A Message From The President G: Fill & Download for Free

They can:Add new charges, at any moment, to the existing ones, with a simple vote.Bring a second charge, or a second set of charges, as a separate item, with a simple vote.(Either is actually unlikely. There was ample evidence of crimes, as outlined in Volume II of the Final Report of Robert Mueller, last spring. The House decided to publicly denounce the president, but not to impeach over the ten instances of Obstruction of Justice which were detailed there.)The ten crimes committed personally by Donald Trump, in the Mueller Report: From Volume II of the (Redacted) Mueller Report:A. The Campaign's Response to Reports About Russian Support for Trump .. 15B. The President's Conduct Concerning the Investigation of Michael Flynn .. 24C. The President's Reaction to Public Confirmation of the FBl's Russia Investigation .. 48D. Events Leading Up To and Surrounding the Termination of FBI Director Comey .. 62E. The President's Efforts to Remove the Special Counsel .. 77F. The President's Efforts to Curtail the Special Counsel Investigation .. 90G. The President's Efforts to Prevent Disclosure of Emails About the June 9, 2016 Meeting Between Russians and Senior Campaign Officials .. 98H. The President's Further Efforts to Have the Attorney General Take Over the Investigation .. 107I. The President Orders McGahn to Deny that the President Tried to Fire the Special Counsel .. 113K. The President's Conduct Involving Michael Cohen .. 134Read the redacted Mueller report—————————After that, though, Trump ignored the warnings, and committed new felonies, when he tried to bribe a foreign leader into helping him with his own personal election campaign, and used U.S. Foreign Policy to do so. At that point, most of those in the House of Representatives had had it. They realized this corruption would continue as long as Trump was in office. Regardless of whether he is removed, someone needed to send a message that this behavior is criminal, and unconstitutional, and completely corrupt. Otherwise, every president from here on out would feel free to break the law, and subvert the Constitution, and to act in his or her own best interests, ignoring the supreme law of the land.

The planets all orbit the Sun at different speeds along orbits that are different circumferences, so they are usually distributed all around the Sun, as in this picture.But in the mid 1970s, there was an alignment that made it possible for a single spacecraft to pass near multiple outer Solar System planets, as in this picture.Now, you might be thinking "that doesn't look very efficient, why go in a curve instead of a straight line?" Well, the spacecraft is starting from Earth and since Earth is orbiting the Sun, that means any spacecraft launched from it is also orbiting the Sun.Let's imagine this on a smaller scale example. Imagine a flat disk that is not rotating. Now imagine an ant walking from the center outwards. Now imagine the same disk is spinning. Because the ant is on the disk, if the disk has an angular velocity, the ant does too, so the ant's movement (from the perspective of an outside observer) will be a curve.To be able to build one spacecraft and have it accomplish multiple missions was a marvelous opportunity. And, because this alignment of planets only occurs about once every 179 years, it was an opportunity that would be irresponsible to miss. It was such a good opportunity that we decided to build two identical spacecraft, in case something happened to the first one. Those spacecraft are named Voyager 1 and Voyager 2, and they look like this.Each Voyager is equipped with several scientific instruments to collect data about the objects it passes and the environment around Voyager. It has cameras that took beautiful pictures of the planets. It has a magnetometer to measure the strength and orientation of magnetic fields. It can detect cosmic rays and plasma.Notice that big white high gain antenna. We'll talk more about that in a moment, but let's address the first part of the question.1. What is the force that keeps it moving, and for how long will it keep floating in space?Imagine you are outside playing a ball game with some friends. You throw the ball to one of your friends that is nearby. A few minutes later you throw the ball to one of your friends that is faraway. You don't put a lot of conscious thought into it, but when you throw to the friend that is faraway you throw it with more force. Why do you do that? You do that because once you let go of the ball, the force from your arm disappears.A force (F) is something that accelerates (a) a mass (m). Your arm takes a stationary mass (the ball) and accelerates it and then you let go of it. At the point you let go, there is no more acceleration caused by your arm, because the ball and arm are no longer connected. But the ball keeps moving, because it has velocity. And it will keep moving until exterior forces decelerate it and lower the velocity to zero.This is Sir Isaac Newton's First Law of Motion.An object at rest will remain at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced force. An object in motion continues in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.This is a very important concept for spacecraft. People often assume that a spacecraft traveling through space needs to be firing a rocket engine to continue moving, but it doesn't.When the Voyager spacecraft were launched into Earth orbit, they traveled around the Earth until they were lined up to follow that yellow line in the above graphic and then they did a big, but short engine firing. This engine firing served to accelerate them to a great velocity. The spacecraft would then continue to travel along that yellow line without any form of propulsion.Sir Isaac told us that the Voyager should continue in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. Here on Earth we are used to seeing things decelerate pretty quickly when we let go of them. That deceleration is caused by unbalanced forces - things like friction with the ground or drag with the air.In space, once we get out of low Earth orbit, there is no air to cause drag. We are on no surface so there is no real friction. But there is one force that serves as an unbalanced force - gravity.The Sun is massive and thus has a huge gravitational attraction, pulling things towards it. We often imagine it like a big heavy metal ball on a canvas, like a trampoline. The ball stretches the canvas downwards, causing nearby things to roll towards the ball.The canvas is curved by the mass of the ball. The closer we are to the ball, the steeper the canvas is and the harder it is to climb out. The farther from the ball, the canvas gets less steep and it's easier to climb out.So, our objective with a spacecraft that is to head away from the Sun is to accelerate it to a high enough initial velocity that even though the Sun is decelerating it, because that deceleration gets less and less the farther away we get, the velocity never reaches zero. We call this initial velocity escape velocity.The escape velocity is going to be the velocity at which the spacecraft's kinetic energy is equal to its gravitational potential energy. This next equation illustrates that mathematically.The left side is the kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is defined as the energy that a body possesses by virtue of being in motion. It is determined by the mass and velocity of the object (in our case, Voyager).The right side is the potential energy. Potential energy is defined as the energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position relative to others. So, how far apart are Voyager and the Sun. Since it's the gravitational potential energy we include the parameters relevant such as the mass of the two objects and the gravitational constant.So, our variables are:m = mass of Voyager (~700 kg)M = mass of sun = 5.98E30 kgG = gravitational constant = 6.67384E-11 Nm^2kg^-2r = distance between object and sun (m)So, solving for v we get:Any spacecraft moving in excess of that velocity will be able to escape the Solar System without firing additional thruster burns.We can see that as r increases, the escape velocity decreases - meaning the farther one is from the sun, the less velocity is needed to escape. Here's a graph comparing the escape velocity for the Solar System to Voyager's actual velocity.Leaving Earth, Voyager had pretty much the same heliocentric (that means with respect to the reference frame centered on the Sun) velocity as the Earth. So, about 36 km/s. That's actually not fast enough to escape the solar system at that location (about 42 km/s).We're close to the Sun, so the Sun's gravity pulled on Voyager harshly. By the time it reached Jupiter, it was down to around 9km/s. That's below the escape velocity at that location, but we were able to use Jupiter's gravity to speed Voyager up, back to about 25 km/s. This happened with each planet. Until eventually past Neptune Voyager is slowly decreasing in speed but that deceleration gets less and less the farther it gets from the Sun and it is well above the escape velocity.So, Voyager will be able to travel away from the Sun forever. Eventually it will be attracted to another star.Okay, let's move on to the second part of the question.2. How does NASA receive the information it sends; and how long does it take for the information signals to reach Earth?NASA maintains what is called the Deep Space Network (DSN). It is composed of antenna sites in California, Spain, and Australia (each 120 degrees of longitude apart so that the the full Earth is covered). At these sites are giant dish antennae, ranging from 34 m (85 feet) to 70 m (230 feet) across. The antennae are parabolic (bowl shaped) - meaning they are designed so that every signal that hits them is reflected off of the curve towards the center where they are combined, making the signal stronger.These giant antennae manage to pick up the weakest of signals. In fact, it is believed that the antennae could continue to receive Voyager signals even if it traveled for another century (although we expect Voyager's power supplies to be too weak by about 2025). Voyager is powered by heat produced from radioactive decay. When it left Earth, that system had an output of about 450 watts. Today it is down to less than 250 watts.When Voyager transmits a signal, from its high gain antenna that is pointed at Earth, the signal power is at about 19 watts, but it becomes weaker and weaker as it travels about 16 hours at the speed of light, to reach Earth. By the time it hits one of the DSN antenna it is at about 10E-16 watts. Fortunately Voyager transmits at a very high frequency (x-band 8.4 GHz) which is not commonly used for terrestrial purposes, so the signal doesn't get lost in the clutter from things like cell phones, TV, and GPS.Let's figure out how long it takes for the signal to travel from Voyager to Earth.Voyager 1 is currently 19,330,000,000 km from Earth.Voyager 2 is currently 15,799,000,000 km from EarthA radio signal travels at the speed of light 300,000 km per second.Voyager 119,330,000,000/300,000 equals 64433 seconds or 17.9 hours.Voyager 215,799,000,000/300,000 equals 52663 seconds or 14.63 hours.I should close by talking and showing a little about what Voyager gave back to us. Voyager gave us indications that Europa has an ocean below its icy surface. It informed us that Titan has rain storms of methane. It revealed that Io releases sulfur and oxygen into a ring around Jupiter that inflates Jupiter's magnetic field. It took us to the termination shock where the solar wind suddenly drops in speed - the boundary of the solar system.The Earth and Moon together.The fluid dynamics of Jupiter's atmosphere. Voyager revealed dozens of giant hurricanes.GanymedeA volcano erupting on Jupiter's moon Io. Io has 100 times as much volcanic activity as Earth.Incredible details of the components of Saturn's rings including shepherd moons and kinked F-ring.Clouds and a dark spot on Neptune. We observed winds of 1600 km/hr (1000 mph).Ice geysers on Neptune's moon Triton.Voyager 1 is traveling 35 degrees out of the ecliptic plane, towards the Solar Apex, towards the constellation Ophiuchus. Voyager 2 is traveling 48 degrees out of the ecliptic towards the constellations Sagittarius and Pavo.Voyager will cross the galaxy for billions of years. Long after our solar system has died and been reborn as a new star, Voyager will still be heading outwards, carrying proof that we existed. It carries not only sounds and music that represents our cultures, but diagrams showing where we came from.Also on that record is a message from the President:"This Voyager spacecraft was constructed by the United States of America. We are a community of 240 million human beings among the more than 4 billion who inhabit the planet Earth. We human beings are still divided into nation states, but these states are rapidly becoming a single global civilization.We cast this message into the cosmos. It is likely to survive a billion years into our future, when our civilization is profoundly altered and the surface of the Earth may be vastly changed. Of the 200 billion stars in the Milky Way galaxy, some--perhaps many--may have inhabited planets and spacefaring civilizations. If one such civilization intercepts Voyager and can understand these recorded contents, here is our message:This is a present from a small distant world, a token of our sounds, our science, our images, our music, our thoughts, and our feelings. We are attempting to survive our time so we may live into yours. We hope someday, having solved the problems we face, to join a community of galactic civilizations. This record represents our hope and our determination, and our good will in a vast and awesome universe."

Hello!Great question!The answer is that it should! Allow me to explain.Exhibit A: Giuliani’s letter to Ukrainian President Zelensky in May.AMONG THE EVIDENCE: A letter from Giuliani to Zelensky seeking a May meeting which he says has Trump's "knowledge and consent." pic.twitter.com/GLkcP2TOfs— Kyle Cheney (@kyledcheney) January 14, 2020“I am private counsel to President Donald J. Trump,” Giuliani wrote. “Just to be precise, I represent him as a private citizen, not as President of the United States.”This confirms, as many have argued repeatedly, that Giuliani’s efforts in Ukraine were clearly for Trump’s personal benefit, not the country’s. That’s part of the reason why it was so grossly wrong, and indeed impeachable, for him to use the powers of his office to induce Ukraine to announce an investigation into Biden and other political opponents.This also means that Rudy G was NOT acting as a rogue agent like the GOP wanted us all to believe but acted with Trump’s “knowledge and consent.”Exhibit B: Trump lawyer Jay Sekulow gave John Dowd, another attorney, permission from the president to defend Igor Furman and Lev Parnas, two of Giuliani’s associates who have been indicted on campaign finance charges, in part, for their Ukraine-related work.Trump has claimed he doesn’t know who Furman and Parnas are, even though he has appeared in pictures with them. This evidence makes it harder to believe this is true and raises more questions about why he was trying to conceal his dealings with them.Exhibit C: Parnas wrote notes on Ritz-Carlton stationery suggesting he was directly involved with the Ukraine scheme.“get Zalensky [sic] to Annonce [sic] that the Biden case will Be Investigated,” he wrote.In a letter to House Judiciary Chair Jerry Nadler, Schiff said Parnas’ lawyer confirmed that he wrote the note.And then, there’s this guy.Thankful this man is our President! pic.twitter.com/xMa8Ug4aX0— HYDE for U.S. Congress (@rfhyde1) January 11, 2020Meet Robert Hyde. Robert Hyde is a congressional candidate who has donated thousands of dollars to Donald Trump’s 2020 reelection campaign, despite he owes the mother of his 13-year-old son more than $2,000 in child support, according to court records… He is the one who tracked former U.S. ambassador Marie Yovanovitch’s movements in Ukraine last March. Conn. candidate who deleted sexist tweet about Kamala Harris owes child support but gives big to Trump and GOPTwo choice messages from Hyde to Parnas:“They know she’s a political puppet. They will let me know when she’s on the move… They are willing to help if you/we would like a price.”Okay, that sounds kind of threatening, but ...“Guess you can do anything in Ukraine with money… what I was told.”Rudy Giuliani's associates are deeply creepy dudes. pic.twitter.com/4CVIS1UYKe— Susan Simpson (@TheViewFromLL2) January 14, 2020And there’s this:Extremely concerning detail from the House cover letter regarding the Parnas materials https://t.co/vWJ0Q1SdT8 pic.twitter.com/nFzYJnFwcC— Mikhaila Fogel (@MikhailaRFogel) January 14, 2020They are willing to help if we/you would like a price" -- what exactly were Rudy and the Shreks running Trump's shadow foreign policy, plan to do to Ambassador Yovanovitch?Reminder that Yovanovitch testified that UKRAINIAN officials warned her that Guiliani and other associates “had plans, and that they were going to, you know, do things, including to me”.This is beyond creepy. But more importantly, did Trump know about that? Especially when he said this in his phone call to Zelensky:Also relevant.Trump, during his infamous call with Zelensky, said this about on Yanvanovitch: "She's going to go through some things" pic.twitter.com/C584kUi2aa— Judd Legum (@JuddLegum) January 14, 2020She’s going to go through some things… Is there an evidence trail proving that Trump knew his hired henchmen were doing this? We’ll soon find out, I guess.To conclude: Lev Parnas wants everyone to know that he and his fellow Donald Trump henchmen were surveilling U.S. Ambassador Marie Yovanovitch, and discussed hiring local goons in Ukraine to surveil her or worse. Parnas willingly incriminated himself for crimes that appear to be even more severe than the crimes he’s already been arrested for. Lev is admitting that he tried to hire people to surveil, harass, or perhaps harm a U.S. Ambassador. Parnas is blowing himself up in the name of blowing Donald Trump up, in the apparent hope that he can score significant criminal leniency with the post-Trump DOJ if he helps take Trump down.You can all read it here: https://intelligence.house.gov/uploadedfiles/20200114_-_hpsci_transmittal_letter_to_hjc_-_new_evidence.pdfOther sources: Twitter. It's what's happening. and Here are 7 stunning new pieces of impeachment evidence just released by the House