Wso Williams: Fill & Download for Free

Both. Two Vietnam-era US aces were pilots (Randall Cunningham and Steve Ritchie) and three were Weapons Systems Officers (WSO) or Radar Intercept Officers (RIO), including William Driscoll who was the RIO for Randall Cunningham for all 5 of their kills. (WSO and RIO are the Air Force and Navy names for the "Guy In Back" in an F-4 Phantom.) One of the other WSO aces, DeBellevue, got four of his kills while Ritchie was piloting and two more with J.A.Madden as pilot.

No. If an individual gunner shot down 5 enemy aircraft (and had his kills confirmed by other credible witnesses), then he would be considered an ace. However, none of his crewmates would share in that victory. On the other hand, the bomber would generally have a swastika, or other victory mark, painted on it, so the aircraft itself would bear the victory markings of all enemy fighters downed by any of its crew. Sometimes the swastikas would be painted at the position of the crewmember who was awarded credit, but more usually they were all put together on the aircraft’s nose or side.So far as I know, the only time all crewmembers of an aircraft have been awarded full credit for the crew’s victories were with US F-4s during the Vietnam War. Since the F-4 (in theory) depended so much on the radar work of the Weapons System Operator (WSO — RIO in Navy-speak) in the back seat, it was decided that the “team” would get joint credit in the form of full (instead of half) credits. Thus, we have a situation that had five US airmen credited as having achieved ace status, but having accounted for only 17 Vietnamese People’s Air Force aircraft, not the 26 implied by their credits:Capt. Charles B. DeBellevue (WSO), USAF - 6Capt. Richard S. Ritchie (Pilot), USAF - 5Capt. Jeffrey S. Feinstein (WSO), USAF - 5LT Randall H. Cunningham (Pilot), USN - 5LTJG William P. Driscoll (RIO), USN - 5Ritchie and Debellevue teamed up for four victories, while Cunningham and Driscoll were together for all five of theirs. All five of Ritchie kills were with radar-guided AIM-7 Sparrow missiles, thus confirming the teamwork necessary to bring down their MiGs. The two victories DeBellevue achieved with another pilot were both with IR-guided AIM-9 missiles, which were employed fairly exclusively by the pilot. However, even in this case, the WSO provided an extra set of eyes outside the cockpit which may have proven essential for their success and survival. Likewise, two of Feinstein’s victories were with Sidewinders. All five of Cunningham and Driscoll’s victories were achieved with Sidewinders.Historically, if two or more aircraft teamed up to down an enemy, half or even one-third credits were awarded. Had Vietnam War F-4 aircrew split the credit for their victories in a similar manner, there would have been no US aces in that war. If the pilots had been given full credit for AIM-9 kills (and WSOs/RIOs not been given any credit), only Cunningham would have achieved ace status.In WWII, bombers flew in tight “boxes” designed for mutual protection, bringing as many defensive guns to bear as possible on an attacker. This resulted in large numbers of gunners filing claims for the same aircraft shot down. It was nearly impossible for intelligence officers to sort out exactly which gunner shot down which interceptor, so a lot of credits were awarded that all parties knew were exaggerated. My personal research leaves me to believe that, at least in the period of January-April, 1944, Eighth Air Force gunners were awarded approximately 7 credits for each Luftwaffe fighter actually destroyed. That may seem like a lot, but it actually represents a much lower figure than is often put forward by historians, and still represents a significant contribution. In fact, for the first three months of operations by the famed P-51 Mustang, bomber gunners probably accounted for more Luftwaffe fighters (even with a 1/7th downgrade) than the new escorts.A number of gunners were credited with 5 or more victories in WWII, however, because of the problems listed above, their credits are more suspect than those of fighter pilots, who generally had their victories confirmed by gun-camera footage. The highest number of credits I’ve seen awarded to a gunner is 17. Obviously, if you divide that by any number greater than 3 (let alone 7), we have no gunner aces. I’m sure that there were legitimate gunner aces, and I would suggest that credits awarded to gunners who weren’t flying in large combat boxes would likely be more firm than those who were competing with scores of other gunners trying to bring down enemy aircraft.I have also seen a list (haven’t confirmed it for myself, yet) of RAF Boulton Paul Defiant gunner aces. Since that aircraft was used as a heavy fighter and the only guns on it were in a turret containing the gunner, those aces are more likely to be legit. The aircraft has historically been dismissed as a complete failure of a bankrupt idea and was withdrawn from combat early in the war. However, the eleven aces claiming 87 Luftwaffe aircraft downed deserve at least a footnote in history.As an aside, there were two MiG-21 kills credited to B-52 gunners during the Vietnam War. In both cases (due to B-52 tactics), they were the lone claimants. Both aircraft were B-52Ds, armed with four .50 cal machine guns in the manned tail turret.

(This is predicated on the assumption that you're an incoming Williams Student)The single most helpful link:A map of Williams. I admittedly didn't personally visit the college before I arrived here, and the above is the single most useful resource I've needed to consult in my time here.Whiskered Sulpharseniate Oxyrrhynchid, or WSO, is a great resource for getting compiled opinions on professors or courses, as well as dorm space. It also includes a Williams Facebook (though I don't believe Freshmen are updated in).The rest is just administrative. This involves:1) Requirements for the Degree2) Hours & Venues | Williams Dining3) The Route 2 System (Internships and e.t.c.)Best of Luck!