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Since, I myself have lived only two decades on this planet, the points will be more observation based than factual.Ghunghat: The tradition of married women covering their head and face especially in front of elder males was very common in earlier times. I have seen my mother doing it, (covering head only), whenever my grandfather is around. Now, it is highly reduced, it may still prevail in some parts of the country but i haven’t seen it so much, for quite long.( Except in many backward areas).Doordarshan: Those were the times when people knew one channel by heart. They watched it regularly. Anything and everything was shown on this channel. Though it was formed in 1952 but, it reached all across the country around 1982. And other channels started in late 1990s. So, for few years, it was the most seen channel. Doordarshan was alone doing the work of Star plus, Aaj tak, UTV movies, 9Xm, Discovery, sports and Epic channels. Multitalented doordarshan was. Now, people hardly see it.Gobar daubing: I don't know about other states, but in Punjab’s villages and Himachal, the tradition of daubing cow dung inside homes especially on the floor was not uncommon. I saw it for the first time in himachal. But, with time, people have stopped that practice. People who had gobar douben have converted it with bricks and cement as well. Maybe because it is a time-consuming process. You have to daub cow dung again and again. Though my mom says, gobar is quite beneficial.Folks: People knew how to sing the folks and dance on them as well. Whenever there was a family get- together or any function or festival, people used to sing folk songs and some used to dance over it. Now, people don't know a damn word of folk songs. Only time I get to listen, is when there is ladies-sangeet during Indian marriages, when old ladies sing some old folks. They are quite interesting I must say. Some are funny & some naughty as well.Teaches were real gurus: Those were the times when internet was not available to everyone. So, for any information to know, students used to go to their teachers, there was no one as intelligent as a teacher for them. Even teachers at that time were genuinely concerned about each student. They didn't run for money. Now, since students have a lot of platforms from where they can learn, they don't respect teachers the same way, neither teachers actually care about students that much. They focus mainly on some bright students of the class(who themselves have many sources of learning, ironically).Spending time together : This is my personal favourite. I've lived almost a decade in a joint family. When all of my siblings and I were kids, we used to spend time together. We used to wait for holidays, so that we can play some real games like, stappu, guli danda, kanche(marbles are now treated as bad), chupan chupai, ghar-ghar, ghoda badam khaye, poshan pa, and many more. Now, families are kilometres apart. Even on festivals we hardly meet, and when we do, we either watch movies or play video games. Everyone has cell phones. Everyone is busy with someone on phone. Whom to talk?Treating guests as gods: ‘Atithi Devo bhava' is a real thing in India, but in earlier times. Those were the times people actually used to feel happy whenever someone arrives at home. They used to cook dishes for them by heart. They used to make everything comfortable for the guests. But now, whenever people hear, someone is coming, first thing that comes to their mind is “kharcha hojayaga yrr”, “sulayege kha?”, “khilayege kya?”, “ dege kya?”. Now, nobody wants to sacrifice anything for anyone. They either take them to restaurants or order food at home(thank you zomato). Like God is definitely not how they treate them now.Bed time stories: There are so many interesting stories I have heard from my maternal grandmother. ‘Pyasa kayua', ‘lalchi kutta', ‘jalpari', ‘chalak lomdi', ‘ekta mei bal h', ‘angur khatte h', ‘motiyo ki kheer', ‘roop basant', ‘juu ki khani' etc, weren't something I read, it was something I heard from her. How many of these you know, now? I pity today's kids, they will never know these funny yet moral uplifting stories, because now people either have no time or no stories to tell. No doubt! Why kids use cell phones nowadays as early as just 4–5 years of age.Praying before eating food: This is something I have observed my father and his father doing every time they eat food. This is not something we do though. Praying and paying respect to food and showing gratitude towards all the people responsible for providing us that food, is their motive. Now, there is no prayer there is instagram. People take pictures of their food. I wish all could understand the imporance of food. All could know how to pay respect to food.PCO: Cell phones weren't so common back then. People used PCO quite often. I know this from my personal experience, my elder sister had a boyfriend back then, and having no source at all she used to go to PCO every day. Now, everyone has a personal cell phone. I haven't seen PCO for a long time.Nose piercing: Nath was very common in ladies back then. Almost all the elder ladies at my home have their nose pierced but none of us(present generation) have pierced our noses. Most of the time, it is faked. Only time I see a girl with nath is in her marriage. That too fake. It was common and tradition back then, now, it is rare and part of fashion.

Anybody who has 'extracapsular cataract extraction'-which includes manual ECCE as well as phacoemulsification and lens aspiration with preservation of the lens capsule-can get posterior capsular opacity (PCO). This is when a layer of lens cells grows and forms a layer behind the lens implant, which then blocks vision. Where do these cells come from?Think of extracapsular cataract extraction like this: you've got a grape, the surgeon has made a round hole in the skin of the grape on one side, and during the surgery all the flesh of the grape is removed, leaving the skin (with a round hole on one side). It is inevitable that some fleshy bits are left on the inner surface of the grape skin. During cataract surgery, some lens cells (which are microscopic) are inevitably left behind - mostly at the equator behind the iris.In children the proliferative capacity of these cells is very high. A single cell can multiply perhaps hundreds of times before it calls it quits. In the typical cataract age group of the 60s-70s, these cells divide much less and are much less likely to grow and form a layer behind the lens implant.So just to re-iterate-anybody who has had ECCE can get posterior capsular opacity, but children are much more likely to get this problem and also they tend to get it faster after surgery when compared to adults or old people.In order to reduce the risk of visual compromise in children undergoing cataract surgery, it is common practice to perform lens aspiration together with primary posterior capsulorhexis and anterior vitrectomy at the same sitting. This removes the 'scaffold' upon which the proliferating cells can creep across the back surface of the lens implant.Occasionally however, PCO can still occur if the proliferative process is intense enough-the peripheral lens cells left behind multiply...and multiply...and eventually push gobs of cells towards the center. If this occurs a secondary procedure to remove the proliferating mass of cells may be required.

For the US NAVY- My experience was Cold War and immediate post cold war attack submarines in both fleets.The ship’s captain will be an O5 ( CDR).He has previously served on no less than 3 other submarines (Division officer/ then a department head/ then XO) - He must be qualified nuclear engineer he must have qualified command and attended PCO (perspective CO) school which includes a wide range of topics and labs (including significant time actually on the range engaging other vessels, and in the attack simulators. He also goes through the PCO program at Naval reactors (learning the specifics for the exact vessel he will command. His battle stations is usually as approach officer. Contrary to Hollywood he doesn't spend every waking minute in the control room and almost never gives an order to any watch standers besides his OOD.The Ship’s Executive Officer will be an O4(LCDR).He will have two other sea tours behind him. He will have completed his command qual card and qualified Engineer. He serves at battlestations as the Fire Control coordinator. In emergencies he is the man in charge of the primary scene making reports to DC central and to the Control room.Edit- contrary to Hollywood, if the CO becomes incapacitated or perishes the XO primary responsibility is to return the vessel to port so another CO can take her to sea. He will defend her but not ‘ continue the mission- even in war’ the ship is too valuable an asset to have someone less qualified fight the ship.The Ship’s department heads.There are three line officer departments on a submarine (the Ship’s engineer, the Ship’s Navigator (officially referred to as Nav/OPs Department, and the Weapon’s officer (officially referred to as Combat System Officer) . All three are second sea tour ( usually) officer’s and are qualified Engineer. The ship‘s engineer is usually Spot promoted to O4/ LCDR and the Navigator and CSO are O3/LT’s.The typically battle station for the Navigator is the OOD, The Engineer is the Plot Coordinator, and the CSO is thee Weapons Control Coordinator (all are in the control room). All are working on their command qual card.The Supply officer is also a Department head but he is not a line officer but a first sub tour, supply corps officer. This is the only officer on the ship not required to be nuclear qualified. His usual watch station is one of the ship’s diving officers. (I doubt he qualifies pilot/ Co-pilot on the newer vessels (but IDK)).Seniority is usually Eng (spot promoted to O4) then Navigator then CSO but sometimes it flips around.The division officer O1/O2/O3 ( ENS/LTJG/LT).This is the first sea tour for these officers after completing a full year of mostly graduate level nuclear training (6 months academic work 60 to 80 hours of study a week plus whatever is needed and 6 months actually operating a reactor at a training facility and then three month submarine school program - consisting of academic and trainers ( ships control trainers/ damage control and attack trainers).All of these officers lead a division of men. Most are in the engineering department. It requires a full year as an engineering division officer to sit for the engineers exam. Typical jobs in engineering are Main Propulsion assistant (MPA), Damage Control Assistant(DCA), Reactor Controls Assistant (RCA), Chemistry & Radiological controls assistant (CRA), Electrical assistant (EA). I listed them in normal hierarchy but actual lineal numbers and promotion date defines seniority.Sometimes (seldom in my day but we had many many more ships to man) you may have division officer in the Nav/OPs Department - The Communications Officer (Comms). Even more rare is for division officers to be in the Combat Systems Department - Sonar Officer or Fire control & Torpedo officer. (I spent 24 months as a CSO and never had an officer assigned to one one my divisions which meant I was it.)The Chief of the Boat/ EDEA - E8/E9.These senior enlisted work for the XO and Engineer respectively and oversee training, preparations, enlisted matters and a wide range of tasks implies leadership. Also great COBs serve as mentors to the ship’s junior officers.Various Chiefs - E7/E8/ E9Each division has a chief who oversees training, maintenance, qualifications, and specific enlisted matters. Great chiefs form a symbiotic relationship with their division officers and promote and develop leadership both ways on the chain of command.Leading Petty Officer -E6.Each division will have a an LPO who supports the chief and handles the many day to day tasks delegating other roles to various folks. Those other roles are repair parts PO (the guy who know how to work supply & logistics systems), the Quality Assurance PO - the guy who knows how to properly vet and document all maintenance procedures to keep the vessel safe, The training PO - the guy who develops the training program, the 3M coordinator - the guy who schedules all maintenance and reports completion and maintenance the exceeds periodicity.A couple things Hollywood always gets wrong:There is far less shouting on a submarine - everyone is highly professional and understands the reason for most actions at every level of the command. You need to speak clearly and effectively but not shout.No one runs anywhere - you walk with a mission. It’s so congested moving to bttlestations that 100 people running around will cause injuries. My old COB used to say “ you walk with a purpose - but you walk”No one has a sidearm out at sea, submerged EVER! There is no need to enforce obedience through threatening lethal force. Even guarding the most valuable weapons on earth can be done at sea with without the need for bullets. - again these are HIGHLY professional men and women.The CO never gives orders directly to watch standers. He works through the OOD or EOOW (officer of the deck and engineering officer of the watch). 99.9% of the time through the OOD. - He/She must re enforce their authority and not hijack it. It will cause confusion. If a Captain gives an order to a watch stander he/she assumes the conn. but not the deck. (See my other postings about this.)