Contract For The Lease And Mandatory Purchase Of Real Estate: Fill & Download for Free

I remember reading an article on Harvard Business Review by H. David Sherman and S. David Young titled ‘Where Financial Reporting Falls Short’. They gave an example that in the erstwhile GAAP around the world (whether those be IAS 11, IAS 18, AS 7, AS 9), an entity cannot recognize revenues unless costs are determinable. Thus, companies such as tech companies which sell their products as an entire suite to customers ranging from hardware installation, software implementation to maintenance found it difficult to recognize revenue for bundled services unless they tailor made their contracts to exclude some services and enter into contracts later. But this only harmed the objective of bundling like services. Financials should reflect the economic substance of the entity and not force an entity to change its operations. That’s why capitalization of leases under Ind AS 116 is considered as a welcome move by valuation analysts.This is one of the reasons why Ind AS 115 (IFRS 15 in UK) was introduced in India and will be mandatory for all companies following Ind AS w.e.f. FY 2018–19. It will replace all existing guidance relatedDifferences between the erstwhile GAAP and Ind AS 115 indicate a paradigm shift in revenue recognition. Following are some key differences between the two along with possible impact on financials:Contract is considered the primary document which will define the criteria for revenue recognition and no separate criteria exists for goods and services or construction contracts as in the erstwhile GAAP. Ind AS 115 follows a five step model for revenue recognition consisting of following steps (each pillar has detailed guidance which can only be understood after reading the standard):Identification of contractparties to the contract have approved the contracteach party’s rights are identifiable with respect to goods or services to be transferred. This will involve considering factors such as warranty obligations, future product upgrades, customer option for additional products in future.payment terms are easily identifiablecontract affects timing, amount or risk of future cash flows or the contract has commercial substancewhether receipt of consideration is probable (more than 50%)Identification of separate performance obligations: It is easy to confuse that revenue recognition will take place at contract level. But Ind AS 115 clearly indicates that an entity will identify its performance obligations which means promised goods and services under the contract or which may arise from customary business practices. However, it must be noted that not all promised goods and services will lead to performance obligations which has been explained in the standard. For example, an entity selling a mobile phone for Rs. 50,000 issues a discount voucher of 30% which can be availed within 1 month and it is expected that 90% of the customers will avail the discount based on past trend. Let us assume that the customer makes future purchases of Rs. 30,000 based on past trend. Then the expected price of voucher will be Rs. 8,100 (30,000 x 30% x 90%). Consideration of Rs. 50,000 will be allocated in the ratio 30,000 : 8,100 and the portion related to discount voucher will be recognized when the voucher is redeemed. This guidance didn’t exist in erstwhile GAAP. This is likely to drive down revenues and defer revenue recognition in future periods. In the given case, trade receivables of Rs. 39,370 (50,000 x 30,000/38,100) will be recognized correspondingly. But as per tax books, the same will be Rs. 50,000 due to differences in revenue recognition criteria. This difference will require creation of deferred tax asset.Determination of transaction price: ‘Transaction price’ is the amount of consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring goods or services to a customer, excluding amounts collected on behalf of third parties — e.g., Goods and Services Tax (GST). Several factors are required to be considered when determining price such as variable considerations, significant financing element in a transaction. Example for significant element in a transaction: Lets suppose I want to purchase an automobile from a company and the company has given me an option to pay Rs. 5,00,000 in two years’ time or Rs. 4,00,000 immediately and I will receive the control of vehicle after two years. If I avail the option of advance payment, it will be deemed that I have provided financing to the entity. Hence, the entity along with recognizing a contract liability of Rs. 4,00,000 will also recognize an interest expense using its incremental borrowing rate (lets say 10%). Over the period of two years, I will recognize a total interest expense of Rs. 84,000 with a corresponding increase in contract liability. After two years, the entity will recognize a revenue of Rs. 4,84,000 by reversing contract liability. This being a notional adjustment will be nullified in tax calculations, however, will impact deferred tax due to the temporary nature of this notional interest.Allocation of Transaction price: A transaction price determined for a contract is allocated to performance obligations in the same manner as given in point b. It too has a detailed guidance.Satisfaction of performance obligation: Last step of the ladder. As per Ind AS 115, an entity shall recognize revenue when or as the entity satisfies a performance obligation by transferring a promised good or service (i.e. an asset) to a customer. An asset is transferred when (or as) the customer obtains control of that asset. Thus, the condition of transfer of significant risks and rewards in case of goods by the entity has been replaced by customer obtaining control. Control is directly linked to obtaining benefits from the asset which is evaluated by considering these inclusive factors:using the asset to produce goods or provide servicesusing the asset to enhance the value of other assetsusing the asset to settle liabilities or reduce expensesselling or exchanging the assetpledging the asset to secure a loanholding the assetInterest and Dividend will be recognized as income as per Ind AS 109 and hence, outside the scope of Ind AS 115 using effective interest rate method unlike erstwhile GAAP.Ind AS 115 provides detailed accounting guidance for recognition of revenue in case of warranties depending upon whether warranty is a separately purchased warranty or one which cannot be separately purchased (for example, a mobile phone purchased accompanying warranty of 1 year. These will be dealt as per Ind AS 37).Shift from POCM under existing standards to fulfillment of any of the following criteria:The customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits provided by the entity’s performance as the entity performs.The entity’s performance creates or enhances an asset that the customer controls as the asset is created or enhanced.The entity’s performance does not create an asset with an alternative use to the entity and the entity has an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date.Commissions in real estate transactions: These will be treated as costs of securing a contract which will be amortized over the period of the contract. This is a significant cost for real estate companies and will alter profitability accordingly. The costs recognized as asset to be amortized later will be subject to impairment based on conditions given in the standard.Common amenities in real estate projects: Suppose the builder entity has given possession of flats in a housing society to its customers but the construction of playground and swimming pool which is part of the society is not completed. It is implicit as per customary real estate transactions that customers will enjoy the benefit of such facilities without having to pay an amount in addition to the price of the flat. Price of such facilities is built up in the price of the flat. Hence, the pending construction represents a performance obligation and a portion of allocated transaction price will be needed to be deferred accordingly.Service Concession Arrangements or B-O-T agreements: Lets suppose an entity is majorly involved in the construction of toll roads. Accounting treatment will be different in the following two cases:Entity receives a right to operate the toll road and collect toll charges: In this case, the consideration will be treated as an intangible asset and dealt as per Ind AS 38.Entity has a right to receive cash flows: In this case, the consideration will be treated as a financial asset and dealt as per Ind AS 109.Accounting for price concessions: Lets assume that you have entered into a contract with customer wherein a customer will be entitled to price concession if he purchases at least 10000 mobile phones in a given year. In the erstwhile accounting treatment, the same would have been recognized as expense with a corresponding increase in accruals in the balance sheet. However as per Ind AS 115, the same will be reduced from revenue and corresponding amount in balance sheet will be represented as ‘contract liabilities’. Thus, revenues as per Ind AS 115 will likely be lower than as per previous GAAP. This is a case for volume rebate and accounting treatment will change depending upon nature of price concession.Extensive disclosures as compared to erstwhile GAAP: Disaggregated revenue, contract balances discussed in above examples, qualitative and quantitative explanations to changes in contract balances, description of performance obligations, significant judgments in revenue recognition will provide better understanding of entity’s revenue earning model and will add to transparency especially to real estate sector which is one of the objectives of RERA. This has been better explained in para 110 to 129 of the standard.For most companies, transition is required from Ind AS 18: Revenue and Ind AS 11: Construction Contracts to Ind AS 115: Revenue from Contracts with Customers. However, a company adopting Ind AS for the first time should consider the above points.Taxation effects of Ind AS 115:Normal TaxationAlthough book profits will not affect the taxation profits, the compliance burden of entities is likely to increase due to innumerable differences between Income Computation and Disclosure Standards (ICDS) and Ind AS. ICDS are more in line with the erstwhile GAAP (and thus, archaic) whereas Ind AS are totally different. Revenue recognition for interest, dividend, sale of goods, rendering of services, construction contracts as per ICDS and Ind AS is completely different. Depending upon your business, you may report more taxation profits compared to book profits since some transactions may be recognized as revenue, or requirement for deferment of revenue do not exist in ICDS for matters such as warranty obligations. Entities will be required to evaluate how many adjustments will be required to be made to revenue as per Ind AS 115 for tax purposes.Real estate entities may face difficulties due to large number of differences between Section 43CB effective from 1–4–2018 read with ICDS III: Construction Contracts and Ind AS 115.Minimum Alternate TaxSection 115JB uses the book profits arrived as per Section 129 of the Companies Act, 2013. Hence, MAT will directly be impacted for any adjustments under Ind AS 115.Companies adopting Ind AS for the first time due to their net worth greater than Rs. 250 crore or voluntary adoption will be required to determine a transition amount as per section 115JB(2C) to account for revised opening balances of retained earnings or revised profits in financial statements of all prior periods presented. This will impact a company for 5 continuous financial years since the year of first time adoption. For example - If other equity for financial year ended March 31, 2018 was decreased by Rs. 10 crore due to retrospective application, then the book profit of FY 2018–19 will be increased by Rs. 2 crore and also for four successive financial years.However, companies complying with Ind AS from earlier periods opting for retrospective application of Ind AS 115 may face ambiguities due to no provisions in the Act to account for revised opening balances of retained earnings or revised profits in financial statements of all prior periods presented. An ongoing Ind AS compliant company does not need to redetermine transition amount under section 115JB(2C). This matter warrants legal advice.Disclaimer: Nothing in this article should be considered as a professional advice.It was a great question however, Quora is not the right medium to find an in depth answer to this question. Hence, have referred relevant supporting documents to get started.Hope this answers your question!Useful links:EY - Ind AS 115 application guidance (publicly available document, job saving disclaimer :P)Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Amendment Rules, 2018 contains Ind AS 115AS 9: Revenue RecognitionAS 7: Construction Contracts

Real Estate Agents provide the following long list of services.Pre-Listing Activities1 Make appointment with seller for listing presentation2 Send seller a written or e-mail confirmation of listing appointment and call to confirm3 Review pre-appointment questions4 Research all comparable currently listed properties5 Research sales activity for past 18 months from MLS and public records databases6 Research "Average Days on Market" for this property of this type, price range and location7 Download and review property tax roll information8 Prepare "Comparable Market Analysis" (CMA) to establish fair market value9 Obtain copy of subdivision plat/complex lay-out10 Research property's ownership & deed type11 Research property's public record information for lot size & dimensions12 Research and verify legal description13 Research property's land use coding and deed restrictions14 Research property's current use and zoning15 Verify legal names of owner(s) in county's public property records16 Prepare listing presentation package with above materials17 Perform exterior "Curb Appeal Assessment" of subject property18 Compile and assemble formal file on property19 Confirm current public schools and explain impact of schools on market value20 Review listing appointment checklist to ensure all steps and actions have been completedListing Appointment Presentation21 Give seller an overview of current market conditions and projections22 Review agent's and company's credentials and accomplishments in the market23 Present company's profile and position or "niche" in the marketplace24 Present CMA Results To Seller, including Comparables, Solds, Current Listings & Expireds25 Offer pricing strategy based on professional judgment and interpretation of current market conditions26 Discuss Goals With Seller To Market Effectively27 Explain market power and benefits of Multiple Listing Service28 Explain market power of web marketing, IDX and Find Real Estate, Homes for Sale, Apartments & Houses for Rent29 Explain the work the brokerage and agent do "behind the scenes" and agent's availability on weekends30 Explain agent's role in taking calls to screen for qualified buyers and protect seller from curiosity seekers31 Present and discuss strategic master marketing plan32 Explain different agency relationships and determine seller's preference33 Review and explain all clauses in Listing Contract & Addendum and obtain seller's signatureOnce Property is Under Listing Agreement34 Review current title information35 Measure overall and heated square footage36 Measure interior room sizes37 Confirm lot size via owner's copy of certified survey, if available38 Note any and all unrecorded property lines, agreements, easements39 Obtain house plans, if applicable and available40 Review house plans and make copy41 Order plat map for retention in property's listing file42 Prepare showing instructions for buyers' agents and agree on showing time window with seller43 Obtain current mortgage loan(s) information: companies and & loan account numbers44 Verify current loan information with lender(s)45 Check assumability of loan(s) and any special requirements46 Discuss possible buyer financing alternatives and options with seller47 Review current appraisal if available48 Identify Home Owner Association manager if applicable49 Verify Home Owner Association Fees with manager - mandatory or optional and current annual fee50 Order copy of Homeowner Association bylaws, if applicable51 Research electricity availability and supplier's name and phone number52 Calculate average utility usage from last 12 months of bills53 Research and verify city sewer/septic tank system54 Water System: Calculate average water fees or rates from last 12 months of bills )55 Well Water: Confirm well status, depth and output from Well Report56 Natural Gas: Research/verify availability and supplier's name and phone number57 Verify security system, current term of service and whether owned or leased58 Verify if seller has transferable Termite Bond59 Ascertain need for lead-based paint disclosure60 Prepare detailed list of property amenities and assess market impact61 Prepare detailed list of property's "Inclusions & Conveyances with Sale"62 Compile list of completed repairs and maintenance items63 Send "Vacancy Checklist" to seller if property is vacant64 Explain benefits of Home Owner Warranty to seller65 Assist sellers with completion and submission of Home Owner Warranty Application66 When received, place Home Owner Warranty in property file for conveyance at time of sale67 Have extra key made for lockbox68 Verify if property has rental units involved. And if so:69 .. Make copies of all leases for retention in listing file70 .. Verify all rents & deposits71 .. Inform tenants of listing and discuss how showings will be handled72 Arrange for installation of yard sign73 Assist seller with completion of Seller's Disclosure form74 "New Listing Checklist" Completed75 Review results of Curb Appeal Assessment with seller and provide suggestions to improve salability76 Review results of Interior Décor Assessment and suggest changes to shorten time on market77 Load listing into transaction management software programEntering Property in Multiple Listing Service Database78 Prepare MLS Profile Sheet -- Agents is responsible for "quality control" and accuracy of listing data79 Enter property data from Profile Sheet into MLS Listing Database80 Proofread MLS database listing for accuracy - including proper placement in mapping function81 Add property to company's Active Listings list82 Provide seller with signed copies of Listing Agreement83 Take additional photos for upload into MLS and use in flyers. Discuss efficacy of panoramic photographyMarketing The Listing84 Create print and Internet ads with seller's input85 Coordinate showings with owners, tenants, and other Realtors®. Return all calls - weekends included86 Install lock box if authorized by owner.87 Prepare mailing and contact list88 Generate mail-merge letters to contact list89 Order "Just Listed" labels & reports90 Prepare flyers & feedback faxes91 Review comparable MLS listings regularly to ensure property remains competitive in price, terms,conditions and availability92 Prepare property marketing brochure for seller's review93 Arrange for printing or copying of supply of marketing brochures or fliers94 Place marketing brochures in all company agent mail boxes95 Upload listing to company and agent Internet site, if applicable96 Mail Out "Just Listed" notice to all neighborhood residents97 Advise Network Referral Program of listing98 Provide marketing data to buyers coming through international relocation networks99 Provide marketing data to buyers coming from referral network100 Provide "Special Feature" cards for marketing, if applicable101 Submit ads to company's participating Internet real estate sites102 Price changes conveyed promptly to all Internet groups103 Reprint/supply brochures promptly as needed104 Loan information reviewed and updated in MLS as required105 Feedback e-mails/faxes sent to buyers' agents after showings106 Review weekly Market Study107 Discuss feedback from showing agents with seller to determine if changes will accelerate the sale108 Place regular weekly update calls to seller to discuss marketing & pricing109 Promptly enter price changes in MLS listing databaseThe Offer and Contract109 Receive and review all Offer to Purchase contracts submitted by buyers or buyers' agents.110 Evaluate offer(s) and prepare a "net sheet" on each for the owner for comparison purposes111 Counsel seller on offers. Explain merits and weakness of each component of each offer112 Contact buyers' agents to review buyer's qualifications and discuss offer113 Fax/deliver Seller's Disclosure to buyer's agent or buyer upon request and prior to offer if possible114 Confirm buyer is pre-qualified by calling Loan Officer115 Obtain pre-qualification letter on buyer from Loan Officer116 Negotiate all offers on seller's behalf, setting time limit for loan approval and closing date117 Prepare and convey any counteroffers, acceptance or amendments to buyer's agent118 Fax copies of contract and all addendums to closing attorney or title company119 When Offer to Purchase Contract is accepted and signed by seller, deliver to buyer's agent120 Record and promptly deposit buyer's earnest money in escrow account.121 Disseminate "Under-Contract Showing Restrictions" as seller requests122 Deliver copies of fully signed Offer to Purchase contract to seller123 Fax/deliver copies of Offer to Purchase contract to Selling Agent133 Fax copies of Offer to Purchase contract to lender124 Provide copies of signed Offer to Purchase contract for office file125 Advise seller in handling additional offers to purchase submitted between contract and closing126 Change status in MLS to "Sale Pending"127 Update transaction management program to show "Sale Pending"128 Review buyer's credit report results -- Advise seller of worst and best case scenarios129 Provide credit report information to seller if property will be seller-financed130 Assist buyer with obtaining financing, if applicable and follow-up as necessary131 Coordinate with lender on Discount Points being locked in with dates132 Deliver unrecorded property information to buyer133 Order septic system inspection, if applicable134 Receive and review septic system report and assess any possible impact on sale135 Deliver copy of septic system inspection report lender & buyer136 Deliver Well Flow Test Report copies to lender & buyer and property listing file137 Verify termite inspection ordered138 Verify mold inspection ordered, if requiredTracking the Loan Process139 Confirm Verifications Of Deposit & Buyer's Employment Have Been Returned140 Follow Loan Processing Through To The Underwriter141 Add lender and other vendors to transaction management program so agents, buyer and seller canTrack progress of sale142 Contact lender weekly to ensure processing is on track143 Relay final approval of buyer's loan application to sellerHome Inspection144 Coordinate buyer's professional home inspection with seller145 Review home inspector's report146 Enter completion into transaction management tracking software program147 Explain seller's responsibilities with respect to loan limits and interpret any clauses in the contract148 Ensure seller's compliance with Home Inspection Clause requirements149 Recommend or assist seller with identifying and negotiating with trustworthy contractors to performany required repairs150 Negotiate payment and oversee completion of all required repairs on seller's behalf, if neededThe Appraisal151 Schedule Appraisal152 Follow-Up On Appraisal153 Assist seller in questioning appraisal report if it seems too lowClosing Preparations and Duties154 Contract Is Signed By All Parties155 Coordinate closing process with buyer's agent and lender156 Update closing forms & files157 Ensure all parties have all forms and information needed to close the sale158 Select location where closing will be held159 Confirm closing date and time and notify all parties160 Assist in solving any title problems (boundary disputes, easements, etc) or in obtaining DeathCertificates161 Work with buyer's agent in scheduling and conducting buyer's Final Walk-Thru prior to closing172 Research all tax, HOA, utility and other applicable prorations162 Request final closing figures from closing agent (attorney or title company)163 Receive & carefully review closing figures to ensure accuracy of preparation164 Forward verified closing figures to buyer's agent165 Request copy of closing documents from closing agent166 Confirm buyer and buyer's agent have received title insurance commitment167 Provide "Home Owners Warranty" for availability at closing168 Review all closing documents carefully for errors169 Forward closing documents to absentee seller as requested170 Review documents with closing agent (Escrow)171 Provide earnest money deposit check from escrow account to closing agent173 Coordinate this closing with seller's next purchase and resolve any timing problems174 Have a "no surprises" closing so that seller receives a net proceeds check at closing175 Refer sellers to one of the best agents at their destination, if applicable176 Change MLS status to Sold. Enter sale date, price, selling broker and agent's ID numbers, etc.177 Close out listing in transaction management programFollow Up After Closing178 Answer questions about filing claims with Home Owner Warranty company if requested179 Attempt to clarify and resolve any conflicts about repairs if buyer is not satisfied180 Respond to any follow-on calls and provide any additional information required from office files.Want to learn more about Real Estate?Follow me on Instagram.Subscribe to the Holton-Wise YouTube Channel.

Selected Interview QuestionsCandidate: 00101.Why you are willing to join in a bank?I am willing to join in a bank since I hope that I may be having more opportunities to serve the public. Banks have better career opportunities by means of periodical promotions to higher cadre.02.What do you mean by appraisal of gold loans?Gold loans are granted against the security of gold jewellery namely gold chains, necklaces etc., The jewellery apart from gold contains certain amount of copper and stones. Appraiser is a person well versed in the art of appraising the jewellery and on appraisal of the jewellery, he will be finding out the approximate gold content so that the bank may be able to provide loans against the gold content.03.What are the different kinds of term deposits available in a commercial bank?The different kinds of term deposits available in a commercial bank are – fixed deposit, recurring deposit and reinvestment deposit. In the case of fixed deposit, a fixed amount is accepted for a definite period and interest is paid on quarterly basis. In the case of reinvestment deposit which is similar to fixed deposit, interest is paid on maturity since interest is reinvested. In the case of recurring deposit, monthly instalments are accepted for a fixed period.04.What is the minimum period for which a fixed deposit is accepted and the maximum period for which a fixed deposit is accepted?The minimum period for which fixed deposit is accepted is seven days and the maximum period is ten years.05.Whether a fixed deposit can be accepted for a period more than ten years?In the case of deposits in the names of minors on account of settlement of claims, the deposit can be for more than ten years06.What do you mean by FERA?FERA means foreign exchange regulations act and it came into effect from the year 1973. An act to regulate certain payments dealing in foreign exchange, securities, the import & export of currency and acquisition of immovable property by foreigners. Under Section 31 (1) of the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act ( FERA) of 1973, it is mandatory for foreign corporations, which are not incorporated in India to obtain permission from the Reserve Bank Of India (RBI) to acquire, hold, transfer or dispose off in any manner (expect by way of lease for a period not exceeding five years) any immovable property in India.07.What do you mean by ECS?ECS means electronic clearing service and the customer can authorize on periodical basis to make payment of certain utility bills like electricity charges, water charges etc., by debiting his account till such time he submits a revocation letter. Similarly, he can authorize corporate to credit the dividends on shares and interest on debentures as and when due to the credit of his account with the bank.08.What is the minimum amount that can be sent through RTGS?The minimum amount that can be sent through RTGS is Rupees two lakhs and there is no maximum limit09.What is the maximum amount that can be remitted through NEFT?There is no or maximum limit for remittances sent through NEFT10.What is the maximum amount that can be sent abroad by any resident individual?Under liberalized remittance scheme, all resident individuals including minors are allowed to freely remit an amount upto US dollars 250000 (or its equivalent freely convertible foreign currency) per financial year11..What is the name of apex bank which is responsible for the development of agriculture in the country?NABARD is the apex bank which is responsible for the development of agriculture in the country.12.What are the different kinds of schemes available in our country aiming towards poverty alleviation?National old age pension scheme; Jawahar Gramin Samruddi Yojana; National Family Benefit scheme; Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme; National Maternal Benefit Schemel Annapurna etc.,13.What do you mean by crossing of any cheque?Writing of two parallel transverse lines drawn on the face of the cheque on top left hand corner with or without any words between the lines is known as crossing and it is for the purpose of making payment of the cheque through an account in the name of the payee or holder.14.What are the different kinds of crossing?Two parallel transverse lines drawn on the face of the cheque on top left hand corner of the cheque with any words or without any words is known as general crossing and the the payment can be made to the account of the payee or holder with any bank. In case the name of any bank is mentioned within the two parallel lines, it is known as special crossing and in this case, the payment should be made to the account of the payee or holder with the bank mentioned in the crossing only and not to any other bank.15.What do you mean by CASA?CASA means current and savings and this is applicable to computerized branches linked under core banking solution16.Whose signature is available in Rs. 100/- currency note?The signature of RBI governor is available in Rs. 100 currency note17.What do you know by dividend?Dividend is the return available in the form of money for the investments made by the shareholders in the equity shares and preference shares of any company.18.Bank holidays are declared according to which act?Holidays for banks are declared according to Negotiable Instruments act 1881 by the respective state governments in their states. However, all Sundays, all second and fourth Saturdays have been declared as holidays apart from the holidays permitted for religious and national ceremonies.19.Banks are functioning according to which act?Commercial banks in the country are functioning according to Banking Regulation act 1949 and to some extent as per Reserve Bank of India act 193420.RBI is functioning in the country as per which act?Reserve Bank of India is functioning according to Reserve Bank of India act 1934.Candidate: 00201.What do you mean by a guarantee?Guarantee is an undertaking executed by one person called as guarantor in favour of another person called as beneficiary expressing his intention to make payment in the event of failure of the principal debtor on payment of a debt or failure to perform any contract within the stipulated time or according to the terms of the contract.02.What are the different types of guarantees?The different types of guarantees are financial guarantee, performance guarantee and deferred payment guarantee03.What do you mean by letter of credit?Letter of credit is an undertaking executed by one banker on behalf of its customer to honour bills and documents drawn by another person as per the terms and conditions as mentioned in the letter of credit04.What do you know by packing credit advance?It is the preshipment advance granted by one bank to the exporter for the purpose of procuring raw materials; payment of various duties like customs duty, excise duty; packing charges; shipment charges etc.,05.What do you mean by special crossing?In case the name of any bank is mentioned within the two parallel lines, it is known as special crossing and in this case, the payment should be made to the account of the payee or holder with the bank mentioned in the crossing only and not to any other bank.06.What do you know by IFSC code ?IFSC means Indian Financial System Code and this is one alphanumeric code consisting of eleven digits of which the four alphabetic digits represent the name of the bank mentioned in abridged form and the next zero is known as control number and the last six numeric digits represent the branch code of the bank.07.Which is called as mother of deposits?Savings deposit is known as mother of deposits. Normally the first time customers will be advised to open savings deposits with the bank branch before availing any other facility with the bank08.Who is a called as natural guardian?Bother mother and father are known as natural guardian for the purpose of opening accounts in the name of minors represented by the guardian.09.Whether grandfathers and grandmothers can be natural guardians?Grand fathers, grandmothers grand grandfathers or grand grandmothers cannot represent as natural guardians on be behalf of the minors10.Which type of credit facility is available to a farmer for raising crops?For raising crops, the farmers are provided with crop loans, Kisan Credit Cards etc.,11.What do you mean by NULM?National Urban Livelihoods Mission (NULM) was launched by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (MHUPA), Government of India in 24th September, 2013 by replacing the existing Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY).The NULM will focus on organizing urban poor in their strong grassroots level institutions, creating opportunities for skill development leading to market-based employment and helping them to set up self-employment venture by ensuring easy access to credit. The Mission is aimed at providing shelter equipped with essential services to the urban homeless in a phased manner. In addition, the Mission would also address livelihood concerns of the urban street vendors12.What do you mean by Gram Sadak Yojana?The Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana called as PMGSY was launched by the Government of India for the purpose of providing connectivity to unconnected habitations as part of a poverty reduction strategy. Government of India is endeavouring to set high and uniform technical and management standards and facilitating policy development and planning at state level in order to ensure sustainable management of the rural roads network.13.What are the salient features of MGNREGA?MGNREGA is known as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee act and according to this employment is guaranteed at least one person per household in rural areas. It aims at enhancing the livelihood security of people living in rural areas by guaranteeing hundred days of wage employment during each financial year to a rural household whose adult members volunteers to undertake unskilled manual work14.Which authority is supervising the functions of insurance companies?IRDA – Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority is the authority responsible for supervising the functions of insurance companies in our country15.What is meant by IPO?IPO means initial public offer and this is the first time public offer of equity shares, preference shares or debentures to the public for subscription16.What is meant by ASBA?ASBA means applications supported by blocked amount. Nowadays investors are permitted to remit the amount through ASBA demand drafts drawn in ASBA accounts for the purpose of subscribing shares or debentures through initial public offer and further public offer. When the demand draft is issued, instead of debiting the amount in the account, the amount is blocked till such time the shares or debentures are allotted. On allotment, the entire amount is debited; in the case of partial allotment, the amount is debited equivalent to the value of allotment and in the case of non allotment, the entire amount is allowed for further use. For the intervening period, the depositor earns interest as applicable to the category of deposits.17.What is meant by Performance guarantee issued by any commercial bank?In the case of contracts in favour of governments, the contractors are in a position to provide a bank guarantee by a reputed commercial bank, thereby undertaking to guarantee the government department to compensate the loss on account of failure of performance of the contract by the contractor within the due date or failure to perform the contract as per the terms and conditions of the contract. This is known as performance guarantee.18.What do you mean by packing credit facility issued by any commercial bank?Packing guarantee is known as preshipment advance provided by the commercial bank to the exporter for the purpose of procuring raw materials, packing materials or making payment towards customers duty, excise duty, transportation charges etc.,19.What do you mean by notice money?Notice money is money borrowed for a period of two days and more and upto fourteen days in the call money market.20.Treasury bills are issued by which authority and what are the different kinds of treasury bills available in the country?Treasury bills are issued by central government and state governments for the purpose of mobilizing funds from the public and others towards meeting the cost of various projects. There are three kinds of treasury bills as at present namely – 91 days, 182 days and 364 days. 91 days treasury bills are issued each Friday and the notified amount is Rupees one hundred crores. 182 day treasury bills are issued during alternative Wednesdays which is non reporting week and the notified amount is Rupees 100 crores and 364 days treasury bills are issued on alterntive Wednesdays which is a reporting week and the notified amount is Rupees 500 crores.Candidate: 00301.What do you know by PIN number?PIN number is four digit number expressed in numerical characters. PIN number is used for the transactions done using debit cards and credit cards through automated teller machines and point of sale terminals.02.What do you know by PAN number?PAN number is known as permanent account number. This is used for the purpose of remittance of income tax with income tax department. Tax payers should get one PAN number by sending an application along with relevant documents and by payment of specified sum of money to Income tax department or their agencies. It is ten digit number consisting and alphapetical and numerical characters.03.What are the functions of DICGC?DICGC means Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation and this corporation provides deposit insurance upto an amount of Rupees one lakh per depositor per bank in the event of insolvency of the bank and it also provides small loans guarantee upto certain limits04.What is the role played by ECGC?ECGC provides guarantee support to the exporters of the country in the form of several export guarantees05.Mention the Regional Rural Banks which are functioning in Tamilnadu?The Regional rural banks which are functioning in Tamilnadu are Pandiyan Grama Bank and Pallavan Gramin Bank. Pandiyan Grama Bank has been sponsored by Indian Overseas Bank and pallavan Gramin Bank has been sponsored by Indian bank.06.What do you mean by Mergers and what are the different kinds of mergers?When two independent units merge together to form a single unit, it is known as merger. The mergers can be vertical merger, horizontal merger, reverse merger, consolidation, amalgamation etc.,07.What do you mean by horizontal merger and reverse merger?When the business functions of two units are identical in nature and when the merger takes place between those units, it is known as horizontal merger. New Bank of India merged with Punjab National Bank and both are banking organizations. Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India Limited was instrumental in establishing ICICI bank as per LPG norms and subsequently Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation Limited merged with ICICI Bank and when a parent unit gets merged with an ancillary unit, it is known as reverse merger.08.Which are the top two private sector banks in our country?The top private sector banks in our country are HDFC bank limited and ICICI bank limited09.Whether housing loan is a priority sector advance and if so, upto what amount?Housing loans granted are treated as priority sector advances subject to certain conditions. Loans to individuals up to Rupees 28 lakh in metropolitan centres (with population of ten lakh and above) and loans up to Rupees 20 lakh in other centres for purchase/construction of a dwelling unit per family, are eligible to be considered as priority sector provided the overall cost of the dwelling unit in the metropolitan centre and at other centres does not exceed Rupees 35 lakh and Rupees 25 lakh, respectively. Housing loans to banks’ own employees are not eligible for classification under priority sector.10.Whether educational loan is a priority sector advance?Loans to individuals for educational purposes including vocational courses upto Rupees 10 lakh irrespective of the sanctioned amount are eligible for classification under priority sector.11.What do you mean by micro, small and medium enterprises?The classification is based on original investment in plant and machinery: For micro enterprises, upto Rs. 25 lakhs for manufacturing units and Rupees 10 lakhs for service units; For small enterprises, for manufacturing units above Rupees 25 lakhs and upto Rs. 5 crores and for service units above Rupees 10 lakhs and upto Rupees 2 crores; For medium enterprises, for manufacturing units above Rupees 5 crores and upto 10 crores and for service units above Rupees 2 crores and upto Rupees five crores12.What do you mean by KYC and name any two important documents which are obtained as per KYC?KYC means know your customer guidelines and these guidelines were prescribed by RBI for new customers who are willing to open accounts with commercial banks and according to KYC, any new customer who is willing to open accounts with commercial banks should submit the photocopy of anyone of the following namely; driving licence, voter id card, AADHAARA card, passport as address proof and photocopy of anyone of the following namely; driving licence, voter id card, AADHAAR card, passport, pancard as identity proof. KYC is antimony laundering device.13.What is the present repo rate and reverse repo rate?The present repo rate is 6.25% and reverse repo rate is 5.75%14.In the case of MICR code, the middle three digits represent what?MICR code consists of nine numerical digits and the middle three numerical digits represent bank name15.PAN number consists of how many alpha characters?PAN number consists of ten digits. The first three alpha characters are random alphapetical characters between AAA to ZZZ; next one alpha character represents the category of the cardholder; the next one alpha character represents the first character of the name of the cardholder; the next four numerical digits are auto generated sequential numbers and the last one single alpha character is a check digit.16.What do you know by biometric automated teller machines?In the case of automated teller machines, the four digit numerical PIN number is used for performing transactions using debit card and credit card. In the case of biometric automated teller machines, instead of PIN numbers, anyone of the following body parts is used – left hand thumb impression; eye retina and voice recognition. In India, the left hand thumb impression is the accepted mode and these kinds of automated teller machines are known as green label automated teller machines.17.What is the criteria by which a bank is considered as largest bank?For the purpose of ranking, a bank is considered to be largest or smallest taking into consideration the business position of the bank; namely – the total deposits and total advances as at the end of March each year.18.What do you mean by commercial paper?Commercial papers are issued by well rated organizations for mobilizing funds from the public and other corporate. They are issued at a discount and they are freely negotiable by endorsement and delivery. The minimum maturity period is seven days and the corporate should have earned credit rating equivalent to P2 issued by CRISIL19.What do you mean by FCNR?FCNR means foreign currency non resident accounts. Non resident Indians and Persons of Indian origin are eligible to invest in this deposit. It is a term deposit accepted in the currencies – US dollar, Sterling Pound, Euro, Japanese Yen, Canadian dollar and Australian dollar. The minimum period of deposit is one year and the maximum period is five years and the deposit is held in foreign currencies and the interest earned is free from income tax.20.What do you mean by Escheat?He is a person who dies without leaving any legal heirs and in this case, his estate will revert to the state government.Candidate: 00401.What do you mean by money laundering?Using the banking channel for the purpose of bringing illegal money is known as money laundering.02.What do you mean by subprime lending?Mass lending by commercial banks to the borrowers without ascertaining the credit worthiness of the borrowers03.What is meant by LPG and who is responsible for introduction of LPG strategy in our country?LPG means liberalization, privatization and globalization and this was coined by Dr. Manmohan Singh, the then finance minister of our country. The salient highlights of the Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation Policy in India are: Foreign Technology Agreements; Foreign Investment; MRTP Act, 1969 (Amended); Industrial Licensing; Deregulation Beginning of privatization; Opportunities for overseas trade; Steps to regulate inflation; Tax reforms; Abolition of License -Permit Raj04.What do you mean by PURA?PURA means providing urban amenities in rural areas. This concept was coined by Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, the then president of India.05.What do you know by current ratio?It is one equation between current assets and current liabilities. This ratio provides the liquidity position of the organization. When the ratio is more than one it is known as positive current ratio and the unit is having sufficient working capital and when it is less than one, the unit is found to have more current liabilities than current assets and the liquidity position is found to be very weak.06.What do you know about negotiable instruments act?In India, the negotiable instruments act was passed during 1881 which came into force with effect from March 01, 1882. Negotiable instruments means and include promissory note, bills of exchange and cheque payable to order or bearer. Promissory note, bill of exchange, cheque and demand draft are negotiable instruments.07.What do you know by MICR?MICR means magnetic ink character recognition. MICR code is available in MICR bank at the bottom of the cheque or demand draft. It consists of nine numerical digits of which the first three digits represent the centre/city; the middle three digits represent the bank and the last three digits represent the branch of the bank.08.When it comes to rural lending, which are all considered to be priority sector advances?When it comes to rural lending, the loans granted to the following are considered to be priority sector advances – Loans granted to all agriculture related activities; self help group; Differential rate of interest; Loans to SC/ST beneficiaries; Loans provided to doctors for setting up clinics in rural areas; Loans to dealers in fertilizers and pesticides; loans to dealers of springler irrigation and drip irrigation equipments etc.,09.Who is called as an authorized dealer?Authorised dealer is at present known as authorized person. Authorised person is an individual or organization permitted to deal in foreign exchange business in the country.10.What do you know by financial inclusion?Financial inclusion means the following: Providing formal banking services to poor people in urban and rural areas; Promoting the habit of money savings, insurance, pension-investment among poor people; Helping the people in getting loans at reasonable rates from commercial banks so that they do not become victims to local moneylenders11.What are the important initiatives taken through financial inclusion in the country?The following are the important initiatives taken through financial inclusion in our country: Lead banking scheme; No frill accounts; Basic savings bank deposit accounts; JANDHAN accounts; business correspondent and business facilitator facilities; Swabhiman campaign;12.What do you mean by MCLR?MCLR replaces the base rate system. RBI introduced the system with effect from 01.04.2016 in order to determine the base rate by commercial to improve the efficiency of monetary policy transmission. All rupee loans sanctioned and credit limits renewed with effect from 01.04.2016 to be priced with reference to MCLR and it will be an internal benchmark for the banks. It consists of marginal cost of funds, negative carry on account of CRR, operating costs and tenor premium. The marginal cost of funds consists of two components namely; marginal cost of borrowings and return on networth13.What are the major money market instruments?Certificate of deposits; Commercial paper; Inter Bank participation certificates; iner bank term money; Treasury bills; Bills rediscounting and call/notice money14.What are the differences between NEFT and RTGS?Both are two categories of online remittance facilities through CBS enabled branches of commercial banks. The minimum balance that can be sent through RTGS is Rupees two lakhs whereas in the case of NEFT, there is no such limit. The beneficiary gets his funds at real time and it means instantaneously without any loss of time. In the case of the beneficiary gets his funds in between batches15.Who is deciding the rate of interest for savings deposit accounts?Rate of interest for savings deposits is decided by respective commercial banks only and RBI has permitted full freedom in this connection.16.Who cannot open savings deposit accounts?Proprietorship concerns, partnership firms, limited liability partnership firms, private limited companies and public limited companies are not permitted to open savings accounts17.What is meant by memorandum of association?Memorandum of association is the parent document for any company whether it is a private limited company or private limited company. It contains the details of formation of the company, policies, objectives, registered office and more.18.What is known as power of attorney?Power of attorney is an authorization given by one person called as principal in favour of another person called as an agent authorizing the agent to perform certain activities on behalf of the principal and it can be specific power of attorney or particular power of attorney.19.In which currencies FCNR accounts can be opened in our country?FCNR account can be opened in the following currencies namely; US dollars, Sterling Pounds; Euro; Japanese Yen; Australian dollars and Canadian dollars.20.What are the differences between NRE and FCNR?NRE and FCNR accounts are opened by non resident Indians and Persons of Indian Origin in India. NRE accounts are to be opened in rupees whereas FCNR is opened in foreign currencies. NRE accounts can be opened in the form of savings account, current account, reinvestment deposit and fixed deposit whereas, FCNR account is permitted to be opened as fixed deposit or reinvestment deposit. NRE term deposits can be opened for a minimum period of seven days and maximum period of ten years. FCNR accounts can be opened for a minimum period of one year and maximum period of five years.Candidate: 00501.What do you mean by masala bonds?Masala bonds are the bonds issued for rupee denominated borrowings by Indian companies in overseas markets02.What do you mean by secondary market in our country?Secondary market pertains to capital market and it is also known as stock exchange or old issues market. Shares, debentures and bonds can be bought and sold from the stock exchange through registered brokers.03.What do you mean by fund based limits and non fund based limits?The loans provided to the borrowers in the form of term loans, overdrafts, cash credits and bills discounting limits are known as fund based limits since funds are released to the borrowers. Guarantees and letter of credits are non fund based limits since no funds are provided for the time being since they are contingent liabilities.04.What do you mean by off balance sheet items?Guarantees, letter of credits and bills sent for collection for which proceeds are yet to be realized are known as off balance sheet items05.What do you mean by closed ended scheme?This is one form of mutual fund scheme. Like initial public offer, the scheme is open for a certain period only and after which the public cannot invest their amount in the units under this scheme.06.What do you mean by open ended scheme?This is one mutual fund scheme and the units under scheme can be purchased and sold at any time07.What do you mean by overdraft facility granted by a bank?Overdraft is a facility granted by the banks towards meeting the working capital requirements of a borrower. This is provided by means of credit limit over and above the current account balance and the borrower has to pay the interest as and when due.08.What do you mean by collateral security?Collateral security is an additional security provided by the borrower in addition to the primary security. For example, in the case of vehicle loan, the car purchased out of loan is known as the prime security and the insurance policy obtained by the bank from the borrower for the sanction of this loan is known as collateral security.09.In regard to educating a customer, what are the different kinds of information boards displayed in a bank branch?The following boards are available in the bank branches – Working hours and business hours; Interest rates on various deposits; Interest rates for loans; Service charges; Time norms for various services; Details of schemes available in the branch10.Who is the present RBI Governor?The present governor of RBI is Shri Urjit Patel and he is functioning as the governor of RBI since 04th September, 201611.What do you mean by unclaimed deposits?The deposits which are not in operation for more than ten years are known as unclaimed deposits. For the purpose of this classification, the customer induced transactions are only taken into account.12.How many regional centres are available for RBI in the country?Reserve Bank of India has four regional centres at the following places – Chennai, Kolkatta, New Delhi and Mumbai.13.What do you mean by white label automated teller machines?The automated teller machines which are maintained and managed by non bank entities are known as white label automated teller machines. In our country TATA Indicash and Muthoot finance are having such machines installed at various centres.14.What are the advantages of CTS?CTS means cheque truncation scheme. This is used for clearing purpose. Normally commercial banks used to send the physical cheques through their15.What do you mean by certificate of deposits?Certificate of deposits are issued by scheduled commercial banks (except Regional Rural Banks) and all financial institutions within their umbrella limits. Individuals, corporate, companies, trusts, funds and associations can invest in certificate of deposits and they are issued for a minimum period of seven days and maximum period of twelve months in the case of commercial banks and in the case of financial institutions the minimum period is one year and maximum three years, Minimum amount for investment is Rupees one lakh and in multiples of Rupees one lakh.16.RBI is called by which names – mention four names?RBI is called by the following names – banker to banker; lender of the last resort; custodian of banks; banker to government;17.What do you mean by ways and means advances?Ways and means advances were introduced as per an agreement between Reserve Bank of India and Government and they are temporary overdraft facilities provided by RBI to central government and state governments and the purpose is to bridge the time interval of mismatch the government expenditure and receipts. The duration of the limit is ten days for central government and 14 days for state government departments.18.Who is banking ombudsman and by whom he is appointed?Banking Ombudsman is an arbitrary authority who resolves the complaints received from the customers of commercial banks in regard to bank related issues.19.What do you mean by EEFC account?Exchange Earner’s Foreign Currency account is an account maintained in an account maintained in foreign currency with an authorized dealer ; i/e/ a bank dealing in foreign exchange. Professionals, exporters, trainers etc., who are in receipt of foreign exchange for the services extended by them in foreign countries can invest the amount in EEFC account and the account will be in the form of current account and no interest is paid for the balance held in EEFC account.20.What do you know by NBFC?NBFC means non banking finance companies. It is a company registered under Indian Companies act 1956 and presently 2013 engaged in the business of providing loans and advances, acquisition of shares/stocks/bonds/debentures/securities issued by Government or local authority or other marketable securities of a like nature, leasing, hire purchase, insurance business, chit fund business etc.,Candidate: 00601.What do you mean by arbitrage?It is the process of purchase of one security from one market and selling the same security for earning a profit at the same time at another market.02.What do you mean by Bonus shares?It is the free allotment of shares in certain proportion to the existing shares held by the shareholders of a company and this is a means of providing reward to the investors for their contribution to the growth of the organization by capital investment03.What do you mean by Bull?It is a term given to a speculator on stock exchange who buys the securities in expectation of a rise in the prices. The market is called as bullish when there is a domination of buyers over the sellers04.What is known as dematerialization?Dematerialisation is the process by which shares in the physical form are cancelled and they are issued in electronic form. The certificates are known as demat shares. This process eliminates the time and manpower involved in transfer and registration of shares from the seller to the buyer05.What do you mean by moorat trading?It is the auspicious trading on a special day, say Diwali during some specified hours.06.What do you mean by rights issue?It is the issue of new shares to the existing shareholders in a fixed ratio to those already held at a price which is generally below the market price of the old shares.07.What do you mean by futures?It is a standard contract issued on an agreement to buy or sell an asset at a certain price at a certain time in future. It is an obligation on the buyer to purchase the underlying instrument and the seller to sell it.08.What do you mean by forward?The forward is a contract that is traded off the stock exchange and it is self regulatory and has certain flexibility unlike future which are traded at stock exchange only and it do not have flexibility of quantity and quality of commodity to be delivered and these are regulated by Securities Exchange Board of India, Reserve Bank of India or other agencies.09.What do you mean by factoring?Factoring is an arrangement in which short term domestic receivables on sale of goods or services are sold to a company called as factor and this scheme came into existence during 1991 based on the report of Kalyanasundaram Committee10.What do you mean by forfeiting?Forfaiting represents the purchase of obligations, which fall due at some future date and arise from the delivery of goods in export transactions, without recourse to the previous holder of the obligations.11.What do you mean by leasing?A lease is a contract where the owner of the assets transfers the right to another person to use the assets against the payment of fixed lease rentals. In the case of one lease contract, there are two parties namely – the lessor or the owner and the lessee or user. The lessor remains owner and the leased property remains with the possession of the lessee.12.What do you mean by debt market?It is a market wherein the debt instruments are issued to the public by any company for investment and such debt instrument bears a fixed interest rate payable half yearly on specific dates and principal amount repayable on particular date on redemption. Debentures are normally secured/charged against the asset of the company in favour of debenture holder. The following are some debt instruments – debenture; bond; zero coupon bond; convertible bond; security receipts etc.,13.What do you mean by greenshoe option?It is an option provided by Securities and Exchange Board of India to a company which is coming out with one initial public offer to the public. By this option, the company can retain certain portion of the applications received through IPO in case of oversubscription.14.What do you mean by equity market?Equity market consists of investment by the public in different kinds of shares issued by the company and by subscribing for the shares, the investors are expressing their willingness to stand as owners of the company. The equity market consists of equity shares, preference shares, rights shares, bonus shares etc.,15.What do you mean by sweat equity?Directors and employees contribute intellectual property rights to the company in the form of providing technical know-how captured by way of research or contributed by way of strategy software developed for the company or adding profit and economic value. To compensate the directors and employees, the concept of sweat equity has come into existence.16.What do you mean by participatory notes?A participatory note is a financial derivative instrument issued against an underlying security and it allows the holder, to get dividend or capital gains earned from the underlying security although some of the holders may not be eligible to trade in stock markets in India.17.What do you mean by book building?Book building is the process to assess the demand for a particular public issue of various prices, based on which the issue is priced and sold to the investors.18.What do you mean by sensex?It is a stock market index provided by Bombay Stock Exchange for the information of the investors. The positive or negative variation in the index provides an insight for investment or dis-investment to the general public and especially the investors in the stock market. It is based on the market capitalization of top thirty shares earmarked by BSE19.What do you mean by Nifty?It is a stock market index provided by National Stock Exchange for the information of the investors. The positive or negative variation in the index provides an insight for the investment or dis-investment to the general public and especially the investors who are participating in stock market trading. It is based on the market capitalization of top fifty shares earmarked by NSE20.What do you mean by swap?A swap is a contract that binds two counterparties to exchange the different streams of payments over the specified period at specified rate.