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How can you teach your children to use the internet safely? It’s a question I’ve been thinking about a lot, as the father of five and seven year-old sons who are already adept with parental tablets and laptops alike.They know the internet is a magical entity capable of answering obscure questions; providing printable templates of pretty much any animal to colour in; and serving up endlessly-repeatable videos of startled cats, Stampy’s Minecraft exploits and loom band tutorials.What they don’t know is anything about viruses, online privacy, phishing, social networking etiquette, and any other internet safety and/or security issue you can think of.Teaching them about this now and in the future is my job, and the challenge of getting it right is intimidating – even for someone who writes about a lot of these issues for a living.But then I remembered that there’s a whole industry of internet safety and security experts, many of whom have children of their own, and have to face the same task of rearing safe, responsible internet citizens.The advice that these people are giving their own kids should be top-drawer, so what is it? I put a call out, and was overwhelmed by responses. Here are edited versions of 21 of the most useful.‘Start discussing online safety at an early age’David Emm, senior security researcher at internet security company Kaspersky Lab“I think one of the key things is to start the process of discussing online safety with your children at an early age, when they start to do anything that involves the Internet.They might still be using the computer with you, rather than independently and this offers an opportunity to highlight the fact that the online world parallels the real world and that there are both safe and unsafe things out there. It also enables you to discuss the things that are there to protect us, e.g. Internet security protection, passwords, etc.As they get older and begin to do things independently, widen the circle. For example, if you let them start an account with Club Penguin or Moshi Monsters, help them create a sensible password and explain why they should use different passwords for each account and the possible consequences of not doing so.”‘If you wouldn’t do it face to face - Don’t do it online’Shelagh McManus, online safety advocate for security software Norton by Symantec“The advice I give my own family and friends is encapsulated in: “If you wouldn’t do it face to face - Don’t do it online” For example, would you go up to a complete stranger and start a conversation? Would you be abusive to friends or strangers in a pub or bar?Just because you feel protected by the apparent distance a screen gives between you and the person you’re talking to, you must remember that online is still the real world.Mid to late teens need to remember that everything they do over the web is captured forever and could come back to haunt them. Many employers and university admissions offices look at social media profiles when researching candidates.My husband and I actually used to ask random questions based on what the younger family members had put online just to remind them that they should lock down their profiles! If they didn’t want their dad, uncles and aunts or future employers asking about exactly what was in that fifteenth drink on Saturday night, they needed to check their privacy settings!”Should children use the internet unaccompanied?“My view is very non-PC I’m afraid (no pun intended). I have no filtering of any kind on my kids internet, no snooping and no time limits. I have of course spoken to each of them about the perils of the internet and they know that it’s an unsafe place unless they stay on the mainstream sites.They do have AV [antivirus software] and I do scan their machines regularly for malware and ensure they remain fully patched but that’s it. Basically I trust them.They have approached me several times where something odd has happened or where they had concerns (one Google search my daughter did for Barbie and Ken certainly produced some interesting results I recall). Of course they may yet turn out to be axe murderers, but only time will tell and at least I don’t feel like a spy.”“Being a parent (four children), paranoid and a vendor I can shed some light on this. My basic belief is that adults have proven once and again vulnerable to cyber attacks and therefore we cannot expect children to be any better – especially given that their sense of curiosity is far more developed and their sense of caution far less mature.I do not expect my children to behave online much different than in the real world and therefore I explain to them about hackers being a type of criminal that breaks into your house through the computer rather than through the window. It’s easy for them to understand it.I also teach them to beware of strangers bearing gifts much like they should in the physical world. For example, I don’t allow my children to open a mail package if they don’t KNOW who sent it (or got my permission to do so) – much the same way, I don’t allow them to open unsolicited email attachments.Could they fall prey to someone who took over their friend’s account and sent out malware? Yes, but so would most adults. Could they fall prey to a targeted attack on our family? They probably will – like almost all adults.”“The Internet is a fantastic place, but you have to be careful what you do and say when you are there. Don’t say things which you wouldn’t talk about in conversations with your family, think about what you do and say, you may well regret what you do by hurting someone or being hurt yourself.Remember once you’ve written something you can’t delete it, despite what Google are doing in Europe, the right to be forgotten doesn’t apply everywhere! If what you do or say is controversial it will be copied many times and will always come back and bite you, even in later life when you apply to go to college, university or even a job.How you connect is important too, the gadgets you use, smart phones, tablets even old fashioned computers all need to be protected as well. But that’s only one part of it, those applications and services you use need to be protected, you don’t want others seeing your information. Use sensible passwords and protection, it’s a little price to pay for the security of your information and intimate details.Don’t be frightened to ask for help either, there’s lots of places and people who can show you what to do and how to behave such as Get Safe On-line, friends and teachers.”‘Never, under any circumstances, browse unaccompanied’Dave King, chief executive of online reputation management company Digitalis“The first and most fundamental principle is that my children never, under any circumstances, browse unaccompanied. They both have iPad Mini devices at which they are more adept than most adults I know. But both devices are set to forget the wifi access code so that they cannot get online without either my wife or I present.Ditto the computers in the house and the main screen for the computers to which they have access is in our living space (not bedrooms) so that any activity is plain to see.We talk to the children about the risks because the time will come that they have access outside the safety of our home. We make a point of being open about the concept of inappropriate content and the existence of bad people. In the same way that a generation ago we were told to shout loud when approached by a stranger, we tell the girls to tell us immediately of any approach online.We talk about trolling as we talk about bullying and we talk about paedophiles in the virtual and real world. Ultimately we want to retain their innocence but where we used to want street-wise kids we now need web-wise children.”‘Try and be vigilant and monitor what you can’Chase Cunningham, lead threat intelligence agent for cloud security company Firehost – and creator of educational comic The Cynja“For my kids I have already set them up with their own personal private clouds through the Respect Network and I have set up all the devices that they can or could access the internet with has a passcode that only I know and each device has blocks on sites that I consider risky.I also have set up monitoring on their credit reports (yes they are only three and five but kids credit thievery happens all the time) and I am with them when they are using the internet.I tried to explain to them about the nasty side of the internet but it kind of fell on deaf ears, but I was able to educate them about the dangers of the internet through my comic The Cynja.They didn’t understand what I meant when I talked about malware and botnets as a tech geek dad but they understood that bad things are out there in cyberspace when they read the comic and saw the images.For me, and quite a few other parents recently, that was a real connection point for the kids was when they had a comic character to relate to who is literally telling them about being safe online and protecting their digital selves, they understood the story and were getting the message of being safe online all at the same time.”“Get involved – I speak with my daughter regularly about which sites she is using, and given her age, I personally vet all app downloads. This way, I can keep an eye on security settings and make a judgement on whether I think it’s safe and appropriate for her to use.Educate early and often – I warned my daughter about the dangers of the internet as soon as she started browsing, and remind her of safe online behaviour regularly – don’t accept friendship requests from people you don’t know, verify requests if they look to be coming from someone you do know, never agree to a private chat with a stranger, never post your mobile phone number or home address online for all to see.Communication is key – I like to be open, approachable and understanding about what my daughter is getting up to online. This way it makes it easier for her to come to me with any problems she’s experiencing online, and she’s happy to ask for advice.On a more general note, talk to your kids about how they use their computers and smartphones and ask about any concerns they might have. Be prepared to field any questions they may ask – there are plenty of online resources available to help support you in answering tough and delicate questions.”‘Not just to tell them the rules but also to spend the time’Jesper Kråkhede, senior information security consultant at IT security company Sentor“My first observation on keeping your kids safe online is not just to tell them the rules but also to spend the time to show them that you’re the most trustworthy when it comes to the internet. In brief, a good line of communication with your kids, where they can talk to you and you to them is THE starting point for the best online protection.When it comes to passwords I tell them to use long sentences. Easy for them to remember and hard for others to crack. I teach them how to check that the virus protection is updated and how to answer requests. The bottom line we’ve agreed is that if they are unsure they should ask me.My kids use Facebook, Instagram, Twitter etc and I have asked them to be-friend me on all their apps. The next piece of advice I’ve given them is if they are posting a picture or a comment and they think they wouldn’t want me as their Dad to see it, then it doesn’t belong in the public domain at all.”‘Become friends and contacts in your child’s social media’“Make sure your children ONLY message and accept friend and contact requests from people they know. A lot of times the number of contacts of friends you have become a “popularity contest”. People that do not have appropriate of good intentions realize that and will try and contact kids by masking as people they are not and “infiltrating” the child’s “inner circle”.Make sure YOU as a parent, become friends and contacts within your child’s social media circles and ensure you monitor posts. Your children may resist but tell them that is one of the conditions for you to allow them access.Ask to see their child mobile devices periodically. Some children, especially the older they get, will not want Mom and Dad looking at their messages to their friends and that’s OK if the parent doesn’t want to do that.But if nothing else, look to see what apps are installed, take a mental inventory, and if the parent is not familiar with the app, go online and do investigation. That way you at least know the types of social media services your child is using and to the point earlier, you should at least sign up for that service to see what it’s all about.”“My general rule is If they can imagine a responsible adult standing behind them, and watching what they are doing on the Internet, and they would be happy with being watched by them, then what they are doing is ok.If they are on Twitter for example, or Facebook, commenting or replying to posts, If they think that I would be OK with them doing what they are doing, then it’s ok. They need to be helped to apply common sense, rather than told what to do, and this can be easy for children once you help them to understand the risks.My two children are 9 and 14 years old, so I have two different sets of rules and advice for them. For my youngest, I’ll teach her about the websites that are likely to be safe online: .http://co.uk, .edu, .org, etc., and I have a whitelist in place to make sure she only stays on those sites.However, as they get older, learn more and become more mature, that list grows out and it becomes more of a blacklist with just certain websites blocked. It’s about giving them more freedom as they get more mature.”‘It’s about them understanding simple safety rules’Lucy Woodward, director at Disney’s Club Penguin virtual world for children“This is the crunch generation – so it’s vital that we get it right, and kids and parents learn internet safety skills for themselves. My kids are still very young so for me it’s about them understanding simple safety rules at this stage and keeping it fun - for example understanding what a password is and keeping it secret (kids love secrets!).At school my daughter has an internet reading program where she has an individual password and I have found this a good way in to talking about the issue. My children like many will be straight on the internet at any given opportunity so I also encourage them to tell me if they click on something that they don’t like the look of so they get in to an early routine of doing this and always knowing they can talk to us.”“If you go out would you leave your front door open? Do you talk to strangers in the street who you know nothing about or meet them in a secluded location ? Do you tell strangers your deepest secrets and all your personal information?Remember the cartoon with a dog by a computer and the caption “The Beauty of the Internet is no-one knows you are a Dog“. People may not be what they seem and the 10 year old girl you are chatting with could be a 60 year old manJust apply standards you adopt offline to the on-line world and this will increase safety online. Be sensible and just remember that you have to be on your guard . Be careful about giving our any personal information including photos as once they are out there they could go anywhere.”“Kids are implicitly very trusting, so it’s possible that they are more likely to fall prey to a social engineering attempt and as such they need to be taught to spot them and not be afraid to question or challenge the need for disclosing things like passwords or other sensitive information in response to an e-mail, text, IM or social networking message.Further, it’s important for them to understand that anything that is put online should assumed to be permanent and they must be careful what they expose and that their identity and all that goes with it is precious.In the case of certain environments, considering the use of a Pseudonym, not disclosing one’s age or gender, and limiting identifying information for some of their interactions online is important.“I make sure that cybersecurity is an element of everything my kids learn and do on their computers and through the Internet. I teach my two young sons, who are both under 10-years-old, about the importance of safe internet use at home and in school, and have been training them up to become mini-security experts themselves.I regularly remind them that websites can redirect to other websites without them being aware and get them involved when installing patches, so that they know the importance of ensuring systems are up-to-date. As a result, my youngest can already run a network scan on the home network and understands the difference between an Operating System and applications. He can even help identify vulnerabilities.To keep my eldest from rolling his eyes at me and saying ‘oh dad…’ he gets extra time on his laptop if he helps out with making sure everything remains up-to-date when I am away. So you could say I have a small family SecOps team.”‘A few simple steps will help keep data secure’As a recent mother, whose job is to keep other people’s information secure, I am increasingly thinking about how I will keep my daughter safe online as she grows up.I work for a company which provides a secure file sharing system for high security businesses like banks, so am particularly aware of the risks from many free file sharing products.Some consumer products, like Dropbox, have had security problems – from privately shared links appearing in Google search results to criminals using the site’s perceived credibility to share malware with unsuspecting users. Young people will use these products, but they should be cautious about putting anything private on there.A few simple steps will help keep data secure. First, pick a file sharing service that lets you create “private” folders, so that only people with access credentials can see files. Second, get into the habit of deleting files once they’ve been shared, and if you’ve already shared files that are sensitive, delete those too.Finally, if you come across files from friends that make you uncomfortable, or you’re sure aren’t meant for you, delete them and don’t forward them on to others.”‘Learn about something yourself if you don’t know’François Amigorena, chief executive of software firm IS Decisions“The first rule I have for how I approach online security with them is to educate, educate, educate. Do not rely on anyone else to tell them what they should be doing, and often educate means learning yourself. Take the time to learn about something yourself if you don’t know. Also when educating children it’s good to use material or images, like web comics to get the point across as that way they’re more likely to listen.It’s worth remembering that some authority figures, even those at school, might give out of date or misinformed advice. So it’s always good to keep talking about these things with the kids and correct when necessary. For example a school figure from the library informed my children that all .org domains are safe. Which was once the case as it was created for non profits, but now they can be registered by anyone; just put any rude word in between ‘www.’ and ‘.org’.Don’t hand over any internet connected device before you know yourself how it works. I have known other parents who weren’t aware that an iPod can connect to the internet, and gave it to their 10 year old son who then managed to share a video of their neighbour’s daughter in a bikini online. The neighbours were quite rightly upset!”Several experts think internet security should be discussed with children from an early age.“Enforcing boundaries and engaging in age-appropriate open discussions about your child’s online activities will encourage your young cyber minds to learn the benefits and realise the dangers of the internet. It is important to begin these conversations with your children from an early age, in order to protect them from risks that they may not yet understand and to prepare them to face and manage the threats.Boundaries are often seen as restrictive and draconian by kids. But boundaries also bring freedom. They provide a clear understanding of what is safe and secure. Boundaries tell them where they are free to explore and roam.When it comes to learning to protect their privacy, discussing their use of social media is a good place to start. As the use of these platforms is now so widespread, it is important to put in place methods to prevent unsuitable content and talk to your children about the dangers of forming relationships with strangers online, as well as the importance of preventing personal information from being made public.This is particularly important as children get older, when parents will need to relinquish some control and cannot enforce those safety boundaries in the same way.”“I have two kids aged 11 and 14. How they interact with the Web and via what channels is constantly changing. One month they are all playing a game and using the in-message capabilities, the next they are back to using Facebook.Their interaction with the internet is dynamic and ever changing. They are also incredibly tech savvy, so whilst I do have filtering technology in place, anything else would – in all reality – be counter intuitive. My son would only see it as a challenge.So with this in mind, I have purposefully made sure that my kids and I have a very open relationship and we talk about anything and everything. This means that when they see sexual content on the web, which is inevitable, that rather than wondering about what it all means, we talk about it. The rights and the wrongs, what it all means etc.By talking openly with them it quickly becomes clear what behaviour is appropriate and what is not. It also gives them the opportunity to raise anything that they find troubling.”‘Staying safe now goes beyond the old computer security issues’“Parents and children rarely have time to truly communicate. So, first of all, parents should talk to their kids about potential problems that may occur when using the internet.A thorough look at each and every one of these issues – including cyber-bullying, Facebook depression, sexting, paedophiles, scammers and exposure to inappropriate content – should give the child an idea of what internet dangers are all about. Backing up the list of e-threats with real examples from their school or group of friends could also draw a comprehensive picture.Parents should know that staying safe on the internet now goes beyond the old computer security issues. Our recent studies show that parents now buy smartphones for their children when they are as young as 5 years old. The early use of both smartphones and tablets is boosting the risk of malware infections and SMS fraud, which make many victims among users who are still only learning to read.”‘Follow the same rules you would follow in the real world’“Follow the same rules you would follow in the real world. If you aren’t sure about something or someone ask your parents or another responsible adult and if anything ‘unusual’ happens when you are using your computer tell your parents.If any of your friends tell you how to get around the content filters and application installation barriers we have put in place – don’t do it, just come and talk to me about what you need; I was young once too, I think.I am a bit like Santa – I can always tell whether you have been good or bad on the Internet, but with much better incident response and forensics.”How have you approached issues of internet safety with your own children? Add your advice in the comments sectionSince you’re here…… we have a small favour to ask. More people are reading and supporting our independent, investigative reporting than ever before. And unlike many news organisations, we have chosen an approach that allows us to keep our journalism accessible to all, regardless of where they live or what they can afford.The Guardian is editorially independent, meaning we set our own agenda. Our journalism is free from commercial bias and not influenced by billionaire owners, politicians or shareholders. No one edits our editor. No one steers our opinion. This is important as it enables us to give a voice to those less heard, challenge the powerful and hold them to account. It’s what makes us different to so many others in the media, at a time when factual, honest reporting is critical. This post written by “theguardian” and if you are interested to learn more you can take the the course Safeguarding Children Level 1 through online.

My Review Here See right now if you want to see examples of Magnet Generators. It covers Magnet Generators detaily.In 1841, German physician and physicist Julius von Mayer coined what was to become known as a first law of thermodynamics: “Energy can be neither created nor destroyed,” he wrote. It can, however, be converted from one kind to another — by solar panels that turn sunlight to electricity, or in the transformation of natural gas molecules to the heat that cooks our dinner and heats our homes.“Magnetism is a force, but it has no energy of its own,” says David Cohen-Tanugi, vice president of the MIT Energy Club and a John S. Hennessy Fellow in MIT’s Materials Science and Engineering department. Still, he adds, “magnetism is extremely useful for converting energy from one form to another. About 99% of the power generated from fossil fuels, nuclear and hydroelectric energy, and wind comes from systems that use magnetism in the conversion process.”Every energy generation technology — with the exception of photovoltaics — relies on spinning turbines that put electrons in motion and push them through circuits and generators. “As these charged particles move past magnets inside the turbines, they create a field around them that affects other charged particles,” says Cohen-Tanugi. “This is the magnetic force that converts the energy of wind and coal and nuclear fuel to the electricity that’s sent out into the power grid.”Much of that grid is managed by using principles of magnetism, as well.“The transformer stations you see along the highway or in industrial areas are responsible for converting high voltage electricity to a usable 110 volts,” says Cohen-Tanugi. High voltage lines deliver power from the power plant to the transformer stations, and as electrons move through the transformer’s large coils, they give rise to magnetic fields that change the electricity’s frequency to a voltage safe for powering our toasters, bedside lamps, and hair dryers.Generators and motors in everything from hybrid cars to computer hard drives employ magnets, and researchers are currently investigating the potential of rare earth magnets, exceptionally strong permanent magnets composed of alloys of rare earth elements. Already used in state-of-the-art motors and generators and other energy-sector applications, they represent the next generation in magnetism’s role in energy production.Electricity (let’s say “electrical current”) is when electrically-charged particles flow, like water in a pipe. There are two kinds of electrical charge – positive and negative. Positive charges attract negative charges, but two particles with the same charge (both positive or both negative) will repel. That means they push apart.In other words, opposites attract.Usually, electrical current is made of tiny negative charges called “electrons” which come from atoms.Everything you can touch is made of atoms. Every atom is surrounded by a cloud of electrons moving randomly like bees around a beehive, attracted to the positive charges in the centre (or “nucleus”) of the atom.An electrical current usually happens when electrons leave their atoms and flow to other atoms.Read more: Curious Kids: How and why do magnets stick together?How to create an electrical currentThere are three main ways we produce electrical current.The first is batteries. In batteries, there is an “electrochemical reaction” that causes electrons to move from one kind of atom onto another kind of atom with a stronger attraction to electrons. A battery is designed to force these electrons to pass through a wire into your electronic devices.A second way is solar cells. Light energy is absorbed by electrons in something called “semiconductors” (usually silicon) which causes electrons to move, creating electrical current.But I think you’re asking about the third way that is usually used to generate electrical currents for power sockets in your house.Spinning a coil of wire in a strong magnetic fieldThis third way is to move an electrical wire quickly through a magnetic field. You need to do this because electrons in a wire cannot feel the magnetic force unless they are moving.To get a enough current for everybody, you must move a lot of wire through a magnetic field. We do this by spinning a coil (containing many loops of wire) quickly in a strong magnetic field.During each turn of the coil, electrons get a kick from the magnetic field, moving them along. This creates electrical current. In this animation, S represents the “south pole” of the magnet and N represents the “north pole”. The animation only shows a single loop of wire spinning in the magnetic field. In a real generator, there would be hundreds or even thousands of loops.Machines that do this are called generators. You can spin the coil using falling water (that’s called “hydroelectricity”), steam (produced from coal, oil, gas, nuclear energy or heat from the Sun), wind turbines that use the wind, and so on.In most generators, each time the coil does half a turn, electrons get a magnetic kick. In the next half-turn, they get a magnetic kick in the opposite direction. This means the direction of the current keeps swapping through many cycles rapidly.Electrical current which swaps direction is called “alternating current” or AC for short. Batteries produce current that travels only in one direction, called “direct current” or DC for short.In generators, we are not taking energy out of the magnetic field. The energy going into electrical current is actually coming from the energy used to spin the coil. Scientists call this “kinetic energy”.Back to the Earth’s magnetic fieldNow (finally!) to answer your question: why don’t we use Earth’s magnetic field to generate electricity?The amount of current a generator produces, depends mostly on at least three things: 1) how many loops of wire in the coil, 2) how fast the coil is spun and 3) how strong the magnetic field is.Earth’s magnetic field is very weak, so you would get very little current from your generator.How weak? Have you ever seen those button-shaped neodymium-iron-boron magnets, also called “neo-magnets”? (Be careful, they can really pinch you).These magnets are small, but powerful. Flickr/brett jordan, CC BYThey have magnetic fields around 6,000 times stronger than Earth’s magnetic field. Magnetic fields inside electrical generators are similar to this.Even fridge magnets have magnetic fields approximately 200 times stronger than Earth’s.Update: This article was updated on May 21 to include nuclear energy among the energy sources listed.We recently published an article on the Power Electronics with the headline, “Unique Motor Uses Only Permanent Magnets – No Electric Power Required.” We received a firestorm of criticism that this sounded like a perpetual motion machine and that it defies the law of conservation of energy and the law of thermodynamics. Some engineers said that it should have been dated April 1, because it must be a joke. I was led to believe that there was such a motor, but the motor does not exist—at least not yet.It turns out that the headline was incorrect. It should have said, “New Discovery Could Lead to Commercial Production of Permanent Magnet Motors.” The original article’s co-author, Dr. Kenneth Kozeka, discovered a way to use permanent magnets to produce mechanical motion. The article should have made it clear that this discovery could lead to a permanent magnet motor, but not yet. We followed up by asking Dr. Kozeka to explain the background for his discovery, and he provided what you’ll see in the text below. After reading this explanation, you can decide whether you think the approach is feasible.Dr. Kozeka says it is easy to imagine the attractive force between two magnets doing work for us, such as turning a motor when they pull themselves together. The problem, of course, is that energy has to be spent pulling the magnets apart if we want them to work for us again. In this manner, there is no advantage to having the magnets work for us.Scientists and inventors alike have attempted to use permanent magnets alone to drive a motor. Others dismissed the notion of a motor driven by permanent magnets alone as defying the laws of thermodynamics. We did not understand the source of the electromagnetic energy responsible for the magnetic forces. As early as 1926, quantum physics described intrinsic spin or angular momentum of the unpaired electron in ferromagnetic material as the source. Dr. Feynman (Nobel Laureate in Physics) describes the spin as “perpetual” in his lectures on electromagnetic energy.There are several theories in physics that propose the source of the electromagnetic energy, which is carried by streams of virtual photons emanating from the atomic electron. Whatever the source may be, it is intrinsic and abundant. The notion of a motor driven by permanent magnets alone is therefore feasible and cannot be dismissed as defying conservation of energy.A permanent magnet motor would not produce energy and would not be a perpetual motion machine.Instead, it would simply use the electromagnetic energy delivered by the angular momentum of the electron in the form of magnetic forces. Although quantum physics has described angular momentum as the source of energy, there remain some scientists and lay people who hold onto the incorrect paradigm that views permanent magnet motors as defying the basic laws of physics.The discovery presented here spotlights a very unusual phenomenon. Two permanent magnets with opposite poles facing are able to produce equatorial attraction and polar repulsion without reversing the polarity of a magnet and without the use of another energy source. The opposite poles do not produce the repulsion. Nor is the repulsion a byproduct of the inertia or momentum of the horizontal attraction. This is clearly evident by demonstrating polar repulsion occurring without first producing horizontal attraction. Visit Loading... for videos demonstrating separate horizontal attraction and vertical repulsion.It is amazing, if not breathtaking, to see two permanent magnets with opposite poles facing generate simultaneous equatorial (horizontal) attraction and polar (vertical) repulsion, which can be used to generate an attraction and repulsion sequence. In this manner, energy does not have to be spent to pull the magnets apart after they attract and do work for us. Instead, the magnets separate themselves. Both the attraction and repulsion phases can do work for us, such as driving an electric generator. There are two power strokes compared to one power stroke in a combustion engine. This amazing discovery cannot be dismissed or refuted, because it is easily reproduced by anyone. The Kedron website presents a video demonstrating this phenomenon using a small apparatus. Instructions are provided to reproduce this small apparatus. Rarely, if ever, is such an important scientific discovery so easily verified.It is not difficult to imagine how the power stroke of a combustion engine can be used to generate continued motion. Likewise, it is easy to imagine how the attract and repel power strokes of the permanent magnets can be used to generate continuous motion similar to the design of a conventional electric motor or a combustion engine. A video is available at the Kedron website that shows how several pairs of magnets connected together can produce continued motion by using the magnets at both ends of their travel. A simulation of how multiple pairs of permanent magnets can be connected to generate continued motion is also provided. This is perhaps the simplest version of a machine or “motor” generating continuous motion. Better designs will be used in a commercial unit.Kedron is seeking the partnership of companies that can develop and manufacture commercial permanent magnet motors.This discovery has been published to seek support for further development and implementation. Details of the motor design will become available after securing patent protection and commercial production by manufacturing companies.There’s apparently little limit to the imaginative ways to explore and exploit the “something for almost nothing” potential of energy harvesting. Researchers at UCLA working with participants at other institutions devised a triboelectric-based energy harvester that creates electricity from falling snow. Their snow-based triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) uses the fact that falling snow is positively charged and seeks to give up electrons (Fig. 1).1. The working mechanisms and FEM simulations of a snow-TENG: Schematic illustration showing the working mechanism of a snow-TENG utilizing three different operating modes including tapping, sliding, and snowfall (a, b, c); FEM simulation results for the corresponding operational modes (d, e, f). Finally, triboelectric charges can also be generated when snow falls on the silicone film. (Source: UCLA)1. The working mechanisms and FEM simulations of a snow-TENG: Schematic illustration showing the working mechanism of a snow-TENG utilizing three different operating modes including tapping, sliding, and snowfall (a, b, c); FEM simulation results for the corresponding operational modes (d, e, f). Finally, triboelectric charges can also be generated when snow falls on the silicone film. (Source: UCLA)Co-author Maher El-Kady, a UCLA assistant researcher of chemistry and biochemistry, said “Snow is already charged, so we thought, why not bring another material with the opposite charge and extract the charge to create electricity?”To pair with the falling snow and create the required electron transfer, they needed a suitable negatively charged material. “After testing a large number of materials including aluminum foils and Teflon, we found that silicone produces more charge than any other material,” said El-Kady. They then used 3D printing to construct the device, which has a layer of silicone and an electrode (Fig. 2).This allowed them to precisely control the design and deposition of the electrode and triboelectric layer, leading to a flexible, stretchable, and metal-free TENG.Based on the single electrode mode, the device can generate an instantaneous output power density as high as 0.2 mW/m2 (50-MΩ load), open-circuit voltage up to 8 V, and a current density of 40 μA/m2 under defined conditions (Figs. 3 and 4).3. Evaluation of the electrical performance of a snow-TENG for harvesting energy from falling snow: Voc and Jsc define the triboelectrification performance of a snow-TENG using different positive and negative triboelectric materials (a); influence of the UV light intensity and curing time of the triboelectrification layer (silicone) on the electrical output of the device (b, c). The plots compare the open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, and short-circuit charge under different conditions. (Source: UCLA)3. Evaluation of the electrical performance of a snow-TENG for harvesting energy from falling snow: Voc and Jsc define the triboelectrification performance of a snow-TENG using different positive and negative triboelectric materials (a); influence of the UV light intensity and curing time of the triboelectrification layer (silicone) on the electrical output of the device (b, c). The plots compare the open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, and short-circuit charge under different conditions. (Source: UCLA)4. Characterization of the electrical properties of a snow-TENG in tapping and sliding scenarios: The testing setup showing a vertical linear motor, snow layer, and the fabricated snow-TENG (a). Open-circuit voltage, Voc; short-circuit current Jsc; and external load dependent peak power in the tapping scenario (b, c, and d, respectively). The charging behavior of a 1-µF capacitor using the output from the snow-TENG; results show that the capacitor can charge to 2 V in almost four minutes (e). There’s no apparent degradation in voltage profiles for the snow-TENG even after about 8000 cycles of repeated loading and unloading at 3-Hz rate (f). This confirms that the snow-TENG is a durable and stable device, even with long-term usage. (Source: UCLA)4. Characterization of the electrical properties of a snow-TENG in tapping and sliding scenarios: The testing setup showing a vertical linear motor, snow layer, and the fabricated snow-TENG (a). Open-circuit voltage, Voc; short-circuit current Jsc; and external load dependent peak power in the tapping scenario (b, c, and d, respectively). The charging behavior of a 1-µF capacitor using the output from the snow-TENG; results show that the capacitor can charge to 2 V in almost four minutes (e). There’s no apparent degradation in voltage profiles for the snow-TENG even after about 8000 cycles of repeated loading and unloading at 3-Hz rate (f). This confirms that the snow-TENG is a durable and stable device, even with long-term usage. (Source: UCLA)The team did more than merely build an energy-harvesting transducer and power source.The snow-TENG can function as a self-powered sensor and weather station to monitor the weather in real time to provide accurate information about the snowfall rate, snow accumulation depth, wind direction, and speed in snowy and/or icy environments. In addition, it can be used as a wearable power source and biomechanical sensor to detect human body motions.The team believes the device could be produced at low cost given “the ease of fabrication and the availability of silicone,” added the project leader Richard Kaner, professor of chemistry and biochemistry, as well as materials science and engineering, and who holds UCLA’s Dr. Myung Ki Hong Endowed Chair in Materials Innovation.Full details of theory, fabrication, and test are in their paper “All printable snow-based triboelectric nanogenerator” published in Elsevier’s Nano EnergyThe Conversation is asking kids to send in questions they'd like an expert to answer. A student from Neerim South Primary School in Victoria wants to know why we don't use the magnetic energy the Earth provides to create electricity. An expert in physics explains.This sounds like a good idea at first, but it’s not very practical. Before I explain why, let me first explain how we generate electricity in case somebody reading this doesn’t already know.Electricity (let’s say “electrical current”) is when electrically charged particles flow, like water in a pipe. There are two kinds of electrical charge: positive and negative. Positive charges attract negative charges, but two particles with the same charge (both positive or both negative) will repel. That means they push apart.In other words, opposites attract.Usually, electrical current is made of tiny negative charges called “electrons” which come from atoms.Everything you can touch is made of atoms. Every atom is surrounded by a cloud of electrons moving randomly like bees around a beehive, attracted to the positive charges in the centre (or “nucleus”) of the atom.An electrical current usually happens when electrons leave their atoms and flow to other atoms.How to create an electrical currentThere are three main ways we produce electrical current.The first is batteries. In batteries, there is an “electrochemical reaction” that causes electrons to move from one kind of atom onto another kind of atom with a stronger attraction to electrons. A battery is designed to force these electrons to pass through a wire into your electronic devices.A second way is solar cells. Light energy is absorbed by electrons in something called “semiconductors” (usually silicon) which causes electrons to move, creating electrical current.But I think you’re asking about the third way that is usually used to generate electrical currents for power sockets in your house.Spinning a coil of wire in a strong magnetic fieldThis third way is to move an electrical wire quickly through a magnetic field. You need to do this because electrons in a wire cannot feel the magnetic force unless they are moving.To get enough current for everybody, you must move a lot of wire through a magnetic field. We do this by spinning a coil (containing many loops of wire) quickly in a strong magnetic field.During each turn of the coil, electrons get a kick from the magnetic field, moving them along. This creates electrical current. In this animation, S represents the “south pole” of the magnet and N represents the “north pole”. The animation only shows a single loop of wire spinning in the magnetic field. In a real generator, there would be hundreds or even thousands of loops.An animation of an AC generator.Machines that do this are called generators. You can spin the coil using falling water (that’s called “hydroelectricity”), steam (produced from coal, oil, gas, nuclear energy or heat from the Sun), wind turbines that use the wind and so on.In most generators, each time the coil does half a turn, electrons get a magnetic kick. In the next half-turn, they get a magnetic kick in the opposite direction. This means the direction of the current keeps swapping through many cycles rapidly.Electrical current which swaps direction is called “alternating current” or AC for short. Batteries produce current that travels only in one direction, called “direct current” or DC for short.In generators, we are not taking energy out of the magnetic field. The energy going into electrical current is actually coming from the energy used to spin the coil. Scientists call this “kinetic energy”.Back to the Earth’s magnetic fieldNow (finally!) to answer your question: why don’t we use Earth’s magnetic field to generate electricity?The amount of current a generator produces depends mostly on at least three things: 1) how many loops of wire in the coil, 2) how fast the coil is spun and 3) how strong the magnetic field is.Earth’s magnetic field is very weak, so you would get very little current from your generator.How weak? Have you ever seen those button-shaped neodymium-iron-boron magnets, also called “neo-magnets”? (Be careful – they can really pinch you).Several neodymium magnets on a wodden table.They have magnetic fields around 6,000 times stronger than Earth’s magnetic field. Magnetic fields inside electrical generators are similar to this.Even fridge magnets have magnetic fields approximately 200 times stronger than Earth’s.The spinning of the electrons around the nucleus of an atom creates a tiny magnetic field. The electrons in most objects spin in random directions, and their magnetic forces cancel each other out.Magnets are different because the molecules in magnets are arranged so that their electrons spin in the same direction. This arrangement and movement creates a magnetic force that flows out from a north-seeking pole and from a south-seeking pole. This magnetic force creates a magnetic field around a magnet.Have you ever held two magnets close to each other? They don't act like most objects. If you try to push the two north poles or two south poles together, they repel each other. But if you put a north pole and a south pole together, the magnets will stick together because the north and south poles attract each other. Just like protons and electrons—opposites attract in magnets.Magnetic fields can be used to make electricityThe properties of magnets are used to make electricity. Moving magnetic fields pull and push electrons. Metals such as copper and aluminum have electrons that are loosely held. Moving a magnet around a coil of wire, or moving a coil of wire around a magnet, pushes the electrons in the wire and creates an electrical current. Electricity generators essentially convert kinetic energy (the energy of motion) into electrical energy.When a conductor is placed in a changing magnetic field, the electrons in the conductor move, generating an electric current. Magnets produce such magnetic fields and can be used in various configurations to generate electricity. Depending on the kind of magnet used, a rotating electric generator can have magnets placed in different locations and can generate electricity in different ways. Most of the electricity in use comes from generators that use magnetic fields to produce that electricity.TL;DR (Too Long; Didn't Read)Electric generators rotate coils of wires through magnetic fields created by permanent or electric magnets. As the conducting coils move through the magnetic fields, the electrons in the wires move, creating an electric current.Using Magnetism to Create ElectricityWhile an increasing amount of electricity is produced by solar panels and a small amount is obtained from batteries, most electricity comes from generators that use magnetic fields to create electricity. These generators are made up of coils of wire that are either rotated through magnetic fields or are stationary around a shaft with rotating magnets. In either case, the coils of wire are exposed to changing magnetic fields created by the magnets.The magnets can be permanent or electric magnets. Permanent magnets are mainly used in small generators, and they have the advantage that they don't need a power supply. Electric magnets are iron or steel wound with wire. When electricity passes through the wire, the metal becomes magnetic and creates a magnetic field.The coils of wire of the generators are conductors, and when the electrons in the wires are exposed to changing magnetic fields, they move, creating an electric current in the wires. The wires are connected together, and the electricity eventually leaves the power station and goes on to power homes and factories.Trying to Build a Perpetual Magnetic GeneratorWhen permanent magnets are used in a generator, you just have to turn the generator shaft to produce electricity. After these generators were first developed, people thought they could get the generator to power a motor that would then turn the generator. They thought if the motor and generator were matched exactly, they could build a magnetic power source that would run forever as a perpetual motion machine.Unfortunately, it didn't work. Although such generators and motors are very efficient, they still have electric losses in the resistance of the wires, and there is friction in the shaft bearings. Even when the people doing the experiments got the generator-motor unit to run for a while, eventually it would stop because of the losses and the friction.How a Typical Power Plant Generator WorksLarge power plants have big, room-sized generators that produce electricity using magnetic fields from electric magnets. Usually the electric magnets are mounted on a shaft and are connected to the electric power supply. When the electricity is switched on, the electric magnets create powerful magnetic fields. Coils of wire are mounted around the shaft. As the shaft with the magnets rotates, the coils of wire are exposed to changing magnetic fields, and an electric current is generated in the wires.Many different methods can be used to make the shafts of the generators rotate and produce electricity. In wind turbines, the propeller rotates the shaft. In coal and nuclear power plants, the heat from burning the coal or from the nuclear reaction creates steam to run a turbine that drives the generator. In natural gas-powered plants, a gas turbine does the same job. Power plants need a source of energy that can make the generator shaft rotate, and then the magnets can produce the magnetic fields that generate electricity.In 1841, German physicist as well as doctor Julius von Mayer coined what was becoming widely known as being a very first law of thermodynamics: Energy is usually neither produced nor destroyed, he published. It is able to, nonetheless, be converted from a single sort to the next - by solar power panels which turn sunlight to energy, and in the transformation of natural gas particles on the temperature which cooks the dinner of ours and also heats the houses of ours.Magnetism is a power, though it's zero power of its to promote, states David Cohen Tanugi, vice president of the MIT Energy Club along with a John S. Hennessy Fellow in MIT's Materials Engineering and Science division. Nevertheless, he adds, magnetism is very helpful for transforming power from a single type to the next. Approximately ninety nine % of the energy generated with fossil fuels, hydroelectric and nuclear energy, and wind is from devices which employ magnetism in the conversion operation.Every power generation technology - except for photovoltaics - depends on spinning turbines which placed electrons in movement and drive them via generators. and circuits As these charged particles move earlier magnets within the turbines, they make an area close to them that impacts different charged particles, says Cohen Tanugi. This's the magnetic force which changes the power of wind plus nuclear fuel and coal on the power that is sent into the power system.A lot of that power grid is handled by utilizing concepts of magnetism, as well. The transformer stations you see across the freeway or perhaps in manufacturing areas are accountable for transforming excessive voltage electrical energy to a functional 110 volts, says Cohen Tanugi. High voltage lines provide electricity out of the electrical power plant on the transformer facilities, and also as electrons go throughout the transformer's big coils, they give rise to magnetic fields which load electricity's frequency to some voltage secure for operating the toasters of ours, bedside lamps, and hair dryers.Motors and generators in from hybrid automobiles to computer hard drives use magnets, along with scientists are presently examining the possibility of rare earth magnets, exceptionally effective everlasting magnets made up of alloys of rare earth elements. Previously utilized in state-of-the-art motors as well as other energy sector programs and generators, they stand for the coming generation of magnetism's role in energy generation.Electricity (let's say electric current) happens when electrically charged particles flow, including drinking water in a pipe. You will find two kinds of electric charge? negative and positive. Positive charges attract damaging charges, but 2 particles that have the same charge (both positive or maybe both bad) will repel. That suggests they drive apart.Put simply, opposites attract.Generally, electrical current features small bad costs known as electrons which originate from atoms.Everything you are able to touch is composed of atoms. Each atom is encompassed by a cloud of electrons moving arbitrarily love bees near a beehive, attracted to the beneficial costs in the centre (or maybe nucleus) of the atom.An electric current generally comes about when electrons leave their flow and atoms to other atoms.Read more: Kids that are Curious: Why and how do magnets stay together?The best way to develop an electric current You will find 3 primary methods we create electrical current.The very first is batteries. In batteries, there's an electrochemical response which causes electrons to transfer from one form of atom upon another type of atom by way of a stronger appeal to electrons. A battery pack is created to make these electrons to pass by way of a wire in the electronic products of yours.A next method is solar cells. Light energy is absorbed by electrons in a thing known as semiconductors (usually silicon) that causes electrons to shift, creating electric current.Though I believe you are asking about the final method that's generally used-to produce electric currents for power sockets in the house of yours.Spinning a coil of wire in a powerful magnetic field This 3rd method is moving an electric cable rapidly by way of a magnetic field. You have to do this since electrons in a wire can't feel the magnetic force until they're transferring.To get an adequate current for every person, you have to move a great deal of wire by way of a magnetic field. We make this happen by spinning a coil (containing numerous loops of wire) quick in a powerful magnetic field.Of each turn of the coil, electrons get a kick from the magnetic field, transferring them along. This generates electric current. In this particular animation, S belongs to the south pole of the magnet as well as N belongs to the north pole. The animation just reveals a loop of wire spinning in the magnetic field. In a genuine generator, there'd be hundreds or perhaps thousands of loops.Devices which make this happen are called generators. You are able to spin the coil utilizing falling water (that's called hydroelectricity), steam (produced from coal, oil, gas, nuclear power or maybe heating from the Sun), wind-powered generators which make use of the wind, etc.In many generators, every time the coil does half a turn, electrons receive a magnetic kick. In the following half turn, they receive a magnetic kick in the complete opposite path. What this means is the direction of the present keeps swapping through numerous cycles rapidly.Electric current that swaps direction is known as alternating current or even AC for brief. Batteries create up which travels just in one direction, known as direct current or maybe DC for brief.Inside generators, we're not taking power from the magnetic field. The power moving into electric current is really coming out of the power used to spin the coil. Researchers call this kinetic power.Returned to the Earth's magnetic field Now (finally!) to reply to the question of yours: why do not we utilize Earth's magnetic field to produce power?The quantity of present a generator creates, hinges largely on a minimum of 3 things: one) the number of loops of wire in the coil, two) exactly how quick the coil is spun plus three) exactly how powerful the magnetic field is.Earth's magnetic field is quite weak, therefore you would get hardly any current from the generator of yours.Exactly how vulnerable? Have you noticed those button shaped neodymium-iron-boron magnets, also known as neo magnets? (Be careful, they are able to actually pinch you).These magnets are compact, but effective. Flickr/brett jordan, CC BYThey've magnetic fields around 6,000 times stronger compared to Earth's magnetic field. Magnetic fields within electrical generators resemble this.Even fridge magnets have magnetic fields around 200 times stronger compared to Earth's.Update: This report was updated on May twenty one to incorporate nuclear power of all the sources of energy listed.We recently released articles on the energy Electronics together with the title, Unique Motor Uses Only Permanent Magnets? Absolutely no Electrical energy Required. We got a firestorm of criticism this sounded just like a perpetual motion machine and it defies the law of preservation of electricity and also the law of thermodynamics. Some engineers stated that it ought to have been dated April one, since it should be a joke. I was led to think that there is such a motor, although motor doesn't really exist - at the very least not even.It turns out the title was incorrect. It ought to have said, New Discovery Could Result in Commercial Production of Permanent Magnet Motors. The first article's co author, Dr. Kenneth Kozeka, found a means to make use of long lasting magnets to create physical motion. The content ought to have made it clear this discovery might result in a lasting magnet motor, although not yet. We followed in place by asking Dr. Kozeka to describe the history for the breakthrough of his, and he provided what you will notice in the book below. After looking at this explanation, you are able to decide whether you believe that the strategy is feasible.Dr. Kozeka states it's not hard to picture the appealing pressure between 2 magnets doing work for us, like turning an engine whenever they pull themselves together. The problem, obviously, is the fact that energy needs to be invested taking the magnets apart in case we would like them to benefit us once again. In this fashion, there's no use to keeping the magnets fit us.Inventors as well as scientists equally have attempted to use long lasting magnets by itself to operate a motor.Others dismissed the idea of a motor driven by everlasting magnets by yourself as defying the laws of thermodynamics. We didn't realize the cause of the electromagnetic energy to blame for the magnetic forces. As early as 1926, quantum physics described intrinsic spin or maybe angular impetus of the unpaired electron within ferromagnetic content as the cause. Dr. Feynman (Nobel Laureate in Physics) describes the spin as perpetual in his lectures on electromagnetic energy.There are many theories in physics which suggest the cause of the electromagnetic energy, that is taken by streams of virtual photons emanating out of the atomic electron. Regardless of the supply might be, it's abundant and intrinsic. The idea of a motor driven by everlasting magnets by itself is thus doable and can't be dismissed as defying preservation of energy.A lasting magnet motor wouldn't create electricity and wouldn't be considered a perpetual motion machine. Rather, it'd just make use of the electromagnetic energy delivered by the angular impetus of the electron in the type of magnetic forces. Even though quantum physics has discussed angular momentum as the cause of electricity, there remain lay individuals and several scientists that hold onto the wrong paradigm which views long lasting magnet motors as defying the fundamental laws of physics.The discovery presented below spotlights a really unusual phenomenon. 2 everlasting magnets with reverse poles facing are in a position to create equatorial attraction as well as polar repulsion without reversing the polarity of a magnet and without the usage of other source of energy. The opposite poles don't create the repulsion. Neither will be the repulsion a byproduct of the inertia or perhaps momentum of the horizontal appeal. This's certainly apparent by demonstrating polar repulsion happening with no very first producing horizontal attraction. Visit for video tutorials demonstrating distinct horizontal attraction as well as vertical repulsion.It's incredible, if not breathtaking, to find out 2 everlasting magnets with reverse poles facing produce simultaneous equatorial (horizontal) attraction and polar (vertical) repulsion, that may be utilized to produce an appeal as well as repulsion sequence. In this particular fashion, power doesn't need to be invested pulling the magnets apart after they entice as well as work for us. Rather, the magnets individual themselves. Both the appeal and repulsion phases are able to work for us, like driving an electrical generator. You will find 2 power strokes as opposed to just one power stroke in a combustion engine. This phenomenal discovery can't be dismissed or even refuted, since it's readily reproduced by anybody. The Kedron site presents a video demonstrating this particular phenomenon utilizing a little apparatus. Instructions are supplied to reproduce this little apparatus. Seldom, if ever, is such a crucial medical find as quickly verified.It's easy to consider the way the electrical power stroke of a combustion engine could be utilized to produce continued motion. Furthermore, it's so easy to picture just how the attract & push away power strokes of the long term magnets could be utilized to produce constant movement much like the style associated with a standard electric engine or maybe a combustion engine. A clip is readily available at the Kedron site which shows exactly how a few pairs of magnets attached together should generate continued motion by utilizing the magnets in both ends of the traveling of theirs. A simulation of just how several pairs of permanent magnets could be hooked up to generate continued motion is provided. This's probably the simplest model of a machine or maybe motor generating constant motion. Better designs will likely be utilized in a commercial device.Kedron is choosing the partnership of businesses that can create as well as manufacture commercial everlasting magnet motors.This particular discovery has been posted to seek support for more development and implementation. Details of the motor layout is going to become available after securing commercial production and patent protection by manufacturing businesses.There is apparently small limit to the innovative ways to explore as well as exploit the something for nearly nothing potential of power harvesting. Researchers at UCLA dealing with participants at various other institutions devised a triboelectric based energy harvester which creates electrical power from falling snow. The snow based triboelectric nanogenerator of theirs (TENG) utilizes the point that falling snow is positively energized and also seeks to provide up electrons (Fig. one).1. The functioning elements as well as FEM simulations of a snow TENG: Schematic illustration showing the functioning mechanism of a snow TENG utilizing 3 distinct operating modes which includes tapping, sliding, and also snowfall (a, b, c); FEM simulation outcomes because of the corresponding functional modes (d, e, f). Lastly, triboelectric charges may additionally be produced when ice falls on the silicone film. (Source: UCLA)1. The functioning elements as well as FEM simulations of a snow TENG: Schematic illustration showing the functioning mechanism of a snow TENG utilizing 3 distinct operating modes which includes tapping, sliding, and also snowfall (a, b, c); FEM simulation outcomes because of the corresponding functional modes (d, e, f). Lastly, triboelectric charges may additionally be produced when ice falls on the silicone film. (Source: UCLA)Co-author Maher El Kady, a UCLA assistant researcher of biochemistry and chemistry, said Snow has already been charged, so we thought, why don't you take an additional substance together with the other cost and acquire the fee to generate electrical energy?To match with the falling ice and make the necessary electron transfer, they required a good negatively charged material. After testing a lot of supplies like aluminum foils & Teflon, we discovered that silicone creates much more cost compared to every other information, said El Kady. They then applied 3D printing to establish the device, that has a level of silicone as well as an electrode (Fig. two). This permitted them to exactly manage the layout as well as deposition of the electrode as well as triboelectric level, resulting in a supple, stretchable, and metal-free TENG.Depending on the one-time electrode function, the unit is able to produce an instantaneous output power density as large as 0.2?mW/m2 (50 M load), open circuit voltage up to 8?V, along with a present density of 40?A/m2 beneath outlined conditions (Figs. three as well as four).3. Evaluation of the power functionality of a snow TENG for harvesting electricity from falling snow: Jsc and Voc determine the triboelectrification functionality of a snow TENG utilizing various positive as well as negative triboelectric components (a); impact of the UV light intensity and also curing period of the triboelectrification level (silicone) on the power output of the unit (b, c). The plots compare the open circuit voltage, short circuit electricity, and also short circuit cost under various conditions. (Source: UCLA)3. Evaluation of the power functionality of a snow TENG for harvesting electricity from falling snow: Jsc and Voc determine the triboelectrification functionality of a snow TENG utilizing various positive as well as negative triboelectric components (a); impact of the UV light intensity and also curing period of the triboelectrification level (silicone) on the power output of the unit (b, c). The plots compare the open circuit voltage, short circuit electricity, and also short circuit cost under various conditions. (Source: UCLA)4. Characterization of the power qualities of a snow TENG within tapping as well as sliding scenarios:The assessment setup showing a vertical linear motor, ice layer, as well as the fabricated snow TENG (a). Open-circuit voltage, Voc; short circuit existing Jsc; and outside ton reliant good energy in the tapping situation (d, c, and b, respectively). The charging tendency of a 1?F capacitor working with the paper out of the snow TENG; results indicate the capacitor is able to charge to two V in nearly 4 minutes (e). There is no obvious degradation of voltage profiles for the snow TENG even after aproximatelly 8000 cycles of repeated loading as well as unloading at 3 Hz speed (f). This confirms the snow TENG is a stable and durable unit, despite having long-range usage. (Source: UCLA)4. Characterization of the power qualities of a snow TENG within tapping as well as sliding scenarios: The assessment setup showing a vertical linear motor, ice layer, as well as the fabricated snow TENG (a). Open-circuit voltage, Voc; short circuit existing Jsc; and outside ton reliant good energy in the tapping situation (d, c, and b, respectively). The charging tendency of a 1?F capacitor working with the paper out of the snow TENG; results indicate the capacitor is able to charge to two V in nearly 4 minutes (e). There is no obvious degradation of voltage profiles for the snow TENG even after aproximatelly 8000 cycles of repeated loading as well as unloading at 3 Hz speed (f). This confirms the snow TENG is a stable and durable unit, despite having long-range usage. (Source: UCLA)The team did much more than just build an energy harvesting transducer as well as power source. The snow TENG is able to work as a self powered sensor as well as weather station to keep track of the weather conditions in time that is real to offer info that is precise regarding the snowfall fee, ice accumulation level, wind direction, and pace in snowy or icy locations. Additionally, it may be employed as a wearable power supply as well as biomechanical sensor to identify human body movements.The staff thinks the unit might be created at cost that is low considering the simplicity of fabrication and also the accessibility of silicone, included the project leader Richard Kaner, professor of biochemistry and chemistry and materials science and engineering, and that holds UCLA's Dr. Myung Ki Hong Endowed Chair in Materials Innovation.Complete details of concept, fabrication, then evaluation are in the newspaper of theirs All printable snow based triboelectric nanogenerator released in Elsevier's Nano EnergyThe Conversation is asking children to send in questions they would as a pro to reply to. A pupil from Neerim South Primary School in Victoria would like to determine exactly why we do not make use of the magnetic power the Earth offers to produce energy. A pro in physics describes.This actually sounds like a good idea in the beginning, but it is not so realistic. Just before I describe exactly why, allow me to initially explain exactly how we produce power in case someone reading this does not know.Electricity (let's say electric current) happens when electrically charged particles flow, including drinking water in a pipe. You will find two kinds of electric charge: negative and positive. Positive charges attract damaging charges, but 2 particles that have the same charge (both positive or maybe both bad) will repel. That suggests they drive apart.Put simply, opposites attract.Generally, electrical current features small bad costs known as electrons which originate from atoms.Everything you are able to touch is composed of atoms. Each atom is encompassed by a cloud of electrons moving arbitrarily love bees near a beehive, attracted to the beneficial costs in the centre (or maybe nucleus) of the atom.An electric current generally comes about when electrons leave their flow and atoms to other atoms.The best way to develop an electric current You will find 3 primary methods we create electrical current.The very first is batteries. In batteries, there's an electrochemical response which causes electrons to transfer from one form of atom upon another type of atom by way of a stronger appeal to electrons. A battery pack is created to make these electrons to pass by way of a wire in the electronic products of yours.A next method is solar cells. Light energy is absorbed by electrons in a thing known as semiconductors (usually silicon) that causes electrons to shift, creating electric current.Though I believe you are asking about the final method that's generally used-to produce electric currents for power sockets in the house of yours.In 1841, German physicist and physician Julius von Mayer coined what was becoming known as a very first law of thermodynamics: Energy is usually neither produced nor destroyed, he wrote. It can, however, be converted from a single sort to another - by solar power panels which turn sunlight to energy, and in the transformation of natural gas particles to the heat that cooks the dinner of ours as well as heats our homes.Magnetism is a force, although it has no power of its own, says David Cohen-Tanugi, vice president of the MIT Energy Club plus a John S. Hennessy Fellow in MIT's Materials Engineering and Science department. Nevertheless, he adds, magnetism is incredibly ideal for transforming energy from one type to the next. About 99 % of the energy generated with fossil fuels, hydroelectric and nuclear energy, and wind is from models which employ magnetism in the conversion process.Every energy generation technology - apart from photovoltaics - relies on spinning turbines that set up electrons in movement and drive them through generators. and circuits As these charged particles move past magnets inside the turbines, they make a niche around them that has an effect on other charged particles, says Cohen Tanugi. This's the magnetic force which changes the vitality of wind and coal and nuclear fuel on the electrical energy that's mailed into the power grid.Much of that power system is managed by utilizing principles of magnetism, as well. The transformer stations you see along the freeway or in industrial areas are responsible for converting high voltage electrical energy to a functional 110 volts, says Cohen-Tanugi. High voltage lines provide electric power out of the electrical power plant for the transformer stations, and as electrons move through the transformer's big coils, they give rise to magnetic fields that load electricity's frequency to a voltage safe for operating our toasters, bedside lamps, and hair dryers.generators and Motors in anything from hybrid vehicles to computer hard drives employ magnets, and scientists are presently examining the potential of rare earth magnets, exceptionally effective everlasting magnets composed of alloys of rare earth elements. Previously employed in state-of-the-art motors and generators as well as other energy sector programs , they stand for the future generation in magnetism's role in energy production.Electricity (let's say electric current) happens when electrically charged particles flow, including drinking water in a pipe. There are two kinds of electric charge? negative and positive. Positive charges attract harmful charges, but 2 particles that have the same charge (both positive or maybe both poor) will repel. That means they drive apart.In other words, opposites attract.Typically, electrical current features very small bad charges identified as electrons which originate from atoms.Everything you can touch is made out of atoms. Every atom is surrounded by a cloud of electrons moving arbitrarily like bees near a beehive, attracted to the beneficial fees in the centre (or perhaps nucleus) of the atom.A power current typically takes place when electrons leave their atoms and flow to other atoms.Read more: Kids which are Curious: how and Why do magnets are stuck together?How to develop an electrical current You can find three primary ways we create electrical current.The first is batteries. In batteries, there is an electrochemical reaction which causes electrons to move from one form of atom onto another kind of atom thanks to a stronger attraction to electrons. A battery pack is designed to just make these electrons to pass through a wire in the electronic devices of yours.A second approach is solar cells. Light energy is absorbed by electrons in a thing called semiconductors (usually silicon) which causes electrons to shift, creating electrical current.Though I believe you are asking about the third method that's typically used to create electrical currents for power sockets in the house of yours.Spinning a coil of wire in a solid magnetic field This third method is moving an electrical cable quickly by way of a magnetic field. You need to do this because electrons in a wire can't feel the magnetic force unless they are transferring.To get an adequate current for all people, you must move a considerable amount of wire by way of a magnetic field. We make this happen by spinning a coil (containing many loops of wire) quick in a strong magnetic field.During each turn of the coil, electrons get a kick from the magnetic field, moving them along. This results in electric current. In this particular animation, S represents the south pole of the magnet and N represents the north pole. The animation merely reveals a loop of wire spinning in the magnetic field. In a genuine generator, there would be hundreds or perhaps thousands of loops.Machines which make this happen are called generators. You can spin the coil utilizing falling water (that's called hydroelectricity), steam (produced from coal, oil, gas, nuclear energy or heat from the Sun), wind-powered generators which use the wind, and so forth.In the majority of generators, each time the coil does half a turn, electrons are given magnetic kick. In the following half turn, they get a magnetic kick in the opposite track. Meaning the direction of the current keeps swapping through many cycles rapidly.Electrical current that swaps direction is called alternating current or AC for short. Batteries create current which travels just in one direction, known as direct current or perhaps DC for short.Inside generators, we're not taking power out of the magnetic field. The power moving into electrical current is really coming out of the electricity used to spin the coil. Researchers call this kinetic energy.Back to the Earth's magnetic field Now (finally!) to reply to your question: why don't we utilize Earth's magnetic field to produce power?The quantity of recent a generator creates, depends largely on at least 3 things: one) how many loops of wire in the coil, 2) how quick the coil is spun plus 3) exactly how strong the magnetic field is.Earth's magnetic field is rather weak, hence you would get almost no current from your generator.How vulnerable? Have you ever noticed those button shaped neodymium-iron-boron magnets, also referred to as neo magnets? (Be careful, they can actually pinch you).These magnets are small, but powerful. Flickr/brett jordan, CC BYThey've magnetic fields around 6,000 times stronger compared to Earth's magnetic field. Magnetic fields inside electrical generators are similar to this.Even fridge magnets have magnetic fields about 200 times stronger than Earth's.Update: This report was updated on May 21 to include things like nuclear energy among the energy sources listed.We recently released articles on the strength Electronics with the title, Unique Motor Uses Only Permanent Magnets? Absolutely no Electrical power Required. We received a firestorm of criticism that this sounded similar to a perpetual motion machine and that it defies the law of efficiency of electricity and also the law of thermodynamics. Some engineers stated that it should have been dated April 1, because it should be a joke. I was led to believe that there is such a motor, although the motor doesn't really exist - at least not yet.It turns out how the headline was incorrect. It ought to have said, New Discovery Could Result in Commercial Production of Permanent Magnet Motors. The original article's co-author, Dr. Kenneth Kozeka, found a way to use long lasting magnets to create mechanical motion. The content ought to have made it clear this discovery can result in a lasting magnet motor, but not yet. We followed up by asking Dr. Kozeka to explain the background for his breakthrough, and he provided what you will notice in the book below. After looking at this explanation, you can decide whether you think the approach is feasible.Dr. Kozeka says it is easy to imagine the appealing pressure between two magnets doing work for us, such as turning an engine once they pull themselves together. The problem, naturally, is the fact that energy has to be used up taking the magnets apart in case we would like them to work for us once again. In this fashion, there is no advantage to having the magnets work for us.scientists as well as Inventors as well have attempted to use permanent magnets alone to operate a motor.Others dismissed the notion of a motor driven by everlasting magnets alone as defying the laws of thermodynamics. We didn't understand the source of the electromagnetic energy liable for the magnetic forces. As early as 1926, quantum physics described intrinsic spin or maybe angular impetus of the unpaired electron within ferromagnetic material as the source. Dr. Feynman (Nobel Laureate in Physics) describes the spin as perpetual in his lectures on electromagnetic energy.There are several theories in physics that propose the cause of the electromagnetic energy, which in turn is taken by streams of virtual photons emanating from the atomic electron. Regardless of the source might be, it is abundant and intrinsic. The notion of a motor driven by everlasting magnets on it's own is therefore feasible and cannot be dismissed as defying conservation of energy.A lasting magnet motor wouldn't produce electricity and would not be a perpetual motion machine. Rather, it would simply utilize the electromagnetic energy delivered by the angular momentum of the electron in the form of magnetic forces. Although quantum physics has discussed angular momentum as the cause of electrical energy, there remain several scientists and lay people that hold onto the wrong paradigm that views permanent magnet motors as defying the fundamental laws of physics.It is incredible, if not breathtaking, to check out 2 everlasting magnets with reverse poles facing generate simultaneous equatorial (horizontal) attraction and polar (vertical) repulsion, which could be used to produce an attraction and repulsion sequence. In this particular fashion, power doesn't have to be invested to pull the magnets apart after they entice and work for us. Instead, the magnets separate themselves. Both the appeal and repulsion phases are able to do work for us, like driving an electric generator. There are 2 power strokes as opposed to a single power stroke in a combustion engine. This amazing discovery cannot be dismissed or perhaps refuted, as it is easily reproduced by anyone. The Kedron website presents a video demonstrating this phenomenon employing a little apparatus. Instructions are provided to reproduce this little apparatus. Seldom, if ever, is such an important medical discovery as easily verified.It's not hard to consider the way the electrical power stroke of a combustion engine might be used to generate continued motion.Furthermore, it's so easy to picture just how the attract & repel power strokes of the long term magnets could be used to create constant activity just like the look associated with a regular electric engine or a combustion engine. A clip is readily available at the Kedron site which shows how several pairs of magnets attached together can generate continued motion by utilizing the magnets at both ends of their travel. A simulation of precisely how multiple pairs of permanent magnets can be plugged in to generate continued motion is provided. This is perhaps the simplest variation of a machine or motor generating constant motion. Better designs are going to be used in a commercial device.Kedron is seeking the partnership of companies that can create as well as manufacture commercial permanent magnet motors. This discovery has been posted to seek support for even more development and implementation. Details of the motor design is going to become available after securing patent protection and commercial production by manufacturing businesses.There is apparently little limit to the innovative ways to explore and exploit the something for almost nothing potential of power harvesting. Researchers at UCLA dealing with participants at various other institutions devised a triboelectric based energy harvester that creates electrical power from falling snow. The snow-based triboelectric nanogenerator of theirs (TENG) uses the point that falling snow is positively energized as well as seeks to provide up electrons (Fig. 1).1. The functioning elements as well as FEM simulations of a snow TENG: Schematic illustration showing the working mechanism of a snow TENG utilizing 3 different operating modes which includes tapping, sliding, and also snowfall (a, b, c); FEM simulation results because of the corresponding operational modes (d, e, f). Finally, triboelectric charges can also be made when snow falls on the silicone film. (Source: UCLA)1. The functioning elements as well as FEM simulations of a snow-TENG: Schematic illustration showing the functioning mechanism of a snow-TENG utilizing three different operating modes including tapping, sliding, and snowfall (a, b, c); FEM simulation effects because of the corresponding operational modes (d, e, f). Last but not least, triboelectric charges may in addition be generated when ice falls on the silicone film. (Source: UCLA)