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APJ Abdul Kalam: Unparalleled Genius and Spiritual TechnocratDr. Abdul Kalam died on July 27, 2015, at Shillong, after he lost consciousness while delivering a lecture. He was 83. He was buried at Rameshwaram with full state honours and Islamic rites. The funeral was attended by an ocean of people. This demonstrated a kind of love and adulation he had in the hearts of the people, which is unparalleled in recent history. He truly proved to be Peoples’ President, loved by all and hated by none.It is the policy of the worldmuslimpedia to publish biographies of only living Muslim greats. However, as a tribute to Late Abdul Kalam, his biography will continue to appear for one year.Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was an Indian scientist and administrator who served as the 11th President of India from 2002 to 2007.AP. J. Abdul KalamFormer President of IndiaAvul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was an Indian scientist and administrator who served as the 11th President of India from 2002 to 2007Born: October 15, 1931 (age 83), RameswaramFull name: Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul KalamAwards: Bharat Ratna, moreParents: Ashiamma Jainulabiddin, Jainulabiddin MarakayarEducation: Madras Institute of Technology(1955–1960), St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli (1954)The romance of Dr APJ Kalam's ascending is indeed contemporary India's best fairy tale material. His story reads like the Indian version of Abraham Lincoln's from –log-house-to-Whitehouse saga. What makes this story especially delightful is the tribute and salute offered to his talent and contribution by the ever-shifting never trusted politicians of India. Dr Kalam epitomizes the “spiritual technocrat” and his elevation to Rashtrapati Bhavan is testimony to the universal admiration we have for spotless integrity in modern times, despite the corruption enveloping our lives. His life story is an allegory of the glory of unwavering sincerity, faith and devotion to great values of life.A simple, devout and disciplined boat owner's son, Dr APJ Abdul Kalam was born in 1931into a middle class family in Rameswaram. He learnt his first great lessons in the school of his father’s daily routine and faith. He himself pays homage to his father’s simple and great life.” I have throughout my life tried to emulate my father in my world of science and technology,” says Dr Kalam, "I have endeavored to understand the fundamental truths revealed to me by my father, and feel convinced that there exists a divine power that can lift one from confusion, misery, melancholy and failure, and guide one to one’s true place."This training has defined Dr Kalam's life. Before reaching the top he had his share of failures; but his faith made him turn every failure into a teacher. In his career he went up the ladder defeating his failures, which generally defeat a man without a faith. Starting a senior Scientific Assistant at the DTP (Air).He moved on to INCOSPAR as a rocket engineer, and then to NASA. On his return from NASA, he was first involved in India’s first rocket launch in 1963.Later he was handpicked by the great Dr Vikram Sarabhai and was chosen to be a project leader. To him was entrusted the job of designing the fourth stage of India 's satellite launch vehicle(SLV).How Dr Kalam learnt to cope with surmount failures is amply testified by the incident of SLV3 failure. He remembers the failed attempt not as a depressing defeat but as an incident which became an opportunity to learn great lesson. He recalls the lesson he received from his mentor, Dr Brahm Prakash, “To live only for some unknown future is superficial. It is like climbing a mountain to reach the peak without experiencing its sides. The sides of the mountain sustain life, not the peak. This is where things grow, experience is gained, and technologies are measured. The importance of the peak lies only in the fact that it defines the sides. So I went on towards the top, but always experiencing the sides. I had a long way to go but I was no in hurry. I went in little steps-just one step after another-but each step towards the top."The lesson was indeed learnt well in July 1980 India’s first Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV3) was successfully launched, and with this launch India joined the club of countries having satellite launch capability.It is customary to state that India’s rocketry and missile programme took grant strides under Dr Kalam's Supervision. India’s space odyssey had its great Odysseus in Dr Kalam. He is to a great extent, responsible for making India a missile power, and gave Indian defense forces formidable weaponry. As a defense scientist he was chiefly responsible for developing India's defense arsenal by producing missiles Agni, Prithvi, Akash, Trishul and Nag. He is also credited with guiding India to the status of a Nuclear Power.Dr Kalam has been honored by his countrymen, befitting his contribution and stature, the greatest civilian honor, the Bharat-Ratan, and the highest Indian office in the Rashtrapati Bhavan. But he is remembered today as one who turns his audience into a class of inquisitive students, wherever he goes. It was on several occasions a great sight, never seen before, when the Indian President addressed his audience and invited people to ask him questions. He would receive a great response and then answer the questions in the fashion of a professor explaining some equations to his students. This image will abide in the minds of all Indians.A gifted visionary, Dr Kalam has prepared a roadmap for the India of 21st century. His vision 2020 projects India as a superpower, an economic giant and a great nation of modern times. His faith in India's great future has given all Indians a true reason to smile with hope, confidence and pride. He is today India's most respected, popular and most trusted man and fascinates all as one whose life is equally colored by spirituality and atomic energy, by missile technology and the vina (a musical instrument) by science and poetry, by queries and faith.It is interesting to learn that the man whose life is devoted to science and technology finds his philosophy of life in the Holy Quran, the Divine life and the works of Khalil Gibran.1. ProfileHis own website describes his profile as follows:Born on 15th October 1931 at Rameswaram in Tamil Nadu, Dr. Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam, specialized in Aeronautical Engineering from Madras Institute of Technology. Dr. Kalam made significant contribution as Project Director to develop India's first indigenous Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV-III) which successfully injected the Rohini satellite in the near earth orbit in July 1980 and made India an exclusive member of Space Club. He was responsible for the evolution of ISRO's launch vehicle programme, particularly the PSLV configuration. After working for two decades in ISRO and mastering launch vehicle technologies, Dr. Kalam took up the responsibility of developing Indigenous Guided Missiles at Defence Research and Development Organization as the Chief Executive of Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP).MAULANA SAALIM QASMIMaulana Muhammad Salim Qasmi: Distinguished, Respected and Accomplished Theologian, Islamic Scholar and Guide ​Maulana Muhammad Salim Qasmi is surely one of the most distinguished theologians,…Read moreHe was responsible for the development and operationalization of AGNI and PRITHVI Missiles and for building indigenous capability in critical technologies through networking of multiple institutions. He was the Scientific Adviser to Defence Minister and Secretary, Department of Defence Research & Development from July 1992 to December 1999. During this period he led to the weaponisation of strategic missile systems and the Pokhran-II nuclear tests in collaboration with Department of Atomic Energy, which made India a nuclear weapon State. He also gave thrust to self-reliance in defense systems by progressing multiple development tasks and mission projects such as Light Combat Aircraft.As Chairman of Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council (TIFAC) and as an eminent scientist, he led the country with the help of 500 experts to arrive at Technology Vision 2020 giving a road map for transforming India from the present developing status to a developed nation. Dr. Kalam has served as the Principal Scientific Advisor to the Government of India, in the rank of Cabinet Minister, from November 1999 to November 2001 and was responsible for evolving policies, strategies and missions for many development applications. Dr. Kalam was also the Chairman, Ex-officio, of the Scientific Advisory Committee to the Cabinet (SAC-C) and piloted India Millennium Mission 2020.BornAvul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam15 October 1931 (age 83)Rameswaram,Ramanathapuram District,ChennaiPresidency, British India(now in Tamil Nadu, India)NationalityIndianAlma materSt Joseph's College, TiruchirapalliMadras Institute of TechnologyProfessionProfessor, author, scientist, presidentAerospace engineerReligionIslamWebsiteabdulkalam.com2. Awards, Titles and Honours1981Padma BhushanGovernment of India1990Padma VibhushanGovernment of India1994Distinguished FellowInstitute of Directors (India)1997Bharat RatnaGovernment of India1997Indira Gandhi Award for National IntegrationIndian National Congress1998Veer Savarkar AwardGovernment of India2000Ramanujan AwardAlwars Research Centre, Chennai2007Honorary Doctorate of ScienceUniversity of Wolver Hampton, UK2007King Charles II MedalRoyal Society, UK2008Doctor of Engineering (Honoris Causa)Nanyang Techl University, Singapore2009International von Kármán Wings AwardCalifornia Institute of Tech, USA2009Hoover MedalASME Foundation, USA2009Honorary DoctorateOakland University2010Doctor of EngineeringUniversity of Waterloo2011IEEE Honorary MembershipIEEE2012Doctor of Laws (Honoris Causa)Simon Fraser University2014Doctor of ScienceEdinburgh University3. Kalam's WritingsDevelopments in Fluid Mechanics and Space Technology by A P J Abdul Kalam and Roddam Narasimha; Indian Academy of Sciences, 1988India 2020: A Vision for the New Millennium by A P J Abdul Kalam, Y S Rajan; New York, 1998.Wings of Fire: An Autobiography by A P J Abdul Kalam, Arun Tiwari; Universities Press, 1999.Ignited Minds: Unleashing the Power Within India by A P J Abdul Kalam; Viking, 2002.The Luminous Sparks by A P J Abdul Kalam, by; Punya Publishing Pvt Ltd, 2004.Mission India by A P J Abdul Kalam, Paintings by Manav Gupta; Penguin Books, 2005Inspiring Thoughts by A P J Abdul Kalam; Rajpal & Sons, 2007Indomitable Spirit by A P J Abdul Kalam; Rajpal and Sons PublishingEnvisioning an Empowered Nation by A P J Abdul Kalam with A Sivathanu Pillai; Tata McGraw-Hill, New DelhiYou Are Born To Blossom: Take My Journey Beyond by A P J Abdul Kalam and Arun Tiwari; Ocean Books, 2011Turning Points: A journey through challenges by A P J Abdul Kalam; Harper Collins India, 2012.Target 3 Billion" by A P J Abdul Kalam and Srijan Pal Singh; December 2011 | Publisher Penguin Books.My Journey: Transforming Dreams into Actions by A P J Abdul Kalam; August 2013 by the Rupa Publication.A Manifesto for Change: A Sequel to India 2020 by A P J Abdul Kalam and V Ponraj; July 2014 by Harper Collins.4. BiographiesEternal Quest: Life and Times of Dr Kalam by S Chandra; Pentagon Publishers, 2002.President A P J Abdul Kalam by R K Pruthi; Anmol Publications, 2002.A P J Abdul Kalam: The Visionary of India by K Bhushan, G Katyal; A P H Pub Corp, 2002.A Little Dream (documentary film) by P. Dhanapal; Minveli Media Works Private Limited, 2008.The Kalam Effect: My Years with the President by P M Nair; Harper Collins, 2008.My Days with Mahatma Abdul Kalam by Fr A K George; Novel Corporation, 2009.(Source: Wikipedia)5. Vision 2020 Missions5.1 Vision for the NationVision 2020 for Passenger AircraftEvolution of India Vision 2020National Missions and opportunitiesIntegrated actions for developmentRegional development leads to the bestAmbience In The Nation 2007Economic development: Transforming India into a developed nationGrowth Competitive IndexGlobal Human Resource cadreNational Prosperity IndexPossible Ambience in 2020Distinctive Profile of India 20205.2 Innovation and India’s Role in the Knowledge EconomyJun 25 2008Dear friends, let me share with you "Innovation ecosystem to empower Indian innovations". I will discuss about few instances of Indian innovations.Innovation in IT: We all know about the recent rise of India’s IT sector. Today the IT sector employs more than 2 million persons and contributes roughly 25% of India’s exports. The IT sector also contributes around 4% to India’s GDP. When you consider that the IT sector employs just 0.2% of the population, you can see that the IT sector is contributing many times its share to the Indian economy. Indeed it is not wrong to say that the IT sector, perhaps single-handedly, changed the world’s perception about India. IT is not the only area where India is innovative.Innovation in Consumer items: The sachet of shampoo that costs just Rs. 2, or about five cents! Imagine producing something for five cents that includes not just the aluminum for the sachet, but also its contents, not to mention the cost of distribution. Yet these sachets can be found everywhere in India.Innovation in Cell phone Business model: Today villagers are all speaking on cell phone. India has the cheapest telephone rates in the world, for both land lines as well as cell phones. India also has the fastest growing telecom market in the world, adding roughly eight million cell phones every month! This amazing growth has been made possible because the Indian cell phone service providers have a number of innovative business models, such as free incoming calls, prepaid calling cards, etc. We should remember that innovation in business models is also innovation!Innovation in healthcare: Next innovation let me focus on the "Jaipur foot," which was originally made for about $ 28, by itself a very low price. But the DRDO applied its technical competence to the problem, and designed a still lighter and more durable foot called FRO using carbon-composite material. The Nizam Institute of Medical Sciences in Hyderabad also developed a very low-cost "stent" that brought down the price of stents by more than 90% to the Indian consumers. Similarly, the cost of a heart bypass surgery in India is just about $ 3? 5K, compared to more than $ 50K abroad.Innovation in Election system: India’s democratic society also benefits from Indian innovation. We see here an Electronic Voting Machine used in our elections. Foreigners are often surprised to find out that in Indian elections, 100% of the voting is through EVMs. In recent times doubts have been raised about the reliability of the software used in electronic voting machines in some other countries. Our EVMs are based on push button technology (rather than touch screen technology) which makes them absolutely tamper-proof. Moreover, it is also possible to have a "recount" in the case of close contests, without any difficulty. In some regions, Election Commission carrying EVMs on elephant back particularly in Northeastern area is by itself an innovation in transportation.Innovation in Nuclear Science: On 11 May 2008, I was with the members of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) on the occasion of the National Technology Day celebrations-2008 and distributed the DAE Awards-2006. I have seen 400 scientists who have shown excellent performance in Science, Engineering and Technology in Department of Atomic Energy. Their innovations in the nuclear science and technology will have tremendous potential; I would like to particularly mention a few, such asCarbide fuel processing in the nuclear Fast reactors at IGCAR, DAE;reduced use of uranium to attain the same level of performance in power generation by DAEIndigenous design and development of an unique variable low energy positron beam system to enable depth-resolved defect studies at surfaces and interfaces of materials;BHABHA-TRON? the first indigenous tele-cobalt machine;design and development of optically pumped infrared molecular gas lasers producing output at 16 micron for molecular uranium isotope separation are some the innovative research which I have witnessed.Innovation in other Science and Technology departments: Dear friends, our scientists in multiple scientific departments have worked for self-reliance and have succeeded. Some of the innovative examples such asa. Making the cryogenic engine; Successful launch of 10 satellites in one go and Successful Satellite Recovery Experiment by ISRO;b. Anti-Ballistic Missile System and Indigenous Ring Laser Gyro based INS with high impact accuracy in Agni-III by DRDOc. Flight control system for LCA by ADAAre some of the innovative achievements which stand today as witness to Indian innovations in science and technology?Innovation in Rural transformation through Jatropha : Let me now focus at the innovation in rural transformation through Jatropha. Rani-dhera a tribal village in Chhattisgarh state which was steeped in darkness after sun set has been lighted with Jatropha oil drawn straight from the seeds. The villages are paying rupees 20 per light per month. This innovation has been promoted by Department of New and Renewable energy sources in partnership with an NGO. Rani-Dhera is bubbling with activities and per capita income of the village has gone up due to the availability of power and light.One of the unique studies carried out by CSIR through the collaborative effort of over 150 scientists has led to innovation in Genetic mapping of Indian Population.Innovation in Genetic Mapping of Indian Population: Indian Statistical institute, Kolkata and anthropologists from various institutes of India, and the Centre for Genomic Applications, Delhi, has generated genetic information on over 4000 genetic markers from over 1000 bio-medically important and Pharmaco-genetically relevant genes in reference populations encompassing diversity of populations from across the country. This study has resulted in clear genetic profile of our populations, explicitly indicating that there is a strong association between genetic and linguistic profiles in India and that there are significant genetic differences in the frequencies of disease-associated genetic markers. For example, this study has revealed that a known protective genetic marker against HIV-1 is virtually absent in India, implying the absence of natural or genetic protection against HIV-AIDS in our country.Similarly friends, the industry and service sectors have shown marked growth and our economy is in the ascent phase right from 2003. All this clearly shows that the country’s landmark decision to become a nuclear weapon state has given strength to the nation. The confidence in the country has increased the spirit that "We can do it". India has always risen to the occasion when we are constrained, the technological sanction after 1998 has not deterred our progress but has strengthened the minds of every Indian to become self-reliant in critical technologies. We should understand our own strength first in the scientific and technological achievements that we have made so far and give confidence and encouragement to the scientists who are working towards making the nation proud.So can we ask: What drives innovation in India? India has a unique blend of ingredients. We have a shortage of capital, so we have to be very innovative to stretch our limited capital. By and large, the general perception is that the government agencies are not able to deliver citizen services effectively, at any level, be it national, state, or regional. But fortunately, we have had democracy, so that individual citizens have been free to evolve local solutions for local problems. Until now our local innovations have not been able to spread outside India excepting in certain sectors such as pharmaceutical, Banking, IT Enabled Services, Software and Automobiles and recently the nano car. Now is the time, for all of us to work together to make Indian innovation to become globalized and have a worldwide impact.By, Dr. APJ Abdul Kalamwww.abdulkalam.com6. Speeches / LecturesRecent1667.Pravaranagar, Loni, Ahmednagar Dist, 05/01/2015 - Address at the Inauguration of Golden Jubilee of Pravara Rural Education Society& Pravara Public School1666.Mumbai, 04/01/2015 - Inauguration of 102nd National Children’s Science Congress (NCSC)1665.IIT Bombay, 04/01/2015 - Address at the Inauguration of the Techfest 20151664.Mumbai, 04/01/2015 - Address at the Diamond Jubilee Celebrations Vani Vidyalaya, Mulund (West)1663.Mumbai , 03/01/2015 - Address at the National Oral Health Care Awards Function Of Indian Dental Association1662.Lucknow, 23/12/2014 - Address and interaction at Manfest-Varchasva Leadership Lecture IIM1661.Lucknow, 23/12/2014 - Address and interaction with the Students of Colvin Taluqdars' College,1660.Bangalore, 19/12/2014 - Address during the Centenary Celebrations of BK Mariyappa’s Charities1659.Bangalore, 19/12/2014 - Address at the Dedication of Swami Chidananda Sevashram1658.Bangalore, 19/12/2014 - Address and interaction with the Students at Science Festa at Christ Academy, Bangalore1657.Chennai, 18/12/2014 - Address during the inauguration of the 10th Chennayil Thiruvaiyaru (Carnatic Music Festival in December)1656.Avadi,, 18/12/2014 - Address at the 5th National Conference on Condition Monitoring CVRDE,1655.Puducherry, 09/12/2014 - Inaugural Address at the NACLIN 2014 National Convention on Knowledge, Library, and Information Networking1654.Sathyabama University, Chennai, 09/12/2014 - Inauguration of Research & Development Centre Sathyabama University1653.Chennai, 08/12/2014 - Address & interaction with Engineers, Technologists, & Staff of Anjanasoft Solutions1652.Madras School of Economics, Chennai, 08/12/2014 - 7th SAGE-MSE Endowment Lecture1651.Pune, 04/12/2014 - Address at Kirloskar Brothers Limited1650.Pune, 04/12/2014 - Address at Innovation Concourse Gabriel India Limited1649.Angul, Odisha, 29/11/2014 - Address to the Students of Angul1648.Sambalpur, 29/11/2014 - Address at the Inauguration of 150th Year Celebrations of Chandra Sekhar Behera Zilla School,1647.Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh, 22/11/2014 - Inauguration of State Level 22nd National Children’s Science Congress (NCSC)1646.Allahabad, 21/11/2014 - Address and Interaction with the students of SS Khanna Girls Degree College,1645.Ahmedabad, 19/11/2014 - Address at IGNITE 14 Award Ceremony1644.Lekawada, Gandhinagar, 19/11/2014 - Address at the Chaitanya School1643.Kottayam, 14/11/2014 - Address at the Valedictory Session of the International Book Fair and Science Fest Organized by Kerala State Council for S&T and Kerala State Institute of Language and DC Books1642.Thiruvananthapuram, 14/11/2014 - Address at the Convocation of Govt. Ayurveda College,1641.Kochi, 13/11/2014 - Address at the Presentation of First NKP Ayur Samman to Dr PK Warrier, Chief Physician1640.Beijing, China, 07/11/2014 - Course to Peking University Students on "Sustainable Development System and Creative Leadership" By Dr APJ Abdul Kalam at Peking University1639.Beijing, China, 06/11/2014 - Lecture by Dr APJ Abdul Kalam at College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Peking University, Beijing, China1638.PEKING UNIVERSITY, 05/11/2014 - Conferment of Honorary Professor of PEKING UNIVERSITY1637.Beijing, China, 05/11/2014 - Course to Peking University Students on "Sustainable Development System and Creative Leadership" by Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Peking University, Beijing, China1636.Nehru Memorial Museum & Library, New Delhi, 30/10/2014 - Address at the inauguration of Exhibition The Nobel Prize : Ideas Changing the World1635.Gandhi Smriti, New Delhi, 30/10/2014 - Brief Address at the Prayer Meeting In memory of Arutchelvar Dr N Mahalingam1634.Dhaka, Bangladesh, 18/10/2014 - Address at the 110th Anniversary of the Metropolitan Chamber of Commerce and Industry1633.Dhaka, 17/10/2014 - Address and Interaction with participants of Youth Dialogue1632.Shaikpet, Hyderabad, 11/10/2014 - Address and interaction with the students of International School1631.IACP, Hyderabad, 11/10/2014 - Inaugural Address at the First International and The Ninth Annual Conference of Indian Academy of Cerebral Palsy1630.PUSA, New Delhi, 09/10/2014 - Inauguration of Ayurvet Knowledge Symposium 2014 Integrating Agriculture and Livestock for Sustainability1629.Bagar, Rajasthan, 08/10/2014 - Address and interaction with the Headmasters of Schools, Fellows from Various Institutions at Piramal School of Leadership1628.Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan, 08/10/2014 - Address and interaction with the Students7. From His DiaryThe environment in the home alternated by happiness and sadness. I used to get up at four in the morning, take bath and went to my teacher Swamiyar for learning mathematics. He will not accept students if they had not taken bath. He was a unique mathematics teacher and he used to take only five students for free tuition in a year. My mother used to get up before me, and gave bath to me and prepared me to go for the tuition. I use to comeback at 5:30 when my father would be waiting for taking me to the Namaz and Koran Sharif learning in Arabic school. After that I used to go to Rameswaram Road Railway station, three kilometers away to collect newspaper. Madras Dhanushkodi Mail will pass through the station but will not stop, since it was war time. The newspaper bundle will be thrown from the running train to the platform.I used to collect the paper and run around the Rameswaram town and be the first one to distribute the newspapers in the town. My elder cousin brother was the agent who went away to Sri Lanka in search of better livelihood. After distribution, I used to come home at 8 AM. My mother will give me a simple breakfast with a special quota compared to other children because I was studying and working simultaneously. After the school gets over in the evening, again I will go around Rameswaran for collection of dues from customers. I still remember an incident which I would like to share with you. As a young boy I was walking, running and studying all together. One day, when all my brothers and sisters were sitting and eating, my mother went on giving me chapattis (even though we are rice eaters only, wheat was rationed). When I finished eating, my elder brother called me privately and scolded "Kalam do you know what was happening? You went on eating Chappati, and mother went on giving you. She has given all her chapattis to you. It is difficult time. Be a responsible son and do not make your mother starve". First time I had a shivering sensation and I could not control myself. I rushed to my mother and hugged her. Even though I was studying in 5th class, I had a special place in my home because I was the last guy in the family. There used to be no electricity. Our house was lit by the kerosene lamp that too between 7 to 9 PM. My mother specially gave me a small kerosene lamp so that I can study up to 11 PM. I still remember my mother in a full moon night which has been portrayed with the title "mother" in my book "Wings of Fire".Mother"I still remember the day when I was ten,Sleeping on your lap to the envy of my elder brothers and sisters.It was full moon night, my world only you knew Mother! My Mother!When at midnight, I woke with tears falling on my kneeYou knew the pain of your child, My Mother.Your caring hands, tenderly removing the painYour love, your care, your faith gave me strength,To face the world without fear and with His strength.We will meet again on the great Judgment Day. My Mother!This is the story of my mother who lived ninety three years, a woman of love, a woman of kindness and above all a woman of divine nature. My mother performed Namaz five times every day. During Namaz, my mother always looked angelic. Every time I saw her during Namaz I was inspired and moved.8. Looking BeyondNational Emergency Service: A VisionEnergy Independence in India - A PerspectiveWorld Knowledge PlatformAmbience in the NationTechnology through AgesResearch ChallengesIntegrated Action for developed IndiaMedia Researche-Courts leading to e-Judiciary - A VisionNetworking of Dental CentersInnovation is the capitalSpace Vision 2050Next Generation BRAHMOSConnectivity for societal transformationIndomitable Spirit9. Kalam QuotesYou have to dream before your dreams can come true.​My message, especially to young people is to have courage to think differently, courage to invent, to travel the unexplored path, courage to discover the impossible and to conquer the problems and succeed. These are great qualities that they must work towards. This is my message to the young people.Let me define a leader. He must have vision and passion and not be afraid of any problem. Instead, he should know how to defeat it. Most importantly, he must work with integrity.To succeed in your mission, you must have single-minded devotion to your goal.​When we tackle obstacles, we find hidden reserves of courage and resilience we did not know we had. And it is only when we are faced with failure do we realise that these resources were always there within us. We only need to find them and move on with our lives.​The bird is powered by its own life and by its motivation.​Creativity is the key to success in the future, and primary education is where teachers can bring creativity in children at that level.​Let me define a leader. He must have vision and passion and not be afraid of any problem. Instead, he should know how to defeat it. Most importantly, he must work with integrity.​You see, God helps only people who work hard. That principle is very clear.​One of the very important characteristics of a student is to question. Let the students ask questions.​We should not give up and we should not allow the problem to defeat us.Poetry comes from the highest happiness or the deepest sorrow.​We will be remembered only if we give to our younger generation a prosperous and safe India, resulting out of economic prosperity coupled with civilizational heritage.​Educationists should build the capacities of the spirit of inquiry, creativity, entrepreneurial and moral leadership among students and become their role model.​If a country is to be corruption free and become a nation of beautiful minds, I strongly feel there are three key societal members who can make a difference. They are the father, the mother and the teacher.​Look at the sky. We are not alone. The whole universe is friendly to us and conspires only to give the best to those who dream and work.​Great dreams of great dreamers are always transcended.​God, our Creator, has stored within our minds and personalities, great potential strength and ability. Prayer helps us tap and develop these powers.​Let us sacrifice our today so that our children can have a better tomorrow.​Climbing to the top demands strength, whether it is to the top of Mount Everest or to the top of your career.​Man needs his difficulties because they are necessary to enjoy success.​Excellence is a continuous process and not an accident.​The world has today 546 nuclear plants generating electricity. Their experience is being continuously researched, and feedback should be provided to all. Nuclear scientists have to interact with the people of the nation, and academic institutions continuously update nuclear power generation technology and safety.​Life is a difficult game. You can win it only by retaining your birthright to be a person.​Almost half of the population of the world lives in rural regions and mostly in a state of poverty. Such inequalities in human development have been one of the primary reasons for unrest and, in some parts of the world, even violence.​Unless India stands up to the world, no one will respect us. In this world, fear has no place. Only strength respects strength.​Source: A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Quotes - BrainyQuote

IQ test results are ahistorical. IQ maps are ahistorical. History disagrees with IQ test results. IQ tests lack historical perspective and context.No wonder some people focus on the recent frame of history when they are dominant and brilliant but never discuss a not so distant past when they were dominated and obscure. These people are referred to as the parvenus of history.……….Étude sur les rapports de L'Amérique et de l'ancien continent avant Christophe Colomb (French Edition): 1843-1920, Gaffarel Paul: 9780353651739: Amazon.com: BooksCourtesy of Google TranslateSeveral races seem to have, in turn, exercised world dominance, and been at the forefront of civilization.The order of succession is now very difficult to determine.However, the black race appears to be the first.The Malays hunted down Blacks in the islands of Polynesia; the Hindus chased them far into the interior of the Deccan and Ceylon.Blacks are represented in Egyptian monuments and easily recognizable by the color of their skin, snub nose and slanted eyes.They were later replaced by invaders.The final triumph of our race (the white race) dates back only from the 16th century when native American tribes were destroyed or absorbed by Europeans.That German national tells the whole truth in just one paragraph.Old Paintings Prove Moors were WHITE!!!Americans are either simply stupid or their educational system has miserably failed them.I'm from Germany and all Europeans know that the real Moors were Africans. We have their artifacts, writings, depictions along with culture and engineering; we even celebrate their festivals with afros and black faces. Your version of history is totally bogus, the whole world knows the Moors are Africans not the so-called Berbers who are Arabs of today, everyone knows...but YOU! LOL! Good pun by the way.https://cruel.org/econthought/texts/carlyle/millnegro.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill"The Negro Question" by [John Stuart Mill] 1850Fraser's Magazine for Town and CountryIt is curious, withal, that the earliest known civilization was, we have the strongest reason to believe, a negro civilization. The original Egyptians are inferred, from the evidence of their sculptures, to have been a negro race: it was from negroes, therefore, that the Greeks learnt their first lessons in civilization; and to the records and traditions of these negroes did the Greek philosophers to the very end of their career resort (I do not say with much fruit) as a treasury of mysterious wisdom.……The fame of the ancient Ethiopians (ancient Kushites) was widespread in ancient history. Herodotus described them as the tallest, most beautiful and long-lived of the human races, and before Herodotus, Homer, in even more flattering language, described them as the most just of men, the favorites of the gods. The annals of all the great early nations of Asia Minor full of them. The Mosaic records allude to them frequently; but while they are described as the most powerful, the most just, and the most beautiful of the human race, they are constantly spoken of as Black, and there seems to be no other conclusion to be drawn than at that remote period of history, the leading race of the Western World was a Black race."—Lady Lugard/Flora Shawhttps://www.platformslavernijmonument.nl/pdf/Racism-aResidualLegacyOfSlavery.pdfRacism –a residual legacy of Slavery? By ChinweizuThe dogma of black inferiority and white superiority--the alleged justification for the colorarchy--has constantly been taught by the organs of indoctrination. The grounds of justification have, of course, been changed over the centuries. They started with Biblical fables about Ham’s curse and shifted, during the European Enlightenment, to doctrines like Montesquieu’s claim that “it is natural to look upon [white] color as the criterion of human nature”, and that blacks, therefore, could not be human; and then to Kant’s metaphysical mumbo-jumbo about the color of reason: that white skin is the badge of truly human rational talent. Hence his assertion that “This fellow was quite black from head to foot, a clear proof that what he said was stupid.” The grounds later shifted, for much of the early 20th century, to differences in craniometry. Nowadays, the grounds are alleged to be the color of intelligence, as enunciated in the 1960s by IQ experts like Arthur Jensen and Hans Eysenk, and as late as 1994 by the proponents of the Bell. The unrelenting dissemination of these superstitions inculcates in the population, including the Black victims, a belief in the colorarchy. No passive “residual legacy” here! — Chinweizu Ibekwe……….The Future of the Distant Past: On Teaching the Pre-modern History of Africans in Europe / by Kristin Kopp | TRANSITSuch a shift in focus would also profit Black Studies by extending the time frame of the African diasporic narrative backward into a past that preceded both the breach of the Middle Passage and the dawn of scientific racism. In this time preceding European overseas colonization, phenotypical differences between groups and individuals were observed, but racism as we know it today did not exist.Teaching this material thus offers students a useful alternative model of difference.…An examination of medieval texts, including Wolfram von Eschenbach’s Parzifal and the statue of the African St. Maurice in the Magdeburg cathedral, shows that blackness signified difference as distance on the horizontal plane of the world map, not as a chromatic marker of location on a vertical scale of hierarchy and power. If “overcoming racism” today is going to mean more than just adjusting existing stereotypes, then the pre-modern past may offer us a useful model.…Beyond the Middle Passage Epistemology, Michelle Wright describes and challenges the narrative of “Blackness” that informs much of the work in the field. The “Middle Passage epistemology” from her title refers to the way the history of African Americans is framed, and thus known and understood:Most discourses on Blackness in the United States and the Caribbean locate themselves in the history of the Middle Passage, linking our cultural practices and expressions, our politics and social sensibilities, to the historical experience of slavery in the Americas and the struggle to achieve full human suffrage in the WestIf a history of enslavement—and the ensuing struggles for abolition and civil rights—is that which unites the heterogeneous population of African Americans into a shared identity of Blackness, then the fact that the origin of this history is located in the movement of enslaved Africans over the Atlantic is of consequence. The narrative, so framed, has proven useful in positing a shared Blackness able to serve as a unifying political and cultural force, but at a certain expense.Because the Middle Passage narrative excludes Africans who have voluntarily migrated to the US in recent decades, it unwittingly creates harmful social divisions such as those existing between Africans and African Americans on my campus, hindering solidarity in action. Even more harmful, “the Middle Passage epistemology begins with white actions and Black reactions,” and therefore produces a Black collective identity that is not only predicated on white agency; it is a specifically malevolent white agency that brings the fact of Blackness into being. As a result, even within a progress narrative the question of a nonreactive agency arises: at what point can African Americans define themselves outside of white anti-Black racism…? (Wright 87)An essentialized victim status, in other words, becomes written into Black identity in an indelible way. My students recognize this and express a deep sense of exhaustion at the inability to position themselves outside of this conceptual frame. The message, as they see it, is that struggle is noble and courageous, but that no amount of struggle can displace the logic of white racist agency and the Black anti-racist resistance within which they are located. For the students, racism has become a universal truth, and they see its inevitability reinscribed with every additional depiction of Black victimization. “I saw the word “slavery” in the title [of an assigned article], and it just made me so tired,” said a student not in protest, but in distress—indeed his whole body language radiated a sense of beleaguered depletion.…To a large extent, this has meant expanding the amount of time we spend on the pre-modern period—the period before European colonization, and before the Middle Passage. Disrupting this point of origin in our history of the global Black diaspora allows us to present moments of autonomous Black agency.……Vectors into Europe: Altering the Mental Map of the WorldWe begin with a challenge to our students’ mental map of the world. This isn’t so much a question of how many countries they would be able to correctly identify on a map, but instead the way that they divide the world into meaningful units, the ways in which they imbue these units with historical identities and meanings, and the relationships they envision between these units as represented by various kinds of links and flows. Hegemonic notions of history have created a subconscious, unchallenged mental map of the world in which all leadership, change, and progress arises out of European (including—or superseded by—North American) space and spreads from these origins into non-European space. Europeans are positioned as the agents of action, and Africans either the victims or the beneficiaries of European undertakings.The resulting mental map of world historical development might be represented by a flood of arrows originating out of a white European center and directed outward into non-European space. These arrows represent movement, territorial expansion, colonization, and imperial desire, but they also represent assumptions about the origin of civilization and its spread across the globe. Each arrow represents a technological, economic, governmental, or militaristic advancement carried off into non-European (or non-US-American) space by as many human vectors.For example, where “Africa” appears on one’s mental map as a space wreaked by drought and hunger (television fundraising campaigns being notoriously vague about the specificities of time and space as they homogenize the African continent into the image of suffering children), Europe and North America appear as the spaces in which aid arises and from which it is sent to Africa. The arrows on this mental map move in one direction—towards Africa —such that Europeans and North Americans initiate the flow, and Africans receive it. Superimposed upon a countless set of analogous diagrams of diffusion from the European center, an underlying conceptual diagram emerges, an ahistorical framework that structures expectations and the processing of new information.[5]It is therefore quite difficult for students to imagine a set of arrows traveling in the opposite direction, and, at first, those that do inevitably represent negative flows—of refugees perhaps, or of Ebola—that must be contained, or staved off. This mental map has devastating consequences because it literally displaces any thought of autonomous African agency. The idea of a Cameroonian NGO sending young volunteers as development aids into American inner-city schools bristles with impossibility—because aid only ever flows in one direction on our mental map. Given the way our thought is structured, would we even be able to recognize a positive flow in the “wrong” direction?…..The borders of the ancient empires shifted greatly over time. Europeans were sometimes the conquerors of African space, but they were also sometimes the vanquished, conquered by invading African armies. Individuals and groups of people moved over these lands in all directions during this period of contact and interconnectivity. We therefore see Roman emperors who were African (Septimus Severus and his sons, Geta and Caracalla; Marcus Opellius Macrinus; and Marcus Aemilius Aemilianus), Roman playwrights who were African (Terentius Afer), Christian theologians who were African (St. Augustine), and popes who were African (Victor I, Miltiades, and Gelasius I).The history of the ancient period introduces a set of arrows traveling in the opposite direction, originating in Africa and extending into Europe. Given a narrative of global history in which Africans figure largely as powerless victims of the slave trade, and never as the active agents of movement and change, this reverse trajectory is disruptive, and in some of my students’ cases, even experienced as a traumatic rupture. Their language revealed how difficult it was to dislodge the hegemonic mental map and its dictates. “It’s amazing to me that the Europeans allowed Africans to hold power over them,” commented one student in our discussion of the Roman emperors. We had to discuss at length all of the assumptions that went in to her use of the word “allowed”—the power relations it assumed, and why it was that she assumed them. We were tracing new pathways, drawing each new arrow individually, painstakingly, against the grain as a singularity, an exception.Skin Color vs. RaceIn the pre-modern period, social rank was the operative category marking difference, and skin color was often treated as only negligibly important. Although, for example, the deeds of many of the African popes and emperors were carefully chronicled (the laws they passed, the journeys they took, etc.), in many cases, so little information is given about their appearance as to allow for dispute over whether they would be categorized as “black” or “white” were they alive today. Skin color as a marker of identity is our obsession, not that of the pre-moderns, who didn’t always find it relevant in their descriptions of the notables. The idea that social rank could so overshadow race is difficult for students to process, as they struggle to envision this world in which race played such a negligible role.…There is, in other words, an alternative conceptual framework of Blackness that exists alongside the framework posited by the Middle Passage epistemology; students are presented with a fluid set of choices, and may choose, in some instances, to position themselves within a global frame of autonomous Black agency.EDIT # 1People should really stop attributing ancient civilizations and cultures to the descendants of Eurasian invaders and slaves in North Africa. There is nothing in Saidi, Nubian, Tebu, Amazigh cultures that resembles any Eurasian cultures. Eurasians did not build the Sphinx nor the pyramids of Egypt, and Southern Libya. North African Blacks always say that Whites came long ago as nomads not as builders of civilizations. Eurasian invaders have passed down traditiions of North African Blacks they fought with and pushed south, like the Bafours.Berbers and Copts were described as black people as late as the Middle Ages. Vikings raided Morocco in the 9–10th and described its inhabitants as black people. Some of them were brought back to northern Europe where they are remembered as the Blue Men. Corsicans and Sardinans have black men on their flags in order to immortalize their victories over the Moors. The Moorish invasion of Spain was chronicled as an invasion of Moors as black as cooking pans. Spaniards immortalized the final defeat of the Moors as a group of black men wearing turbans surrendering to Spanish forces.Some medieval Arab writers such as al-Jahiz applied the term "Blacks" to practically all peoples darker than the average Arab, and "whites" to peoples lighter than the norm:"The blacks are more numerous than the whites.The whites at most consist of the people of Persia, Jibal, and Khurasan, the Greeks, Slavs, Franks, and Avars, and some few others, not very numerous;the Blacks include the Zanj, Ethiopians, the people of Fazzan, the Berbers, the Copts, and Nubians, the people of Zaghawa, Marw, Sind and India, Qamar and Dabila, China, and Masin...No Moor has even been a white man. Blackamoor actually means black as a Moor. African Moors are mocked across Europe in blackface and with Afro-wigs. Othello, the Moor of Venice, was played by white actors in blackface for centuries.“White Moors” are recent labels, a legacy of the white slave trade of the African Moors, the commodification of European women sold on Islamic slave markets in North Africa (Circassian beauties were in high demand), the expulsion of European Muslims during the Reconquista (Andalusi) and the massive recruitment of Slavic Muslims in Ottoman armies and factories (leather and arms factories) in North Africa (in Algeria, particularly).The Truth about Racism in Spain. What Black Travelers Need to KnowMauri is a Roman exonym and the equivalent of the Maurusoi of the Greeks for Berber tribesmen. The Romans and Greeks called them Mauri or Maurusoi because of the color of their skin : black.The history of the Moors is part of the history of the black Other. The theatrical Moor of early modern Europe was an actor in blackface. The Moor’s black complexion is permanent and marks all who comes from Africa. The etymology of the word Moor implies clearly that the part of Africa referred to as Mauritania was inhabited by blacks. The inhabitants of that region were so black that they and their country were named after their complexion.Isidore of Seville, the schoolmaster of the Middle Ages wrote “The Moors have bodies black as night, while the skin of the Gauls is white..."in The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville, translation by Steven A. Barney, published 2007. p. 386.St. Isidore also “underlines the fact that Moors are so named because they are black, and their blackness comes from the heat of the sun." St. Isidore (9.2.121-23)” (Ramey, L., Monstrous Alterity in Early Modern Travel Accounts. Esprit Createur, (48)1, pp. 81-952008).Mauretania (Mauritania)Mauretania, or Maurusia, as it was called by Greek writers, unquestionably signified the land of the Mauri, a term still retained in the modern name of Moors, and probably meaning originally nothing but "black men."Strabo: Geography, c. 22 A.D., XVII.iii.1-11And I have heard this man say that beyond the country which he ruled there was no habitation of men, but desert land extending to a great distance, and that beyond that there are men, not black-skinned like the Mauretani.6th A.D. – Procopius in his History of the Wars book IV contrasting the Germanic Vandals who had settled in North Africa with the Moors claimed the Vandals were not “black skinned like the Maurusioi”Sir Jean Mandeville, wrote that: "and men of Nubia be Christian, but they be black as the Moors for great heat of the sun"http://bridgingcultures.neh.gov/muslimjourneys/items/show/218Moors' from Oxford Islamic Studies OnlineFollowing the destruction of Carthage in 146 B.C.E., the term mauri was used to indicate the tribes inhabiting the Roman provinces of Mauretania, corresponding to modern-day western Algeria and northeastern Morocco.In the Latin Middle Ages, Mauri referred to a mixture of Berbers and Arabs inhabiting the coastal regions of Northwest Africa. In Spain, Portugal, and Italy, Mauri became Moros (Maures in French).More commonly, however, it was a racial designation for dark-skinned or black peoples, as in its English usage, which is seen as early as the fourteenth century.-----------------------------In the etymological dictionary of the French language by” Gilles Ménage (xvii century) More is defined as black or blackish man.About the Moors of Spain we read in the same dictionary, we have called Moors or Moorish Arabs who conquered Spain because they came from Mauritania, that is to say the land of black or blackish menDieu, l'homme et la parole, ou La langue primitive / par J. Azaïs, père.... [Précédé d'une Notice biographique / par A. Durand]Dieu, l'homme et la parole, ou La langue primitive par J. Azaïs, père (1778-1856)MAURE, nom d'un peuple dont la peau est noire; Moor: the name of a people whose skin is black.morou languedocien, mourou provençal, maurus lalin, mor, moren langue romane, morien vieux français, moro catalan, moro espagnol, mouro portugais, moro italien, maour, mauryan bas-breton, mohr allemand, moor anglais, moor hollandais, mohr danois, mor suédois, mour, maar, brûler, hébreu.In Africa, where the Negro is found completely at home, it has been noted that his distribution at one time covered Egypt, Morocco, Tripolitania, Tunisia, and Algeria. The appearance of other races in North Africa modified the predominantly negroid character of the population, but even in the modification, to repeat a phrase from Sir Harry H. Johnston, " both in nigrescence and in facial features the ancient negroid strain has never been completely eliminated in these lands." . In Mauritania, the ancient Negroes were partly driven out by Caucasian invaders and partly absorbed.—John Coleman De Graft-JohnsonOn the remains of the Phoenicians and Carthaginians: "The Phoenicians had nothing in common with the official Jewish type: brachycephal, aquiline or Hittite nose, and so on [...] skulls presumably Phoenician, have been found west of Syracuse [...] but these skulls are dolichocephalic and proganthous, with Negroid affinities""Other bones discovered in Punic Carthage, and housed in the Lavigerie Museum, come from personages found in special sarcophagi and probably belonging to the Carthaginian elite. Almost all the skulls are dolichocephalic." - Eugene Pittard "Les races et L' histoire.""The anthropological examination of skeletons found in tombs in Carthage proves that there is no racial unity [...] The so called Semitic type, characterized by the long, perfectly oval face, the thin aquiline nose and the lengthened cranium, enlarged over the nape of the neck has not been found in Carthage. On the other hand, another cranial form, with a fairly short face, prominent parietal bumps, farther forward and lower down than is usual is common [...] most of the Punic population in Carthage had African and even Negro ancestors" - Charles Picard "Daily Life in Carthage at the time of Hannibal"Adolph Bloch said, in a presentation to the French Anthropology Society in 1896, entitled “Sur des races noires indigènes qui existaient anciennement dans l’afrique septentrionale” (On native black races which existed formerly in northern Africa): "The race which gave birth to the Moroccans can be no other than the African negroes because the same black type [...] is found all the way to Senegal upon the right bank of the river without counting that it has been recognized in various parts of the Sahara [...] and from there comes black Moors who still have thick lips as a result of negro descent and not from intermixture [...] As to the white, bronze, or dark Moors, they are no other than the near relations of black Moors with whom they form the varieties of the same race; and as one can also see among the Europeans, blondes, brunettes, and chestnuts, in the midst of the same population so one may see Moroccans of every color in the same agglomeration without it being a question of their being real mulattos."…LacusCurtius • Diodorus SiculusBook III (beginning)Diodorus of Sicily wrote the following :They say also that the Egyptians are colonists sent out by the Ethiopians, Osiris having been the leader of the colony. And the larger part of the customs of the Egyptians are, they hold, Ethiopian.According to Herodotus, in Histories, Book II, the Colchians were Egyptians “because like the Egyptians they had black skin and wooly hair.”Herodotus Book IIChapter 104[1] For it is plain to see that the Colchians are Egyptians; and what I say, I myself noted before I heard it from others. When it occurred to me, I inquired of both peoples; and the Colchians remembered the Egyptians better than the Egyptians remembered the Colchians;[2] the Egyptians said that they considered the Colchians part of Sesostris’ army. I myself guessed it, partly because they are black-skinned and woolly-haired; though that indeed counts for nothing, since other peoples are, too; but my better proof was that the Colchians and Egyptians and Ethiopians are the only nations that have from the first practised circumcision.Caucasus | region and mountains, EurasiaThe peoples of the region have exhibited an extraordinary ethnic and cultural diversity since early times: the Colchians, for example, as described in the 5th century BCE by the Greek historian Herodotus, were black-skinned Egyptians, though their true origin remains unclear.Aristotle, Greek philosopher, scientist, and tutor to Alexander the Great. Aristotle is said to have written 150 philosophical treatises.Aristotle says in Physiognomonica that “the Egyptians and Ethiopians are very black.”"Too black a hue marks the coward as witness Egyptians and Ethiopians and so does also too white a complexion as you may see from women, the complexion of courage is between the two." (Physiognomics, Vol. VI, 812a)Aristotle makes reference to the hair form of Egyptians and Ethiopians: "Why are the Ethiopians and Egyptians bandy-legged? Is it because the bodies of living creatures become distorted by heat, like logs of wood when they become dry? The condition of their hair supports this theory; for it is curlier than that of other nations, and curliness is as it were crookedness of the hair." (Physiognomics, Book XIV, p. 317….Considérations sur l'ethnique maure et en particulier sur unerace ancienne : les Bafourshttp://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescrip...La TRADITION CHEZ LES OULAD BlERI[D'après Ismail Ould Cheikh Sydia3).Il y a bien longtemps, après Noé, ce sont les Noirs qui occupaient notre pays : ils remontaient jusqu'au Maroc, jusqu'au moment où vinrent de Syrie les premiers Blancs conquérants : c'étaient des hommes à peau claire et dont les yeux étaient gris.Courtesy of Google TranslateLong ago, after Noah, Blacks inhabited our country: they went up as far as Morocco until from Syria came the first white conquerors: they were light skinned men with grey eyes.La tradition chez les Ida AghzeinbouVoici ce que l'on dit dans ma tribu : je le tiens de mon père qui le tient du sien. C'étaient les Noirs qui depuis Noé occupaient la Mauritanie jusqu'au Maroc. De grands Blancs vinrent de Syrie : leurs cheveux n'étaient pas noirs et leurs yeux étaient gris 2 ; ils eurent une guerre avec les Noirs et ils les repoussèrent, cela se passait bien longtemps avant le prophète.Courtesy of Google TranslateHere's what it is told in my tribe: I got it from my father who got is from his. Since Noah, Blacks inhabited Mauritania as far as Morocco. White men of great height came from Syria; their hair was black; and their eyes were gray. They waged a war with the Blacks and the Blacks were repulsed, this happened long before the prophet.