Ammonia Code Of Practice: Fill & Download for Free

Lets start with some videosHow Is Uranium Mining Conducted in the United States?How It's Made Uranium Part 1How It's Made Uranium Part 2Uranium — How Is It Mined?Uranium resources can be extracted from the ground in three ways: open pit, underground, and in-situ leach (ISL).Open Pit MiningOpen pit mining, also known as strip mining, is the removal of surficial soils and uneconomic rock to get at the ore below. Ore grades are normally less than 0.5%. This is type of mining is only possible if the uranium ore is near the surface (normally less than 400 ft).…Waste rock or overburden (the material removed over the ore body) usually is stored near the open pit. Once the ore horizon is exposed, a series of benches or steps are cut into it to make removal of the ore easier. Within the pit, depending on the size of the mine, there maybe one or more roads cut into the sides for the huge earth/ore haulers to navigate the area. Pumps maybe utilized to dewater the pit.Rabbit Lake Uranium Mine, CanadaSource: Saskatchewan SchoolsPositivesLess expensive than underground mining.Better ventilation (open-air).New mines must follow much stricter environmental, safety and health guidelines than were in place during the last uranium boom. For example a new open pit would require a mine and reclamation plan with phased mining, backfill, and then final reclamation to minimize the dimensions of the footprint on the landscape. Bonding is required on the front end to assure all of reclaimation and safety costs will be covered. Tailings piles have to be built to completely different standards than the past with lower subgrades, synthetic liners, leak detection wells, and 40 acres maximum size. Dust control is required on new operations, and radon will be subject to strict MSHA working level requirements.NegativesHUGE footprintWaste rock piles can be enormous.Waste rock may be uneconomic to effectively mine, but once exposed to the atmosphere, they become hazardous to the environmentRemediation is extremely costly and time consuming. Groundwater restoration can be extremely costly.Mine workers’ health can be compromised due to dust and radon exposure. Nearby communities can suffer negative health impacts due to the dust, noise and other issues (drainage ponds breaking).Underground MiningUnderground mining is used to get at higher concentrations of uranium that are too deep to get at from open-pit. The ore is drilled, then blasted to create debris which is then transported to the surface, then on to a mill.An example of a uranium mine schematic from McArthur River, CanadaSource: Cameco Corp.'s filing to US Securities & Exchange Commission, March, 2008PositivesHas a smaller surface footprint.Less waste rock.Advances in mining technology and safety monitoring makes many of the radiation/health issues associated with previous mining unlikely. These include better ventilation systems, possible robotic mining, and monitoring badges to make sure workers do not exceed the allowable radiation dosages.NegativesExpensive.Potential to seriously impact local aquifers and expensive to remediate.In old underground mines, dust, radon and diesel fumes were a serious threat to miners’ health because of poor ventilation.MillingFor both traditional underground and open pit mining, the rocks may have only a few percent (normally <0.3%) uranium in them. The uranium then has to be removed from the rock and concentrated. The milling process involves crushing and pulverizing the rock into very fine fragments and adding water to create a slurry. This slurry is then mixed with sulfuric acid or an alkaline solution to release the uranium from the host rock. Normally approximately 95 - 98% of the uranium can be recovered from the host rock. From this acid or alkaline solution, uranium oxide or yellowcake is precipitated. This is still not the purest form, and the uranium has to be sent to another plant to enrich it. The remaining rock slurry is pumped to a tailings dam. These tailings are exposed to the surface and heavy metals can be released into the environment.Uranium Mill ProcessSource: Energy Information Administration, Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternate Fuels.PositivesOnly effective method to extract uranium from conventionally mined ores.Modern mills have more stringent laws governing their operation than old mills.NegativesTailings are exposed to the environment and any remaining uranium or heavy metals can be released.Very expensive to remediate.Formerly placed on porous units to help remove the water from the tailings slurry. Potential for severe impairment of local groundwaters.In-situ Recover (ISR) Mining (also known as In-situ Leach or ISL)While not all uranium ore deposits are amendable to ISR, it is the preferred method to extract uranium since it is far cheaper to get the ores out of the ground and it is considered more environmentally friendly than traditional underground or open pit mines.In the United States, ISR involves:pumping water from the formation and adding oxidant such as gaseous oxygen. For some units, a carbonate phase such as sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) is added to the solution to make ieasier for uranium to go into solution. Ideally, the pH of the solution is somewhere between 6.5 - 7.0 (close to neutral). This solution oxidizes the uranium in porous sandstones and make it easier to go into solution.the oxygen-rich solution is pumped down injection wells within a wellfield pattern,the solution moves through the rock dissolving the uranium in the ground,wells at prescribed distance from the injection wells pump uranium-enriched waters to the surface, These wells pump more fluid than is put down the hole to create a "cone of depression," This is to minimize the chance of off-site migration of these uranium- and mineral-enriched waters, There are monitoring wells surrounding these wells to check on break through of uranium- and mineral-enriched waters,these waters are treated and filtered to remove the uranium, andthe treated waters are refreshed with oxidant and cabonates (if needed) and sent back down hole to start the process again.after uranium has been depleted to its economic limits, regulations require ISR operations in the United States to be restored to prescribed standards to try to assure that potable sources of water are not impacted.An ISL OperationSource: http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf27.htmlElsewhere in the world, like Australia and Kazakhstan, sulfuric acid is used, and remediation has not been required. This is not an acceptable technology in the U.S., and U.S. reclamation requirements would make it technically and economically impossible to allow sulfuric acid (or ammonia bicarbonate) systems here.In the USA, alkaline solutions are the preferred, and sulfuric acid and peroxide solutions are used at ISL operations in Australia. The New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources has produced a article on the next uranium boom and ISL.The positives of ISR aresmall surface footprint,very little waste rock (created in drilling the wells),inexpensive startup,less expensive to remediate than traditional mining and milling operations,less radiation exposure for the workers, andsmaller, higher trained workforce.The negatives of ISR arepossible local contamination of aquifers (though in the US, solutions are usually near neutral),waters have to be pumped and monitored, even after active extraction has stopped, andwaste water disposal and the public fears.How is it Mined?Environmental Aspects of Uranium Mining(Updated April 2017)In most respects the environmental aspects of a uranium mine are the same as those of other metalliferous mining.Most uranium mines in Australia and Canada have ISO 14001 certification.Radioactivity associated with the uranium ore requires some special management in addition to the general environmental controls of any mine.The uranium itself has a very low level of radioactivity, comparable with granite. Virtually all the radioactive material from the associated minerals in the ore processed ends up in the tailings dam.In many respects uranium mining is much the same as any other mining. Projects must have environmental approvals prior to commencing, and must comply with all environmental, safety and occupational health conditions applicable. Increasingly, these are governed by international standards, with external audits.Once approved, open pits or shafts and drives are dug, waste rock and overburden is placed in engineered dumps. Tailings from the ore processing must be placed in engineered dams or underground. Finally the whole site must be rehabilitated at the end of the project. Meanwhile air and water pollution must be avoided.These processes are common to all metalliferous mining, and are well recognised and understood.…Environmental approvalsAt an early stage of the feasibility study, environmental studies of the site begin. These escalate in detail and progressively focus on issues of concern in relation to the proposal, in consultation with state authorities (who in Australia generally operate under an agreement with the Commonwealth to ensure that its concerns are addressed).Depending on the government jurisdiction, an environmental effects or impact statement is published and made available for public comment. After consideration of comments and in the light of judgements by a wide range of state authorities, approval may then be given by the state government for the project to proceed.International standards and certificationThe International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has published a guide for both technical and non-technical aspects of environmental matters in uranium mining (and other mining involving radioactive materials): Lessons Learned from Environmental Remediation Programmes, IAEA Nuclear Energy Series, 2014.The International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO), based in Geneva, has developed a number of world standards for quality management (9000 series) and for environmental management (14000 series). The latter relate to minimising harmful effects and achieving continual improvement through a formal environmental management system (EMS) which is subject to external audit.ISO 14001 is the world's most recognised EMS framework, enabling organisations to demonstrate sound environmental management. Many mining companies have been certified as conforming to its requirements. In Australia and Canada, major uranium mining companies either have or are close to having ISO 14001 certification. This is also the basis of other ISO certification, such as for audits, reporting and life cycle assessment.ERA's Ranger mine for instance is audited every six months by an accredited external body and undergoes full re-certification every three years.The basic EMS under ISO 14001 is under four linked headings: Plan-Do-Check-Act. It must take into account both routine hazards and abnormal situations.Wastes from mining & millingIn most respects, conventional mining of uranium is the same as mining any other metalliferous ore, and well-established environmental constraints apply in order to avoid any off-site pollution.From open cut mining, there are substantial volumes of barren rock and overburden waste. These are placed near the pit and either used in rehabilitation or shaped and revegetated where they are. At Ranger mine, the development of the first orebody involved a waste to ore ratio of slightly over 2:1.However, uranium minerals are always associated with more radioactive elements such as radium and radon in the ore which arise from the radioactive decay of uranium over hundreds of millions of years. Therefore, although uranium itself is not very radioactive, the ore which is mined, especially if it is very high-grade such as in some Canadian mines, is handled with some care, for occupational health and safety reasons.Mining methods, tailings and run-off management and land rehabilitation are subject to Government regulation and inspection. For instance in Australia the Code of Practice and Safety Guide: Radiation Protection and Radioactive Waste Management in Mining and Mineral Processing was published in 2005. It is simpler than its two predecessors (on health & wastes) and moves away from undue prescription to performance-based and audited regulatory approach.Mining operations are undertaken under relevant national health and radiation protection codes of practice. These set strict health standards for exposure to gamma radiation and radon gas. Standards apply to both workers and members of the public. See associated paper: Occupational Safety in Uranium Mining.Tailings & radonSolid waste products from the milling operation are tailings. They comprise most of the original ore and they contain most of the radioactivity in it. In particular they contain all the radium present in the original ore. At an underground mine they may be first cycloned to separate the coarse fraction which is used for underground fill. The balance is pumped as a slurry to a tailings dam, which may be a worked-out pit as at Ranger and McClean Lake.When radium undergoes natural radioactive decay one of the products is radon gas. Because radon and its decay products (daughters) are radioactive and because the tailings are now on the surface, measures are taken to minimise the emission of radon gas. During the operational life of a mine the material in the tailings dam is often kept covered by water to reduce surface radioactivity and radon emission (though with lower-grade ores neither pose a hazard at these levels).On completion of the mining operation, it is normal for the tailings dam to be covered with some two metres of clay and topsoil to reduce radiation levels to near those normally experienced in the region of the orebody, and for a vegetation cover to be established. At Ranger and Jabiluka in North Australia, tailings will be returned underground, as was done at the now-rehabilitated Nabarlek mine. In Canada, ore treatment is often remote from the mine that the new ore comes from, and tailings are emplaced in mined out pits wherever possible, and engineered dams otherwise.The radon gas emanates from the rock and tailings as the radium or thorium decays. It then decays itself to (solid) radon daughters, which are significantly alpha radioactive.*…Radon occurs in most rocks and traces of it are in the air we all breathe. However, at high concentrations it is a health hazard.A 1998 paper looks at the long-term population dose due to radon from uranium mining and shows that it is insignificant.WaterRun-off from the mine stockpiles and waste liquors from the milling operation are collected in secure retention ponds for isolation and recovery of any heavy metals or other contaminants. The liquid portion is disposed of either by natural evaporation or recirculation to the milling operation. Most Australian and many other mines adopt a "zero discharge" policy for any pollutants.Process water discharged from the mill contains traces of radium and some other metals which would be undesirable in biological systems downstream. This water is evaporated and the contained metals are retained in secure storage. During the operational phase, such water may be used to cover the tailings while they are accumulating.With in situ leach (ISL) operations, the orebody stays in the ground, in a contained aquifer, and uranium is recovered by circulating oxygenated and acidified groundwater through it, using injection and recovery wells. The saline quality of this groundwater in Australian ISL mines makes it far from potable in the first place, and after the uranium is recovered, oxygen input and circulation are discontinued, leaving the groundwater much as it was.The main environmental consideration with ISL is avoiding pollution of any groundwater away from the orebody, and leaving the immediate groundwater no less useful than it was initially.Descriptions of how environmental management is undertaken at Australia's three uranium mines, Ranger, Olympic Dam, and Beverley are under the Environmental Management headings of Australia's Uranium Mines, in the sections on the respective mines.In relation to Ranger, the Office of the Supervising Scientist was established by the Commonwealth Government in 1979 to oversee environmental protection at uranium mines in the Alligator Rivers region of the Northern Territory.RehabilitationApart from tailings, other solid wastes at a mine include equipment which is not able to be sold at the end of the operation. This is usually buried with the tailings.At the conclusion of mining, tailings are covered permanently with enough clay and soil to reduce both gamma radiation levels and radon emanation rates to levels near those naturally occurring in the region, and enough rock to resist erosion. A vegetation cover is then established.Mary Kathleen in Queensland was the site of Australia's first major rehabilitation project of a uranium mine. It involved the plant site, a 28 hectare tailings dam, and a 60 ha evaporation pond area. All this has now returned to being a cattle station, with unrestricted access. The rehabilitation project was completed at the end of 1985 at a cost of some $19 million, and won an award for engineering excellence.The Nabarlek uranium mine in the Northern Territory, c 270 km east of Darwin, was the first of the "new generation" of uranium mines to commence operations and the first to be rehabilitated. Environmental protection was stressed at Nabarlek since before mining commenced, and everything proceeded with eventual rehabilitation very much in mind. During the life of the operation the company worked together with government agencies, the Northern Land Council (NLC) and Aboriginal land owners to ensure a high standard of environmental management, culminating in its decommissioning and successful rehabilitation.At Ranger the planning of final restoration is well-established, and each year the company prepares a full-costed plan which assumes that mining could cease that year. All rehabilitation objectives must be achieved, including ecosystem viability, radiological safety, and landform stability (re erosion). This plan has been used as the basis for calculating the financial provision required for eventual closure at the end of mine life. In 2013 the net present value of the closure model for the Ranger project area and surrounds was estimated at A$640 million, fully provided for in the balance sheet. After substantial work had been commenced, at the end of 2016 the company had a rehabilitation provision of A$511 million plus provision for another A$100 million if required.A simpler model which can be applied is for the basic estimated cost of rehabilitation upon closure to be a bond held by the government, and such bonds are a routine requirement for any mines today. In the case of Ranger, ERA is obliged to secure funds for certain costs of rehabilitation in case of any need for premature closure. An annually amended plan is submitted to government outlining this provision, which is reviewed by an independent auditor. Money for this purpose is partly in a trust fund administered by the Commonwealth government and partly covered by bank guarantee.Apart from groundwater considerations discussed above, rehabilitation of ISL mines is very straightforward, making this a technique with remarkably low environmental impact. Upon decommissioning, wells are sealed or capped, pipes and process facilities removed, any evaporation pond revegetated, and the land can readily be returned to its previous uses.Experience at many mine sites is networked throughout the industry and available to present and future operators.Health of workersIn Australia all uranium mining and milling operations are undertaken under the Code of Practice and Safety Guide: Radiation Protection and Radioactive Waste Management in Mining and Mineral Processing, which sets strict health standards for radiation and radon gas exposure, for both workers and members of the public.In Canada the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission is responsible for regulating uranium mining as well as other aspects of the nuclear fuel cycle. In Saskatchewan, provincial regulations also apply concurrently, and set strict health standards for both miners and local people. Similar standards are set in other countries.While uranium itself is only slightly radioactive, radon, a radioactive inert gas, is released to the atmosphere in very small quantities when the ore is mined and crushed. Radon is one of the decay products of uranium and radium, and occurs naturally in most rocks – minute traces of it are present in the air which we all breathe.Australian uranium mines have mostly been open cut and therefore naturally well ventilated. The Olympic Dam and Canadian underground mines are ventilated with powerful fans. Radon levels are kept at a very low and certainly safe level in uranium mines. (Radon in non-uranium mines also may need control by ventilation.)Gamma radiation may also be a hazard to those working close to high-grade ores. It comes principally from radium in the ore, so exposure to this is regulated as required. In particular, dust is suppressed, since this represents the main potential exposure to alpha radiation as well as a gamma radiation hazard.At the concentrations associated with uranium (and some mineral sands) mining, radon is a potential health hazard (actually due to its short-lived decay products), as is dust. Precautions taken during the mining and milling of uranium ores to protect the health of the workers include:Good forced ventilation systems in underground mines to ensure that exposure to radon gas and its radioactive daughter products is as low as possible and does not exceed established safety levels.Efficient dust control, because the dust may contain radioactive constituents and emit radon gas.Limiting the radiation exposure of workers in mine, mill and tailings areas so that it is as low as possible, and in any event does not exceed the allowable dose limits set by the authorities. In Canada this means that mining in very high-grade ore is undertaken solely by remote control techniques and by fully containing the high-grade ore where practicable.The use of radiation detection equipment in all mines and plants.Imposition of strict personal hygiene standards for workers handling uranium oxide concentrate.At any mine, designated employees (those likely to be exposed to radiation or radioactive materials) are monitored for alpha radiation contamination and personal dosimeters are worn to measure exposure to gamma radiation. Routine monitoring of air, dust and surface contamination is undertaken.Canadian mine and mill facilities are designed to handle safely ore grades of up to 26% U.If uranium oxide is ingested it has a chemical toxicity similar to that of lead oxide. Similar hygiene precautions to those in a lead smelter are therefore taken when handling it in the drying and packing areas of the mill.The usual radiation safeguards are applied at an ISL mining operation, despite the fact that most of the orebody? radioactivity remains well underground and there is hence minimal increase in radon release and no ore dust.See also WNA information paper on Occupational Safety in Uranium Mining.Environmental Aspects of Uranium Mining

I’ll just list few issues.Hair often accumulates in large amounts in the solid waste streams and chokes the drainage systems, posing a multifaceted problem. Even often causing floods. They tangle and bind plastics and other wastes together.Due to slow degradation and a widely generated waste, it stays in the dumps/waste streams for long occupying large volumes of space.Over time, leachate from these dumps increases the nitrogen concentration in the water bodies, causing problems of eutrophicationBurning of human hair or the waste piles containing them—a practice observed in many parts of the world—produces foul odor and toxic gases such as ammonia, carbonyl sulphides, hydrogen sulphides, sulphur dioxide, phenols, nitriles, pyrroles, and pyridinesOpen dumps of hair generate hair dust which causes discomfort to people near them and, if inhaled in large amounts, can result in several respiratory problemsOils, sweat, and other organic matter sticking to the hair rot over time and become a source of foul odor and breeding ground for pathogens.Ref.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/498018 

Answer to this question is quite Complex and anyone who wants to understand this answer must have a detailed knowledge of this subject. I will try to answer it but before i do I would like to Ask forgiveness to Allah Almighty if i make any mistake while doing so, or if i hurt anyone's feelings.First we need to understand what is Islam and what is a muslim. Islam Is Derived from the Arabic word Salam, which means "peace". Muslim is someone who finds peace in submitting his will to the will of Allah (SWT). Which means if Allah (SWT) has ordered not to harm anyone, not to kill an innocent human being, not to steal, not to drink, not to lie, A muslim will stay away from these act as it is against the will of Allah (SWT). If Allah has commanded to perform prays, give charity, help others, keep clean, promote peace, etc he will try to do them since its the will of Allah (SWT). Only because if a muslim is born in a muslim family, or a muslim country and he has a name Osama, Umer, Ali, Zeeshan, Muhammad, Bilal etc doesn't make him a muslim. Unless and until he submits his will to Allah (SWT) and follow his Commandments.Secondly what is Islam ? I regret saying this but a vast majority of people who call themselves muslims don't even know this. Islam is not just a religion where we perform 5 times prayers and other obligatory worships like fasting, charity, Hajj etc. Its a Socio-economic, Socio-political, Socio-welfare system. Its a complete code of life, a complete system, explaining how to live your life, how to run an economy, how to run political system, how to maintain a society and community according to the will of the creator of heaven and earth and everything Beyond. Its like a systematic clock, with every part working together in harmony complementing each other. Like in a clock if you remove any part or gear the whole clock stops. Likewise in Islam if you go against any Law or commandment of the Allah (SWT) the system cannot work smoothly. I will be giving examples but to keep the answer short I'll answer directly to parts of your question, without explaining the whole system. But first let me tell you something about myself. I am 24, Pakistani, I was a born Muslim (By name) but now i'm trying to become a practicing Muslim. I am currently a student in my professional modules of Chartered Accountancy. So i think i have a good grasp of the economics, taxation and business system, and will try to answer the question in my limited knowledge. If i make any mistakes i request my muslims brothers with more knowledge to correct me.Governments and people in Muslim countries. There are about 48 muslims majority countries, Approx 1.7 Billion muslim, making around 25% of the world population. But what i regret the most is that a vast majority of them don't even know about the true meaning and essence of this system called Islam. Not a single one out of the 48 so called muslim country is following the complete and proper teaching of Islam. Not Even Saudia Arabia, Not even Iran or pakistan.Poverty. In Islam Zakat (Charity) is one the five pillars of Islam. what people don't know is that Zakat is not just charity, its a taxation system, a system far better than any tax system in the world. to keep it simple every muslim is taxed 2.5% on all its savings which are held for a year, (this exclude personal assets such as personal house, personal shop, etc essential for the livelihood for a person). let me give an example, there are three friends A,B & C. A is a family man with a family to look after, B is a single man. A and B both earns $50000, while C earns nothing but have a huge family fortune of $10 million that he inherited. according to the international system of taxation and a rate of 30%, both A & B pays $15000 in tax, while C pays nothing beside having huge funds. Since A is a family man with kids he has more expenses and hard to pay the same amount of tax, While its easier for B and generally no burden to C who lives his life lavishly. Let us assume the Islamic taxation (Zakat), now tax of 2.5% is charged on savings held through out the year. Since A has more expenses he might not be able to save anything, which means no tax for him, B might be able to save $25000 so a tax of $625 (25000*2.5%) will be charged to him, which is still alot lower than $15000. While C will have to pay $250000 (10 M *2.5%) but will still have a huge wealth left of 9.75 million, which might be more than enough. About 90% of the world wealth is with 10% of the world population. If we assume world debt to be equal to world wealth (Which is of course more), than 90% of $223.3 trillion, will make 200.97 trillion, if we charge 2.5% it will make about $5 trillion, more than enough to end the poverty of the entire world. Now you might say if this system is so much effective why is there poverty in muslim countries? the answer is simple, they are not following the system, they are following the western system of taxation. if every person in the world pays Zakat, It will be the end of hunger and poverty. It will also promote C to invest its money in business since its wealth is reducing, which will make jobs and help economic growth.Disorder. Hazrat Ali (R.A) the fouth Caliph, close companion and cousin of our Beloved Prophet Muhammad (SAW) said "system of kufr (Sin) can work but system of injustice cannot". Allah and his beloved Prophet (PBUH) has warned time and time again to its followers that Allah(SWT) is with those who do Justice, One the names of Allah (SWT) is Al-Hakam which means The Judge, The Giver of Justice, The Arbitrator. The One who is the supreme arbitrating magistrate. The One who is the only true judge. The One who always delivers justice in every situation. The One whose judgments and decrees are never over-turned or thwarted. The One who makes the final decision of the nature of all matters. The One who arbitrates all disputes. The Quran says “He raised the heavens high and set the balance” (55:7) which means that after creating the heavens, namely , all the stars, planets and galaxies, Allah set them in proper order so as to establish and maintain necessary balance and equilibrium in the system. It is because of this balance that the system has been functioning with harmony and it is because of such harmony that it has survived for billions of years .The Quran, therefore, tells us to maintain similar balance in our own spheres of influence and activities and not to disturb it (55:8).The word “balance”, among other things, implies doing justice. This is evident from another Quranic verse which says “ We sent our messengers with clear signs and instructions and sent down with them the balance and the book so that the people stand by justice” (57:25). Look at the Muslims nations, most of them have different laws for the rich and strong and different laws for the poor and weak, thats why there is so much disorder. In this context look at any nation which has justice in its legal system is in better condition that those that have injustice. Thats why Allah (SWT) has blessed Countries like USA and has taken the power from muslims and hand it over to Non-muslim.lack of development in Islamic world. Before we discuss this point let us first look at history of development of Islamic world. Many people even muslims are unfamiliar of their own history. Who are muslims? have they made any contribution to humanity's development?Well let me start with telling you about the first Welfare state of the world, No it was not Otto von Bismarck, the first Chancellor of Germany (in office 1871-1890) who developed it. It was muslims! The concept of Social security, Allowances to children, First People's treasury for the state and public, First Judicial courts of Justice were set where Judges and Magistrates handled all cases, Establishment of an army headquarters for the defence of the country, Construction of roads and canals, First public Schools were established. Salaries for Imams, Mu'azzins and Ustaads were organized, Masjids were improved and built in Makkatul Mukarramah and Madinatul Munawwarah. This included facilities for the traversal coming to perform hajj. first Police Stations and prisons were built, first time Proper weights and measures introduced, Population census established, first orphanages and welfare homes built, First state to Established proper punishment system and banned slavery. This is just a few things that muslim introduced 1400 years ago, which many western nations claims to introduces few hundred yeas ago, if you want to know more about the economic system and responsibility of muslim state follow this link Fundamentals of Islamic Economic System by Dr. Muhammad Sharif Chaudhry.Muslim also have a huge contribution to science, technology, mathematics, astronomy, chemistry, biology, you name it. the world as you know it would not have existed without muslims contributions. When west was in dark ages, it was infact the golden ages of humanity, when muslim collected every knowledge from around the world and preserved it, while west was destroying it. Their contribution from algorithms to theory of algebraic calculus, From Building the first university to developing the Arabic numeral system that we use now, they founded general formula for solving third degree equation, they founded trigonometric ratios, formulas and equations, The founded trigonometry. In physics they established the science of mechanics, we know Isaac newton but we don't know about Ibn al-Haytham, He had a great influence on Isaac Newton, who was aware of Ibn al-Haytham’s works. He studied the basis of calculus, which would later lead to the engineering formulas and methods used today. He also wrote about the laws governing the movement of bodies (later known as Newton’s 3 laws of motion) and the attraction between two bodies – gravity. It was not, in fact, the apple that fell from the tree that told Newton about gravity, but the books of Ibn al-Haytham. As we type "blood circulation discovery" on the internet it shows William Harvey who discovered blood circulation in 16th century but nothing comes up about Ibn al-Nafis whose work william harvey copied which he wrote in the 13th century along with 110 other volumes. Muslims describe the mechanical properties of geometric bodies. We developed the hydrometer, aerometer, the lever, balance, scale, they measured specific gravity of different substances, invented the pendulum, the spring and wall clock, they introduce the atomic theory of matter, they developed processes of evaporation, distillation, filtration, pigmentation, sublimation, crystallization, melting, they introduce methods of steel making, metal work, procedures for dying cloths and textiles, they established preparation methods for chemicals, sulphuric, nitric and hydrochloric acids, ammonia chloride, silver nitrate, mercuric oxide, chloride sulphide, sodium. They developed chemical processes and methods for manufacturing glass, soap, perfumes, resins, oils, oil paints, paper, sugar, gun powder, they introduced the uses of jars and flasks, scales and tubes and you can go on and on... in astronomy they developed, they developed astrolabes, sextants, prepared star catalogs of planetary motions, named over 200 stars with arabic names, they proved the earth as a spherical shape, they calculated the length of terrestrial degree, determined the earth circumference and diameter, the measured solar inclination angle, they charted the position and orbits of stars and planet. i can go on and on and on, i can write a whole book just naming muslim contributions to the world.there is not a single field which muslims have not contributed, infact there contribution is the most, and they did that hundreds and thousands of years before it was introduced in europe. but when we search the internet for muslims the only thing we can find is terrorism. this is how the media portray us for our contributions. Everyone knows europeon, western and other scientist, but no one not even the majority muslims knows about muslims contribution which they made hundred and thousand of years befores any other.So you may ask this question what happened, how did such developed society and civilization, is now so much under develope, the answer is simple, we have left the system which made us great, the system which is called Islam.Conclusion. Like being born in a muslim family and having a muslim names doesn't make us muslims, in the same way a country with muslim majority is not a muslim country. A muslim state is one which operates in the will of Allah (SWT) and saying so, it breaks my heart that no such country, nation of state exist in this time on the face of the earth. Once again i would ask for forgiveness from Allah(SWT) if i made any mistake, and apologies if i heart someones feeling.