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No exam is tough enough to overpower your will. SSC Combined Higher Secondary Level Exam and SSC Combined Graduate Level Exam are both conducted by Staff Selection Commission. ... This implies that the question paper of SSC CGL Exam is a bit difficult than of SSC CHSL Exam.Staff Selection Commission - Combined Graduate Level Examination, often referred to as SSC CGL is an examination conducted to recruit staff to various posts in ministries, departments and organisations of the Government of India. It is conducted by the Staff Selection Commission for selecting staff for various Group B and Group C posts. The Staff Selection Commission was established in 1975.PrerequisitesCandidates applying for the various posts need to have a bachelor's degree from a recognised university at the time of applying. The age requirements are between 20 to 30 years. The age limits may vary depending on the position applied. For instance, the position for Inspector of Central Bureau of Narcotics which had an age range from 18 to 27 years, was extended to 30 years in September 2018. The application fee for 2017 is Rs. 100. All women candidates and candidates belonging to Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribe, Physically Handicapped, and Ex-Servicemen eligible for reservation are exempted from paying application fee.StructureThe examination has several Tiers which are conducted over different days with results posted after each Tier. Previous exams also included an interview tier, but following a government order, interviews have been dispensed off for all non-gazetted posts in the central government as of 1 January 2016. A computer proficiency test or a skill test was also added as a Tier for some posts. There are four major tiers for the 2018 exam.Tier I: PreliminaryThe Tier I exam consists of a written objective multiple-choice exam with four sections, covering the subjects of:General Intelligence and ReasoningGeneral AwarenessQuantitative AptitudeEnglish ComprehensionThe exam was typically scored with maximum 50 Marks per section for a total of 200 Marks. The latest versions of this exam such as with 2018 have been conducted online.Based on results from Tier I, qualified candidates can then take the Tier II and Tier III exams.Tier II: Mains ExamAlso known as the Mains Exam, the Tier II exam consists of written objective multiple-choice exam, in four sections (also called "Papers"), covering the subjects of:Quantitative AptitudeEnglish Language and ComprehensionStatisticsGeneral Studies, which is subdivided into:Finance & AccountingEconomics & Governance.The exam was typically scored with maximum 200 Marks per section. Most positions required the candidate to take only the first two sections (Paper-I: Quantitative Aptitude, Paper-II: English Language and Comprehension), but certain positions require the third or fourth section. The latest versions of this exam such as the 2018 edition have been conducted online.Tier III exam: Descriptive PaperA pen-and-paper "offline" exam in which candidates are to do writing in the form of essay writing and letter writing, and sometimes précis and application writing. The exam can be done in English or Hindi.Tier IV exam: Data Entry Skill Test / Computer Proficiency TestIn 2016, a fourth tier was added with two possible exams depending on the positions applied:Data Entry Speed Test (DEST): candidates enter data at the rate of 2000 key presses in 15 minutes. This is mainly for positions such as Tax Assistant. (Central Excise & Income Tax)Computer Proficiency Test (CPT): covering the topics of word processing, spreadsheets, and making slides.Other examsOther exams are required for certain positions. The types included:Personality Test / Interview (discontinued starting 2016)Physical Endurance Test / Medical Examination for Central Police Organization (CPO)LogisticsThe 2016 exam was held in 44 batches across 96 cities.There were 3.8 million applicants, of which 1.48 million took the Tier 1 exam. 149,319 candidates passed Tier 1, and 35,096 candidates passed Tier 2. The final number of positions for the 2016 exam was estimated to be about 10,661.Candidates were allowed to view their answer sheets and point out errors in the grading of answers for a fee of Rs. 100 per question.For the 2017 exam, the SSC said about 3,026,598 candidates filled in the online application,of which 1,543,418 candidates took the exam. 226,229 candidates passed Tier and 47,003 candidates passed Tier 2.ControversiesOn 21 February 2018, it was reported that the screenshots of the question paper of the 2017 SSC Tier 2 exam appeared on social media before the exam began.This led to massive protests.The authorities canceled the exam and ordered investigation by the Central Bureau of Investigation.The Tier 3 exam for that year was also postponed.Exam delaysPostponements in exam dates and/or results have been a regular occurrence. In addition to the delays in launching the 2017 Tier 1 exams, the 2016 exam final appointments were delayed. The 2014 exam was also delayed and the 2018 Tier 1 exams are being postponed.There will be a big raise in salaries of SSC CGL Posts after implementation of 7th pay commission. SSC CGL salary structure is being divided into various groups and grade pay. As per the latest SSC CGL Salary structure, in Group “B” post (Gazetted officer) the salary of this rank will be more than compared to other posts. If you are applying for Group “B” post but Non-Gazetted Officer then the salary will be less than Group “B” post (Gazetted officer) and the Pay Scale of group “C” is less than other groups. SSC CGL employees are eligible for Dearness Allowance (DA), Overtime Allowance, City Compensatory Allowance, Travelling Allowance, House Rent Allowance etc. In this article, we have provided more information regarding SSC CGL Salary Structure 2018.Every year SSC organizes the Combined Graduation Level Exam for recruitment of eligible candidates for various posts in different ministries/departments/ organization. Salary package and the allowances given to the SSC employees are diverse for various posts.After 7th pay commission, there will be a hike in SSC CGL Salary structure for all posts. Increment rate of 3% has been retained. Also, two dates of increment have been introduced, 1st of January and 1st of June (Any one of them according to eligibility). The post wise latest SSC CGL Salary structure is given below.Inspector Preventive Officer-59276/-Sub Inspector (NIA)-47496/-Inspector (CBN) (Narcotics)-47496/-Junior Accountant-39808/-MILITARY SERVICES:-The Indian military services have established numerous academies and staff colleges across India for the purpose of training professional soldiers in military sciences, warfare command and strategy, and associated technologies.Education and trainingRashtriya Indian Military College: The Rashtriya Indian Military College (RIMC), Dehradun was founded on 13 March 1922 with the object of providing necessary preliminary recruit training for Indians wishing to become officers in Indian Armed Forces. The institution now runs school classes from 8th to 12th on 10+2 CBSE pattern and serves as a feeder institution to the National Defence Academy, Khadakwasla (Pune), where males who have passed 12th class of school are taken as cadets to receive their initial training for the Army, Navy and Air Force.Chail Military School Chail (oldest one) (Previously known as King George Royal Indian Military College) Shimla.Ajmer Military School Ajmer (Found 1930) (Previously known as King George Royal Indian Military College) AjmerBangalore Military School (Erstwhile King George Military School, Bangalore and now Rashtriya Military School, Bangalore)Belgaum Military SchoolDholpur Military SchoolThe Sainik Schools are a system of schools in India established and managed by the Sainik Schools Society under Ministry of Defence. They were conceived in 1961 by V. K. Krishna Menon, the then Defence Minister of India, to rectify the regional and class imbalance amongst the Officer cadre of the Indian Military, and to prepare students for entry into the National Defence Academy (NDA), Khadakwasla, Pune and Indian Naval Academy. Today there are 25 such schools covering all the states of the country.The schools come under the purview of respective state governments and Ministry of Defence, and in his Union Budget of 2008, Finance minister, P Chidambaram, allocated Rs 2 crore to each of the 22 Sainik schools, to counter rising attrition in the defence forces, especially at the officer level.Integrated national instituteIndian National Defence University at Gurugram in Haryana is likely to commence courses from 2018-19 as an autonomous integrated national institute. At least 66% students will be from the Indian Armed Forces and the remaining 33% will be from the Paramilitary forces of India, Police in India and civilians. Functioning on the similar principals as Indian Institute of Technologys (IIT) and Indian Institute of Managements (IIM), the university will offer post-graduate studies, doctoral and post-doctoral research as well as higher studies through distance learning to military and civilians to be imparted by the mixed teaching faculty composed of military officials and civilians in the ratio of 1:1.Courses will include war gaming and simulation, neighborhood studies, counter insurgency and counter terrorism, Chinese studies, evaluation of strategic thought, international security issues, maritime security studies, Eurasian studies, South East Asian studies, material acquisition, joint logistics, and national security strategy in peace and war.Following existing institutes will be affiliated to the university:National Defence College (NDC) New DelhiCollege of Defence Management (CDM) SecunderabadDefence Services Staff College (DSSC) WellingtonNational Defence Academy (NDA) Khadakwasla.Indian ArmyThe chief institutions training Indian Army officers are:Army War College: It is the premier All Arms Tactical Training Institution for officers and performs important functions of evaluation of concepts and doctrines in the fields of tactics and operational logistics. The institution was earlier known as College of Combat, Mhow and has been re-designated as Army War College, Mhow from 1 January 2003.Infantry School: The Infantry School, Mhow is the largest and the oldest military training centre of the Indian Army. The institution is responsible for developing the complete spectrum of tactical drills and concepts pertaining to infantry operating in varied terrain and environment and introduce them from time to time. This institution also trains the National Shooting Team under the aegis of Army Marksmanship Unit (AMU) which is part of Infantry School.Junior Leaders Wing: The Junior Leaders Wing, Belgaum is part of Infantry School, Mhow and trains junior officers and junior leaders in sub-unit level in tactical and special mission techniques to enable them to carry out assigned operational missions.Indian Military Academy: The Indian Military Academy (IMA), Dehradun is credited with providing excellent officers who are highly disciplined, thoroughly motivated and deeply committed to serve the Nation with honour and dignity. The valediction of the Academy is evident from the bountiful sagas of bravery, valour and sacrifice displayed by its alumni in times of crisis.Officers Training Academy: The Officers Training Academy imparts training to young men and women to enable them to take their rightful place as officers in the Indian Army., Chennai.Officers Training Academy, Gaya:- OTA Gaya, raised in July 2011, is the third pre-commission training (PCT) academy of the Indian Army with a planned training capacity of 750 cadets. It imparts pre commission military training to regular army officers from Technical and SCO entriesHigh Altitude Warfare School: The High Altitude Warfare School (HAWS), Gulmarg is a training establishment imparting specialised Mountain Warfare and Winter Warfare Training to Indian Army personnel.Armoured Corps Centre and School: The Armoured Corps Centre and School (ACCS), Ahmednagar is a premier institution of the Army. It imparts training pertaining to employment of mechanical forces in battle and development of concepts for future battle.School of Artillery: School of Artillery, Deolali Nasik district, Maharashtra is a premier institution of the Army and imparts effective training, evaluation of new equipment for induction and development of new concepts/ doctrine for application of artillery fire.Army Air Defence College: The Army Air Defence College (AADC), Gopalpur imparts training for provision of effective Air Defence Artillery protection to ground forces against long and medium altitude enemy air attacks and also to preserve specified tactical and strategic vital areas and pivotal points from critical danger and destruction from enemy air attacks.College of Military Engineering: The role of College of Military Engineering (CME), Pune encompasses three aspects, i.e., training, advisory, projects research and experimentation.Military College of Telecommunication Engineering: The Military College of Telecommunication Engineering (MCTE), Mhow is a premiere training institute of the Corps of Signals. A variety of courses catering for the training needs in Information Technology and Communication for the Indian Army are conducted at MCTE.Counter-Insurgency and Jungle Warfare School (India) (CIJW School): The CIJW School in Vairengte, Mizoram, is an institution for counter-guerilla training. The institution has risen to be the nodal agency for imparting counter-insurgency training for the other branches.Junior Leader's Academy (JLA), Bareilly and Ramgarh: The Junior Leader's Academy (JLA), Bareilly and Ramgarh conduct institutionalised leadership training for Junior Leaders, who are Junior Commissioned Officers and Non-Commissioned Officers of the Army.Army Service Corps (ASC) Centre and College: The ASC Centre and College, Bangalore imparts training to Officers, personnel below officer rank of Army Service Corps and other arms and services indicating personnel from foreign countries in various disciplines of Suppliers, Fuel, Oil and Lubricants, Mechanical Transport, Animal Transport and Air dispatch. The Centre also trains recruits for induction into service into Army Service Corps.Army Medical Corps (AMC) Centre and School: The AMC Centre and School, Lucknow conducts from basic to advance courses for Army Medical Corps and Military Nursing Service Officers. The Centre also trains recruits for induction into service into Army Medical Corps.College of Materials Management (CMM), Jabalpur: The College of Materials Management (CMM), Jabalpur is the hub centre of all logistics courses for Army. It runs courses like advance material management, higher munition course and quarter master courses for officers, JCOs and NCOs. It also imparts basic training to technical clerks.Military College of Electronic and Mechanical Engineering: The Military College of Electronics and Mechanical Engineering (MCEME), Secunderabad (Telangana) is an institution of technical education in the Army. The College was awarded the Golden Peacock National Training Award (1997) as well as Golden Peacock National Quality Award.Remount and Veterinary Corps (RVC) Centre and School: The RVC Centre and School, Meerut Cantt, imparts basic military and technical training to young veterinary graduates on commission and to various technical tradesmen of the corps like Dressors, Riders, Ferriers, Army Dog trainers and lab attendants. The Centre also trains recruits for induction into service into Remount and Veterinary Corps Centre and School.Army Education Corps (AEC) Training College and Centre: The AEC Training College and Centre, Pachmarhi is a Category 'A' establishment, a Regimental Training Centre for AEC personnel and an Autonomous College affiliated to Barkatullah University, Bhopal.Corps of Military Police (CMP) Centre and School: The CMP Centre and School, Bangalore imparts basic military training to all personnel enrolled in Corps of Military Police and also conduct courses for officers on deputation to the corps.Army School of Physical Training: The Army School of Physical Training (ASPT), Pune runs the Sports Training Course for Army personnel, central police organisation and paramilitary forces to train instructors capable of imparting physical training and sports coaching at appropriate level.Army Airborne Training School: The Army Airborne Training School (AATS), Agra imparts training in aerial delivery and air transportation of men and material. It is also responsible for carrying out Research and Trial pertaining to air portability and para dropping of all types of equipment.Institute of National Integration: The Institute of National Integration (INI), Pune imparts training to Officers, Personnel Below Officer Rank and Religious Teachers. Its focus is on instilling a sense of national and cultural unity in the officer corps.Institute of Military Law: The Institute of Military Law (IML), Kamptee imparts training to officers of Judge Advocate General Branch as well as other arms and services in military and allied law.Army Sports Institute: The Army Sports Institute (ASI) at Pune and Army Sports Nodes is a public-relations sports centre, intended for portraying the Army in a positive light. Appropriate funds have been earmarked for the construction and equipment coupled with food habitat, advertising and training under foreign coaches.Army Cadet College: Army Cadet College (ACC), Dehradun is a Wing of the IMA which caters for training of service cadets selected for commission. On completion of the course, these cadets also qualify for a B.A. or http://B.Sc. degree, recognised by the Jawaharlal Nehru University.Combat Army Aviation Training School (CAATS): CAATS is the main training course for aviators of the air wing of the Army, The Army Aviation Corps. It is located at the Army Aviation Base in Nashik Road. It replaced the Indian Air Force's academy, the Helicopter Training School (HTS), as the main training school for army aviators. It mainly operates Cheetahs and Chetaks and also has Simulators.Others include:Army Clerks Training School, Aurangabad.Army School of Mechanical Transport, Bangalore.Army/ Air Transport Support School, AgraEME School, Vadodara.Military Intelligence Training School and Depot (MITSD), PuneMilitary School of Music - PachmarhiIndian NavyThe Indian Navy has numerous training establishments at various places. The Indian Naval Academy is presently located in Ezhimala, near Kannur in Kerala State.Indian Naval Academy (Officers Training) - EzhimalaINS Agrani (Leadership Training) - CoimbatoreINS Chilka (Sailors Training) - ChilkaINS Dronacharya (Gunnery School) - KochiINS Garuda (Aviation) - KochiINS Hamla (Logistics Training) - MumbaiInstitute of Naval Medicine - MumbaiINS Kunjali (Music Training School) - MumbaiINS Mandovi (Provost and Physical Training School) - GoaNaval Institute of Educational and Training Technology (NIETT) - KochiNational Institute of Hydrography - GoaINS Shivaji (Engineering Training) - LonavlaShipWright School - VisakhapatnamINS Valsura (Electrical Training) - JamnagarINS Venduruthy (Seamen Training) - KochiINS Satavahana (Submarine School) - VisakhapatnamIndian Air ForceThe Indian Air Force has a Training Command and several training establishments. While technical and other support staff are trained at the various Ground Training Schools, the pilots are trained at the Air Force Academy located at Dundigal, near Hyderabad, Telangana.College of Air Warfare- SecunderabadPilot Training Establishment - AllahabadAir Force Administrative College - CoimbatoreInstitute of Aero-Space Medicine - BangaloreAir Force Technical Training College - Jalahalli, near BangaloreParatrooper’s Training School - AgraIndian Air Force Test Pilot School - BangaloreTETTRA Schools - PuneAir Defence College - Memaura (near Lucknow)Indian Coast GuardThe Indian Coast Guard has planned to set up a training establishment for Indian Coast Guard (ICG) personnel at Kannur district of Kerala.Indian Coast Guard Academy - AzhikkalTri-service InstitutionsNational Defence College: The National Defence College (NDC) inaugurated on 27 April 1960 is the only institution in the country that imparts knowledge on all aspects of national security and strategy. Senior Defence and Civil Service Officers participate in a 47-week comprehensive programme of national security and strategy.College of Defence Management: The Institute of Defence Management (IDM), Secunderabad was established in June 1970 to impart modern, scientific management training to the Armed Forces Officers. The IDM was renamed as College of Defence Management (CDM) in 1980. The College has trained over 5,000 officers of the rank of Major to Major General and equivalents of the three Services through its on-campus programmes. It has also given exposure in defence management to a large number of officers through external capsules. Officers from Para-Military Forces, Ministry of Defence, Research and Development Organisations and friendly foreign countries also attend various on-campus programmes.Defence Services Staff College: The Defence Services Staff College (DSSC), Wellington is a premier tri-service training establishment imparting training to middle level officers (Majors and equivalent) of the three wings of Indian Armed Forces, friendly foreign countries and Indian Civil Services. The DSSC is located in picturesque settings at Wellington, near Conoor in The Nilgiris mountains of Tamil Nadu State.National Defence Academy: The National Defence Academy (NDA), Khadakwasla is a premier Inter-Service training institution where future officers of Armed Forces are trained. The training involves an exacting schedule of three years before the cadets join their respective Service Academics, viz., Indian Military Academy, Naval Academy and Air Force Academy.Medical PersonnelArmed Forces Medical College (AFMC)The AFMC is located in Pune, Maharashtra. It is an inter-services institution. AFMC has multiple roles to perform. They are primarily training of medical undergraduates and post-graduates, dental postgraduates, nursing cadets and paramedical staff. Patient care forms an integral part of its training curriculum and the attached hospital benefits from the expertise available at AFMC. The institution is responsible for providing the entire pool of specialists and super-specialists to Armed Forces by giving them in-service training.The AFMC is well known as one of the premier medical institutions of India, and its entrance test is given by thousands of high school students throughout India (both male and female), who compete for its (approximately) 130 seats. Selected candidates are also required to pass a medical and fitness test, which is at par with the one for Officer Cadets. On the completion of the five-year course, the medical cadets are granted short service commission for seven years or permanent commission in the Indian Army, Navy, or Air Force, which includes a one year internship, after which the officers are detailed for Medical Officers' Basic Course (MOBC) at the Officers' Training School at AMC Centre and School at Lucknow for basic military training as well as training in battle-field medicine.Average Indian Army Soldier monthly pay in India is approximately ₹ 33,252, which is 52% above the national average. Salary information comes from 23 data points collected directly from employees, users, and past and present job advertisements on Indeed in the past 36 months.All in all an officer of Indian Army in the rank of Lieutenant Colonel gets around two lakh rupees per month as payment. A lieutenant colonel is promoted to the rank of Colonel. Colonel of Indian Army gets pay band or pay scale of 37000-67000 rupees.Army Captain Pay Calculator. Starting pay for a Captain is $4,046.70 per month, with raises for experience resulting in a maximum base pay of $6,583.50 per month. You can use the simple calculator below to see basic and drill pay for a Captain, or visit our Army pay calculator for a more detailed salary estimate.A brigadier general (the lowest rank for a general) with 20 years of experience earns$137,000 in annual salary, plus a $20,000 allowance—a largely untaxed subsidy for food and housing. Top generals max out at $180,000 in base salary.But military service will give you the golden oppurtunity to serve the nation.

12 Incidents In History That Forced Indians To Hang Their Heads In Shame1. Partition violence:The violence that took place in the days surrounding India's partition resulted in two to five million deaths and countless incidents of rape.Source: Source: Wikimedia commonsIndia's independence after centuries of British rule was supposed to be a cause for celebration for people all over the sub-continent, but partition was the price India had to pay for this happiness. As Pakistan was carved out of India, the frustration among people culminated into gruesome violence. Asking who started it and who was more brutal is pointless, since no side was a band of saints in the violence. Women were raped, millions died, plundering was commonplace and many more had to leave their homeland and property as a refugee crisis took shape.Kushwant Singh described the violence as, "The fact is both sides killed. Both shot and stabbed and speared and clubbed. Both tortured. Both raped.”2. Atrocities during emergency:Torture of political dissidents, forced sterlisation and the Turkman Gate massacre.Apart from the numerous violations of civil rights, human rights violations were also reported in this era. Political dissidents were detained without any notice and were tortured in prison. The worst incident of violence was when Sanjay Gandhi ordered the demolition of slums near Delhi's Turkman Gate area. People took to streets to protest the demolition and the state responded with brutality. The police opened fire killing 150 people and 70,000 residents were displaced. The heavily censored media was barred from reporting the shameful bloodbath.DDA vice chairman Jagmohan told residents demanding resettlement, "Do you think we are mad to destroy one Pakistan to create another Pakistan?”3. Anti-Sikh riots, 1984:The riots that followed Indira Gandhi's assassination resulted in 2,700 deaths and 20,000 Sikhs leaving Delhi.Source: Source: India TV newsIn June 1984, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi gave the orders for the Operation Blue Star at the Golden Temple in Amritsar, Punjab, to flush out Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and his militants. In October 1984, Gandhi was assassinated by her own Sikh bodyguards, triggering off unforgiving violence against Sikhs by Congress workers in Delhi and other cities in India. Weapons and money were distributed and slogans like 'Blood for blood' filled Delhi's air. Sikhs were pulled out of buses, killed by mobs and their turbans were burnt. Kerosene was allegedly supplied by Congress leaders who owned filling stations and voter lists were used to target Sikh majority localities.Many accounts also claimed that hardened criminals were released from prison to "teach Sikhs a lesson."4. Bhagalpur blindings:31 undertrials were brutally tortured and blinded by police in Bihar's Bhagalpur district.Source: Source: OutlookIn 1980, the revelations from prison in Bihar's Bhagalpur disctrict shocked the nation when it was reported that 31 undertrials were blinded by police. To add to the inhuman treatment, acid was poured into their eyes. The incident was widely criticised and discussed as some versions said that the prisoners were convicted criminals. But in any case, the kind of gruesome treatment that was meted out to prisoners by the police stands as a blot on Indian history and another example of police brutality.5. Babri Masjid demolition and riots:2,000 people were killed in riots that followed the demolition of the Babri Masjid by karsevaks belonging to religious fundamentalist organisations.It all began when LK Advani kicked off a rathyatra to Ayodhya. The rathyatr a saw participation by over thousands of radicals and on reaching Ayodhya, this crowd of karsevaks stormed the historic mosque, razing it to the ground. The incident was followed by nationwide riots with Delhi and Mumbai being affected the most.2,000 people were killed but different versions claim more. The Shiv Sena was at the forefront of the Bombay riots and unleashed a planned anti-Muslim pogrom in the city. Apart from the tremendous loss of life, the riots ruined Mumbai's cosmopolitan society. The 1993 Mumbai serial blasts which were carried out as a response to the riots, took the shameful circle of violence to a new level.6. 2002 Gujarat riots:Over 1,000 people died in the violence that followed the torching of the Sabarmati Express near Godhra, which killed 58 pilgrims.On February 27, 2002, a mob burnt down the Sabarmati Express near Godhra, in which 58 people lost their lives. Following the incident, the VHP called for a statewide bandh in Gujarat and so began three days of relentless bloodletting, plundering and mass rapes. Local newspapers and ministers of the state government used inflammatory speeches and incited violence against the Muslim community. Apart from the hundreds that died, 233 went missing, while 250 girls and women were gang raped and burnt to death. Children were burnt alive and acid attacks were also reported. The bloodbath has also remained a stain on PM Narendra Modi's political career with allegations of him not doing enough stop the spread of the violence.7. Laxmanpur Bathe massacre:58 Dalits were brutally massacred by members of radical outfit Ranvir Sena in Laxmanpur Bathe of Bihar.In December 1997, members of an upper caste landlord militia Ranvir Sena launched a planned ambush on the Laxmanpur Bathe village of Arwal district and gunned down 58 innocent Dalits. This figure also included 27 women and 16 children. The youngest victim of this massacre was a one-year-old child.8. Nirbhaya gang rape case:23-year-old brutally assaulted and gang raped by six men in a moving bus in Delhi.On the fateful night of December 16, 2012, a 23-year-old physiotherapy intern in Delhi was brutally gang raped and beaten by six men, resulting in fatal injuries. One of the rapists was a minor who beat her up and even inserted an iron rod inside her causing fatal injuries to her intestines. The shameful attitude of the society was revealed when no one stopped to help the duo lying helplessly on the road. She died on December 29, 2012, after days of treatment.9. Kawasi Hidme's untold story:15-year-old tribal girl arrested on charges of being a Maoist and brutally tortured after being raped.Kasawi Hidme (left) | Source: http://yuvasaisagar.comIt has been often reported that tribals in the Maoist belt have been subject to inhuman treatment. One of the casualties of India's war with itself is Kasawi Hidme from Chattisgarh. Hidme was arrested in 2008 at the age of 15, on charges of being one of the 350 Maoists that killed policemen in Bastar. By the time she was acquitted, Kasawi had endured a seven-year-long ordeal of rape and torture. Upon her arrest, Kasawi was lodged in different police stations for three months as she was raped and subjected to all kinds of torture. In addition to the story itself, the fact that this story and many such have remained untold among the masses is shameful for our country.10. Muzaffarnagar riots, 2013:62 people died and 50,000 displaced in violence sparked by an eve teasing incident.Like the previous two decades, the beginning of this decade was also marked by a major riot. This time the riots took place in Muzaffarnagar in Uttar Pradesh. The violence was described as the worst in UP's recent history, resulting in 62 deaths and a mass displacement of 50,000 people. The riots were sparked off following a dispute about eve-teasing which led to a youth being beaten to death. As if the gruesome violence was not enough, it was followed by political blame-games.12. Bhopal gas tragedy:Thousands died after being exposed to toxic gas methyl isocynate (MIC), which leaked from a Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) pesticide plant near Bhopal in Madhya Pradesh.On the night of December 2 1984, a gas leak occurred at the UCIL pesticide plant near Bhopal. Within an hour, around 30 metric tons of toxic MIC gas escaped into the atmosphere and formed a cloud which spread through the surrounding community. People who woke up to the symptoms like breathlessness and vomiting ran for their lives, and went on inhaling more. As children inhaled higher concentrations due to short height, the area around the plant became a gas chamber. 2,250 people choked to death that fateful night according to government reports, but other sources mentioned that 8000 had died in a week after the leak, while 8000 more died later on by diseases caused by the leak.The plant was closed down, and UCC chairman Warren Anderson who came to India after the disaster was put under house arrest and later escorted out of the country, by Indian government officials. The aftermath of the disaster left it's effects in the area with health complications going up, as the stillbirth rate went up by 300% in the affected region. Over three decades have past, but the victims of the Bhopal gas tragedy still await justice.These are some of the many human rights abuses by the state and gruesome crimes by other groups that have been a blot on India as a country and a democracy.India's Top 10 News Events That Defined The DecadeHere are some of the most noteworthy events that have defined the 2010-2019 decade in India:1) Narendra Modi And The General Elections Of 2014 And 2019: While the Congress led-UPA-2 was plagued with allegations of corruption and scams whilst also facing problems like severe policy paralysis, the BJP nominated Narendra Modi - the three-time Chief Minister of Gujarat whose state was a top performer - as its prime ministerial candidate. The BJP's election campaign titled "Abki bar, Modi sarkar" (This time, Modi's government) went on overdrive highlighting how Narendra Modi was a bold and effective administrator who has delivered consistently in Gujarat. He promised the people of India "achhe din" or better days. He also stressed on his slogan "sabka saath, sabka vikas" (For everyone, and development for all). The campaign was hugely successful. Narendra Modi became a household name across India, such that many termed it as a "Modi wave" across the nation. The mandate was overwhelmingly in his favour, and Mr Modi delivered the BJP's best ever result till then, giving it comfortably more than the 272 seats it needed to get a full majority. This became the first parliamentary majority by a single party since 1984. With its allies, the BJP in 2014 had over 300 of the 543 parliamentary seats. The stunning numbers provide incontrovertible evidence of the "Modi wave" which was much talked about. Narendra Modi became Prime Minister of India.Five years went by and the Modi government delivered on several promises. While there were some complaints, the BJP-led NDA government got more things right than it did wrong. Prime Minister Modi led from the front and delivered on several counts. His party - the BJP - also maintained the pressure on the opposition Congress, keeping them mostly on the back-foot. As the 2019 general election approached, Prime Minister Narendra Modi and the BJP seemed to have a clear advantage. The question most people asked was "Modi vs who?"The 2019 election result was declared in May, and the "Modi wave" became a "tsunami", or as some called it "TsuNaMo". The BJP got more than 300 seats by itself, and crossed the 350-mark with its allies in the NDA. The Rahul Gandhi-led Congress barely crossed 50. It has been little over six months since the second term of the Modi government began and it has already gone into top gear. However, some of its recent decisions have led to protests across the country. How things play out over the next four-and-a-half years is anybody's guess, but it is a crucial period for India - a period that will decide if India, the youngest country in the world in terms of average age of the population, will end up being a demographic dividend or a demographic disaster. A lot rides on Prime Minister Narendra Modi and his decisions.Narendra Modi becomes Prime Minister of India, forms a majority government after a "Modi Wave" sweeps competitors away in 20142) India's Space Missions: Mars, Moon, And More: In September 2014 ISRO made history when India became the first country in the world to reach Mars in its maiden attempt. Not only was it a remarkable achievement by India's scientists, it was so cost-effective that the whole world was awestruck by it. The Mars Orbiter Mission was achieved on a budget of $74 million, nearly a tenth of the amount the US space agency NASA spent on sending the Maven spacecraft to Mars. "We have gone beyond the boundaries of imagination," PM Modi said, applauding the extraordinary achievement.With Mangalyaan in martian orbit, India now set its eyes on another world record a few years later - of launching over a hundred satellites on board a single rocket. In February 2017, the PSLV-C37 carrying 104 satellites was launched from the First Launch Pad of Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Andhra Pradesh's Sriharikota at 09:28 IST. In about 18 minutes, all 104 satellites were released into space, each travelling at the speed of over 27,000 km per hour - 40 times the speed of an average passenger airline. The mission was a big success and received a lot of attention globally.All eyes we now set on India's second mission to the Moon. Named after its predecessor, the Chandrayaan-2 was launched in July 2019. Unlike Chandrayaan-1, which only had an orbiter, this time ISRO sent a lander named 'Vikram' and a rover named 'Pragyan'. It would be the first time India's space agency was attempting a soft-landing on the Moon. Things however, did not go quite as planned by the scientists and the mission was only a partial success. While the orbiter performs flawlessly from its lunar orbit, the lander and the rover were lost as the craft made a hard-landing on the Moon. Determined to land on the Moon, ISRO has hinted a another mission to the Moon in the near future.ISRO has also announced its plans for future mission, including India's first indigenous manned mission to space in 2022. The mission has been named 'Gaganyaan'. India's space plans also includes a second missions to Mars, a mission to Venus and a mission to the study the Sun from as close as possible. There are also reports claiming that ISRO is considering a mission to Jupiter, however there is no confirmation in this regard.India's ISRO set the world record for the largest number of satellites ever launched successfully on a single rocket - 104 satellites3) GST - India's Biggest Reform Since Independence: On July 1, 2017, at the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world slept, India's parliament launched the historic Goods and Services Tax or GST, unifying India as "one nation, one tax, one market", ending dozens of state taxes and levies and bringing goods and services with a common tax slab across the nation. The step not only helps reduce paperwork and helps logistics, but also curbs corruption and makes it easier for both domestic and foreign businesses. By implementing the GST, India unified its over two-trillion-dollar economy and more than 1.3 billion people into a common market. Goods and Services of a common type now cost the same in all states and union territories.The biggest game changer in GST is input tax credit, where credits of input taxes paid at each stage of production or service delivery can be availed in the succeeding stages of value addition. This means that the end consumer only bears the GST charged by the last point in supply chain, with set-off benefits at all the earlier stages.The GST is seen as a measure that will reap benefits in the long run.President Pranab Mukherjee, PM Modi launch GST, India's biggest tax reform, from Parliament at midnight4) Demonetisation Or As Many Called It, 'Notes Ban': On November 8, 2016, Prime Minister Narendra Modi addressed the nation at 8 pm. The announcement made the entire nation stop what they were doing and look at the nearest available television set. The 500 and 1,000-rupee currency notes were declared illegal tender, or in simpler words scrapped - of no value. The people were assured that their money was safe and all they needed to do was to deposit whatever cash they had in their bank accounts by December 30 the same year. Till that date people could only withdraw Rs 24,000 per week, including a maximum of Rs 2,500 from ATMs per day. The aim was to "end black money". Black money is money that is either unaccounted, untaxed, or illegal. By declaring and depositing whatever cash people had with them, the money would end up being accounted for and taxed, thereby bringing a sudden end to the shadow economy.The government also announced that anyone who has undeclared wealth in form of cash can pay the legit tax on it.While Prime Minister Narendra Modi and many in his government are convinced that demonetisation was a big success, critics and the opposition parties firmly believe otherwise. Leaders like Rahul Gandhi, Mamata Banerjee and several other senior politicians, some of whom were even formerly associated with the BJP, have been very critical of the government's notes ban move. However, if elections are an indicator of whose argument the people believe, the 2017 Uttar Pradesh assembly election, which were held shortly after the demonetisation move, gave a massive mandate favouring PM Modi's party, the BJP.People form queues outside ATMs during demonetisation - a measure the government says it took to address the issue of black money5) Nirbhaya Gang-Raped, India Outraged: On December 16 2012, a physiotherapy student and her friend climbed onto a bus in south Delhi, assured by the driver that they would be dropped off at their destination. The woman was gang-raped by six men for hours, brutalised with an iron rod and her intestines were pulled out. She died in a Singapore hospital 13 days later, leaving millions in shock. Amid outrage and street protests not just in India but also in other parts of the world, four of the rapists were sentenced to death by a trial court in 2013. A year later, the high court confirmed it. But Akshay Thakur, Vinay Sharma, Pawan Gupta and Mukesh moved the Supreme Court for mercy. Ram Singh, the bus driver, was found hanging in his cell in Tihar jail in March 2013, months before the rapists were convicted. The sixth convict was just short of 18 when he was arrested. He walked out of a correction home in December 2015 after spending three years - the maximum punishment for minors - sparking public outrage and an overhaul of the juvenile law.The four other convicts named above will hang, the Supreme Court has said, when though, is not known yet. Nirbhaya's parents still wait as the decade draws to a close.Hundreds of thousands of people protest across the country as India is outraged over Nirbhaya's gang rape6) India's World Cup Win: India became the first home nation to win a World Cup when they defeated Sri Lanka in the final at the iconic Wankhede Stadium in Mumbai. It was an emotional journey for India as it was Sachin Tendulkar's final appearance in cricket's biggest extravaganza. Sri Lanka won the toss and Mahela Jayawardene's unbeaten 103 took the islanders to 274/6 in 50 overs. India were in trouble when they lost both Sachin and Sehwag at 31/2. But it was for the 109-run stand between captain MS Dhoni (91 not out) and Gautam Gambhir (97) that took India to the cusp of victory before MS Dhoni and Yuvraj Singh finished it off.With victory at an arms distance, Yuvraj Singh at the other end, and eleven balls to spare MS Dhoni went for the kill - a huge six into the dark Mumbai sky, as Wankhede went from sudden silence to a roar in a nanosecond. India celebrated through the night, people and flags everywhere, with random hugs and tears of joy, cricket had united the nation once more. As for MS Dhoni, of all the things the great leader will be remembered for, that six is definitely the most lasting memory for all cricket lovers who have followed and idolised him over the years. That shot has made him immortal.India win the 2011 Cricket World Cup as Captain MS Dhoni hits a massive six in the 49th over, dedicates win to legend Sachin Tendulkar7) Surgical Strikes, Balakot, Doklam - Strategic Shift In India's Defence Policy: There has been a clear and visible shift in India's national security and defence policy, especially when it comes to aggression from neighbouring nations. The government now says it has a solid and effective zero-tolerance policy with regard to terrorism and countries which use terror as a state policy. Some recent examples of incidents that highlight the shift in India's defence policy are:Surgical Strikes Across The LoC: In September 2016, India conducted surgical strikes on terror launch pads across the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir. The strikes were carried out based on intelligence inputs of terrorists waiting in terror launch pads in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, waiting to cross over. It was also in retaliation to the 2016 terror attack carried out by Pakistani terrorists on a military camp in Jammu and Kashmir's Uri. Pakistani terrorists attacked the army base in Uri in one of the deadliest attacks on the military. 19 soldiers were killed. The surgical strikes conducted by India inflicted "significant casualties" at these terror launch pads, killing dozens of terrorists.Balakot Airstrikes: Balakot airstrike was conducted by India in the early morning hours of February 26, 2019, when the Indian Air Force had struck the Jaish-e-Mohammed's Balakot training camp deep inside Pakistani territory, using Mirage 2000 fighters armed with SPICE 2000 satellite-guided bombs. The Indian fighter jets had crossed the Line of Control before dawn and carried out "non-military, pre-emptive air strikes" based on specific intelligence inputs. Just two week earlier, a Jaish-e-Mohammed suicide bomber targetted an military convoy in Jammu and Kashmir's Pulwama, killing over 40 soldiers.The Doklam Stand-off: Between June and August 2017, India and China had a 73-day stand-off at Doklam near Sikkim border. In June that year, Chinese soldiers who began constructing a new road illegally in the disputed tri-junction area between Bhutan, Sikkim and China were stopped by Indian troops. China had claimed that it was constructing the road within its territory and had demanding the immediate withdrawal of Indian troops from the disputed Doklam plateau. Bhutan says Doklam belongs to it, and China has entered the area illegally. Later, in August, both sides agreed to withdraw their soldiers from the face-off site at Doklam.India carries out surgical strikes on terror launch pads across the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir8) Landmark Judgements By The Supreme Court: The country's top court has delivered some key judgements in the last ten years, especially in the second half of the decade. Here are some of them:Sabarimala Verdict: Women of all ages must be allowed in Kerala's renowned Sabarimala temple, the Supreme Court ordered in September 2018, ending a ban that prevented women and girls between 10 and 50 years from entering the shrine that draws millions of pilgrims every year. "Restrictions can't be treated as essential religious practice," the top court said in a majority four-one judgement, calling the custom "almost like untouchability". The only woman on the five-judge constitution bench, Justice Indu Malhotra, dissented, saying the court should not interfere in religious practices. For decades, women of menstrual age were restricted from entering the temple as its presiding deity, Lord Ayyappa, is considered to be a celibate. The hilltop temple remains open only for 127 days in a year and can be accessed through a forest. The review peition was filed, and the Supreme Court in 2019 agreed to a hearing in which it said that a larger 7-judge bench will look into the matter. The Supreme Court also said that the larger bench should frame parameters to deal with alleged discrimination against Muslim and Parsi women -- entry of Muslim women into mosques and ''dargah'' as also Parsi women, married to non-Parsi men, being barred from the holy fire place of an Agyari.Triple Talaq Verdict: In August 2017, the country's top court banned the controversial Islamic practice that allows men to leave their wives immediately by stating "talaq" (divorce) three times, calling the practice "unconstitutional". The verdict vindicated the stand of the government, which had said triple talaq violates fundamental rights of women. Several Muslim women who have been divorced because of it, including on Skype and on WhatsApp, had appealed to the top court to end the practice. The verdict was delivered by a panel of five judges from different major faiths - Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, Sikhism and Zoroastrianism.Verdict on Section 377: Consensual Homosexual Sex Between Adults: Homosexuality is not a crime in India anymore and it is not a mental disorder, five Supreme Court judges declared in September 2018 in a spectacular leap for gay rights in the country and a rainbow moment in its history. The Supreme Court overruled its own 2013 decision and partially struck down Section 377, a controversial British-era law that banned consensual gay sex. The ban is irrational, indefensible and manifestly arbitrary, the judges said. "Take me as I am," said the then Chief Justice of India Dipak Misra, toasting gay pride. "We have to bid adieu to prejudices and empower all citizens," said then Chief Justice Misra, reading out what he said was a consensus judgment. The judges also said: "Any discrimination on the basis of sexuality amounts to a violation of fundamental rights". The verdict was cheered by millions across the country, far beyond the gay community, which has fought for decades for the right to be treated equally.India decriminalises section 377 - consensual homosexual sex between adults9) Ayodhya, Disputed No More: In what is believed to be one of the longest court cases globally, the Supreme Court delivered its verdict in the Ram Janmabhoomi-Babri Masjid land dispute case in November 2019. The disputed land in Ayodhya belongs entirely to the deity Ram Lalla or infant Lord Ram, the Supreme Court said in a landmark verdict that paves the way for a temple at the site claimed by both Hindus and Muslims for decades. A five-judge constitution bench also ruled that a "prominent site" in the holy town in Uttar Pradesh will be allotted for a new mosque. The Ayodhya verdict came after a century-old legal wrangle over the land where the 16th century Babri mosque stood before it was razed in 1992 by Hindu activists who believe it is the birthplace of Lord Ram. In the riots that followed, more than 2,000 people were killed. In their verdict, the judges referred to a report by the Archeological Survey of India (ASI), which they said confirmed that a structure existed underneath the mosque but did not specify whether it was a temple. Earlier, an Allahabad High Court verdict prescribing a three-way division of the disputed land in September 2010 failed to satisfy the Sunni Waqf Board, the Nirmohi Akhara and Ram Lalla, the parties involved in the dispute. All three moved the Supreme Court. The dispute has now been settled by the Supreme Court, and the principal parties involved have accepted the top court's verdict. "It is time for healing. It is big relief that we did our duty entrusted on us," one of the judges told NDTV on the day of the verdict.Supreme Court of India delivered its verdict on the Ayodhya land dispute case, settling one of the longest disputes globally10) Jammu and Kashmir Fully Integrated, Article 370 Revoked: The "temporary" special status to Jammu and Kashmir under Article 370 of the Constitution of India was removed by a presidential order that came into force "at once", Home Minister Amit Shah said in parliament on August 5. The announcement came after Prime Minister Narendra Modi held a meeting of his cabinet at his house the same morning. Jammu and Kashmir was also "reorganised," with the state's bifurcation into two union territories, Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh - which came into being on October 31, 2019. The "temporary" Article 370 gave Jammu and Kashmir its own constitution and decision-making rights for all matters barring defence, communications and foreign affairs. Article 370 made it necessary for the centre to get the state legislature's approval for introducing any policies or constitutional powers to the state. With the removal of Article 370, the government says it will be able to develop Jammu and Kashmir at a much faster pace, ensure that the rights enjoyed by the rest of the country are extended to the residents of the two union territories. The government says it will also be able to tackle the Pakistan-backed terrorism in the two union territories. The Home Minister has assured that when the time is right, Jammu and Kashmir will be made a state again, however, Ladakh will remain a union territory.India has revoked the "temporary" Article 370 from its Constitution and made J&K, Ladakh union Territories.