial recovery of brain metabolism in methamphetamine abusers after protracted abstinence.[Am J Psychiatry. 2004]Changes in cerebral glucose metabolism during early abstinence from chronic methamphetamine abuse.[Mol Psychiatry. 2008]The nature, time course and severity of methamphetamine withdrawal.[Addiction. 2005]Methamphetamine abstinence syndrome: preliminary findings.[Am J Addict. 2004]Review Brain injury: prolonged induction of transcription factors.[Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars). 2000]Review Decision making, the P3, and the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system.[Psychol Bull. 2005]Review Neuropsychology and neuropharmacology of P3a and P3b.[Int J Psychophysiol. 2006]Effects of repeated administration of methamphetamine on P3-like potentials in rats.[Int J Psychophysiol. 1999]Review NTP-CERHR monograph on the potential human reproductive and developmental effects of amphetamines.[NTP CERHR MON. 2005]Amphetamine treatment similar to that used in the treatment of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder damages dopaminergic nerve endings in the striatum of adult nonhuman primates.[J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2005]Review Drugs of abuse and the aging brain.[Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008]Association between decline in brain dopamine activity with age and cognitive and motor impairment in healthy individuals.[Am J Psychiatry. 1998]Association between age-related decline in brain dopamine activity and impairment in frontal and cingulate metabolism.[Am J Psychiatry. 2000]Decreased dopamine D2 receptor availability is associated with reduced frontal metabolism in cocaine abusers.[Synapse. 1993]Review A neurologist's reflections on boxing. V. Conclude remarks.[Rev Neurol. 1995]Why is parkinsonism not a feature of human methamphetamine users?[Brain. 2004]Relationship among neuroimaging indices of cerebral health during normal aging.[Hum Brain Mapp. 2008]Developmental trajectories of brain volume abnormalities in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.[JAMA. 2002]A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The MTA Cooperative Group. Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD.[Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999]Side effects of methylphenidate and dexamphetamine in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a double-blind, crossover trial.[Pediatrics. 1997]Effects of methylphenidate on extracellular dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine: comparison with amphetamine.[J Neurochem. 1997]Therapeutic doses of amphetamine or methylphenidate differentially increase synaptic and extracellular dopamine.[Synapse. 2006]Human response to repeated low-dose d-amphetamine: evidence for behavioral enhancement and tolerance.[Neuropsychopharmacology. 2001]Review Gender differences in dopaminergic function in striatum and nucleus accumbens.[Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1999]Review Enduring changes in brain and behavior produced by chronic amphetamine administration: a review and evaluation of animal models of amphetamine psychosis.[Brain Res. 1986]Review Stimulant actions in rodents: implications for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder treatment and potential substance abuse.[Biol Psychiatry. 2005]Diagnosis and treatment of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder at US ambulatory care visits from 1996 to 2003.[Curr Med Res Opin. 2006]Review Dopamine and psychotic states: preliminary remarks.[Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol. 1974]Review Stimulant psychosis: systematic review.[Br J Psychiatry. 2004]A study of illicit amphetamine drug traffic in Oklahoma City.[Am J Psychiatry. 1966]The prevalence of psychotic symptoms among methamphetamine users.[Addiction. 2006][Increasing prevalence of amphetamine--and methamphetamine-induced psychosis].[Psychiatr Prax. 2005]Review Enduring changes in brain and behavior produced by chronic amphetamine administration: a review and evaluation of animal models of amphetamine psychosis.[Brain Res. 1986]Review Studies of amphetamine or methamphetamine psychosis in Japan: relation of methamphetamine psychosis to schizophrenia.[Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000]Factors for susceptibility to episode recurrence in spontaneous recurrence of methamphetamine psychosis.[Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002]Nine- or fewer repeat alleles in VNTR polymorphism of the dopamine transporter gene is a strong risk factor for prolonged methamphetamine psychosis.[Pharmacogenomics J. 2003]Review [Japanese Genetics Initiative for Drug Abuse (JGIDA)].[Nihon Shinkei Seishin Yakurigaku Zasshi. 2004]Review Stimulant psychosis: systematic review.[Br J Psychiatry. 2004]Review Amphetamine-induced movement disorder.[Emerg Med Australas. 2005]Review Abuse of amphetamines and structural abnormalities in the brain.[Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008]Review NTP-CERHR monograph on the potential human reproductive and developmental effects of amphetamines.[NTP CERHR MON. 2005]Amphetamine metabolism in amphetamine psychosis.[Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1973]Epoxidation of the methamphetamine pyrolysis product, trans-phenylpropene, to trans-phenylpropylene oxide by CYP enzymes and stereoselective glutathione adduct formation.[Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2006]Psychotic side effects of psychostimulants: a 5-year review.[Can J Psychiatry. 1999]Adderall-induced psychosis in an adolescent.[J Am Board Fam Pract. 2002]Psychotic and manic-like symptoms during stimulant treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.[Am J Psychiatry. 2006]Nine- or fewer repeat alleles in VNTR polymorphism of the dopamine transporter gene is a strong risk factor for prolonged methamphetamine psychosis.[Pharmacogenomics J. 2003]Review [Japanese Genetics Initiative for Drug Abuse (JGIDA)].[Nihon Shinkei Seishin Yakurigaku Zasshi. 2004]Risks of high-dose stimulants in the treatment of disorders of excessive somnolence: a case-control study.[Sleep. 2005]Psychiatric morbidity in narcoleptics on chronic high dose methylphenidate therapy.[J Nerv Ment Dis. 1995]Genetic influences on DSM-III-R drug abuse and dependence: a study of 3,372 twin pairs.[Am J Med Genet. 1996]Genetic and environmental influences on drug use and abuse/dependence in male and female twins.[Drug Alcohol Depend. 1998]Review [Japanese Genetics Initiative for Drug Abuse (JGIDA)].[Nihon Shinkei Seishin Yakurigaku Zasshi. 2004]Nine- or fewer repeat alleles in VNTR polymorphism of the dopamine transporter gene is a strong risk factor for prolonged methamphetamine psychosis.[Pharmacogenomics J. 2003]An association study between catechol-O-methyl transferase gene polymorphism and methamphetamine psychotic disorder.[Psychiatr Genet. 2006]Identification of functional polymorphisms in the promoter region of the human PICK1 gene and their association with methamphetamine psychosis.[Am J Psychiatry. 2007]Dopamine transporter-dependent induction of C-Fos in HEK cells.[Synapse. 2002]Review [Japanese Genetics Initiative for Drug Abuse (JGIDA)].[Nihon Shinkei Seishin Yakurigaku Zasshi. 2004]Review Lithium and valproate protect against dextro-amphetamine induced brain choline concentration changes in bipolar disorder patients.[World J Biol Psychiatry. 2004]Nomifensine attenuates d-amphetamine-induced dopamine terminal neurotoxicity in the striatum of rats.[Chin J Physiol. 2000]Methyllycaconitine prevents methamphetamine-induced effects in mouse striatum: involvement of alpha7 nicotinic receptors.[J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2005]Attenuation of cocaine and methamphetamine neurotoxicity by coenzyme Q10.[Neurochem Res. 2006]Baicalein attenuates methamphetamine-induced loss of dopamine transporter in mouse striatum.[Toxicology. 2006]Melatonin protects SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells from amphetamine-induced neurotoxicity.[J Pineal Res. 2007]Impairment in consolidation of learned place preference following dopaminergic neurotoxicity in mice is ameliorated by N-acetylcysteine but not D1 and D2 dopamine receptor agonists.[Neuropsychopharmacology. 2007]Review Combining structural and functional neuroimaging data for studying brain connectivity: a review.[Psychophysiology. 2008]Review Brain mapping as a tool to study neurodegeneration.[Neurotherapeutics. 2007]Voxel-based cortical thickness measurements in MRI.[Neuroimage. 2008]A prospective cohort study on sustained effects of low-dose ecstasy use on the brain in new ecstasy users.Neuropsychopharmacology.

It looks like dementia as well as malignant narcissism. And the public tipping point is comingKM WehrsteinThursday January 02, 2020 ·Trumpspasming2019.pngMid-spasm. Video clip below...RSSPUBLISHED TOKM WehrsteintrendingTAGSDementiaDonaldTrumpFrontotemporalDementiaNarcissisticPersonalityDisorderRecommendedmalignantnarcissismTomJosephNikkiMartinezJohnTalmadgePresidementiaShare this article—Twitter—Facebook and E-mailTom Joseph is an American technology/finance entrepreneur and dementia expert despite not being a neurologist. His expertise is hard-won:-My mother and sister died from Huntington's Disease.-My father died from Frontotemporal Dementia- PSP.​I've been:-In the Legal Guardian role...-Researcher in the dementia field for most of my life.-Personally "at risk" to acquire Huntington's for decades- a 50% chance of inheriting it, until a genetic test cleared me.Most of my life, from my teens till the early 2000’s, has involved looking for early signs of Huntington's Disease- in myself & people close to me… It was every day, multiple times per day… I have a trained eye for the “microscopic tells” to spot dementia early... I spotted it in my sister 3 years before her diagnosis. In my father, 4 years before his diagnosis.In 2015, he writes, he began spotting signs of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) in Donald J. Trump, and began tweeting about it in February 2017. He uses videos to demonstrate. The pic above is from the starkest example I’ve seen, shown in the tweet below. Put it on full screen, sound on, and watch/listen carefully at 6 seconds.Steven Beschloss@StevenBeschlossI say this without rancor. Even with empathy. This person is suffering some kind of neurological impairment. Whatever your politics, however opposed or supportive you may be, this shows a man needing serious medical evaluation & should not be in power.Embedded video31.5K9:35 PM - Dec 25, 2019Twitter Ads info and privacy10.4K people are talking about thisTranscript: “And let me begin by wishing you a beauti-fuel-a-look you remember this, do you remember they were trying to take Christmas out...” The stumble doesn’t just interrupt the sentence but changes the subject. In the same moment the words fail, his shoulders jerk up, his eyes squinch shut, his head twitches and his arms spasm into the familiar “accordion” gesture.If you stop mid-spasm and examine frame by frame you’ll see a momentary expression of agony on his face, as his brain malfunctions and his body knows something is very wrong.Then he goes right on as if nothing happened—completely unaware that anything did.I’m sure people who’ve read my diaries and comments consider me to be firmly in the Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) camp when it comes to amateur diagnosis of the Oval Office occupier. That would be fair, and I still am. When I first heard suspicions of dementia, I put it down to NPD because NPD can be disorganized and produce word salads too.But NPD does not produce physical symptoms.Tom Joseph@TomJChicagoTeam Trump loves doctors who advocate silence bc they haven't examined him. It plays right in to the coverup of his health. Their motives should be questioned.Many great doctors have contacted me about his condition. One, w/ deep experience in the field sent me this last night:View image on Twitter5,3468:35 AM - Dec 25, 2019Twitter Ads info and privacy2,304 people are talking about thisTom Joseph@TomJChicagoTrump had an awards thing today. The music is good but his body, balance and movement are terrible.Embedded video1,7976:48 PM - Nov 21, 2019Twitter Ads info and privacy1,242 people are talking about thisHe’s actually responding to the music, showing some rhythm, but it is stiff and awkward. He is so stiff at the waist that Joseph thinks he wears a body-brace to keep himself from pitching backward.Tom Joseph@TomJChicagoFreeze frame from Trump's new video. Heavy podium lean & the body brace contraption (many pics in this TL) protruding. It limits his jerking backwards. Note the jacket hem. A Men's Kaftan would be more comfortable & functional at this point than these awkward business suits.View image on Twitter3,1576:49 PM - Dec 21, 2019Twitter Ads info and privacy1,619 people are talking about thisOther videos show a lot of dragging of his right foot, other full-body twitches, and of course the famous two-handed drinking technique.NPD can make people groom themselves oddly but so can FTD, even more oddly…Tom Joseph@TomJChicagoTrump’s list of dementia symptoms include grooming issues. The costumey effect of caking on makeup is common w/ patients. It’s uncommon to be in public creating a spectacle w/ one’s appearance. His family is a disgrace. (Confirmed this photo was real b4 unloading). It gets worse.View image on Twitter10.3K11:43 AM - Dec 22, 2019Twitter Ads info and privacy3,701 people are talking about thisNo one in his family does anything because everyone in his family is permanently terrified of him. (Joseph understands FTD better than he does NPD.)It’s not that his having FTD means he doesn’t have NPD. He has both.Tom Joseph@TomJChicagoDementia didn't make Trump a narcissistic, sociopathic criminal. He's a narcissistic, sociopathic criminal who acquired dementia. He has always wanted adulation during a tragedy- like 9/11. With dementia, he lacks filters, regulation & awareness. His craving for it is laid bareView image on Twitter3,5662:01 PM - Dec 30, 2019Twitter Ads info and privacy1,228 people are talking about thisA psychologist concurs. Read her whole thread… note her points on his lies sometimes not being conscious lies, but absurdities he genuinely believes because a disease is killing his brain cells.Nikki Martinez@DrNikkiMartinezThis 👇 he has dementia! He’s also a malignant narcissist w/sociopathy, & MANY of us have been telling you all, documenting it w/1000’s of hours of video (more than we would have on anyone), writing, tweets, & shown the rapid decline of his mental state, yet the MSM, journalists, Seth Abramson on Twitter …Seth Abramson✔@SethAbramsonReplying to @SethAbramson5/ Let me state this as clearly as I can: the moment it was clear the President of the United States wanted his political rivals killed or jailed it should've been game over for him. Democrats and Republicans in D.C. should have *together* removed him from his office immediately.3,5401:48 AM - Dec 28, 2019Twitter Ads info and privacy1,606 people are talking about thisAnother doctor Joseph recommends following [h/t to OwossoHarpist in the comments]:John M. Talmadge, MD@JohnMTalmadgeMDPrime example of impoverished thought, linguistic disorganization, cognitive decline, & loss of ability to synthesize concepts responsively as an executive decision maker. It’s not gibberish, but it’s total bullshit (Frankfurt’s term). #Presidementia #TrumpWontDebate #Alzheimers Mary Trump’s Ghost on Twitter …Mary Trump’s Ghost@NonnieSchuReplying to @JohnMTalmadgeMD @OtherCarolBThis transcript from yesterday was extremely disturbing. He seems to be getting so much worse.View image on Twitter1,4894:40 PM - Jan 1, 2020 · Arlington, VATwitter Ads info and privacy644 people are talking about thisThis offers a fairly solid explanation for some baffling things, doesn’t it? The blanking on words and names, the drunk-sounding slurring, the increasingly-nonsensical tweets and speeches, the refusal to listen to sense, Dr “Candyman” Ronny’s glowing description of his health being so childishly, obviously fictional, the additional overcompensations of “very stable genius” and claims of vast expertise. The mysterious visit to Walter Reed. This:WASHINGTON, DC - SEPTEMBER 04: U.S. President Donald Trump (R) references a map held by acting Homeland Security Secretary Kevin McAleenan while talking to reporters following a briefing from officials about Hurricane Dorian in the Oval Office at the White House September 04, 2019 in Washington, DC. The map was a forecast from August 29 and appears to have been altered by a black marker to extend the hurricane's range to include Alabama. (Photo by Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images)The prognosis is dark.Tom Joseph@TomJChicagoTrump’s 90 day dementia crash:-Won’t debate-Stopped golfing-Works from residence-Walter Reed emergency-Breaks down when booed-Speech is more disorganized & needs notes-Left NATO early-AF1 Short steps, holds hands w MT, walks w/ SenatorThe next 90 days will be much worse10.3K10:11 AM - Dec 14, 2019Twitter Ads info and privacy3,800 people are talking about thisNPD is chronic, a steady state with its onset in early adulthood, meaning Trump has likely had it running his life for 50 years. In and of itself it won’t worsen even if it appears to as the dementia takes the filters off. FTD, however, is degenerative and follows an unstoppable timeline.Tom Joseph@TomJChicago· Nov 23, 2019Replying to @TomJChicago11 One common method of coping w/ mid-stage dementia is to write down simple tasks or things to say. Trump has great difficulty communicating his alternate reality defense. Save the Date- 11/20 as the day he needed notes to talk to reporters. Add it to the dementia symptom listView image on TwitterView image on TwitterTom Joseph@TomJChicago12 Dementia like Trump’s is a 12-15 year illness. The shorter times frames you may read about are due to delayed diagnosis. I’ve said a # of times here that Trump’s arc is approx 2012-2024. The early years are barely noticeable, the later years http://bedridden.https://twitter.com/TomJChicago/status/931514933480697856?s=20 …Tom Joseph@TomJChicagoTrump's Dementia prognosis is grim.SEVERE NOWSlurringWord ChoiceFragmented ExpressionEmotional ResponseLack of FilterWORSENINGBalanceChange in GaitInvoluntary Arm JerkingConcentrationFUTURE ISSUESChoking / AspirationSwallowingWalker / WheelchairLoss of Speech1,40811:27 AM - Nov 23, 2019Twitter Ads info and privacy360 people are talking about thisTom Joseph@TomJChicagoTrump jokes about a 3rd term. Dementia will end this term. His issues are snowballingYear / Est<19 Behavior, concentration, speech, memory19 Disorientation, rage, paranoia20 Balance, non-communicative21 Wheelchair22 Aspiration23 Bedridden, 24/7 http://carehttps://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-again-jokes-about-staying-on-as-president-for-more-than-two-terms/2019/04/18/05a5afce-6207-11e9-9ff2-abc984dc9eec_story.html?utm_term=.7cbf23196a8b …Trump again jokes about staying on as president for more than two termsAhead of the Mueller report’s release Thursday morning, Trump jokingly suggested he might remain in the Oval Office “at least for 10 or 14 years.”http://washingtonpost.com6011:34 PM - Apr 21, 2019Twitter Ads info and privacy339 people are talking about thisFTD is incurable. Whatever drugs Trump is on, because I don’t doubt he is on some, are only there to mask symptoms enough to keep him going. If Tom Joseph’s long-trained instincts are correct, we know what will kill Trump and even roughly when, unless a heart attack, stroke or some other fatal disease happens first. Notice that Joseph estimates Trump’s years with the disease as approximately 2012-2024, but doesn’t take this predictive table —Year / Est<19 Behavior, concentration, speech, memory19 Disorientation, rage, paranoia20 Balance, non-communicative21 Wheelchair22 Aspiration23 Bedridden, 24/7 care— to 2024. He’s too polite and kind to say “24... Death”. He also knows he might be wrong and it might happen later. But if he is right, Trump will be too incapacitated to be politically relevant by then for sure, or much sooner.Tom Joseph@TomJChicago· Nov 23, 2019Replying to @TomJChicago13 The prognosis is awful. So is talking a/b it on twitter at this stage when he’s so symptomatic. It gets really bad. I expected his removal after the Jan 18 Dr Ronny physical. The coverup was unexpected. A very foolish betrayal of America by his http://enablershttps://twitter.com/TomJChicago/status/1120048177959309312?s=20 …Tom Joseph@TomJChicagoTrump jokes about a 3rd term. Dementia will end this term. His issues are snowballingYear / Est<19 Behavior, concentration, speech, memory19 Disorientation, rage, paranoia20 Balance, non-communicative21 Wheelchair22 Aspiration23 Bedridden, 24/7 http://carehttps://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-again-jokes-about-staying-on-as-president-for-more-than-two-terms/2019/04/18/05a5afce-6207-11e9-9ff2-abc984dc9eec_story.html?utm_term=.7cbf23196a8b …Tom Joseph@TomJChicago14 Dementia dominates Trump. It doesn't matter if he sucks up to Senators & gives them Camp David passes. His travel schedule is for show. His destiny is set & nothing can change what’s happening to him. He’s badly deteriorating & he won't be the GOP candidate a year from now2,17511:27 AM - Nov 23, 2019Twitter Ads info and privacy614 people are talking about thisWhat are the implications?What Joseph has predicted all along is that, as the condition worsens, people will eventually not be able to help notice, despite their extreme emotional stake in denial.The fact is, everyone close to Trump already knows — family, White House staff, criminal cronies. There is no way they can’t. They are supporting him in his attempts to conceal it, so as to prop up the emperor despite his lack of clothes and thus hang on to their own power as long as they can. Congressional Republicans know it, through private GOP lines of communication, and pretend it’s not happening so as to hang on to their power.The media knows it, but mostly refuses to acknowledge it publicly, as Eric Boehlert pointed out:What does it mean for the most powerful leader in the free world to be acting in a bizarre and often seemingly schizophrenic fashion? And how is every administration official who appears on television not immediately and repeatedly asked whether Trump is mentally fit to hold office, and whether he poses a danger to this country? [...] The fact that a sitting president has unleashed so many bizarre public performances, punctuated by so many incomprehensible non sequiturs, means his stability and capacity ought to be questioned—and it ought to be a constant news story.Nikki Martinez points out something amazing: the media is actually covering for Trump by saying he’s lying rather than demented…! (In American politics, it seems, lying and Narcissistic Personality Disorder are relatively normal and sane in a politician, and therefore relatively acceptable, while dementia is unthinkable.) Read this whole thread for multiple examples:Nikki Martinez@DrNikkiMartinez· Aug 30, 2019Replying to @DrNikkiMartinezWhen they reporter challenged him on trade and calling president Xi Jinping, “An enemy last week & fine now,” his reaction is nothing short of horrifically disconcerting, in how unraveled it was. He lies. That is one thing, but he is also ‘losing’ facts, and they are covering.Nikki Martinez@DrNikkiMartinezThe climate meeting at the G7 he was going to that happened, being covered as a ‘lie.’ No, cover it as dementia since the people his press secretary said he was meeting with were there and he was ‘convinced’ it was coming up.279:06 PM - Aug 30, 2019Twitter Ads info and privacySee Nikki Martinez's other TweetsNancy Pelosi knows it. Because of course she does. But she is not being loudly public about it. She is playing for time because when a degenerative disease is being covered up, time is on the side of truth. She wants the public to notice for ourselves so that accusations of partisanship against her will ring false.It can only be covered up for so long. Obvious spasms like the one captured in this diary’s illustration are preserved forever on video, for minute examination. The tweets and rally speeches are getting more disconnected with reality each day. The corporate media, increasingly, are talking about it, as they are foot-draggingly realizing they have to.There will be a tipping point, as when the child famously cries out that the emperor is naked.Maybe notification will come from an actual person, a White House whistleblower who can’t stand it any longer, who finally decides to put country and world before party and self.Or maybe the true start of the tipping point will be a literal, physical tipping point. If Joseph is right, don’t be surprised if Trump starts using a cane and his mouthpieces spout a tale of a golf injury. Falls, Joseph says, are often what forces an FTD-sufferer’s family to face up to the truth.Tom Joseph@TomJChicago· Nov 23, 2019Replying to @TomJChicago8 The falls w/ dementia can appear horrifying. Unlike most people who use their legs to regain footing or use their arms to grab something to break the fall, the dementia patient can look like a statute tipping over. Like a stun gun. No hand usage & a delayed awareness of fallingTom Joseph@TomJChicago9 A word on Trump's mobility. It’s not like one day he's suddenly in a wheelchair bc he can’t move. What usually happens is the patient starts falling too much. Trips to the ER make loved ones realize that falling even 5% of the time is too dangerous. A cane may help short term.1,31111:27 AM - Nov 23, 2019Twitter Ads info and privacy248 people are talking about thisOr maybe it will simply be a critical mass of mental “clicks,” enough bursts of realization like splashes of cold water in the faces of enough people thinking, “OMG—the President of the United States, who has the launch codes, really is a mental invalid who will keep getting worse.”What to do?Help the tipping point happen in the public discourse as soon as humanly possible.Nikki Martinez@DrNikkiMartinez· Dec 28, 2019Replying to @DrNikkiMartinezDamage control all day everyday. This today is a perfect example. Everything about it is impulsive, irrational, not thought through, & no one around him would have approved it or suggested it (besides maybe Miller). We are about 10 months out from the election. People have toNikki Martinez@DrNikkiMartinezStart openly saying the words dementia. As openly & often as possible. Have hearings w/mental health experts again. Have them on shows analyzing his behavior consistently. Ask people who have left the administration about ‘that.’ He projects on Pelosi when she ‘touches it.’1,3011:48 AM - Dec 28, 2019Twitter Ads info and privacy382 people are talking about thisSo let’s talk about it bluntly, seriously and purposefully here; corporate media have been known to pick up Daily Kos stories on occasion.Urge media to stop helping with the coverup, tell the truth, interview experts, and call for a neurological examination in their op-eds.Contact your Representative (202-225-3121, Home | House.gov) and Senators (202-224-3121, U.S. Senate) to urge them to openly ask questions, express concern, consult with neurologists, call for a neurological examination.Stop only making fun of it — that’s a kind of half-acceptance. (Unless you’re a late-night comedian, because in that case making fun of it to help us, your audience, stay sane is your job.) Take it as seriously as it warrants and urge others to do the same.It can be done without rancour and without partisanship, as Steven Beschloss tweeted above. “He’s demented” will just be ignored as an idle insult. “He has clear symptoms of frontotemporal or possibly some other kind of dementia—look at this video and these tweets” is sharing necessary information.Treat it as the emergency it is. This worsening mental invalid is making decisions that affect billions of lives.If you feel angry that consignment to dementia might cause Trump not to be held accountable for his crimes, consider your priorities coldly. He. Has. The. Launch. Codes. Whether he ends up in jail or palliative care, history will remember his crimes anyway, which is the worst possible punishment for a narcissist. We—all 7 billion of us—just need to get him the hell out of there. That tipping point needs to happen NOW.Tom Joseph@TomJChicagoBad person, bad projection and bad dementia combine for one of Trump’s most disturbing comments. His hate for Pelosi & lack of filter lay bare his depravity. He’s lost any sense of being an adult. His worsening will continue in the most grotesque and primitive way.View image on Twitter4,9945:04 PM - Dec 15, 2019Twitter Ads info and privacy1,949 people are talking about thisLet’s look at the positives.1) It could force his resignation. If his dementia becomes common knowledge and accepted as reality, he loses all credibility and all perceived power in the public eye. At that point, the Republican powers that be will tell him to resign or be convicted and removed in an impeachment trial, as they did Nixon, or removed by Article 25. They’ll have no choice.2) It will tank his support. Why? Because his dementia is not his fault, or the fault of his supporters, so for them, resistance against cognitive dissonance isn’t in play. Because it’s not his fault, they don’t have to blame themselves either for supporting him before or withdrawing their support because of it. They can canonize him all they like for being a great and God-ordained president until he became unfit, but still opine that he should be removed without feeling guilty.3) It is the absolute most terrifying thing for him, worse than being caught in crimes, revealing his taxes, being criticized for his venality (something I suspect he actually relishes, because he can play the victim) — even being impeached. Because it renders him irrelevant and unimportant, makes him no longer matter. It pushes him aside and denies him the attention that is his only emotional sustenance. Which is THE most soul-destroying thing for a narcissist. Insignificance feels to them like death.4) Thus, just mentioning it disempowers him and empowers us.Tom Joseph@TomJChicago· 12h1 Trump’s dramatic dementia symptoms get the attention, yet the underlying event is his irreversible brain damage. This damage is from the buildup & improper breakdown of Tau protein (in my opinion) & is progressively reducing the size of his brain, killing neurons & leaving gapsTom Joseph@TomJChicago2 Trump's progressive brain damage has no remission- it keeps worsening. When making the case for his removal, it would be helpful to highlight the suspected brain damage in addition to the symptoms. Many people are unaware that his dementia is degenerative & irreversible.1,2229:08 PM - Jan 1, 2020Twitter Ads info and privacy229 people are talking about thisTom Joseph@TomJChicago· 12hReplying to @TomJChicago9 The longer he stays in the WH, the higher public awareness is of his failing condition will be. For a deep dive in to Trump’s dementia, here’s 27 layers of threads that go back chronologically. There is a gateway tweet in each thread. Tom Joseph on Twitter …Tom Joseph@TomJChicago1 Trump’s train wreck already occurred. Every day we are witnessing his burning wreckage. He’s at the point where dementia really starts to take over. It’s dominating his schedule & activities. Yelling semi-incoherently is about all he has left. Expect more emergency “physicals”Tom Joseph@TomJChicago10 The time to act is now. Trump can't handle a Sen trial, new revelations & witnesses. He's breaking down & it will be much worse in the next month or two. Primitive behavior like this is just the start. He can be forced out w/ 60% of the public behind http://ithttps://twitter.com/TomJChicago/status/1206349379788890112?s=20 …Tom Joseph@TomJChicagoBad person, bad projection and bad dementia combine for one of Trump’s most disturbing comments. His hate for Pelosi & lack of filter lay bare his depravity. He’s lost any sense of being an adult. His worsening will continue in the most grotesque and primitive way.View image on Twitter8109:08 PM - Jan 1, 2020Twitter Ads info and privacy203 people are talking about thisWe are the public. Let’s get behind it.—I’m a SPWM (single parent with mortgage) who earns every dollar I earn by writing. If you want to see more stories from me, please consider sending a donation my way. Good news! My Wheels Fund is CLOSED as thanks to a donation last night, the goal has been reached and the car will soon be paid off. THANK YOU to all who have sent me money either to help me with that or keep me writing diaries. Your generosity amazes and humbles me.Thursday, Jan 2, 2020 · 9:03:29 AM CST · KM WehrsteinIn response to objections in the comments that Joseph is not a doctor, I’ve edited in tweets from one doctor, and here are two more weighing in. They are much more cautious in their speculations than Joseph, but the conclusion is the same: an examination is required.Thursday, Jan 2, 2020 · 9:04:46 AM CST · KM WehrsteinA commented or two has pointed out that Joseph is wrong re Trump having quit golfing. The website authority on this, Trump Golf Count, concurs.Trump is a sick-sick man and mean-plus being filled with hateHowever, here again is Dr. Talmadge:John M. Talmadge, MD@JohnMTalmadgeMD#Presidementia does not prevent Trump from golfing. In fact, dementia patients often enjoy golf and find it therapeutic. Trump’s “Very Inexpensive” Golf Habit Could Cost More Than $340 Million …7:27 PM - Dec 30, 2019Twitter Ads info and privacy54 people are talking about thisThis content was created by a Daily Kos Communit

A number of states encode your name and date of birth in your license number. These include Maryland, Michigan, and Minnesota (prior to December 13, 2004 only). These states use the same system of encoding, or very similar ones. Given someone's driver's license number from one of these states, you can take good guesses at someone's name and exactly determine day of birth (but not year). With someone's name and date of birth you can guess some or all of their driver's license number.A typical license would look like this:S530-429-085-151 LLLL-FFF-MMM-BBB The above is for John Bennett Smith, born on February 27th.LLLL - Last Name, Soundex CodedLLLL is the Soundex coded last name. Soundex attempts to code similar sounding names to the same four character code. See my Soundex page for details on how to encode it.FFF - First Name, CodedFFF is the encoded first name. The name is looked up on the following table. If the exact name isn't on the table, look up the longest prefix that is on the table.a 027 aa 028 ab 029 ac 030 ad 031 ae 032 af 033 ag 034 ah 035 ai 036 aj 037 ak 038 al 039 ala 040 alb 041 alc 042 ald 043 ale 044 alf 045 alg 046 alh 047 ali 048 alj 049 alk 050 all 051 alm 052 aln 053 alo 054 alp 055 alq 056 alr 057 als 058 alt 059 alu 060 alv 061 alw 062 alx 063 aly 064 alz 065 am 066 an 067 ao 068 ap 069 aq 070 ar 071 as 072 at 073 au 074 av 075 aw 076 ax 077 ay 078 az 079  b 080 ba 081 bb 082 bc 083 bd 084 be 085 bf 086 bg 087 bh 088 bi 089 bj 090 bk 091 bl 092 bm 093 bn 094 bo 095 bp 096 bq 097 br 098 bs 099 bt 100 bu 101 bv 102 bw 103 bx 104 by 105 bz 106  c 107 ca 108 cb 109 cc 110 cd 111 ce 112 cf 113 cg 114 ch 115 ci 116 cj 117 ck 118 cl 119 cm 120 cn 121 co 122 cp 123 cq 124 cr 125 cs 126 ct 127 cu 128 cv 129 cw 130 cx 131 cy 132 cz 133  d 134 da 135 db 136 dc 137 dd 138 de 139 df 140 dg 141 dh 142 di 143 dj 144 dk 145 dl 146 dm 147 dn 148 do 149 dp 150 dq 151 dr 152 ds 153 dt 154 du 155 dv 156 dw 157 dx 158 dy 159 dz 160  e 161 ea 162 eb 163 ec 164 ed 165 eda 166 edb 167 edc 168 edd 169 ede 170 edf 171 edg 172 edh 173 edi 174 edj 175 edk 176 edl 177 edm 178 edn 179 edo 180 edp 181 edq 182 edr 183 eds 184 edt 185 edu 186 edv 187 edw 188 edward 189 edx 190 edy 191 edz 192 ee 193 ef 194 eg 195 eh 196 ei 197 ej 198 ek 199 el 200 ela 201 elb 202 elc 203 eld 204 ele 205 elf 206 elg 207 elh 208 eli 209 elizabeth 210 elj 211 elk 212 ell 213 ellen 214 elm 215 eln 216 elo 217 elp 218 elq 219 elr 220 els 221 elt 222 elu 223 elv 224 elw 225 elx 226 ely 227 elz 228 em 229 en 230 eo 231 ep 232 eq 233 er 234 es 235 et 236 eu 237 ev 238 ew 239 ex 240 ey 241 ez 242  f 243 fa 244 fb 245 fc 246 fd 247 fe 248 ff 249 fg 250 fh 251 fi 252 fj 253 fk 254 fl 255 fm 256 fn 257 fo 258 fp 259 fq 260 fr 261 fs 262 ft 263 fu 264 fv 265 fw 266 fx 267 fy 268 fz 269  g 270 ga 271 gb 272 gc 273 gd 274 ge 275 gf 276 gg 277 gh 278 gi 279 gj 280 gk 281 gl 282 gm 283 gn 284 go 285 gp 286 gq 287 gr 288 gs 289 gt 290 gu 291 gv 292 gw 293 gx 294 gy 295 gz 296  h 297 ha 298 hb 299 hc 300 hd 301 he 302 henry 303 hf 304 hg 305 hh 306 hi 307 hj 308 hk 309 hl 310 hm 311 hn 312 ho 313 hp 314 hq 315 hr 316 hs 317 ht 318 hu 319 hv 320 hw 321 hx 322 hy 323 hz 324  i 325 ia 326 ib 327 ic 328 id 329 ie 330 if 331 ig 332 ih 333 ii 334 ij 335 ik 336 il 337 im 338 in 339 io 340 ip 341 iq 342 ir 343 is 344 it 345 iu 346 iv 347 iw 348 ix 349 iy 350 iz 351  j 352 ja 353 jaa 354 jab 355 jac 356 jad 357 jae 358 jaf 359 jag 360 jah 361 jai 362 jaj 363 jak 364 jal 365 jam 366 james 367 jan 368 jao 369 jap 370 jaq 371 jar 372 jas 373 jat 374 jau 375 jav 376 jaw 377 jax 378 jay 379 jaz 380 jb 381 jc 382 jd 383 je 384 jea 385 jeb 386 jec 387 jed 388 jee 389 jef 390 jeg 391 jeh 392 jei 393 jej 394 jek 395 jel 396 jem 397 jen 398 jeo 399 jep 400 jeq 401 jer 402 jes 403 jet 404 jeu 405 jev 406 jew 407 jex 408 jey 409 jez 410 jf 411 jg 412 jh 413 ji 414 jj 415 jk 416 jl 417 jm 418 jn 419 jo 420 joa 421 job 422 joc 423 jod 424 joe 425 jof 426 jog 427 joh 428 john 429 joi 430 joj 431 jok 432 jol 433 jom 434 jon 435 joo 436 jop 437 joq 438 jor 439 jos 440 joseph 441 jot 442 jou 443 jov 444 jow 445 jox 446 joy 447 joz 448 jp 449 jq 450 jr 451 js 452 jt 453 ju 454 jv 455 jw 456 jx 457 jy 458 jz 459  k 460 ka 461 kb 462 kc 463 kd 464 ke 465 kf 466 kg 467 kh 468 ki 469 kj 470 kk 471 kl 472 km 473 kn 474 ko 475 kp 476 kq 477 kr 478 ks 479 kt 480 ku 481 kv 482 kw 483 kx 484 ky 485 kz 486  l 487 la 488 lb 489 lc 490 ld 491 le 492 lea 493 leb 494 lec 495 led 496 lee 497 lef 498 leg 499 leh 500 lei 501 lej 502 lek 503 lel 504 lem 505 len 506 leo 507 lep 508 leq 509 ler 510 les 511 let 512 leu 513 lev 514 lew 515 lex 516 ley 517 lez 518 lf 519 lg 520 lh 521 li 522 lj 523 lk 524 ll 525 lm 526 ln 527 lo 528 loa 529 lob 530 loc 531 lod 532 loe 533 lof 534 log 535 loh 536 loi 537 loj 538 lok 539 lol 540 lom 541 lon 542 loo 543 lop 544 loq 545 lor 546 los 547 lot 548 lou 549 lov 550 low 551 lox 552 loy 553 loz 554 lp 555 lq 556 lr 557 ls 558 lt 559 lu 560 lv 561 lw 562 lx 563 ly 564 lz 565  m 566 ma 567 maa 568 mab 569 mac 570 mad 571 mae 572 maf 573 mag 574 mah 575 mai 576 maj 577 mak 578 mal 579 mam 580 man 581 mao 582 map 583 maq 584 mar 585 margaret 586 mary 587 mas 588 mat 589 mau 590 mav 591 maw 592 max 593 may 594 maz 595 mb 596 mc 597 md 598 me 599 mf 600 mg 601 mh 602 mi 603 mj 604 mk 605 ml 606 mm 607 mn 608 mo 609 mp 610 mq 611 mr 612 ms 613 mt 614 mu 615 mv 616 mw 617 mx 618 my 619 mz 620  n 621 na 622 nb 623 nc 624 nd 625 ne 626 nf 627 ng 628 nh 629 ni 630 nj 631 nk 632 nl 633 nm 634 nn 635 no 636 np 637 nq 638 nr 639 ns 640 nt 641 nu 642 nv 643 nw 644 nx 645 ny 646 nz 647  o 648 oa 649 ob 650 oc 651 od 652 oe 653 of 654 og 655 oh 656 oi 657 oj 658 ok 659 ol 660 om 661 on 662 oo 663 op 664 oq 665 or 666 os 667 ot 668 ou 669 ov 670 ow 671 ox 672 oy 673 oz 674  p 675 pa 676 pb 677 pc 678 pd 679 pe 680 pf 681 pg 682 ph 683 pi 684 pj 685 pk 686 pl 687 pm 688 pn 689 po 690 pp 691 pq 692 pr 693 ps 694 pt 695 pu 696 pv 697 pw 698 px 699 py 700 pz 701  q 702 qa 703 qb 704 qc 705 qd 706 qe 707 qf 708 qg 709 qh 710 qi 711 qj 712 qk 713 ql 714 qm 715 qn 716 qo 717 qp 718 qq 719 qr 720 qs 721 qt 722 qu 723 qv 724 qw 725 qx 726 qy 727 qz 728  r 729 ra 730 rb 731 rc 732 rd 733 re 734 rf 735 rg 736 rh 737 ri 738 rj 739 rk 740 rl 741 rm 742 rn 743 ro 744 robert 745 rp 746 rq 747 rr 748 rs 749 rt 750 ru 751 rv 752 rw 753 rx 754 ry 755 rz 756  s 757 sa 758 sb 759 sc 760 sd 761 se 762 sf 763 sg 764 sh 765 si 766 sj 767 sk 768 sl 769 sm 770 sn 771 so 772 sp 773 sq 774 sr 775 ss 776 st 777 su 778 sv 779 sw 780 sx 781 sy 782 sz 783  t 784 ta 785 tb 786 tc 787 td 788 te 789 tf 790 tg 791 th 792 ti 793 tj 794 tk 795 tl 796 tm 797 tn 798 to 799 tp 800 tq 801 tr 802 ts 803 tt 804 tu 805 tv 806 tw 807 tx 808 ty 809 tz 810  u 811 ua 812 ub 813 uc 814 ud 815 ue 816 uf 817 ug 818 uh 819 ui 820 uj 821 uk 822 ul 823 um 824 un 825 uo 826 up 827 uq 828 ur 829 us 830 ut 831 uu 832 uv 833 uw 834 ux 835 uy 836 uz 837  v 838 va 839 vb 840 vc 841 vd 842 ve 843 vf 844 vg 845 vh 846 vi 847 vj 848 vk 849 vl 850 vm 851 vn 852 vo 853 vp 854 vq 855 vr 856 vs 857 vt 858 vu 859 vv 860 vw 861 vx 862 vy 863 vz 864  w 865 wa 866 wb 867 wc 868 wd 869 we 870 wf 871 wg 872 wh 873 wi 874 wia 875 wib 876 wic 877 wid 878 wie 879 wif 880 wig 881 wih 882 wii 883 wij 884 wik 885 wil 886 william 887 wim 888 win 889 wio 890 wip 891 wiq 892 wir 893 wis 894 wit 895 wiu 896 wiv 897 wiw 898 wix 899 wiy 900 wiz 901 wj 902 wk 903 wl 904 wm 905 wn 906 wo 907 wp 908 wq 909 wr 910 ws 911 wt 912 wu 913 wv 914 ww 915 wx 916 wy 917 wz 918  x 919 xa 920 xb 921 xc 922 xd 923 xe 924 xf 925 xg 926 xh 927 xi 928 xj 929 xk 930 xl 931 xm 932 xn 933 xo 934 xp 935 xq 936 xr 937 xs 938 xt 939 xu 940 xv 941 xw 942 xx 943 xy 944 xz 945  y 946 ya 947 yb 948 yc 949 yd 950 ye 951 yf 952 yg 953 yh 954 yi 955 yj 956 yk 957 yl 958 ym 959 yn 960 yo 961 yp 962 yq 963 yr 964 ys 965 yt 966 yu 967 yv 968 yw 969 yx 970 yy 971 yz 972  z 973 za 974 zb 975 zc 976 zd 977 ze 978 zf 979 zg 980 zh 981 zi 982 zj 983 zk 984 zl 985 zm 986 zn 987 zo 988 zp 989 zq 990 zr 991 zs 992 zt 993 zu 994 zv 995 zw 996 zx 997 zy 998 zz 999 MMM - Middle Name, CodedThis is the middle name, coded using the above table.As a special case, if there is no middle name and the first name is fully coded (say, "John" or "Mary"), this is 000. If the first name is not fully coded, encode the first unused character from the first name on this table and use it as MMM:a 001 b 002 c 003 d 004 e 005 f 006 g 007 h 008 i 009 j 010 k 011 l 012 m 013 n 014 o 015 p 016 q 017 r 018 s 019 t 020 u 021 v 022 w 023 x 024 y 025 z 026 BBB - Birth day and month, CodedLook up the birst day of month and the birth month on this table to find the find three characters.In the event of two or more people having identical driver's licence numbers, this final group of digits will be used to differeniate them. Simple add one to the final group of digits until you find an unused entry. If you reach a number allocated to a different date, instead subtract one until you find an unused entry. I don't know what is down if while moving down you hit a number allocated to another date or when you generate a number over 999 or below 001.January (001)01 => 002 02 => 007 03 => 010 04 => 012 05 => 017 06 => 020 07 => 022 08 => 025 09 => 027 10 => 030 11 => 032 12 => 035 13 => 037 14 => 040 15 => 042 16 => 045 17 => 047 18 => 050 19 => 052 20 => 055 21 => 057 22 => 060 23 => 062 24 => 065 25 => 067 26 => 070 27 => 072 28 => 075 29 => 077 30 => 080 31 => 082 February (085)01 => 086 02 => 088 03 => 091 04 => 093 05 => 096 06 => 098 07 => 101 08 => 103 09 => 106 10 => 108 11 => 111 12 => 113 13 => 116 14 => 118 15 => 121 16 => 123 17 => 126 18 => 128 19 => 131 20 => 133 21 => 136 22 => 138 23 => 141 24 => 143 25 => 146 26 => 148 27 => 151 28 => 153 29 => 156 March (158)01 => 159 02 => 162 03 => 164 04 => 167 05 => 169 06 => 172 07 => 174 08 => 177  09 => 182 10 => 184 11 => 187 12 => 189 13 => 192 14 => 194 15 => 197 16 => 199 17 => 202 18 => 204 19 => 207  20 => 227 21 => 229 22 => 232 23 => 234 24 => 237 25 => 239 26 => 242 27 => 244 28 => 247 29 => 249 30 => 252 31 => 254 April (257)01 => 258 02 => 260 03 => 263 04 => 265 05 => 268 06 => 270 07 => 273 08 => 275 09 => 278 10 => 280 11 => 283 12 => 285 13 => 288 14 => 290 15 => 293 16 => 295 17 => 298 18 => 300 19 => 303 20 => 305 21 => 308 22 => 310 23 => 313 24 => 315 25 => 318 26 => 320 27 => 323 28 => 325 29 => 328 30 => 330 May (333)01 => 334 02 => 336 03 => 339 04 => 341 05 => 344 06 => 346 07 => 349 08 => 351 09 => 354 10 => 356 11 => 359 12 => 361 13 => 364 14 => 366 15 => 369 16 => 371 17 => 374 18 => 376 19 => 379 20 => 381 21 => 384 22 => 386 23 => 389 24 => 391 25 => 394 26 => 396 27 => 399 28 => 401 29 => 404 30 => 406 31 => 409 June (411)01 => 412 02 => 415 03 => 417 04 => 420 05 => 422 06 => 425 07 => 427 08 => 430 09 => 432 10 => 435 11 => 437 12 => 440 13 => 442 14 => 445 15 => 447 16 => 450 17 => 452 18 => 467 19 => 470 20 => 472 21 => 475 22 => 477 23 => 480 24 => 482 25 => 497 26 => 500 27 => 502 28 => 505 29 => 507  30 => 517 July (520)01 => 521 02 => 523 03 => 526 04 => 528 05 => 534 06 => 537 07 => 539 08 => 542 09 => 544 10 => 547 11 => 549 12 => 552 13 => 554 14 => 557 15 => 559 16 => 562 17 => 564 18 => 567 19 => 569 20 => 572 21 => 574 22 => 577 23 => 579 24 => 582 25 => 584 26 => 587 27 => 589 28 => 592 29 => 594 30 => 597 31 => 599 August (602) 01 => 603 02 => 605 03 => 608 04 => 610 05 => 613 06 => 615 07 => 618 08 => 620 09 => 623 10 => 625 11 => 628 12 => 630 13 => 633 14 => 635 15 => 638 16 => 640 17 => 643 18 => 645 19 => 648 20 => 650 21 => 653 22 => 655 23 => 658 24 => 660 25 => 663 26 => 665 27 => 668 28 => 670 29 => 673 30 => 675 31 => 678 September (680)01 => 681 02 => 684 03 => 686 04 => 689 05 => 691 06 => 694 07 => 696 08 => 699 09 => 701 10 => 704 11 => 706 12 => 709 13 => 711 14 => 714 15 => 716 16 => 719 17 => 721 18 => 724 19 => 726 20 => 729 21 => 731 22 => 734 23 => 736 24 => 739 25 => 741 26 => 744 27 => 746 28 => 749 29 => 751 30 => 754 October (756)01 => 757 02 => 760 03 => 762 04 => 765 05 => 767 06 => 770 07 => 772 08 => 775 09 => 777 10 => 780 11 => 782 12 => 785 13 => 787 14 => 790 15 => 792 16 => 797 17 => 800 18 => 802 19 => 807 20 => 810 21 => 812 22 => 815 23 => 817 24 => 820 25 => 822 26 => 825 27 => 827 28 => 830 29 => 832 30 => 835 31 => 837 November (840)01 => 841 02 => 843 03 => 846 04 => 848 05 => 851 06 => 853 07 => 856 08 => 858 09 => 861 10 => 863 11 => 866 12 => 868 13 => 871 14 => 873 15 => 876 16 => 878 17 => 881 18 => 883 19 => 886 20 => 888 21 => 891 22 => 893 23 => 896 24 => 898 25 => 901 26 => 903 27 => 906 28 => 908 29 => 911 30 => 913 December (916)01 => 917 02 => 919 03 => 922 04 => 924 05 => 927 06 => 929 07 => 932 08 => 934 09 => 937 10 => 939 11 => 942 12 => 944 13 => 947 14 => 949 15 => 952 16 => 954 17 => 957 18 => 959 19 => 962 20 => 964 21 => 967 22 => 969 23 => 972 24 => 974 25 => 977 26 => 983 27 => 985 28 => 990 29 => 993 30 => 995 31 => 998 Thanks to Joseph Gallian for providing me with the information on which this is based.