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This is a good question, let's enumerate some important laws which came in the newspapers in the past 12 months.We shall make this post crowd-sourced. And we are planning to reward our contributors by giving them credits* -Detailed Well Presented 100 word Explanation - 2000Giving Valid Links and a Small Brief - 1000Giving Names of New Laws - 500Contributors (As of now) - Jai Parimi, Divya Malika, Prasanna, Ashutosh Pandey, Arihant Pawariya (अरिहंत पावङिया), Divya Choudhary (दिव्या चौधरी), Varsha Singh, Priyanka Peeramsetty, User, Gaurav Kumar, Jagannadh, Arpit Pareek, Nikhil Deshmukh, Harshit Ladva1) The National Judicial Appointments Commission Bill, 2014 and the 99th Constitutional AmendmentA bill to provide for the composition of the Judicial Appointments Commission for the purpose of recommending persons for appointment as Chief Justice of India and other Judges of the Supreme Court, Chief Justices and other Judges of High Courts, its functions, procedure to be followed by it and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.Key Issues and AnalysisThe current method of appointments has been examined by various bodies including the Law Commission and the Parliamentary Standing Committee. They vary in the role of the executive and judiciary in making appointments of judges.The composition of the JAC has not been included in the Constitution, but has been left for Parliament to decide by law. This implies that modifying the composition of the JAC would not require a constitutional amendment, but may be altered by a simple majority in Parliament.The Standing Committee examining the JAC Bill has recommended that (i) the JAC be composed of three eminent persons, (ii) the broad parameters for short listing of candidates for HC appointments be laid down in the Bill, and (iii) the center also consider the setting up of state level appointments commissions comprising the Chief Minister, the Chief Justice of HC and the Leader of Opposition.2) Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Reservation Act, 2013Objective - The principle objective of the new bill is fair compensation, thorough resettlement and rehabilitation of those affected, adequate safeguards for their well-being and complete transparency in the process of land acquisition. The title has been amended to reflect this.Need - There is unanimity of opinion across the social and political spectrum that the Old Law (The Land Acquisition Act 1894) suffers from various shortcomings and is outdated. Some of these include Forced acquisitions, No safeguards, Silent on resettlement and rehabilitation of those displaced, Urgency clause, Low rates of compensation, Litigation. To say the least, the Old Act needs to be replaced at the earliest by fair, reasonable and rational enactment in tune with the constitutional provisions, particularly, Article 300A of the Constitution.Link - Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 20133) Companies Act, 2013 (CSR Pref)Objective - Effective from financial year 2014-15, every company, private limited or public limited, which either has a net worth of Rs 500 crore or a turnover of Rs 1,000 crore or net profit of Rs 5 crore, needs to spend at least 2% of its average net profit for the immediately preceding three financial years on corporate social responsibility activities.Impact - The CSR activities undertaken by the companies will benefit hunger and poverty eradication, promoting preventive healthcare, promoting education and promoting gender equality, setting up homes for women, orphans and the senior citizens, measures for reducing inequalities faced by socially and economically backward groups, ensuring environmental sustainability and ecological balance, animal welfare, protection of national heritage and art and culture and many more.Link - Companies Act, 2013, Companies - It's a good articlePRSIndia– This describes the whole of companies act – Checkpoint 135 for CSR4) Right to Information Act (RTI), 2005Objective - Landmark bill, which realized the Right to seek and access Information in line with the interpretation of Art.19(1)(a) of our constitution.Impact - Champion to ensure Transparency and accountability in the governance procedures. it enforces the right of every citizen of India to have an access to the information regarding any money given by the State to any authority, thereby causing such authority to utilize such money reasonably and judiciously and also for keeping a check over their conduct and indulgence in corrupt activities. In 2002, SC’s verdict gave the citizens have a right to know about charges against candidates for elections as well as details of their assets, since they desire to offer themselves for public service and public servants cannot claim exemption from disclosure of charges against them or details of their assets. It is a powerful tool which can be realised in changing social dynamics and needs.Criticism - Debates regarding the ambit of RTI’s scope have been articulated, to be extended, say to the political parties, temples, schools and also privatized public utility companies. Evidences of misusage have come to the limelight, say Naxalites using RTI’s to check the assets of local landlords to loot themGuide to RTI : Page on rti.gov.in5) Special Economic Zones (SEZ) Act, 2005Objective - The SEZ Act is expected to give a big thrust to exports and consequently to the foreign direct investment (“FDI”) inflows into India, and is considered to be one of the finest pieces of legislation that may well represent the future of the industrial development strategy in India. The new law is aimed at encouraging PPP to develop world-class infrastructure and attract private investment (domestic and foreign), boosting economic growth, exports and employmentImpact - The government gets the capital needed to establish the required infrastructure and also the expertise. SEZ’s with relaxed import tariffs help the Import dependent and export driven industries to flourish. SEZ’s create immense employment opportunities and improve the country’s foreign export.Criticism - Practical implementation witnesses several backlogs ranging from regional disparities, grabbing arable land, labour laws issues and supply chain management which fail to be addressed effectively through the bill6) Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013Objective -The government introduced the Bill to redefine the offence of rape and amend the penal laws in line with the recommendations of the Law Commission and the National Commission for Women. The government withdrew the previous Bill and Ordinance, and introduced the Criminal Law (Amendment) Bill, 2013. The changes wrt the ordinance in the act are:Impact - Popularly known as the Anti-rape bill, this came out of the protests of 2012 Delhi Gang rape case.Criticism - For not including certain suggestions recommended by the Verma Committee Report like, marital rape, reduction of age of consent, amending Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act.Some detailed work: http://www.atimysore.gov.in/workshops/wppts/gender_issues/crim_law_amnd_2013_drjagadeesh_jsslaw_college.pdf7) Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act, 2013Objective - To provide protection against sexual harassment of women at workplace and for the prevention and redressal of complaints of sexual harassment and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. the protection against sexual harassment and the right to work with dignity are universally recognized human rightsImpact - On a broader line, this ensures safe work environment for women against sexual abuse at work place and is capable of garnering a greater female work force and these are the Major features the act provides for.Criticism - It does not cover women in the armed forces and excludes women agricultural workers, "a gross injustice to agricultural workers. The burden of proof is on the women who complain of harassment. If found guilty of making a false complaint or giving false evidence, she could be prosecuted, which has raised concerns about women being even more afraid of reporting offences. Furthermore, the law requires a third-party NGO to be involved, which could make employers less comfortable in reporting grievances, due to confidentiality concerns.8) DNA Profiling Bill, 2012Purpose - DNA analysis makes it possible to determine whether the source of origin of one body substance is identical to that of another, and further to establish the biological relationship, if any, between two individuals, living or dead without any doubt.Tip - Lawful purposes of establishing identity in criminal or civil proceedings.Impact - It will be essential to establish standards for laboratories, staff qualifications, training, proficiency testing, collection of body substances, custody trail from collection to reporting and a Data Bank with policies of use and access to information therein, its retention and deletion.DNA Data Bank Manager will supervise, execute and maintain this system and a DNA Profiling Board of eminent scientists, administrators and Law enforcement officers will administer and carry out other functions assigned to it under this Act.Link - DNA Profiling Bill - PDF9) Nuclear Safety Regulatory Authority Bill, 2011Purpose - So far, India has excellent record in nuclear safety and radiation safety; but the Central Government intends to promote nuclear energy to meet shortfall in total energy requirement of the country; and whereas such excellent safety record in nuclear safety and radiation safety is required to be sustained for growth in the nuclear energy sector.Impact - Now, therefore, it has been considered necessary and expedient to establish regulators to ensure continued excellence in nuclear safety and radiation safety in all applications of radiation and atomic energy on a large scale.10) Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Bill, 2010Purpose - As the name itself indicates that it is an Act to provide for civil liability for nuclear damage and prompt compensation to the victims of a nuclear incident through a no-fault liability regime channeling liability to the operator.Impact - Appointment of Claims Commissioner, establishment of Nuclear Damage Claims Commission connected there with.11) IT Act, 2000 and IT (Amendment) Bill, 2006Purpose - It is an Act to provide legal recognition for the transactions carried out by means of electronic data interchange and other means of electronic communication, commonly referred to as "Electronic Commerce", which involve the use of alternatives to paper based methods of communication and storage of information, to facilitate electronic filings of documents with the Government and other related agencies.Tip - It is renamed as the Information Technology Act, 2008Impact - To promote efficient delivery of Government services by means of reliable electronic records.12) National Green Tribunal Bill, 2009Purpose - For the effective disposal of cases relating to environmental protection and conservation of forests and other natural resources including enforcement of any legal rights relating to environment and giving relief and compensation for damages to persons and property.Impact - National Green Tribunal law is enacted in view of the involvement of multi-disciplinary issues relating to the environment and also to implement the decisions taken at Rio de Janeiro and Stockholm Conferences.Link - NGT Bill - PDF13) Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969Objective - It is designed to ensure that the operation of the economic system does not result in concentration of the economic power to the common detriment.The act also provides for probation of monopolistic, unfair and restrictive trade practices.Impact - The MRTP Commission if on enquiry concludes that the practice under consideration is of restrictive or unfair in nature , it may:Order discontinuation of the practice and restrict its repetition (cease and desist order ), the agreement shall be void and shall stand modified as may specified in the order. It extends to the whole of India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir.Link - MRTP Act, 196914) Mines and Minerals (Development & Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2008(Coal scam and SC verdict, so important)Objective - To develop and regulate mining & mineral industries and bring it under the control of one union by setting up mineral funds on National level, granting concessions, share benefit schemes while preventing illegal mining.Impact - Safeguards on regulating and safe disposal of waste in consonance with environmental norms will be incorporated. Through implementation of proper taxing and speedy approvals on action against violations illegal mining will be preventedLink - Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Bill 200815) Whistleblower Protection Bill, 2011It seeks to establish a mechanism to register complaints on any allegations of corruption or wilful misuse of power against a public servant. The Bill also provides safeguards against victimisation of the person who makes the complaint.Highlights of the BillThe Bill seeks to protect whistleblowers, i.e. persons making a public interest disclosure related to an act of corruption, misuse of power, or criminal offence by a public servant.The Vigilance Commission shall not disclose the identity of the complainant except to the head of the department if he deems it necessary. The Bill penalises any person who has disclosed the identity of the complainant.Key Issues and AnalysisThe Bill aims to balance the need to protect honest officials from undue harassment with protecting persons making a public interest disclosure. It punishes any person making false complaints. However, it does not provide any penalty for victimizing a complainant.16) Juvenile Justice(Care and Protection) Bill 2014Objectives: The Bill seeks to achieve the objectives of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Children. It specifies procedural safeguards in cases of children in conflict with law. It seeks to address challenges in the existing Act such as delays in adoption processes, high pendency of cases, accountability of institutions, etc. The Bill further seeks to address children in the 16-18 age group, in conflict with law, as an increased incidence of crimes committed by them have been reported over the past few years.Coverage: The Bill defines a child as anyone less than 18 years of age. However, a special provision has been inserted for the possibility of trying 16-18 year old committing heinous offenses, as adults. A heinous offense is defined as one for which the minimum punishment under the Indian Penal Code is seven years.17) Citizens Charters & Grievance Redressal Bill, 2011. (CCGR)The Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011 also known as The Right of Citizens for Time Bound Delivery of Goods and Services and Redressal of their Grievances Bill, 2011 or Citizens Charter Bill was a proposed in Lok Sabha in December 2011. The bill lapsed due to dissolution of the 15th Lok Sabha.The Right of Citizens for Time Bound Delivery of Goods and Services and Redressal of their Grievances Bill, 2011 lays down obligations of every public authority towards citizens, specifying delivery of goods and services in a time-bound manner and providing for a grievance redressal mechanism for non-compliance of citizens charter.Highlights :The Bill makes it mandatory for every public authority to publish a Citizen’s Charter within six months of the commencement of the Act.The Citizen’s Charter shall list the details of the goods and services provided by a public authority; the name of the person or agency responsible for providing the goods or services; the time frame within which such goods or services have to be provided; the category of people entitled to the goods and services; and details of the complaint redressal mechanism.Grievance redress officer : It requires every public authority to designate grievance redress officers in all public offices to enquire into and redress any complaints from citizens in a timeframe not exceeding 30 days from the date of receipt of the complaint.Public Grievance Redressal Commissions : The Bill provides for constitution of the state public grievance redressal commission and the central public grievance redressal commission consisting of chief commissioners and other commissioners.Penalty : DA and Commission can impose fine of Max. Rs 50000 to concerned officials/GRO. The penalty shall be recovered from the salary of the official. Such penalty may be awarded as compensation to the appellant.Corruption Prevention : The Designated Authority and the Commissions may refer a matter to the appropriate authorities if there is prima facie evidence of a corrupt act under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988. An appeal against the decision of the Central Commission shall be filed before the Lokpal. An appeal against the decision of the State Commission shall be filed before the Lokayukta.Criticism :Against federal Spirit : Citizens’ charter bill provides for GRO and Grievances Commission at state and central level, but Parliament doesn’t not have jurisdiction to enact such law. Only State legislature has jurisdiction to make laws regarding state public services.More than ten states have already enacted a Citizen Charter Act or Public Services Guarantee Act in their respective states. Many of these state laws have provisions that are much better than the proposed Bill.Lack of Autonomy : According to the bill, the commissioners may be removed without judicial inquiry.Duplication of work : Several states have their own grievance redressal laws, The mechanism provided under these laws is different from that provided under the Bill. This will lead to duplication of work and organizations.MNREGA Act, RTE Act, National Food Security Bill, and the Public Procurement Bill also have their own grievances redressal forums. This will again lead to more duplication.Sources :Copy of Bill : Page on prsindia.orgSummery of Bill : Page on prsindia.orgWiki Page : Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011Mrual Page : Citizens Charter Bill 2011: Salient Features, Issues, CriticismRediff Page : All you need to know about the Citizen's Charter Bill18) Right to Education Act, 2009The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act or Right to Education Act (RTE), was enacted on 4 August 2009, which describes the rules and regulations for free and compulsory education of children between 6 and 14 under Article 21A of Constitution. India became one of 135 countries to make education a fundamental right of every child when the act came into force on 1 April 2010.Highlights :The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act 2009 stipulates that private schools reserve 25 per cent of seats at the entry level for children belonging to ‘disadvantaged groups’ and ‘weaker sections’.The Act also provides that no child shall be held back, expelled, or required to pass a board examination until the completion of elementary education. There is also a provision for special training of school drop-outs to bring them up to par with students of the same age.Mentally and physically challenged children, entitled to free education in special schools, were included in the definition through an amendment in 2012.It also prohibits all unrecognised schools from practice, and makes provisions for no donation or capitation fees and no interview of the child or parent for admissions.Criticism :The act has been criticised for being hastily-drafted, not consulting many groups active in education, not considering the quality of education, infringing on the rights of private and religious minority schools to administer their system, and for excluding children under six years of age.Problems faced :Poor Response : Lack of awareness about the Act, inability to meet the distance criteria and difficulty in obtaining necessary certificates from government authorities could be some of the reasons for this.The Act provides for admission of children without any certification. However, several states have continued pre-existing procedures insisting that children produce income and caste certificates, BPL cards and birth certificates.The Act is not applicable to private minority schools and boarding schools.Report on the status of implementation of the Act released by the Ministry of Human Resource Development admits that 8.1 million children in the age group six-14 remain out of school and there’s a shortage of 508,000 teachers country-wide.Conclusion :For all its flaws, the RTE Act is a progressive piece of legislation that aims to take education to the masses and fill the gaps in the social system.Sources :Copy of Act : Page on ssa.nic.inWiki page : Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education ActHindu Article : Advantages and disadvantages of RTE Act19) Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2013 (POSCO)Objective – The act aims at ensuring protection of children from sexual abuse.Pros –1. Gender Neutral bill. 53% victims of children are victims.2. Stringent punishment (upto life imprisonment)3. Covers broad range of sexual crimes such as non-penetrative sexual assault, sexual harassment, and the use of children for pornography4. Includes special procedures to prevent the re-victimisation of children at the hands of an insensitive justice delivery system5. Protects victims identity and provides assisting legal, medical and psychological facilitiesCons –1. Criminalises all consensual sexual contact below 18 years age.2. The age provision is not in consonance with other acts.3. Regressive and draconian considering today’s social realities. Children are increasingly aware of each others sexualities at early age.4. Child marriage is prevalent on large scale. The age provision ignores this reality. Liable to bogus and unjustified complaints.Source – The Hindu : Good Act, bad provision20) The Prevention of Corruption (Amendment) Bill, 2013Objective – The act aims to combat corruption in government agencies and public sector businesses in India.Pros -1. Covers the offence of giving a bribe to a public servant under abetment. Specific provisions related to giving a bribe to a public servant, and giving a bribe by a commercial organisation.2. Redefines criminal misconduct to only cover misappropriation of property and possession of disproportionate assets.3. Modifies the definitions and penalties for offences related totaking a bribe, being a habitual offender and abetting an offence.4. Introduces Powers and procedures for the attachment and forfeiture of property of public servants accused of corruption.5. The Act requires prior sanction to prosecute serving public officials. The Bill extends this protection to former officials.Cons -1. The Bill makes giving a bribe a specific offence. There are diverging views on whether bribe giving under all circumstances must be penalised. Some have argued that a coerced bribe giver must be distinguished from a collusive bribe giver.2. The Bill has deleted the provision that protects a bribe giver from prosecution, for any statement made by him during a corruption trial. This may deter bribe givers from appearing as witnesses in court.3. The Bill has replaced the definition of criminal misconduct. It now requires that the intention to acquire assets disproportionate to income also be proved, in addition to possession of such assets. Thus, the threshold to establish the offence of possession of disproportionate assets has been increased by the Bill.4. By redefining the offence of criminal misconduct, the Bill does not cover circumstances where the public official: (i) uses illegal means, (ii) abuses his position, or (iii) disregards public interest and obtains a valuable thing or reward for himself or another person.5. Under the Act, the guilt of the person is presumed for the offences of taking a bribe, being a habitual offender or abetting an offence. The Bill amends this provision to only cover the offence of taking a bribe.Source - The Prevention of Corruption (Amendment) Bill, 201321) Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) (Regulation) Bill 2010Objective – The bill aims at legalizing (commercial) surrogacy.Pros –1. Offers legal protection to child and surrogate mothers.2. Regulation of IVF/ART clinics and holding them Accountable for ensuring best medical practices.3. Curbs exploitation of mother. Limits number of child births per mother to five.4. Introduces age limit for surrogate mother – 21 to 35.5. Ensures Child’s citizenship to be same as parents.Cons –1. Legal back up will lead to widespread commercialization of surrogacy, posing serious ethical, moral and philosophical questions.2. Mandatory certificate ensuring legality of surrogacy in foreign couple’s home country needed. Impediments in smooth commercial functioning.3. No provision in the bill if parent’s change their mind or die. Child’s responsibility in this case is debatable.4. Plethora of in-genuine clinics in India. Exploitation of poor and illiterate mothers because of their incapability to understand legalities involved.Source - Issues of surrogacy, PIB English Features22) Biotechnology Regulatory Authority Bill, 2013Objective - The Bill sets up an independent authority, the Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India (BRAI), to regulate organisms and products of modern biotechnology.Pros –1. BRAI will regulate the research, transport, import, containment, environmental release, manufacture, and use of biotechnology products.2. Regulatory approval by BRAI will be granted through a multi-level process of assessment undertaken by scientific experts.3. BRAI will certify that the product developed is safe for its intended use. All other laws governing the product will continue to apply.4. A Biotechnology Regulatory Appellate Tribunal will hear civil cases that involve a substantial question relating to modern biotechnology and hear appeals on the decisions and orders of BRAI.5. Penalties are specified for providing false information to BRAI, conducting unapproved field trials, obstructing or impersonating an officer of BRAI and for contravening any other provisions of the Bill.Cons -1. The Tribunal has jurisdiction over a ‘substantial question relating to modern biotechnology’ – An ambiguous term.2. The Tribunal will consist of one judicial member and five technical members. This is not in conformity with a SC decision that the number of technical members on a bench of a Tribunal cannot exceed the number of judicial members.3. The Tribunal’s technical members shall be eminent scientists or government officials with experience in the field. It is unclear whether the technical expertise of the latter can be equated with the former.4. The Bill does not specify any liability for damage caused by a product of biotechnology. Therefore, it will remain open to the courts to determine liability arising out of any adverse impact of modern biotechnology.5. Tribunal will not accept complaints from civil society, in spite of the fact that the Bill directly or indirectly affects every citizen. No public consultation done.6. Non clarity over Dept of GoI that will service BRAI. No mention of mandatory labelling of GM crops.7. Takes away rights of states to decide on Agriculture, which is state subject.8. The Convener of the Selection Committee for members of BRAI will be from the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), which is a vendor of genetic engineering (the technology that BRAI is supposed to regulate) in the country. Conflict of Interest will arise.Source - The Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India Bill, 2013Unconstitutional, unethical, unscientific23) Coal Regulatory Authority Bill, 2013ObjectiveTo set up an independent regulatory body for the coal sector that shall help in the regulation and conservation of coal resources and will benefit all stakeholders i.e. - coal companies, coal consuming industries such as power, steel, cement and coal bearing States and people, directly or indirectly associated with the coal industry.A fund called ‘The Coal Regulatory Authority Fund” is created to credit all the receipts and fees received.Constituents1 chairperson + 4 members. One each from legal , technical , administrative and financial wings. All to be selected by a committee of Group of Ministers (GoM) headed by Cabinet Secretary.What will it do ?Inject transparency in allocation of coal blocks.Decide and Monitor operational norms and mining closure compliances and such.Determine pricing of the fuel and publishing surveys, information, statistics, etc related to coal sector and coal quality.Adjudicate disputes between entities and between entities and other persons.Advise government on technologies, policy, promotion, investment etc.Ref :- The Coal Regulatory Authority Bill, 2013,Coal Regulatory Authority Bill likely in Winter session24) eWaste (Management and Handling) Act, 2011What is it ?E-waste has beendefined as “waste electrical and electronic equipment, whole or in part or rejects from their manufacturing and repair process, which are intended to be discarded”.AIM :-Reduction in the use of hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment.Specifying threshold for use of hazardous material including lead, mercury and cadmium.Ministry of Environment & Forest (MoEF) thus introduces the concept of "Extended Producer Responsibility".How will it work ?It fixes responsibilities on every producer, seller, consumer or bulk consumer, collection centre, dismantler and recycler of e-waste involved in the manufacture, sale, purchase and processing of electrical and electronic equipment or components.E.g. :Recycling of E-Waste generated during manufacturing and "End of Life" of electronic and electrical equipments.Setting up of collection centres by companies or individuals to collect E-waste and discard them.Setting up of funds by corporate to boost scientific and eco-friendly disposal of E-waste.CritiqueNo accountability set on anyone.E-Industry remains skeptical of the efficacy of this act.No specific targets set.Ref :- @E-waste management rules kick in today@Page on moef.nic.in25) Prevention of Communal and Targeted Violence Bill, 2011What is it ?The bill is intended to prevent “any act or series of acts, whether spontaneous or planned, resulting in injury or harm to the person and or property, knowingly directed against any person by virtue of his or her membership of any group."How ?The billAddresses identity-based or targeted crimes and organised mass violence as special offences.Places accountability of public officers with varying penalties for dereliction of duty it.Provides for the creation of a National Authority and the State authorities to ensure justice and reparation.Addresses issues faced by specific communities like economic boycott, denial of public service, forced migration , hostile environment etc.Empowers state and center government to intercept any messages and communication that it feels might lead to communal violence.Sets up district level authorities to assess compensation.CritiquesCurbing freedom of expression by terming it as Hate propaganda.Presumption of guilt and burden of proof on the accused – The accused will have to prove innocence.All the persons acting under this Act will have blanket of protection of action taken in good faith.Brings civil servants in direct line of fire by vaguely defining "dereliction of duty".26) Competition Act, 2002The Competition Act was passed in 2002Competition Commission of India (CCI) was established on March 1, 2009 as an autonomous body comprising of a Chairperson and six members.CCI not only hears and investigates cases based on the information received by it, but it also takes suo moto action wherever it finds that a prima facie violationCommission had taken suo-moto cognizance of the reported manipulation of the bids by manufacturers of LPG cylinders for supplying cylinders to the Indian Oil CorporationMany more such notices have been sent by CCI in the Petroleum sector, Agricuture sector etc. taking cognisance suo-moto.Role of trade associationsCompetition law treats the activities of trade associations much like any other form of cooperation between competitors.decisions or recommendations of trade associations are treated as agreements between its members and law may be breached even when they are not binding on the members.CCI imposed a nominal penalty of Rs. 1 lakh each on 27 film producers on charges of colluding through an association to exploit multiplex owners.number of cases involving the associations in the Pharmaceutical sector/Film production etc where CCI has passed orders against the associations and asked them to “cease and desist” from activities that may be anti-competitive in nature.Public Procurement and Competition LawPublic procurement is a contentious issue vis-à-vis application of competition lawpublic enterprises, which are generally the big procurers, are subject to competition assessment.Commission has decided a number of matters, including cartelization in government contracts. Penalties have been imposed on firms to discourage the anti-competitive practices and abuse of dominanceCompetition Commission of India is set to change the rules of the game and play the role of a watchdog to check anti-competitive practices in the markethttp://echoofindia.com/reflex-action/competition-commission-india-4-years-enforcement-competition-law-3216927) Prasar Bharati (Amendment) Bill, 201028) Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 200229) Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitaion Act, 2013. (Important, Swachh Bharat Abhiyan)30) Child Labour (Prohibition) Act, 198631) Scheduled Tribes and Recognition of Forest Rights Bill, 200632) Environment Protection Law, 198633) Wildlife Protection Act, 197234) The Electricity Act, 200335) Panchayat Extension to Scheduled Areas Act, 199636) Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 199237) Factories Act 1948/Amendment Bill 201438) Apprentice Act 1961/ Amendment Bill 201439) The Pension Fund Regulatory And Development Authority Act, 201340) The Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Bill, 201341) Benami Transaction (Prohibition )Act, 198842) The National Food Security Act, 201343) Pesticides Management Bill, 2008*Maximum Credits per Person - 5000**Contributors earning more than 1000 credits <must> -a) Promote to at least 100 people.b) Share this list everywhere. :P :P LOL !Thank you all. :)Thanks for the A2A Anon. :)

Lots of good things. We’re designed to go without eating periodically. Do you think we evolved with 7–11s and refrigerators around? No, for millenia humans (and other animals) frquently went without eating. We are supposed to go without eating periodically. It helps keep us healthy on a cellular level, to allow our cells time to take out the garbage, so to speak.Eventually of course you will die, but how long that will take depends on how much stored energy (aka fat) you are walking around with. The world’s record, as for documented fasts, is — wait for it — 382 days!!!just FYI today is my third consecutive day of not eating. Last week I think I did four days. No problem at all. I run 6 km a day and lift weights. I can do 40 push-ups, 12 or 13 pull-ups after not eating for 3 days.There’s lots of research out there that says we do well when we don’t eat. See for example Fasting: molecular mechanisms and clinical applications.Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Health, Aging, and Disease | NEJM…intermittent fasting elicits evolutionarily conserved, adaptive cellular responses that are integrated between and within organs in a manner that improves glucose regulation, increases stress resistance, and suppresses inflammation. During fasting, cells activate pathways that enhance intrinsic defenses against oxidative and metabolic stress and those that remove or repair damaged molecules. During the feeding period, cells engage in tissue-specific processes of growth and plasticity. However, most people consume three meals a day plus snacks, so intermittent fasting does not occur.Preclinical studies consistently show the robust disease-modifying efficacy of intermittent fasting in animal models on a wide range of chronic disorders, including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancers, and neurodegenerative brain diseases. Periodic flipping of the metabolic switch not only provides the ketones that are necessary to fuel cells during the fasting period but also elicits highly orchestrated systemic and cellular responses that carry over into the fed state to bolster mental and physical performance, as well as disease resistance.(“Flipping of the metabolic switch” means to go from burning glucose, which is what you live on when you’re eating, to burning fat, as you do when you’re fasting.)For an article on longer fasting, see: Safety, health improvement and well-being during a 4 to 21-day fasting period in an observational study including 1422 subjects.Significant reductions in weight, abdominal circumference and blood pressure were observed in the whole group. A beneficial modulating effect of fasting on blood lipids, glucoregulation and further general health-related blood parameters was shown. In all groups, fasting led to a decrease in blood glucose levels to low norm range and to an increase in ketone bodies levels, documenting the metabolic switch. An increase in physical and emotional well-being and an absence of hunger feeling in 93.2% of the subjects supported the feasibility of prolonged fasting. Among the 404 subjects with pre-existing health-complaints, 341 (84.4%) reported an improvement. Adverse effects were reported in less than 1% of the participants. The results from 1422 subjects showed for the first time that Buchinger periodic fasting lasting from 4 to 21 days is safe and well tolerated. It led to enhancement of emotional and physical well-being and improvements in relevant cardiovascular and general risk factors, as well as subjective health complaints.(“Buchinger periodic fasting” simply refers to voluntarily fasting, followed by a four-day refeeding period.)

Concrete has high compressive strength, but is remarkably weak in tension (about one-tenth its compressive strength), and as such, is usually reinforced with materials that are strong in tension (often steel). Reinforcement solutions to plain concrete in the form of steel bars have existed and been studied for a long time now. However, a whole new spectrum of possibilities are open with the use of steel fibres, which have been found improve the properties of plain concrete and cater to a host of various specific applications of structural concrete.The use of steel fibres for reinforcing concrete grade slabs in applications such as industrial floors, warehouses, ports and highway pavements is prevalent world over. They are also widely used in underground support infrastructure, particularly shotcrete linings, tunnels and ground stabili-zation. In India, thanks to the improvements in steel fibre technology and more user experiences in terms of economy and durability, the use of Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete (SFRC) is gaining traction. Advancements in admixture technologies over the last few decades coupled with developments in fibre manufacturing technology (e.g. collated /glued fibres) have enabled easier mixing, batching and improved workability of SFRC. There is an increased understanding in the industry that each fibre type behaves differently and this fact must be considered while specifying steel fibres and designing SFRC elements in various projects.Behaviour of SFRCSFRC is a concrete that has a homogenous distribution of randomly oriented discontinuous and discrete steel fibres. Steel fibres are introduced in the concrete matrix during the mixing of its constituent ingredients. Upon hardening, these fibres improve the properties of concrete such as ductility, fracture toughness, energy dissipation, impact resistance, fatigue resistance and limiting of crack propagation. Under tension, as cracks start propagating inside concrete, steel fibres present in the matrix bridge the cracks and transfer the tension across them during this process. Thus, steel fibres actually causes no considerable increase in the flexural strength (modulus of rupture) of the concrete yet contributes in improving the load carrying capacity of a structural system on account of increased toughness and rotation capacity.The difference in behaviour of Plain Concrete and SFRC is made clear with the help of a four point beam bending test. It is observed that for plain concrete, a sudden and brittle mode of failure occurs after the peak load is reached which then is used to calculate the flexural strength of the concrete. When sufficient ductility is ensured in the beam with the addition of steel fibres in concrete, a strain softening phenomenon is observed after the load at first crack or peak load in the beam. Thus, with this kind of toughening behaviour in the beam, post-crack flexural strength of SFRC is guaranteed.Adding steel fibres purely on a volume fraction basis has its disadvantages in that it fails to differentiate between various kinds of steel fibres and considers the volume of steel added as the only criterion. This is obviously not true because for a given volume of fibres, smaller diameter fibres are more in number than the larger ones. This consequently results in a larger network of fibres within the concrete matrix which would definitely alter the performance of the concrete due to higher confinement. Similarly, aspect ratio (length/diameter) of the fibre has a greater bearing in the performance of SFRC in that higher aspect ratios yield better performance due to longer anchorage lengths and fibre network. Apart from the differences in sizes and aspect ratios, steel fibres may come to differ in shape (straight/hooked end/ undulated), form (fibres glued together with water soluble glue/ loose), tensile strength (high/medium/low) and materials (mild steel/galvanized/stainless). Thus, all fibres are not alike and must be selected based on the requirements of the user and applications they will be put to use. Consequently, SFRC should never be simplified as a “concrete with steel fibres”. SFRC has to be seen as an engineered material which when added to an appropriate concrete composition according to a suitable fibre type and corresponding dosage meets the given requirements.Applications of SFRCGenerally, in structural applications, SFRC should only be used in a supplementary role to inhibit cracking, to improve resistance to impact, to resist dynamic loading and material disintegration. In structural members where considerable flexural and axial tensile stresses occur, such as in beams, columns, suspended/roof slabs etc., steel fibres alone are insufficient and should never be wholly used to replace traditional steel reinforcements. Some of the more appropriate examples of general structural and non-structural uses of SFRC are listed as follows:-Hydraulic structures — Dams, stilling basins, and sluice ways as new or replacement slabs or overlays to resist cavitation damageAirport and highway paving and overlays – Particularly where a thinner-than-normal slab is desiredIndustrial floors — For impact resistance and resistance to thermal shockRefractory concrete — Using high-alumina cement in both castable and shotcrete applicationsFoundation slabs for residential buildingsBridge decks — As an overlay or topping where the primary structural support is provided by an underlying reinforced concrete deckIn shotcrete linings — For underground support in tunnels and mines, usually with rock boltsIn shotcrete coverings — To stabilize above ground rock or soil slopes, e.g., highway and railway cuts, and embankmentsThin shell structures — shotcreted “foam domes”Explosion-resistant structures — Usually in combination with reinforcing barsA possible future use in seismic-resistant structuresApplications in India: Grade SlabsOne of the major application areas of SFRC seen in India happens to be “slab-on grade” (industrial flooring, concrete pavements, ground slabs etc.) where it establishing itself as a meaningful alternative to plain or reinforced concrete. Slab-on-grade can be defined as a slab that can be fully supported by a sufficiently compacted sub-base. The general loading cases in such a structure include stationary loads due to racks, pallets, containers etc. and moving loads like trucks, stackers and fork-lifts.As a design basis, bending moments are calculated according to the appropriate ground support and loading conditions. Depending on whether the slab is plain concrete or SFRC, appropriate design approaches have to be used. Conventional plain concrete slabs work only up to a point where the stresses in the slab lie within the elastic range of the material. As soon as the stresses in the slab exceed the elastic threshold range, the plain concrete cracks in a brittle manner, losing its capability to carry any further substantial loads. Such a scenario in slabs leads to large cracks which require costly repairs. SFRC slabs on the other hand work on the principle of load redistribution which allows the use of a plastic design approach where the stresses in the slab are not just limited to an elastic threshold value, but are allowed to go beyond by the sheer capability of this transformed material. The plastic design approach allows for the full properties of SFRC to be put to use.Real scale lab tests performed to characterize the behaviour of plain concrete v/s SFRC reveal a lot of differences. Results show distinct and large cracks appearing in plain concrete slabs that run through the section, dividing the slab into various pieces as soon as the moment capacity is reached while SFRC on the contrary allows for yielding of the slab by progressively smearing the excess moments, leading to finer cracks.Applications in India: Shotcrete Tunnel LiningsConstruction of tunnel linings forms an integral part of any tunnel drilling activity. After the drill and blast operation inside a tunnel, the surrounding rock mass requires some kind of a temporary support which is typically provided by thin shotcrete linings. The role of such a shotcrete lining is not to try and support the original ground pressures but to stabilise the deformations required to mobilise the inherent ground strength. As excavation proceeds, ground moves into the tunnel and radial pressure required for equilibrium reduces as the ground strength is mobilized.Rock supports in tunnels involve a constant risk of unexpected loads and deformations. In such a case, the best safety is achieved by having a shotcrete layer support that allows for the highest possible fracture energy i.e. toughness or ductility.Performance characterization for SFRCOne needs to understand that although all the different types of fibres mentioned previously work in improving the properties of concrete in some way; they do so with varying degrees of performance. For example, and not all of them fulfil the requirements on field and lack technical details that a designer needs to assess the fibre performance in the structure. The idea is to have an “engineered fibre” not just any alternative to make the solution work in a manner it is envisioned to in the structure. Some of the important parameters are listed below:-Shape (straight, hooked, undulated, crimped, Twisted, coned)Length (12.7 to 63.5 mm)Diameter (0.4 to 1.05mm)Tensile Strength (1000 – 2500 N/mm²)Independent 3rd Party CE Certification (classifying fibres based on structural/ non-structural uses)Effect of Fibre ParametersThere are several ways in which one can quickly ascertain the performance of various fibre types. According to Shape, hooked end fibres have been time tested and have proved to be the most economical form of anchorage improving the fibre performance compared to straight fibres and of various other shapes. Also, collated or glued fibres have been specially developed to enable a homogenous fibre distribution in concrete and prevent balling of fibres while mixing with concrete.Another one of the most important performance parameters for fibres happens to be Aspect Ratio. Aspect ratio in a layman’s term is the ratio of Fibre Length to Diameter. As length of the fibre increases, the region covered by fibre in the concrete also increases. Similarly, with the reduction of fibre diameter, number of fibres per unit weight increases, thereby increasing network of wires per unit volume of concrete.This simply means that a higher aspect ratio has a larger network of fibres compared to lower aspect ratio fibres for the same level of performance. This in essence would also translate to lower dosages for higher aspect ratio fibres. The usual amount of steel Fibres ranges from 10 kg/m³ for higher aspect ratios (80), to 80 kg/m³ for lower aspect ratio (50). Thus, simply comparing a fibre dosage with another fibre dosage would not lead to the right conclusions as it would depend on number of variables. Conversely, performance for same quantity of different fibres would be different.Tensile strength of fibres also plays a major role in pinning the performance of SFRC. The strength should be large enough to undergo substantial yielding and not snap at the crack interface. More important then becomes the tolerance levels of fibre components as it is essential to guarantee the minimum tensile strength for each and every fibre strand to achieve the required performance.The dosage of fibres varies depending on the aspect ratio, tensile strength, anchorage etc. Please note that these are case specific results and presented for ease of understanding of the concept only.CE Certification of Conformity for fibres is to ensure that only the right kind of fibres with declared properties are used for structural applications. The process of CE certification puts the fibres through rigorous 3rd party performance checks. Only those fibres which carry a CE Label of Mark 1 System are allowed to be used for any kind of structural applications where fibres contribute directly towards the moment or shear carrying capacity of a concrete section.Practical aspects of SFRCOne of the basic concerns in SFRC is to introduce sufficient volume of fibres to be uniformly dispersed to achieve the desired improvements in mechanical behaviour, while retaining sufficient workability in the fresh mix to permit proper mixing, placing and finishing. Several procedures for proportioning SFRC mixes are available, which emphasize the workability of the resulting mix. Smaller dosages of Steel fibres in concrete usually do not entitle too many changes in the design mix as the workability of concrete is not severely affected by fibre addition. However, there are some considerations that are particular to SFRC. To improve the workability of higher fibre volume dosages, super-plasticizers are often used.Most commonly, when using a transit mixer or revolving drum mixer, the fibres should be added last to the wet concrete. The concrete alone, typically, should have a slump of 15-25 mm greater than the desired slump of the SFRC or 50-60 mm in case of SFRS.Uniform dispersion of fibres is critical for the structure to perform as designed. However, loose fibres tend to form lumps during mixing and have to be manually broken or eliminated from the mix. This often leads to a network of fibres lower than what is needed to guarantee the design performance. The use of collated/Glued fibres held together by a water-soluble component which dissolves during mixing largely eliminates this problem of clumping/Balling. This is a single most essential factor which differentiates the performance of loose fibres from the collated ones. The finishing operations with SFRC are essentially the same as for ordinary concrete, though perhaps more care must be taken regarding workmanship.Concluding remarks on SFRCSteel fibres have been in prevalence elsewhere in the world for over 4 decades in various applications. Consequently a lot of international guidelines exist which detail the testing and design aspects of SFRC structures. Sound performance, reduced construction time, simplified re-inforcement drawings, no stockyard, enhanced job safety and increased durability are only some main benefits of SFRC, which are mentioned in that context. At the same time it needs some special knowledge to understand, design and execute this special building material.ReferencesShah, S. P., and Rangan, B. V., “Fibre Reinforced Concrete Properties,” ACI JOURNAL, Proceedings, Vol. 68, No. 2, Feb. 1971, pp. 126-135Hoff, George C., “Use of Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete in Bridge Decks and Pavements,” Steel Fibre Concrete, Elsevier Applied Sciences Publishers, Ltd., 1986, pp. 67-108.Ramakrishnan, V.; Coyle, W. V. ; Kopac, Peter A. ; and Pasko, Thomas J., Jr., “Performance Characteristics of Steel Fibre Reinforced Superplasticized Concrete,” Developments in the Use of Superplasticizers, SP-68, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, 1981, pp. 515-534.Johnston, C. D., “Steel Fibre Reinforced Mortar and Concrete—A review of Mechanical Properties,” Fibre Reinforced Concrete, SP-44, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, 1974, pp. 127-142.Deutscher Beton- und Bautechnik-Verein e.V.: DBV-Merkblatt „Stahlfaserbeton“. Fassung Oktober 2001Ganesh P. 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