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The answer to this lies in two parts, one is a group of individuals with outstanding academic achievements or are founders of path breaking technologies that have have had a significant impact the world over.1) Tathagat Avatar TulsiTathagat Avatar Tulsi is an Indian physicist est known as a child prodigy.He completed high school at the age of 9, earned a Bachelor of Science at the age of 10 and a Master of Science the age of 12 from Patna Science College ( Patna University ). In August 2009 , he got his Ph.D. from Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore at the age of 22. In July 2010, he was offered a position as Assistant Professor on contract ( a non – permanent teaching position for fresh Ph.D. graduates ) at IIT Bombay.In July 2010, he was offered a position as Assistant Professor on contract (a non-permanent teaching position for fresh Ph.D. graduates) at IIT Bombay.Tulsi is listed as one of the most gifted Asian youngsters by TIME magazine , mentioned as "Superteen" by Science, "Physics Prodigy" by The TIMES, "Master Mind" by The WEEK and listed by Outlook as one of the smartest Indian youngsters.Tathagat Avatar Tulsi participated in the Stock Exchange of Visions project of Fabrica, Benetton's research centre in 2007. He was invited by Luciano Benetton for a dinner in honor of Al Gore on June 14, 2007 in Milano, Italy.2) Dr. Narinder Singh KapanyThe man behind the ground-breaking technology of fiber optics , Dr. Narinder Singh Kapany is an Indian born American physicist whose invention of fiber optics made more than half a century ago revolutionized the way information is transmitted and communicated today. It is because of his pioneering work that the world today enjoys high speed communication and medical procedures such as endoscopy and laser surgeries. The year 2009 Nobel Prize in physics was awarded to Charles Kao for his breakthrough work in fiber optics.This surprised Nobel watchers and created a buzz in the scientific circles at Dr. Kapany’s omission from the coveted list. It is well known that it was Dr. Kapany who pioneered the early works in fiber optics and demonstrated how it heralded a new technology era. His work was crucial to further research into the field and was done way before Kao started his own work on transmission of light over long distances via optical glass fibers and yet Nobel Committee chose to ignore him.3) G.N. RamachandranGopalasamudram Narayana Iyer Ramachandran, or G.N. Ramachandran, was an Indianphysicist who was known for his work that led to his creation of the Ramachandran plot for understanding peptide structure. He was the first to propose a triple-helical model for the structure of collagen.Dr. Ramachandran can be credited for bringing together into the one field of molecular biophysics the then disparate fields of X-ray crystallography, peptide synthesis, NMR and other optical studies, and physico-chemical experimentation. Ramachandran and A.V. Lakshminarayanan developed convolution-backprojection algorithms which greatly improved the quality and practicality of results obtainable by x-ray tomography. Compared to previously used methods, their algorithms considerably reduced computer processing time for image reconstruction, as well as providing more numerically accurate images.Notable awards that Ramachandran received include the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award for Physics in India (1961) and the Fellowship of the Royal Society of London. In 1999, the International Union of Crystallography honored him with the Ewald Prize for his 'outstanding contributions to crystallography'. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize as well for his fundamental contributions in protein structure and function.4) Vinod DhamVinod Dham is an inventor, entrepreneur and venture capitalist. He is popularly known as the Father of the Pentium chip, for his contribution to the development of highly successful Pentium processors from Intel. He is a mentor, advisor and investor; and sits on the boards of many companies including promising startups funded through his India-based fund – Indo US Venture Partners, where he is the founding Managing Director.Vinod Dham’s accomplishment as the “Father of Pentium” and as an Indian-American technology pioneer from Silicon Valley, is being celebrated at a first-ever exhibition on South Asians in the National Museum of Natural History at the storied Smithsonian in Washington DC, highlighting Indian-Americans who have helped shape America.5) C.N.R. RaoChintamani Nagesa Ramachandra Rao FRS, also known as C.N.R. Rao (born 30 June 1934), is an Indian chemist who has worked mainly in solid-state and structural chemistry. He currently serves as the Head of the Scientific Advisory Council to the Prime Minister of India. Rao has honorary doctorates from 60 universities from around the world. He has authored around 1,500 research papers and 45 scientific books.On 16 November 2013, the Government of India announced his selection for Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian award in India, making him the third scientist after C.V. Raman and A. P. J. Abdul Kalam to receive the award. He was conferred the award on 4 February 2014 by President Pranab Mukherjee in a special ceremony in the Durbar Hall of the Rashtrapati BhavanThe second group comprises of legends, whose contributions to mankind are unparalleled. The depth of their know how and their body of work was so vast that it’s led to separate branches of study ( ayurveda, yoga , advaita Vedanta , Vedas, panini’s grammar etc ). Many aspects of these works are yet to be understood fully and are subjects of extensive research by universities worldwide.Edit : Panini belonged to Ancient India which comprised of modern day Pakistan , and afghanistan under the maurya empire . Nothing definite is known about when panini lived , nor even in which century he lived. HenceThere are contradictions on the place of birth. According to one account , the place of birth is shalatula ( near attock ) now pakistan. Link : Panini biography . Wikipedia mentions the birth place as pushkalavati, gandhara ( afghanistan) ,but towards the end of the description mentions place of birth as pakistan. Link : Pāṇini .The Webster dictionary mentions Panini as an Indian grammarian Link : http://www.webster-dictionary.org/definition/Panini and the Encyclopedia Britannica too refers to Panini as an Indian grammarian http://www.britannica.com/biography/Panini-Indian-grammarian and not as a pakistani or an afghani grammarian.This could be taking into account taking into consideration , a ) the ancient india aspect b) the tremendous impact his work has had on the linguistic, literary and educational systems of india and how it shaped it for hundreds of years c) for ashthadyayi being the foundation text of the grammatical branch of the Vedanga ( auxiliary scholarly disciplines of the historical Vedic religion )6) PaniniPanini was a Sanskrit grammarian who gave a comprehensive and scientific theory of phonetics, phonology, and morphology.A treatise called Astadhyayi (or Astaka ) is Panini's major work. It consists of eight chapters, each subdivided into quarter chapters. In this work Panini distinguishes between the language of sacred texts and the usual language of communication. Panini gives formal production rules and definitions to describe Sanskrit grammar. Starting with about 1700 basic elements like nouns, verbs, vowels, consonants he put them into classes. The construction of sentences, compound nouns etc. is explained as ordered rules operating on underlying structures in a manner similar to modern theory.In many ways Panini's constructions are similar to the way that a mathematical function is defined today. GG Joseph, The crest of the peacock (London , 1991 ) writes[Sanskrit's] potential for scientific use was greatly enhanced as a result of the thorough systemisation of its grammar by Panini. ... On the basis of just under 4000 sutras [rules expressed as aphorisms], he built virtually the whole structure of the Sanskrit language, whose general 'shape' hardly changed for the next two thousand years. ... An indirect consequence of Panini's efforts to increase the linguistic facility of Sanskrit soon became apparent in the character of scientific and mathematical literature. This may be brought out by comparing the grammar of Sanskrit with the geometry of Euclid - a particularly apposite comparison since, whereas mathematics grew out of philosophy in ancient Greece, it was ... partly an outcome of linguistic developments in India.]Joseph goes on to make a convincing argument for the algebraic nature of Indian mathematics arising as a consequence of the structure of the Sanskrit language. In particular he suggests that algebraic reasoning, the Indian way of representing numbers by words, and ultimately the development of modern number systems in India, are linked through the structure of language.The Backus Normal Form was discovered independently by John Backus in 1959, but Panini's notation is equivalent in its power to that of Backus and has many similar properties. It is remarkable to think that concepts which are fundamental to today's theoretical computer science should have their origin with an Indian genius around 2500 years ago.G Cardona, in his book, Panini : a survey of research (Paris, 1976) writes Panini's grammar has been evaluated from various points of view. After all these different evaluations, I think that the grammar merits asserting ... that it is one of the greatest monuments of human intelligence.Noam Chomsky, considered the father of modern linguistics considersacknowledged his debt to Pāṇini for his modern notion of an explicit generative grammar.7) PatanjaliPatanjali, was the greatest expounder of Yoga, lived sometime between 500 and 200 B.C. The life of Patanjali is an enigma to modern historians, and almost nothing is known about this great Master who epitomizes Yoga. It is only with the help of legends that one can draw inferences about him. Undoubtedly he was a great Yoga adept and was perhaps the head of a school in which “Swadhyaya”, study of the Self, was regarded as an important aspect of spiritual practice. Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras are considered the foundations of classical yoga philosophy.8) SushrutaThe Suśrutasamhitā is an important Sanskrit text on medicine, considered to be one of the earliest major works related to detailed study of medicine and surgery. Written bySushruta, it is commonly dated to the period of the 6th century BC. It is one of the foundational texts of Ayurveda.The Sushruta Samhita, in its extant form, is divided in 184 chapters and contains descriptions of 1,120 illnesses, 700 medicinal plants, 64 preparations from mineral sources and 57 preparations based on animal sources. The text discusses surgical techniques of making incisions, probing, extraction of foreign bodies, alkali and thermal cauterization, tooth extraction, excisions, and trocars for draining abscess, draining hydrocele and ascitic fluid, the removal of the prostate gland, urethral stricture dilatation, vesiculolithotomy, hernia surgery, caesarian section, management of haemorrhoids, fistulae, laparotomy and management of intestinal obstruction, perforated intestines, and accidental perforation of the abdomen with protrusion of omentum and the principles of fracture management, viz., traction, manipulation, appositions and stabilization including some measures of rehabilitation and fitting of prosthetics. It enumerates six types of dislocations, twelve varieties of fractures, and classification of the bones and their reaction to the injuries, and gives a classification of eye diseases including cataract surgery.9) CharakaCharaka was one of the principal contributors to the ancient art and science of Ayurveda, a system of medicine and lifestyle developed in ancient India. He is famous for authoring the medical treatise the Charaka Samhita.References :Tathagat Avatar TulsiC. N. R. RaoFather of Fiber Optics- Dr. Narinder Singh KapanyHow India missed another Nobel PrizeVinod DhamG. N. RamachandranPanini biographyThe Merecat CrossingNoam ChomskyYoga Sutras of PatanjaliSushruta SamhitaCharaka