Energy Survey Paper Outline: Fill & Download for Free

Shape is a global descriptor. It gives the outline description of an object. It can not capture the internal details of an object like color, texture and local patterns. So, shape can be used for the classification of objects. It can not be used to distinguish two objects of same shape with different colors or texture. So, you can not use shape features for object recognition. See the answer to know more about local and global features What are local and global features in image processing?Some features for shape based classification are:Shape NumberShape MatricesFourier descriptorsCentroid SignatureBending energyArc height methodChain codeBoundary approximationsMomentsBoundary decompositionMedial axis transform etc…Here are some survey papers provide state of art in shape analysisA survey of shape analysis techniquesReview of shape representation and description techniquesShape measures for content based image retrieval: A comparisonThree-dimensional shape searching: state-of-the-art review and future trendsA review of algorithms for shape analysis

Why have humans not been back to the moon and yet there is so much hype and talk of building colonies there?I think because of the very low gravity there will be medical problems with trying to establish any long term manned base on the Moon.Humans are also high maintenance when it comes to environmental support food etc.I also think that rotating manner space stations offer a much better option for human colonisation of space and directing the processing of mined asteroid or lunar material into usable serviceable components or fuels for satellites etc.Bases on the Moon will probably be “manned” and run by robots.Japan plans $2 billion robot moon base by 2020Japan plans $2 billion robot moon base by 2020We got starry-eyed last month about Japanese plans to send humanoid robots to the moon, but now we’re, well, over the moon to see that the Japanese want to build a whole robot base on the heavenly body by 2020.A Japanese government panel has produced a draft paper outlining how humanoid rover robots will begin surveying the moon by 2015, according to a report by the prime minister’s office.As part of the $2.2 billion project, the droids will begin construction of an unmanned base near the south pole of the moon that will be powered by solar panels, according to the panel chaired by Waseda University President Katsuhiko Shirai.Weighing about 660 pounds, the droids will roll on treads and operate within a 60-mile radius of the base. They’ll be equipped with solar panels, seismographs to investigate the moon’s inner structure, high-def cameras, and arms to gather rock samples, which will be returned to Earth via rocket.The moon has ice on its surface in hundreds of places — and it could be the 'first step in building a space economy'The moon has ice on its surface in hundreds of places — and it could be the 'first step in building a space economy'Mapping the moon's icy cold trapsA map of "cold traps" inside shadowy lunar craters at the moon's south pole (left) and north pole (right). Blue dots show locations where water ice may be present at or near the surface.NASAThis surface water appears to be trapped in shadowed craters at the lunar poles.Robotic or human missions could harvest lunar ice and turn it into fuel for spacecraft.However, engineers who study space mining say we need to send rovers into craters to find out how wide and deep the ice deposits go.An illustration of NASA's now-cancelled Resource Prospector rover mission to the moon.NASADuring a June meeting at the Colorado School of Mines, several researchers met to brainstorm methods of mining the moon. Abbud-Madrid discussed using three solar reflectors (basically giant mirrors) to extract lunar surface ice with hardly any digging at all."You redirect that energy to the surface, inside tents," he said. "It will hit the ice and sublimate it inside the tent."From there, the surface of the tents would act as cold traps, collect the water vapor, and then move it to a processing plant. The processing plant would use electricity to split the water into hydrogen and oxygen, separate the gases, and store them as liquids."By doing that you will have the hydrogen and oxygen prepared for a rocket that can land there," Abbud-Madrid said.But he added that extra fuel could even be stored in tanks and lifted into orbit around the moon."You start making gas stations in space. This really starts cutting your dependence on bringing all that fuel from Earth," he said. "That's really been what's holding us back from deep-space exploration."

This is what climate scientists say:Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia. The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, sea level has risen, and the concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased.Each of the last three decades has been successively warmer at the Earth’s surface than any preceding decade since 1850. In the Northern Hemisphere, 1983–2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 yearsTotal radiative forcing is positive, and has led to an uptake of energy by the climate system. The largest contribution to total radiative forcing is caused by the increase in the atmospheric concentration of CO2 since 1750Human influence on the climate system is clear. This is evident from the increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, positive radiative forcing, observed warming, and understanding of the climate system.Human influence has been detected in warming of the atmosphere and the ocean, in changes in the global water cycle, in reductions in snow and ice, in global mean sea level rise, and in changes in some climate extremes. This evidence for human influence has grown since AR4. It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century.Global surface temperature change for the end of the 21st century is likely to exceed 1.5°C relative to 1850 to 1900 for all RCP scenarios except RCP2.6. It is likely to exceed 2°C for RCP6.0 and RCP8.5, and more likely than not to exceed 2°C for RCP4.5. Warming will continue beyond 2100 under all RCP scenarios except RCP2.6. Warming will continue to exhibit interannual-to-decadal variability and will not be regionally uniform.If anything, that seems very nuanced.What do you think they ought to say?Here is some analysis about the state of researchThe Cook et al. (2013) 97% consensus result is robustThe 97% Consensus is a Robust ResultThe existence of the expert consensus on human-caused global warming is a reality, as is clear from an examination of the full body of evidence.For example, Naomi Oreskes found no rejections of the consensus in a survey of 928 abstracts performed in 2004.Doran & Zimmerman (2009) found a 97% consensus among scientists actively publishing climate research.Anderegg et al. (2010) reviewed publicly signed declarations supporting or rejecting human-caused global warming, and again found over 97% consensus among climate experts.Cook et al. (2013) found the same 97% result through a survey of over 12,000 climate abstracts from peer-reviewed journals, as well as from over 2,000 scientist author self-ratings, among abstracts and papers taking a position on the causes of global warming.Here is another oneExpert credibility in climate changeHere, we use an extensive dataset of 1,372 climate researchers and their publication and citation data to show that (i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field surveyed here support the tenets of ACC outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.