April 26, 1993 - 7:00 P. M: Fill & Download for Free

Names can be misleading.“Theory” in this case is simply meant to be the best explanation given the evidence for a set of known variables.MMT calls into question neoclassical assumptions about how economies work and because of this, MMT as an explanation of how sovereign economies work undermines years of research and understanding.Imagine learning neoclassical theories and dedicating your life to learning it. Then others come along and tell you that your understanding is mistaken. This is the source, IMO, of much of the contention from the orthodox schools of economics that MMT conflicts with.For those not familiar with MMT, it’s important to remember not to conflate MMT as a description of the economy with people who understand MMT and support certain prescriptive policies. For instance a person that understands and accepts MMT might support and even recommend a Job Guarantee. MMT as a theory has nothing to say about a Job Guarantee other than to evaluate potential results of the policy any more than physics, as an explanation of how objects interact, has anything to say about whether we should or should not construct a building, though a person that understand physics might support the creation of a building given potential desired outcomes.A few links to MMT sources for those serious about understanding.Think Tanks Publishing MMT Research:Center for Full Employment and Price Stability (www.cfeps.org)Jerome Levy Economics Institute (www.levyinstitute.org)Centre of Full Employment and Equity (http://e1.newcastle.edu.au/coffee/)Some Pages with Publications by Individual MMT Researchers:L. Randall WraySSRN http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=55043 Levy Institute http://www.levyinstitute.org/publications/?auth=287Warren MoslerMoslerEconomics http://moslereconomics.com/mandatory-readings/ EPICoalition http://www.epicoalition.org/papers_current.htmStephanie KeltonSSRN http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=96846 Levy Institute http://www.levyinstitute.org/publications/?auth=362Mathew ForstaterSSRN http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=57674 Levy Institute http://www.levyinstitute.org/publications/?auth=92Scott FullwilerSSRN http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=444041Eric TymoigneSSRN http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=361251 Levy Institute http://www.levyinstitute.org/publications/?auth=326Pavlina TchernevaSSRN http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=450541 Levy Institute http://www.levyinstitute.org/publications/?auth=431Jan KregelSSRN http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=47062 Levy Institute http://www.levyinstitute.org/publications/?auth=151Bill MitchellCofFEE http://e1.newcastle.edu.au/coffee/publications.cfmBill BlackSSRN http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=658251Books Published by MMTers:Wray, L. Randall. Modern money theory: A primer on macroeconomics for sovereign monetary systems. Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.Wray, L. Randall, Theories of Money and Banking Volume 1, Edward Elgar Publising, 2013Wray, L. Randall. Understanding modern money. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2003.Wray, L. Randall. Money and credit in capitalist economies: the endogenous money approach. Edward Elgar Publishing, 1990.Wray, Larry Randall, and Alfred Mitchell Innes, eds. Credit and state theories of money: The contributions of A. Mitchell Innes. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2004.Mosler, Warren. Soft Currency Economics. 1994Michael J. Murray and Mathew Forstater (eds.), 2013, The Job Guarantee: Toward True Full Employment, New York: Palgrave Macmillian.Michael J. Murray and Mathew Forstater (eds.), 2013, Employment Guarantee Schemes: Job Creation and Policy in Developing Countries and Emerging Markets, New York: Palgrave Macmillian.Eric Tymoigne and L. Randall Wray (2014) The Rise and Fall of Money Manager Capitalism: Hyman P. Minsky’s Half Century. London: Routledge.Mosler, Warren. Seven Deadly Innocent Frauds of Economic Policy. Davin Patton, 2010.Kelton, Stephanie. The State, the Market and the Euro: Chartalism versus Metallism in the Theory of Money. Eds. Stephanie A. Bell, and Edward John Nell. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2003.Black, William, The Best Way to Rob a Bank Is to Own One: How Corporate Executives and Politicians Looted the S&L Industry, University of Texas Press, 2005.Mitchell, William, and Joan Muysken, Full employment abandoned: shifting sands and policy failures, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2008.Mathew Forstater and Pavlina Tcherneva (eds.) Full Employment and Price Stability: The Macroeconomic Vision of William S. Vickrey Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar, 2004.Edward J. Nell and Mathew Forstater (eds.): Reinventing Functional Finance, Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar, 2003.Aaron Warner, Mathew Forstater, and Sumner Rosen (eds.) Commitment to Full Employment, Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 2000.Eric Tymoigne Central Banking, Asset Prices and Financial Fragility, London: Routledge, 2009. [I*]Some Important MMT-Related Papers Published in Journals, as Chapters in Books, and/or as Working Papers and ReportsOn MMT itself:Fullwiler, Scott, Stephanie Kelton, and L. Randall Wray. “Modern Money Theory: A Response to Critics.” Political Economy Research Institute Working Paper 279 (2012).Fullwiler, Scott. “Modern Monetary Theory-A Primer on the Operational Realities of the Monetary System.” Available at SSRN 1723198 (2010).Mathew Forstater, “Lerner, Abba Ptachya (1903-1982)” in Ross B. Emmett (ed.), The Biographical Dictionary of American Economists, London: Thoemmes/Continuum, 2006Tymoigne, Eric and L. Randall Wray “Modern Money Theory 101: A Reply to Critics.” Levy Economics Institute of Bard College WP 778 (2013).Money:Bell, Stephanie. “The role of the state and the hierarchy of money.” Cambridge Journal of Economics 25.2 (2001): 149-163.Bell, Stephanie. “The hierarchy of money.” Levy Economics Institute of Bard College WP 231 (1998).Wray, L. Randall. “Alternative approaches to money.” Theoretical Inquiries in Law 11.1 (2010): 29-49.Wray, L. Randall. Introduction to an alternative history of money. Levy Economics Institute of Bard College. WP_717. 2012.Tcherneva, Pavlina R. “Chartalism and the tax-driven approach to money.” A Handbook of Alternative Monetary Economics 69 (2006).Tcherneva, Pavlina R. “The Nature, Origins, and Role of Money: Broad and Specific Propositions and Their Implications for Policy.” Center for Full Employment and Price Stability, Kansas City, MO, Working Papers 46 (2005).Forstater, Mathew. “Taxation and primitive accumulation: the case of colonial Africa.” Research in Political Economy 22 (2005): 51-64.Wray, L. Randall. “A Meme for Money.” Levy Economics Institute of Bard College Working Papers 736 (2012).Mathew Forstater, “Tax-Driven Money,” in M. Setterfield, ed., Complexity, Endogenous Money, and Exogenous Interest Rates, Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar, 2005.Warren Mosler and Mathew Forstater, “A General Framework for the Analysis of Currencies and Commodities” , in Paul Davidson and Jan Kregel (eds.): Full Employment and Price Stability in the Global Economy, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 1999.Inflation:The topic of inflation appears in many other works as part of larger discussions. Rather than repeat all of those works here, they have been marked with [I*] elsewhere in this list to denote that they provide significant discussion on inflation. Inflation specific works are listed below.Papadimitriou, Dimitri and L. Randall Wray. “Targeting Inflation” No. 27. Public Policy Brief at Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, 1996.Fullwiler, Scott and Geoffrey Allen, “Can the Fed Target Inflation? Toward and Institutionalist Approach.” Journal of Economic Issues, XLI, No 2 (2007): 485-494.Job Guarantee/Full Employment:Mitchell, William, and L. Randall Wray. “In defense of employer of last resort: a response to Malcolm Sawyer.” Journal of Economic Issues 39.1 (2005): 235-244.[I*]Wray, L. Randall. “The employer of last resort programme: could it work for developing countries?”. International Labour Organization, 2007.Wray, L. Randall. “Zero unemployment and stable prices.” Journal of Economic Issues 32.2 (1998): 539-545.Tcherneva, Pavlina, and L. Randall Wray. “Gender and the Job Guarantee: The impact of Argentina’s Jefes program on female heads of poor households.”Kansas City: Center for Full Employment and Price Stability (2005).Tcherneva, Pavlina, and L. Randall Wray. “Employer of Last Resort: A Case Study of Argentina’s Jefes Program.” Available at SSRN 1010145 (2005).Tcherneva, Pavlina R. “Permanent on-the-spot job creation—the missing Keynes Plan for full employment and economic transformation.” Review of Social Economy 70.1 (2012): 57-80.Tcherneva, Pavlina. “Job or income guarantee?.” Centre for Full Employment and Price Stability Working Paper (2003).Tcherneva, Pavlina R., and L. Randall Wray. “Common Goals-Different Solutions: Can Basic Income and Job Guaranteed Deliver Their Own Problems.”Rutgers JL & Urb. Pol’y 2 (2005): 125.Tcherneva, Pavlina. “The art of job creation: promises and problems of the Argentinean experience.” Special Report 5.03 (2005).Tcherneva, Pavlina R., and L. Randall Wray. “Is Jefes de Hogar an Employer of Last Resort program?. An assessment of Argentina’s ability to deliver the promise of full employment and price stability.” C-FEPS Working Paper 43 (2005).Tcherneva, Pavlina R. Keynes’s approach to full employment: aggregate or targeted demand?. No. 542. Working papers//The Levy Economics Institute, 2008.Tcherneva, Pavlina R. “The Job Guarantee: Delivering the Benefits That Basic Income Only Promises–A Response to Guy Standing.” Basic Income Studies7.2 (2013): 66-87.Tchnerva, Pavlina R. “Inflationary and Distributional Effects of Alternative Fiscal Policies: An Augmented Minskyan-Kaleckian Model.” No. 706. Working Papers//The Levy Economics Institute, 2012. [I*]Fullwiler, Scott. “The Costs and Benefits of a Job Guarantee: Estimates from a Multi-Country Econometric Model.” Available at SSRN 2194960 (2012).Mitchell, William, and Joan Muysken. “Full employment abandoned: shifting sands and policy failures.” International Journal of Public Policy 5.4 (2010): 295-313.Mitchell, William F., and Joan Muysken. “The myth of employment enhancing flexible labour markets.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity, University of Newcastle, 2010.Welters, Riccardo, and William F. Mitchell. “Locked-in casual employment.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity, University of Newcastle, 2009.Mitchell, William F. “The job guarantee and inflation control.” Economic and Labour Relations Review 12 (2001): 10-25. [I*]Mitchell, William F. “The buffer stock employment model and the NAIRU: The path to full employment.” Journal of Economic Issues 32.2 (1998): 547-555. [I*]Mitchell, William F., and Warren B. Mosler. “Fiscal policy and the job guarantee.” Previous issue date: 2004-05-19T10: 21: 54Z (2004).Allen, Emma, et al. “The job guarantee in practice.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity, University of Newcastle, 2006.Forstater, Mathew. “Flexible full employment: structural implications of discretionary public sector employment.” Journal of Economic Issues 32.2 (1998): 557-563.Forstater, Mathew. “Functional finance and full employment: lessons from Lerner for today.” The Jerome Levy Economics Institute Working Paper 272 (1999).Forstater, Mathew. “Public employment and economic flexibility: The job opportunity approach to full employment.” No. 50. Public policy brief at Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, 1999.Forstater, Mathew. “Public employment and environmental sustainability.”Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 25.3 (2003): 385-406.Scott Fullwiler. 2007. “Macroeconomic Stabilization through an Employer of Last Resort.” Journal of Economic Issues (March). Working Paper version available at SSRN 1722991 [I*]William Mitchell and Anthea Bill. 2005. “A Spatial Econometric Analysis of the Irreversibility of Long-Term Unemployment in Australia.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity Working Paper no. 05-05.William Mitchell, Jenny Myers, and James Juniper. 2005. “The Dynamics of Job Creation and Destruction in Australia.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity Working Paper No. 05-13.William Mitchell. 2013. “Full Employment Abandoned–The Triumph of Ideology Over Evidence.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity Working Paper No. 02-13.William Mitchell. 2000. “The Job Guarantee and Inflation Control.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity Working Paper No. 00-01. [I*]William Mitchell and Joan Muysken. 2008. “Full Employment Abandoned–Shifting Sands and Policy Failures.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity Working Paper No. 08-01.William Mitchell and Joan Muysken. 2007. “Full Employment Does Not Mean Low Unemployment.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity Working Paper No. 07-07.Victor Quirk, et al. 2006. “The Job Guarantee in Practice.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity Working Paper No. 06-15Warren Mosler, “Full Employment and Price Stability.” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, Vol. 20, No. 2, Winter 1997-98Mathew Forstater, “Reply to Malcolm Sawyer,” Journal of Economic Issues. Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 245-255, 2005. [I*]Mathew Forstater, “Jobs and Freedom Now! Functional Finance,Full Employment, and the Freedom Budget”, Review of Black Political Economy, January, 2012.Mathew Forstater, “From Civil Rights to Economic Security: Bayard Rustin and the African American Struggle for Full Employment, 1945-1978” International Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 36, No. 3, 2007.Mathew Forstater, “Green Jobs: Public Service Employment and Environmental Sustainability” Challenge Vol. 49, No. 4, pp. 58-72, 2006.Mathew Forstater, “The Case for an Environmentally Sustainable Jobs Program,” Policy Note 2005/1, The Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, 2005.Mathew Forstater and Pavlina Tcherneva, “Introduction” in Mathew Forstater and Pavlina Tcherneva (eds.) Full Employment and Price Stability: The Macroeconomic Vision of William S. Vickrey,Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar, 2004. [I*]Mathew Forstater, “‘Jobs for All’: A Fitting Tribute to the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.,” in D. Menkart, A. D. Murray, and J. L. View (eds.) Putting the Movement Back into Civil Rights Teaching, Washington, D.C.: Teaching for Change and Poverty & Race Research Action Council, 2004.Mathew Forstater, “Green Jobs: Addressing the Critical Issues Surrounding the Environment, Workplace and Employment,” Int. J. Environment, Workplace and Employment, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 53-61, 2004Mathew Forstater, “Full Employment and Social Justice,” in D. P. Champlin and J. T. Knoedler (eds.) The Institutionalist Tradition in Labor Economics, Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 2004.Mathew Forstater, “Functional Finance and Full Employment: Lessons from Lerner for Today,” in E. J. Nell and M. Forstater (eds.): Reinventing Functional Finance, Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar, 2003.Mathew Forstater, “Public Employment and Environmental Sustainability,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 385-406, 2003.Mathew Forstater, “Unemployment,” in The Elgar Companion to Post Keynesian Economics, John King (ed.), Edward Elgar, 2002.Mathew Forstater, “Full Employment and Environmental Sustainability” in Ellen Carlson and William Mitchell (eds.) The Urgency of Full Employment The Centre for Applied Economic Research, University of New South Wales Press.Mathew Forstater, “‘Jobs for All’: Another Dream of the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.,” Forum for Social Economics, Vol. 31, No. 2, Spring, 2002.Mathew Forstater, “Full Employment Policies Must Consider Effective Demand and Structural and Technological Change,” in A Post Keynesian Perspective on Twenty-First Century Economic Problems, Paul Davidson (ed.), Edward Elgar, 2002.Mathew Forstater, “Savings-Recycling Public Employment: Vickrey’s Assets-Based Approach to Full Employment and Price Stability,” in A. Warner, M. Forstater, and S. Rosen (eds.): Commitment to Full Employment, Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2000. [I*]Mathew Forstater, “Full Employment and Economic Flexibility”in Ellen Carlson and William F. Mitchell (eds.) The Path to Full Employment and Equity Economic and Labour Relations Review, 2000. [I*]Mathew Forstater, “Savings-Recycling Public Employment: An Assets-Based Approach to Full Employment and Price Stability,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 22, Spring, pp. 437-450, 2000. [I*]Mathew Forstater, “Robert Eisner’s Common-Sense Commitment to Full Employment and Activist Fiscal Policy,” Journal of Economic Issues, 33, June, 1999.Mathew Forstater, “Functional Finance and Full Employment: Lessons from Lerner for Today,” Journal of Economic Issues, 33, June, 1999.Mathew Forstater, “Public Employment and Economic Flexibility,” Policy Brief No. 50, The Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, February, 1999. [I*]Mathew Forstater, “Institutionalist Approaches to Full Employment Policies,” Journal of Economic Issues, 32, December, pp. 1135-1139, 1998.Mathew Forstater, “Flexible Full Employment: Structural Implications of Discretionary Public Sector Employment,” Journal of Economic Issues, 32, June, pp. 557-564, 1998.Dimitri B. Papadimitriou, L. Randall Wray, and Mathew Forstater, “Toward Full Employment Without Inflation: The Job Opportunity Program,” Report, The Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 7-12, 1998. [I*]Mathew Forstater, “Selective Use of Discretionary Public Employment and Economic Flexibility,” Working Paper No. 218, The Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, December, 1997.Inequality:Tcherneva, “Reorienting Fiscal Policy: A Bottom up Approach”, Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, September, 2014 (forthcoming)Tcherneva, P. ““The Role of Fiscal Policy: Lessons from Stabilization Efforts in the U.S. During the Great Recession,”International Journal of Political Economy, Spring 2012, 41(2): 5-26.”Tcherneva, P. “Inflationary and Distributional Effects of Alternative Fiscal Policies: An Augmented Minskian-Kaleckian Model.”, Working Paper #706, Levy Economics Institute, Annandale-on-Hudson, February 2012.Minsky:Papadimitriou, Dimitri B., and L. Randall Wray. “The economic contributions of Hyman Minsky: varieties of capitalism and institutional reform.” Review of Political Economy 10.2 (1998): 199-225.Papadimitriou, Dimitri B., and L. Randall Wray. Minsky’s Analysis of Financial Capitalism. Jerome Levy Economics Institute, Bard College, 1999.Wray, L. Randall, and Eric Tymoigne. “Macroeconomics meets Hyman P. Minsky: The financial theory of investment.” (2008).Wray, L. Randall. “Minsky’s approach to employment policy and poverty: employer of last resort and the war on poverty.” (2007).Eric Tymoigne (2011)“Engineering Pyramid Ponzi Finance: The Evolution of Private Finance from 1970–2008 and Implications for Regulation.” In J. Leclaire, T.-H. Jo, and J. Knodell (eds.) Heterodox Analysis of Financial Crisis and Reform. 2011.Eric Tymoigne (2010) “Minsky and Economic Policy: ‘Keynesianism’ all over again?” In Papadimitriou, D. and L.R. Wray (eds.), The Elgar Companion to Hyman P. Minsky. Northampton: Edward Elgar.Eric Tymoigne (2007) “A Hard-Nosed Look at Worsening U.S. Household Finance.” Challenge, 50 (4), July-August 2007: 88-111Money Manager Capitalism:Wray, L. Randall. “The rise and fall of money manager capitalism: a Minskian approach.” Cambridge Journal of Economics 33.4 (2009): 807-828.Minsky, Hyman P., and L. Randall Wray. Securitization. No. 08-2. Levy Economics Institute, The, 2008.Wray, L. Randall. The commodities market bubble: money manager capitalism and the financialization of commodities. No. 96. Public policy brief//Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, 2008.Wray, L. Randall. Money manager capitalism and the global financial crisis. No. 578. Working paper, Levy Economics Institute, 2009.Wray, L. Randall. “Saving, profits, and speculation in capitalist economies.”Journal of Economic Issues 25.4 (1991): 951-975.Mitchell, William F. “A Modern Monetary Perspective on the Crisis and a Reform Agenda.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity, University of Newcastle, 2009.Tymoigne, Éric. “Detecting Ponzi finance: An evolutionary approach to the measure of financial fragility.” (2010).Social Security/Healthcare:Bell, Stephanie, and L. Randall Wray. “Financial aspects of the social security” problem”.” Journal of Economic Issues (2000): 357-364.Kelton, Stephanie. “An Introduction to the Health Care Crisis in America: How Did We Get Here?.” Special Series on Health Care. Kansas City, Mo.: Center for Full Employment and Price Stability. September (2007).Semenova, Alla, and Stephanie Kelton. “Are Rising Health Care Costs Reducing US Global Competitiveness?” Working paper. Kansas City, Mo.: Center for Full Employment and Price Stability. March, 2008.Semenova, Alla, and Stephanie Kelton. “The Business Sector’s Response to Rising Health Care Costs: Implications for a Demand-Driven Economy.” Center for Full Employment and Price Stability: University of Missouri-Kansas City, MO(2008).Semenova, Alla, and Stephanie Kelton. “Health Care Reform, Universal Coverage and Financial “Basics” A Functional Finance Perspective August 2008.” (2008).Galbraith, James K., L. Randall Wray, and Warren Mosler. “The case against intergenerational accounting: The accounting campaign against social security and Medicare.” No. 98. Public policy brief at Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, 2009.William Mitchell and Warren Mosler. 2005. “Essential elements of a modern monetary economy with applications to social security privatisation and the intergenerational debate.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity Working Paper No. 05-01.William Mitchell and Warren Mosler. 2003. “The Intergenerational Report–Myths and Solutions.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity Working Paper No. 03-10.Banking/Finance:Wray, L. Randall. “Lessons from the subprime meltdown.” Challenge 51.2 (2008): 40-68.Wray, L. Randall. “Commercial banks, the central bank, and endogenous money.” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 14.3 (1992): 297-310.Nersisyan, Yeva, and L. Randall Wray. “The global financial crisis and the shift to shadow banking.” No. 587. Working paper, Levy Economics Institute, 2010.Minsky, Hyman P., et al. “Community development banking: A proposal to establish a nationwide system of community development banks.” No. 3. Public policy brief at Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, 1993.Wray, L. Randall. “What do banks do? What should banks do?” No. 612. Working paper, Levy Economics Institute, 2010.Central Banking:Bell, Stephanie, and L. Randall Wray. “Fiscal effects on reserves and the independence of the Fed.” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 25.2 (2003): 263-272.Bell-Kelton, Stephanie. “Behind closed doors. The political economy of central banking in the United States.” International Journal of Political Economy 35.1 (2006): 5-23.Wray, L. Randall. “A Post Keynesian view of central bank independence, policy targets, and the rules versus discretion debate.” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 30.1 (2007): 119-141.Wray, L. Randall. “The Fed and the New Monetary Consensus: The case for rate hikes, part two.” No. 80. Public policy brief at Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, 2004.Tcherneva, Pavlina R. “Bernanke’s paradox: can he reconcile his position on the federal budget with his recent charge to prevent deflation?.” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 33.3 (2011): 411-434.Fullwiler, Scott, and L. Randall Wray. “Quantitative easing and proposals for reform of monetary policy operations.” Bard College Levy Economics Institute Working Paper 645 (2010).Fullwiler, Scott T. “An endogenous money perspective on the post-crisis monetary policy debate.” Review of Keynesian Economics 1.2 (2013): 171-194.Fullwiler, Scott. “Treasury Debt Operations: An Analysis Integrating Social Fabric Matrix and Social Accounting Matrix Methodologies.” Available at SSRN 1825303 (2011).Fullwiler, Scott T. “The Social Fabric Matrix Approach to Central Bank Operations: An Application to the Federal Reserve and the Recent Financial Crisis.” Institutional Analysis and Praxis. Springer New York, 2009. 123-169.Scott Fullwiler. 2008. “Modern Central Bank Operations–The General Principles” Available at SSRN 1658232Scott Fullwiler. 2005. “Paying Interest on Reserve Balances–It’s More Significant than You Think.” Journal of Economic Issues (June). Working Paper version available at SSRN 1723589Scott Fullwiler. 2003. “Timeliness and the Fed’s Daily Tactics.” Journal of Economic Issues (December)Government Spending/Debt/Deficits:Bell, Stephanie. “Do taxes and bonds finance government spending?.” Journal of Economic Issues (2000): 603-620.Kelton, Stephanie, and L. Randall Wray. “What a long, strange trip it’s been: Can we muddle through without fiscal policy?.” Post-Keynesian Principles of Economic Policy (2006): 101-119.Kelton, Stephanie. “Limitations of the government budget constraint: Users vs. issuers of the currency.” Panoeconomicus 58.1 (2011): 57-66.Wray, L. Randall. “A Keynesian presentation of the relations among government deficits, investment, saving, and growth.” Journal of Economic Issues 23.4 (1989): 977-1002.Nersisyan, Yeva, and L. Randall Wray. “Does Excessive Sovereign Debt Really Hurt Growth? A Critique of’This Time is Different’, by Reinhart and Rogoff.” A Critique of’This Time is Different’, by Reinhart and Rogoff (June 21, 2010). The Levy Economics Institute Working Paper 603 (2013).Wray, L. Randall. “Deficits, inflation, and monetary policy.” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 19.4 (1997): 543-571.Nersisyan, Yeva, and L. Randall Wray. “Deficit hysteria redux? Why we should stop worrying about US government deficits.” No. 111. Public policy brief at Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, 2010.Tcherneva, Pavlina R. “The return of fiscal policy: can the new developments in the new economic consensus be reconciled with the Post-Keynesian view?.”Levy Economics Institute, Working Papers Series (2008).Fullwiler, Scott. “Functional Finance and the Debt Ratio.” Available at SSRN 2196482 (2012).Fullwiler, Scott. “What If the Government Just Prints Money?.” Available at SSRN 1731625 (2009).Fullwiler, Scott. “Helicopter Drops are FISCAL Operations.” Available at SSRN 1725026 (2010).William Mitchell and Warren Mosler. 2002. “Public Debt Management and Australia’s Macroeconomic Priorities.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity Working Paper no. 02-13.James Juniper and William Mitchell. 2008. “There Is No Financial Crisis So Deep That It Cannot Be Dealt with by Public Spending.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity Working Paper No. 08-10.William Mitchell. 2007. “Econometrics, Realism, and Policy in Post Keynesian Economics.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity Working Paper No. 07-02Mathew Forstater, “Taxation and Primitive Accumulation: The Case of Colonial Africa,” Research in Political Economy, Vol. 22, pp. 51-64, 2005.Mathew Forstater, “Preface” in E. J. Nell and M. Forstater (eds.): Reinventing Functional Finance, Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar, 2003.Mathew Forstater, “Toward a New Instrumental Macroeconomics,” in E. J. Nell and M. Forstater (eds.): Reinventing Functional Finance, Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar, 2003. [I*]Mathew Forstater, “Bond Sales,” in Cynthia Northrup (ed.) History of U.S. Economic Policy, 1600s-2000: An Encyclopedia, Vol. 1, p. 30, ABC-Clio, 2003.Fadhel Kaboub and Mathew Forstater, “Government Budgets,” in Cynthia Northrup (ed.) History of U.S. Economic Policy, 1600s-2000: An Encyclopedia, Vol. 1, p. 134, ABC-Clio, 2003.Mathew Forstater, “Toward a New Instrumental Macroeconomics: Abba Lerner and Adolph Lowe on Economic Method, Theory, History and Policy,” Working Paper No. 254, The Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, October 1998. [I*]Poverty:Bell, Stephanie A., and L. Randall Wray. “The war on poverty after 40 years: A Minskyan assessment.” No. 78. Public policy brief at Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, 2004.Fullwiler, Scott T., and Susan Meyeraan. “Confronting Poverty with Jobs and Job Training: A Northeast Iowa Case Study.” Journal of Economic Issues 44.4 (2010): 1073-1084.The Euro:Kelton, Stephanie A., and L. Randall Wray. “Can Euroland Survive?” No. 106. Public policy brief at Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, 2009.Pilkington, Philip, and Warren Mosler. “Tax-backed Bonds–A National Solution to the European Debt Crisis.” No. 12-04. Levy Economics Institute, The, 2012.Wray, L. Randall. “The euro crisis and the job guarantee: A proposal for Ireland.” Levy Economics Institute of Bard College Working Paper 707 (2012).Mathew Forstater, “The European Economic and Monetary Union: Introduction,” Eastern Economic Journal, 25, April. 1999.Interest Rates:Wray, L. Randall. “Alternative theories of the rate of interest.” Cambridge Journal of Economics 16.1 (1992): 69-89.Wray, L. Randall. “Alternative approaches to money and interest rates.” Journal of Economic Issues 26.4 (1992): 1145-1178.Wray, L. Randall. “When are interest rates exogenous? Complexity, Endogenous Money and macroeconomic Theory: Essays in Honour of Basil J. Moore”, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar (2006).Forstater, Mathew, and Warren Mosler. “The natural rate of interest is zero.”Journal of Economic Issues (2005): 535-542.Scott Fullwiler. 2007. “Interest Rates and Fiscal Sustainability.” Journal of Economic Issues (December). Working Paper version available at SSRN 1722986Scott Fullwiler. 2006. “Setting Interest Rates in the Modern Money Era.” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics (Spring). Working Paper version available at SSRN 1723591Economic Geography:Mitchell, William, and Martin Watts. “Identifying functional regions in Australia using hierarchical aggregation techniques.” Geographical Research 48.1 (2010): 24-41.Mitchell, William F., and Robert Stimson. “Creating a new geography of functional economic regions to analyse aspects of labour market performance in Australia.” Ed. P. Dalziel. Centre of Full Employment and Equity, University of Newcastle, 2010.Mitchell, William. “Exploring Regional Disparities in Employment Growth.” Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011.William Mitchell and James Juniper. 2005. “Towards A Spatial Keynesian Economics.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity Working Paper no. 05-09.External Sector:Wray, L. Randall. “Twin Deficits and Sustainability.” No. 06-3. Levy Economics Institute, The, 2006.Wray, L. Randall. “Imbalances? What Imbalances?” Levy Economics Institute, The, 2012.Videos:Stephanie Kelton Nov 2013Warren Mosler at Occupy Dallas June 2012Link to source for the collection of all the links above

Here’s a list of resources from Wikipedia.Some people listed are likely still living. The problem is to see if any of these living people live in your area and be willing to be interviewed or are willing to be interviewed via the internet, face-time, or skype.You might consider checking out an American History professor who specializes in the Cold War through your local community college or universityGood Luck!(Listed chronologically)Thirteen Days, Robert F. Kennedy's (died in 1968) account of the crisis, released in 1969; It became the basis for numerous films and documentaries.[123]Topaz, 1969 film by Alfred Hitchcock based on the 1967 novel by Leon Uris, set during the run-up to the crisisThe Missiles of October, 1974 TV docudrama about the crisisThe World Next Door, 1990 novel by Brad Ferguson, set in this periodQuantum Leap, 1991 TV Show, (Season 3 Episode, Nuclear Family – October 26, 1962), Sam must deal with the panic associated with the Cuban Missile Crisis as a Florida fallout shelter salesman, as well as prevent a man from being killed during a practice raid a few days after his arrival.The short film Symposium on Intelligence and the Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 is available for free download at the Internet ArchiveMatinee, 1993 film starring John Goodman set during the Cuban Missile Crisis in which an independent-filmmaker decides to seize the opportunity to debut an atomic themed film.seaQuest 2032, 1995 TV Show, (Season 3 Episode, "Second Chance"), seaQuest inadvertently travels back to 1962 where their presence accidentally interferes with the Cuban Missile CrisisBlast from the Past (film), 1999 American romantic comedy film, set in the periodK-19: The Widowmaker, Docudrama about the history just before the crisisThirteen Days (film), 2000 docudrama directed by Roger Donaldson about the crisisThe Fog of War, 2003 American documentary film about the life and times of former U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara directed by Errol Morris, which won that years' Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature."Meditations in an Emergency", the last episode of season 2 of the television series Mad Men takes place during the crisisUr, a 2009 short novel by Stephen King released for the Amazon Kindle, is about three men who discover through a magic Kindle that in another "Ur", the Cuban Missile Crisis escalated into a nuclear war and ended that "Ur".Call of Duty: Black Ops, 2010 video game, set during and after the Cuban Missile Crisis.The Kennedys (TV miniseries), 2011 production chronicling the lives of the Kennedy family, including a dramatization of the crisisX-Men: First Class, 2011 superhero film set during the Cuban Missile Crisis, which depicts the crisis as being escalated by a group of mutants with the goal of establishing a mutant ruling class after the subsequent war.The Politics of Deception: JFK'S Secret Decisions on Vietnam, Civil Rights and Cuba. Patrick J. Sloyan, St. Martins Press, New York, 2015.The music video for My Trigger, by Miike Snow, is based loosely on the crisis.Notes[edit]Jump up^ McNamara mistakenly dates the shooting down of USAF Major Rudolf Anderson's U-2 on October 26.Jump up^ In his biography, Castro did not compare his feelings for either leader at that moment but makes it clear that he was angry with Khrushchev for failing to consult with him. (Ramonet 1978)References[edit]Jump up^ 55 лет назад на Кубу были доставлены первые советские баллистические ракеты// Департамент информации и массовых коммуникаций Министерства обороны Российской ФедерацииJump up^ Len Scott; R. Gerald Hughes (2015). The Cuban Missile Crisis: A Critical Reappraisal. Taylor & Francis. p. 17.^ Jump up to:a b c Absher, Kenneth Michael (2009). "Mind-Sets and Missiles: A First Hand Account of the Cuban Missile Crisis". Strategic Studies Institute, United States Army War College.^ Jump up to:a b c d e f Franklin, Jane (1997). Cuba and the United States: A Chronological History. Melbourne: Ocean Press. ISBN 1-875284-92-3.Jump up^ Kempe, Frederick (2011). Berlin 1961. Penguin Group USA.Jump up^ Rodriguez (October 1989). Shadow Warrior: The CIA Hero of 100 Unknown Battles. John Weisman. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-66721-4.Jump up^ "Proclamation 3447 – Embargo on All Trade With Cuba" (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. February 3, 1962.^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h Correll, John T. (August 2005). "Airpower and the Cuban Missile Crisis". http://AirForce-Magazine.com. 88 (8). Retrieved May 4, 2010.Jump up^ Alexeyev, Alexandr. "Interview" (PDF). Retrieved March 30, 2013.^ Jump up to:a b Allison, Graham and Philip Zelikow (1999). Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. New York: Addison Wesley Longman. p. 92. ISBN 0-321-01349-2.Jump up^ Allison, Graham and Philip Zelikow (1999). Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. New York: Addison Wesley Longman. pp. 94–95. ISBN 0-321-01349-2.Jump up^ Allison, Graham and Philip Zelikow (1999). Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. New York: Addison Wesley Longman. p. 105. ISBN 0-321-01349-2.^ Jump up to:a b "The Soviet Cuban Missile Crisis: Castro, Mikoyan, Kennedy, Khruschev, and the Missiles of November". The national security archive. October 10, 2012.Jump up^ Weldes, Jutta (1999). Constructing National Interests: The United States and the Cuban Missile Crisis. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-3111-7.^ Jump up to:a b c d Hansen, James H. "Soviet Deception in the Cuban Missile Crisis" (PDF). Learning from the Past. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 15, 2010. Retrieved May 2, 2010.Jump up^ "Cool Crisis Management? It's a Myth, Ask JFK". The Washington Post.Jump up^ "Joint resolution expressing the determination of the United States with respect to the situation in Cuba – P.L. 87-733" (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. October 3, 1962.^ Jump up to:a b c d Blight, James G.; Bruce J. Allyn; David A. Welch (2002). Cuba on the Brink: Castro, the Missile Crisis, and the Soviet Collapse; [revised for the Fortieth Anniversary] (2nd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-2269-5.Jump up^ "The Days the World Held Its Breath". July 31, 1997. Retrieved March 4, 2010.Jump up^ Allison, Graham and Philip Zelikow (1999). Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. New York: Addison Wesley Longman. p. 80. ISBN 0-321-01349-2.Jump up^ Stern, Sheldon M. (2003). Averting 'the Final Failure': John F. Kennedy and the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis Meetings. Stanford University Press. p. 26.Jump up^ Zak, Anatoly (2012). "Rockets: R-12". Morristown, New Jersey: RussianSpaceWeb.com. Archivedfrom the original on October 22, 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-21.Jump up^ "R-12 / SS-4 SANDAL". Global Security. Retrieved April 30, 2010.Jump up^ "R-14 / SS-5 SKEAN". Global Security. Retrieved April 30, 2010.Jump up^ "Interview with Sidney Graybeal – 29 January 1998". Episode 21. George Washington University, National Security Archive. March 14, 1999.Jump up^ Pedlow, Gregory, The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead Reconnaissance. CIA. 1962.Jump up^ "Project RAZOR". Taiwan Air Blog, updated April 11, 2007. Retrieved: September 14, 2009.Jump up^ "Project RAZOR". Taiwan Air Blog, updated April 15, 2007. Retrieved: September 14, 2009.Jump up^ Max Holland. "The 'Photo Gap' That Delayed Discovery of Missiles." Studies in Intelligence, Vol. 49, No. 4; published online April 15, 2007. Retrieved: March 22, 2015.Jump up^ Joseph Caddell. "Corona over Cuba: The Missile Crisis and the Early Limitations of Satellite Imagery Intelligence." Intelligence & National Security; published online February 17, 2015. Retrieved: March 22, 2015.Jump up^ Remarks by LTG Ronald L. Burgess Jr., Director, Defense Intelligence Agency. Association of Former Intelligence Officers, August 12, 2011Jump up^ "Cuban Missile Crisis". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved May 6, 2010.Jump up^ Vladislav Zubok & Constantine Pleshkov, Inside the Kremlin's Cold War, 1996, page 264, Harvard Press, Massachusetts ISBN 0-674-45532-0Jump up^ "Revelations from the Russian Archives". Library of Congress. Retrieved April 20, 2010.Jump up^ "Off the Record Meeting on Cuba: The White House". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. October 16, 1962. Retrieved August 26, 2011.Jump up^ "National Security Action Memorandum 196". JFK Presidential Library and Museum. October 22, 1962. Retrieved August 26, 2011.Jump up^ Averting The Final Failure, John F. Kennedy and the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis Meetings, Sheldon M. Stern, Stanford University Press, 2003.Jump up^ The Cuban Missile Crisis in American Memory: Myths versus Reality (Stanford Nuclear Age Series), Sheldon M. Stern, Stanford University Press, 2012Jump up^ Allison, Graham T.; Zelikow, Philip D. (1999) [1971]. Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis (2nd ed.). New York: Addison Wesley Longman. pp. 111–116. ISBN 978-0-321-01349-1.Jump up^ Kennedy, Robert (1971). Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-393-09896-9.^ Jump up to:a b Axelrod, Alan (2009). The Real History of the Cold War: A New Look at the Past. New York: Sterling Publishing Co. pp. 332, 335. ISBN 978-1-4027-6302-1. Retrieved April 22, 2010.Jump up^ Ornstein, Robert Evan (1989). New world new mind: moving toward conscious evolution. The University of Michigan, Doubleday.Jump up^ Blight, James G.; David A. Welch (1989). On the Brink: Americans and Soviets Reexamine the Cuban Missile Crisis. New York: Hill and Wang. ISBN 978-0-374-22634-3.Jump up^ Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. "John F. Kennedy: "378 – The President's News Conference," September 13, 1962". The American Presidency Project. University of California – Santa Barbara.Jump up^ Kennedy, J. (December 17, 1962). "After Two Years: A conversation with the president". In 'Public Papers of the Presidents: John F. Kennedy, 1962'. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office: 889–904.Jump up^ "Cuban Missile Crisis". Online Highways LLC. Retrieved May 5, 2010.^ Jump up to:a b "JFK on the Cuban Missile Crisis". The History Place. Retrieved May 3, 2010.^ Jump up to:a b "Cuban Missile Crisis". Global Security. Retrieved May 6, 2010.^ Jump up to:a b c Kamps, Charles Tustin, "The Cuban Missile Crisis", Air & Space Power Journal, AU Press, Air University, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, Fall 2007, Volume XXI, Number 3, page 88.Jump up^ "Third VP-18". Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons (PDF). 2. Naval Aviation History Office. November 9, 2000. p. 2. Retrieved January 16, 2011.Jump up^ "The Naval Quarantine of Cuba, 1962". Report on the Naval Quarantine of Cuba, Operational Archives Branch, Post 46 Command File, Box 10, Washington, DC. Naval History & Heritage Command. Retrieved January 25, 2011.Jump up^ Allison, Graham and Philip Zelikow (1999). Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. New York: Addison Wesley Longman. p. 119. ISBN 0-321-01349-2.^ Jump up to:a b Ernest R May (2011). "John F Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis". Retrieved February 7,2012. BBC History of the Cold War.^ Jump up to:a b The Naval Quarantine of Cuba, 1962: Abeyance and Negotiation, 31 October − 13 November(Report). Department of the Navy, Naval Historical Center. January 2001. Retrieved August 26, 2011.Jump up^ Gibson, David R. (2012) Talk at the Brink: Deliberation and Decision during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 99–101.Jump up^ "Proclamation 3504 – Interdiction of the Delivery of Offensive Weapons to Cuba" (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. October 23, 1962.^ Jump up to:a b Buffet, Cyril; Touze, Vincent. "Brinkmanship". The Cuban Missile Crisis exhibition. The Caen Mémorial. Retrieved May 3, 2010.^ Jump up to:a b "1962 Year In Review: Cuban Missile Crisis". United Press International, Inc. 1962. Retrieved April 22, 2010.Jump up^ "Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy". Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961–1963 Volume VI, Kennedy-Khrushchev Exchanges Document 63. United States Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, Office of the Historian. October 24, 1962.^ Jump up to:a b "Khruschev Letter to President Kennedy". October 24, 1962.^ Jump up to:a b c d "Chronology 1: October 26, 1962 to November 15, 1962" (PDF). The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962. The National Security Archive. Retrieved April 8, 2011.Jump up^ Buffet, Cyril; Touze, Vincent. "Germany, between Cuba and Berlin". The Cuban Missile Crisis exhibition. The Caen Mémorial. Retrieved May 3, 2010.Jump up^ "Pope John Helped settle the Cuban missile crisis". The Telegraph. June 4, 1971.Jump up^ "Outright Piracy".Jump up^ Stephanie Ritter (19 October 2012). "SAC during the 13 Days of the Cuban Missile Crisis". Air Force Global Strike Command.^ Jump up to:a b Goldman, Jerry, ed. (October 8, 1997). "The Cuban Missile Crisis, October 18–29, 1962". History and Politics Out Loud. Northwestern University. Retrieved May 11, 2011.Jump up^ Sowa, Tom (September 21, 2014). "Buried treasures". The Spokesman Review. Spokane, WA. Retrieved January 26, 2017.Jump up^ Boyland, Vista; Klyne D. Nowlin (January 2012). "WW III, A Close Call" (PDF). The Intercom. 35 (1): 19–20.^ Jump up to:a b Kohn, R. H.; Harahan, J. P. (1988). "U.S. Strategic Air Power, 1948–1962: Excerpts from an Interview with Generals Curtis E. LeMay, Leon W. Johnson, David A. Burchinal, and Jack J. Catton". International Security. 12 (4): 78–95. JSTOR 2538995. doi:10.2307/2538995.Jump up^ Reynolds, K.C. "Boarding MARUCLA: A personal account from the Executive Officer of USS Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.". Retrieved June 22, 2010.Jump up^ Helms, Richard (January 19, 1962). "Memorandum for the Director of Central Intelligence: Meeting with the Attorney General of the United States Concerning Cuba" (PDF). George Washington University, National Security Archive.Jump up^ Проблемы борьбы с лженаукой (обсуждение в Президиуме РАН), quote:"Документы заседания Президиума ЦК КПСС весьма лаконичны, но благодаря тому, что в архиве я нашел выписку из решения Президиума ЦК КПСС, слово в слово совпадающую с тем, что обсуждалось на встрече разведчика с журналистом, стало совершенно очевидно, кто был истинным автором плана урегулирования Карибского кризиса."Jump up^ "Chronology 1: September 28, 1962 to October 26, 1962" (PDF). The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962. The National Security Archive. Retrieved April 9, 2011.Jump up^ "Department of State Telegram Transmitting Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy". The Cuban Missile Crisis, October 1962. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. 26 October 1962. Retrieved 9 April 2011.Jump up^ Brandon, Henry (October 28, 1962). "Attack us at your Peril, Cocky Cuba Warns US". The Sunday Times. London.Jump up^ Goldberg, Jeffrey (September 8, 2010). "Cuban model no longer works, says Fidel Castro". BBC.Jump up^ Baggins, Brian. "Cuban History Missile Crisis". Marxist History: Cuba (1959 – present). Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved May 7, 2010.Jump up^ Christopher, Andrew (March 1, 1996). For the President's Eyes Only: Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush. Harper Perennial. p. 688. ISBN 978-0-06-092178-1.Jump up^ "The Week The World Stood Still: Inside The Secret Cuban Missile Crisis" By Sheldon M. Stern, 2012Jump up^ Dorn, A. Walter; Pauk, Robert (April 2009). "Unsung Mediator: U Thant and the Cuban Missile Crisis". Diplomatic History. 33 (2): 261–292. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.2008.00762.x.Jump up^ Pocock, Chris. 50 Years of the U-2: The Complete Illustrated History of the 'Dragon Lady'. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing, Ltd. p. 406. ISBN 978-0-7643-2346-1. LCCN 2005927577.Jump up^ "Was Castro Out of Control In 1962?".Jump up^ Fontova, Humberto. "Raul Castro meets with Bill Clinton in New York (To Thank Him?)".Jump up^ "An Act of Terrorism by Castro, An Abortion of Justice by Obama".Jump up^ "U-2 Pilot Maj. Rudy Anderson: The Only American Killed During the Cuban Missile Crisis – Defense Media Network".Jump up^ Robert McNamara (2004) [1964]. Interview included as special feature on Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (DVD). Columbia Tristar Home Entertainment.Jump up^ Frey, Jennifer (January 14, 2007). "At Yenching Palace, Five Decades of History to Go". Washington Post. Retrieved December 27, 2008.Jump up^ Gibson, David R. (2012) Talk at the Brink: Deliberation and Decision during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 135–56.Jump up^ "Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961–1963, Volume VI, Kennedy-Khrushchev Exchanges – Office of the Historian". Office of the Historian.Jump up^ Evans, Michael. "The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962: Audio Clips".Jump up^ "The Submarines of October". George Washington University, National Security Archive. Retrieved May 1, 2010.Jump up^ "The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962: Press Release, 11 October 2002, 5:00 pm". George Washington University, National Security Archive. October 11, 2002. Retrieved October 26, 2008.Jump up^ Dobbs, Michael (June 2008). "Why We Should Still Study the Cuban Missile Crisis" (PDF). Special Report 205. United States Institute of Peace. Retrieved August 26, 2011.Jump up^ Schoenherr, Steven (April 10, 2006). "The Thirteen Days, October 16–28, 1962". Archived from the original on May 15, 2008. Retrieved May 3, 2010.Jump up^ Blight, James G. and Janet M. Lang (2012). "The Armageddon Letters: Kennedy, Khrushchev, Castro in the Cuban Missile Crisis". Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-1679-2.Jump up^ Taubman, William (2004). Khrushchev: The Man and His Era. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. p. 573. ISBN 978-1-4422-1679-2.Jump up^ Jim Hershberg (Spring 1995). "Anatomy of a Controversy:Anatoly F. Dobrynin's Meeting With Robert F. Kennedy, Saturday, 27 October 1962". Retrieved May 29, 2012.Jump up^ Johnson, Dominic D. P. Failing to Win p. 105^ Jump up to:a b Faria, Miguel A. (2002). Cuba in Revolution: Escape from a Lost Paradise. Macon, GA: Hacienda Pub. ISBN 978-0-9641077-3-1.Jump up^ Schlesinger, Arthur Jr. "Memorandum for the President: Post Mortem on Cuba, Oct. 29, 1962 – full textJump up^ "Radio and television remarks on dismantling of Soviet missile bases in Cuba, 2 November 1962". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.Jump up^ Glover, Jonathan (2000). Humanity: a moral history of the twentieth century. Yale University Press. p. 464. ISBN 978-0-300-08700-0. Retrieved July 2, 2009.Jump up^ Schlesinger, Arthur (2002). Robert Kennedy and his times. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 1088. ISBN 978-0-618-21928-5. Retrieved July 2, 2009.Jump up^ Garthoff, Raymond L. (July 1988). "Did Khrushchev Bluff in Cuba? No". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. pp. 40–43. Retrieved January 25, 2011.Jump up^ William Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era (2004) p. 579.^ Jump up to:a b c Ignacio, Ramonet (2007). Fidel Castro: My Life. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-102626-8.Jump up^ "Militaryhistory.about.com".Jump up^ Lloyd, Alwyn T., "Boeing's B-47 Stratojet", Specialty Press, North Branch, Minnesota, 2005, ISBN 978-1-58007-071-3, page 178.Jump up^ "Aviation Safety".Jump up^ Melman, Seymour (1988). The Demilitarized Society: Disarmament and Conversion. Montreal: Harvest House.Jump up^ Hersh, Seymour (1978). The Dark Side of Camelot.^ Jump up to:a b "Arms Control Today". Arms Control Association. November 1, 2002.Jump up^ Evans, Michael. "The Submarines of October". 30+ Years of Freedom of Information Action. Retrieved 2016-10-24.Jump up^ Dobbs, Michael (2008). One Minute to Midnight: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-1-4000-4358-3.Jump up^ Allison, Graham (2012). "The Cuban Missile Crisis at 50". Foreign Affairs. 91 (4). Retrieved 9 July2012.Jump up^ "ВЗГЛЯД / «США и Россия: кризис 1962-го»".^ Jump up to:a b c Matthews, Joe. "Cuban missile crisis: The other, secret one". BBC News Magazine. Retrieved 13 October 2012.Jump up^ Priscilla Roberts (2012). Cuban Missile Crisis: The Essential Reference Guide. ABC-CLIO. p. 267.Jump up^ Jim Willis (2010). 100 Media Moments that Changed America. ABC-CLIO. pp. 97–99.Jump up^ Sheldon Stern (2012). The Cuban Missile Crisis in American Memory: Myths versus Reality. Stanford University Press. p. viii.Jump up^ William H. Cohn, "History for the masses: Television portrays the past." Journal of Popular Culture 10#2 (1976) pp: 280–289.Jump up^ Andrei Kozovoi, "Dissonant Voices" Journal of Cold War Studies (2014) 16#3 pp 29–61.Jump up^ Haruya Anami, "'Thirteen Days' Thirty Years After: Robert Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis Revisited," Journal of American & Canadian Studies (1994) Issue 12, pp 69–88.Further reading[edit]Allison, Graham; Zelikow, Philip (1999). Essence of Decision, Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. New York: Addison Wesley Longman. ISBN 0-321-01349-2.Barrett, David M. and Max Holland (2012). Blind Over Cuba: The Photo Gap and the Missile Crisis. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, 2012.Chayes, Abram (1974). The Cuban Missile Crisis. International crises and the role of law. London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-825320-4.Diez Acosta, Tomás (2002). October 1962: The "Missile" Crisis As Seen from Cuba. New York: Pathfinder. ISBN 978-0-87348-956-0.Divine, Robert A. (1988). The Cuban Missile Crisis. New York: M. Wiener Pub. ISBN 978-0-910129-15-2.Dobbs, Michael (2008). One Minute to Midnight: Kennedy, Khrushchev and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War. New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-1-4000-7891-2.Feklisov, Aleksandr; Kostin, Sergueï (2001). The Man Behind the Rosenbergs: By the KGB Spymaster Who Was the Case Officer of Julius Rosenberg, Klaus Fuchs, and Helped Resolve the Cuban Missile Crisis. New York: Enigma Books. ISBN 978-1-929631-08-7.Frankel, Max (2004). High Noon in the Cold War: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the Cuban Missile Crisis. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-46505-4.Fursenko, Aleksandr; Naftali, Timothy J. (1998). One Hell of a Gamble: Khrushchev, Castro, and Kennedy, 1958–1964. New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-31790-9.Fursenko, Aleksandr (Summer 2006). "Night Session of the Presidium of the Central Committee, 22–23 October 1962". Naval War College Review. 59 (3).George, Alice L. (2003). Awaiting Armageddon: How Americans Faced the Cuban Missile Crisis. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-2828-1.Gibson, David R. (2012). Talk at the Brink: Deliberation and Decision during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-15131-1.Gonzalez, Servando (2002). The Nuclear Deception: Nikita Khrushchev and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Oakland, CA: Spooks Books. ISBN 978-0-9711391-5-2.Jones, Milo; Silberzahn, Philppe (2013). Constructing Cassandra, Reframing Intelligence Failure at the CIA, 1947–2001. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0804793360.Khrushchev, Sergei (October 2002). "How My Father And President Kennedy Saved The World". American Heritage. 53 (5).Polmar, Norman; Gresham, John D. (2006). DEFCON-2: Standing on the Brink of Nuclear War During the Cuban Missile Crisis. Foreword by Tom Clancy. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-67022-3.Pope, Ronald R. (1982). Soviet Views on the Cuban Missile Crisis: Myth and Reality in Foreign Policy Analysis. Washington, DC: Univ. Press of America. ISBN 978-0-8191-2584-2.Pressman, Jeremy (2001). "September Statements, October Missiles, November Elections: Domestic Politics, Foreign-Policy Making, and the Cuban Missile Crisis". Security Studies. 10 (3): 80–114. doi:10.1080/09636410108429438.Russell, Bertrand (1963). Unarmed Victory. London: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 0-04-327024-7.Stern, Sheldon M. (2003). Averting 'the Final Failure': John F. Kennedy and the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis Meetings. Stanford nuclear age series. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-4846-9.Stern, Sheldon M. (2005). The Week the World Stood Still: Inside the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis. Stanford nuclear age series. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-5077-6.Stern, Sheldon M. (2012). The Cuban Missile Crisis in American Memory: Myths versus Reality. Stanford nuclear age series. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press.Trahair, Richard C. S.; Miller, Robert L. (2009). Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations. New York: Enigma Books. ISBN 978-1-929631-75-9.Matthews, Joe (October 2012). "Cuban missile crisis: The other, secret one". BBC.Historiography[edit]Allison, Graham T. (September 1969). "Conceptual Models and the Cuban Missile Crisis". American Political Science Review. 63 (3): 689–718. JSTOR 1954423.Dorn, A. Walter; Pauk, Robert (April 2009). "Unsung Mediator: U Thant and the Cuban Missile Crisis". Diplomatic History. 33 (2): 261–292. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.2008.00762.x.Garthoff, Raymond L. (Spring 2004). "Foreign Intelligence and the Historiography of the Cold War". Journal of Cold War Studies. Project MUSE. 6 (2): 21–56. ISSN 1520-3972. doi:10.1162/152039704773254759.Gibson, David R. (2011). "Avoiding Catastrophe: The Interactional Production of Possibility during the Cuban Missile Crisis". The American Journal of Sociology. 117 (2): 361–419. JSTOR 10.1086/661761.Jones, John A.; Jones, Virginia H. (Spring 2005). "Through the Eye of the Needle: Five Perspectives on the Cuban Missile Crisis". Rhetoric & Public Affairs. Project MUSE. 8 (1): 133–144. doi:10.1353/rap.2005.0044.Jones, Milo; Silberzahn, Philppe (2013). Constructing Cassandra, Reframing Intelligence Failure at the CIA, 1947–2001. Stanford University Press. pp. 135–191. ISBN 978-0804793360.Lebow, Richard Ned (October 1990). "Domestic Politics and the Cuban Missile Crisis: The Traditional and Revisionist Interpretations Reevaluated". Diplomatic History. 14 (4): 471–492. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1990.tb00103.x.Primary sources[edit]Chang, Laurence; Kornbluh, Peter, eds. (1998). "Introduction". The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962: A National Security Archive Documents Reader (2nd ed.). New York: New Press. ISBN 978-1-56584-474-2."Cuban Missile Crisis". JFK in History. John F. Kennedy Library."Cuban Missile Crisis 1962". Presidential Recordings Program. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia."Cuban Missile Crisis". Wilson Center Digital Archive. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.Keefer, Edward C.; Sampson, Charles S.; Smith, Louis J., eds. (1996). Cuban Missile Crisis and Aftermath. Foreign relations of the United States, 1961–1963. XI. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 0-16-045210-4.Kennedy, Robert F. (1969). Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-31834-0.May, Ernest R.; Zelikow, Philip D., eds. (2002) [1997]. The Kennedy Tapes: Inside the White House During the Cuban Missile Crisis (2nd ed.). New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-32259-0.McAuliffe, Mary S., ed. (October 1992). "CIA Documents on the Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962" (PDF). Historical Review Program. Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency."The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962: The 40th Anniversary". National Security Archive: Special Exhibits. Gelman Library: The George Washington University."The World On the Brink: John F. Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis". Interactive Exhibits. John F. Kennedy Library.Gavrov, Sergei (ed.). "America and Russia: The Crisis of 1962. On the 50th anniversary of the missile crisis". Moscow: Vzglyad (Russia).Dallek, Robert. "If We Listen to Them, None of Us Will Be Alive." In Camelot's Court, 279–334. New York: HarperCollins, 2013.Lesson plans[edit]"Cuban Missile Crisis". Slideshows for Educators. Bureau of Public Affairs, U.S. Department of State.Moser, John; Hahn, Lori (July 15, 2010). "The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962: 'The Missiles of October'". EDSITEment: Lesson Plans. National Endowment for the Humanities.External links[edit]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cuban Missile Crisis."Cuban Missile Crisis", 2012, Harvard Kennedy School, Belfer Center's 50th anniversary of the crisis – commemorative websiteCuban Missile Crisis: Операция Анадырь (Operation Anadyr) on FlickrCuban Missile Crisis and the Fallout from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives"Cuban Missile Crisis". Topics. History Channel. 2011."Cuban Missile Crisis". Nuclear Weapons History: Cold War. Nuclear Age Peace Foundation."Cuban Missile Crisis Bibliography". Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues.Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962October 1962: DEFCON 4, DEFCON 3Spartacus Educational(UK): Cuban Missile CrisisDocument – Britain's Cuban Missile CrisisNo Time to Talk: The Cuban Missile CrisisThe 32nd Guards Air Fighter Regiment in Cuba (1962–1963) S.Isaev.The short film Symposium on Intelligence and the Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 (1992) is available for free download at the Internet ArchiveThe Woodrow Wilson Center's Digital Archive has a collection of primary source archival documents on the Cuban Missile Crisis.EDSITEment lesson plan Cuban Missile CrisisEDSITEment Cuban Missile Crisis InteractiveCuban Missile Crisis: Three Men Go To War Documentary produced by PBSThe Armageddon Letters, a transmedia storytelling of the crisis with animated short films and other digital contentThe Man Who Saved the World Documentary produced by PBS Series Secrets of the Dead

https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/3229636/Martin%201998.pdf?sequence=2Here some material on why did Stalin deport minoritiesDeportations of peoples to the USSRFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_UnionSome Russian Neo-Fascists and Communists promoting Stalin in the current Rusian Federation!Let’s see what they promote!“Political repression, Economic repression, Ideological repression, Stalin repressions “Great terror”, Deportation of peoples, GULAG ( concentration camps), Punitive psychiatry, Ukrainian HOLOCAUST- famine caused by the force economic collectivization of the Ukrainian Farmers. Took the lives of 4–6 million Ukrainian citizens in the USSR.Deportation of peoples in the USSRKoreans Germans Kalmyk Chechens and Ingush people Balkans Karachay Crimeans Tatars Pontic GreeksThe deportation of peoples is one of the forms of political repression in the USSR [1]. The main features of deportations as reprisals were their extrajudicial nature, contingency [2], and the transfer of large masses of people to a geographically remote, unusual for them and often risky habitat [3].According to Pavel Polyan, ten peoples were subjected to total deportation in the USSR: Koreans, Germans, Ingrian Finns, Karachais, Kalmyks, Chechens, Ingush, Balkars, Crimean Tatars, and Meskhetian Turks. Seven of them - Germans, Karachais, Kalmyks, Ingush, Chechens, Balkars, and Crimean Tatars - lost their national autonomies.Many other ethnic, ethnic-confessional and social categories of Soviet citizens were deported to the USSR: Cossacks, “kulaks” of various nationalities: Poles, Belarusians, Azerbaijanis, Kurds, Assyrians, Chinese, Russians, Iranians, Iranian Jews, Ukrainians, Moldovans, Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, Greeks, Italians, Bulgarians, Armenians, Khemshins, Dashnaks Armenians, Turks, Tajiks, Yakuts, Abkhazians, and others [4].In the Stalin period, deportations were officially called “voluntary resettlement”, as party representatives of the referenced nationalities took part in their preparation [5]. Subsequently, deportations received a different assessment and in the post-Soviet era were qualified by the European Parliament as genocide and crimes against humanity. In the USSR itself, in accordance with the Law “On the Rehabilitation of Repressed Peoples” adopted on April 26, 1991, by the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, peoples (nations, nationalities or ethnic groups and other historically formed cultural and ethnic communities of people, for example, the Cossacks) were recognized as repressed in relation to which, on the grounds of national or other affiliation, a policy of slander and genocide was carried out at the state level, accompanied by their forcible resettlement, the abolition of national-state treatment nations, reshaping national territorial borders, the establishment of the regime of terror and violence in places of special settlement. [6]In the 2010s, a number of historians (Nikolai Bugai and others) criticized the use of the concept of “deportation” as applied to the forced resettlement of Soviet residents within the borders of the Soviet Union. Instead of the concept of “deportation,” Nikolai Bugai and others suggested using the term “forced relocation”.Content1 Concept2 Deportations of Russian Cossacks in the 1920s3 Soviet national politics in the 1930s3.1 Deportation of Poles and Germans3.2 Deportation of Koreans4 Deportations of the Great Patriotic War4.1 German deportation4.2 Deportation of Karachais4.3 Deportation of Kalmyks4.4 Deportation of Chechens and Ingush4.5 Deportation of the Balkars4.6 Deportation of Crimean Tatars4.7 Deportations of Azerbaijanis4.8 Deportations of Armenians4.9 Deportation of the Greeks4.10 Deportation of Meskhetian Turks4.11 Deportations of citizens of the Baltic republics4.12 Deportation of residents of the western regions of the Pskov region5 The situation of deported peoples6 The role of the highest leaders of the USSR in the organization of deportations7 Rehabilitation7.1 In the USSR7.2 During the years of perestroika7.3 In modern Russia8 Scientific Assessment9 notesThe conceptWith regard to forced migrations of the Soviet period, different concepts are used. For example, the historian L.N. Dyachenko in 2013 used the following concepts in her doctoral dissertation on forced migrations to the Kyrgyz SSR [7]:“Total deportations”;“Repressive deportation”;“Forced deportation”;deportations “based on nationality”;"Geopolitical deportations."Such terms have been criticized by the famous researcher of forced migrations to the USSR Nikolai Bugai. According to Bugai, such concepts are hardly worth using [7]. In his review of these migrations, Bugai himself uses the concept of “forced relocation” [8].Bugai is not the only one who criticizes the use of the concept of “deportation” in relation to Soviet forced relocations. Participants in the international symposium “1937: Russian-speaking Koreans — past, present and future” (Vladivostok, 2017) adopted a special resolution in which they noted that the term “deportation” is not applicable to the forced resettlement of the peoples of the USSR [9].Deportations of Russian Cossacks in the 1920sMain article: Deportation of Terek CossacksSoviet deportation policy began with the eviction of the White Guard Cossacks and large landowners in 1918-1925 [10]The first victims of Soviet deportations were the Cossacks of the Terek Region (Cossacks of the Shenzhen Cossack Line), who in 1920 were forcibly evicted from their homes and exiled to other areas of the North Caucasus, the Donbas, and the Far North. Their land was transferred to the Chechens and Ingush, and the settlements were renamed. In 1921, the victims of Soviet national policy were Russians and Ukrainians from Semirechye, evicted from the Turkestan Territory [11] [12].Soviet national politics in the 1930sBy 1933, there were 5300 national village councils and 250 national regions in the country. Only in one Leningrad region, there were 57 national village councils and 3 national regions (Karelian, Finnish, and Veps). There were schools in which teaching was conducted in national languages. In Leningrad in the early 1930s, newspapers were published in 40 languages, including Chinese. Radio broadcasts were conducted in Finnish (about 130 thousand Finns then lived in Leningrad and the Leningrad Region).In the mid-1930s, the abandonment of the previous national policy began, expressed in the elimination of the cultural (and in some cases political) autonomy of individual peoples and ethnic groups. In general, this happened against the background of centralization of power in the country, the transition from territorial to sectoral management, repression against real and potential opposition.In the mid-1930s, many Estonians, Latvians, Lithuanians, Poles, Finns, and Germans were first arrested in Leningrad. Since the spring of 1935, local residents have been forcibly evicted from border regions in the north-west, most of whom were Ingermanland Finns.Deportation of Poles and GermansMain article: Deportation of PolesSee also: Polish operation of the NKVDOne of many was the deportation of 15 thousand families of people of Polish and German nationalities (about 65 thousand people) were evicted from Soviet Ukraine, territories adjacent to the Polish border (for example, from Kamenetz-Podolsk region [13]), to North Kazakhstan and Karaganda region in 1936.According to the USSR Prosecutor General A. Ya. Vyshinsky, 389 382 people were deported between November 1939 and June 1941. 52% (202.5 thousand) of this number were women, and 12% (46.7 thousand) were children. During the first year, approximately 10% of the total number of deportees (about 39 thousand people) died along the way, and in the local area [14]. According to Polish researchers, who rely on indirect data, about one million [14] (according to other sources, about 1,200,000 [15]) were deported by the sum of all the stages.Deportation of KoreansMain article: Deportation of Koreans to the USSRIn September 1937, on the basis of a joint decision of the Council of People's Commissars and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks No. 1428–326 “On the eviction of the Korean population from the border areas of the Far Eastern Territory” [16], signed by Stalin and Molotov, 172 thousand ethnic Koreans were evicted from the border areas of the Far East to the uninhabited virgin regions of Central Asia (mainly Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan). Since the end of 1937, all national districts and village councils outside the Central Asian republics and regions were gradually eliminated. Also outside the autonomies, teaching and publishing of literature in Korean was curtailed.On April 1, 1993, the Decree of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation invalidated the acts adopted since 1937 against the Soviet Koreans, and, in fact, the Koreans were rehabilitated as victims of political repression [17].World War II deportationsIn 1943-1944 Mass deportations of Kalmyks, Ingush, Chechens, Karachais, Balkars, Crimean Tatars, Nogais, Meskhetian Turks, Pontic Greeks, Bulgarians, Crimean Gypsies, Kurds were carried out, mainly on charges of collaboration that spread to the whole people. The autonomy of these peoples was eliminated (if they existed).In total, during the years of World War II, peoples and groups of the population of 61 nationalities were resettled [18]. The real motives for deportation, in the opinion of historian Alexander Statiev, in many cases were conflicts between representatives of deported nations and the state in the pre-war years, geopolitical considerations, intrigues of local party organs, Stalin's personal whims, ethnic prejudices of high-ranking officials and only then anti-Soviet activity in years war (for example, even in the internal correspondence of the authorities it was not possible to find a single document indicating that the Soviet authorities seriously suspected Whether Crimean Greeks Meskhetians Kurds Khemshils change in state, on the other hand, were not subjected deported accused party bodies of collaboration Kabardians and Karelia). [19].German deportationMain article: German deportation to the USSRIn accordance with the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of August 28, 1941 [20] 367,000 Germans were deported to the east (two days were spent on fees): to the Komi Republic, the Urals, Kazakhstan, Siberia, and Altai. Partially, the Germans were recalled from the army. In 1942, the mobilization of Soviet Germans at the age of 17 years into working columns began. Mobilized Germans built factories, worked in logging and in mines.Representatives of peoples whose countries were members of the Hitler coalition (Hungarians, Bulgarians, many Finns) were also deported.On the basis of the decision of the Military Council of the Leningrad Front of March 20, 1942, about 40 thousand Germans and Finns were deported from the frontline zone in March-April 1942.Those who returned home after the war were deported again in 1947-1948.Deportation of KarachaisMain article: Deportation of KarachaisAccording to the 1939 census, 70,301 Karachays lived in the territory of the Karachay AO [21]. From the beginning of August 1942 to the end of January 1943, it was under German occupation.On October 12, 1943, a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR was issued, and on October 14, a decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on the eviction of Karachais from the Karachay Autonomous Region to the Kazakh and Kyrgyz SSR [18]. In these documents, the reasons for the eviction were explained as follows:“Due to the fact that during the occupation, many Karachais behaved treacherously, entered into units organized by the Germans to fight the Soviet regime, betrayed honest Soviet citizens to the Germans, accompanied and showed the way to German troops advancing through the passes to the Caucasus, and after the expulsion of the invaders they counteract the measures carried out by the Soviet government, hide bandits and agents abandoned by the Germans from the authorities, rendering them active assistance ”[18] [22].For the power support of the deportation of the Karachai population, military formations with a total number of 53,327 people were involved and on November 2 the deportation of the Karachais took place, as a result of which 69,267 Karachais were deported to Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan [22]. Of these, 653 people died on the way. About 50% of the deportees were children and adolescents under the age of 16 years, 30% - women and 15% men. The Karachais drafted into the Red Army were demobilized and deported on March 3, 1944 [23].Kalmyks deportationMain article: Deportation of KalmyksFragment of the monument "Exodus and Return", Elista, KalmykiaIn early August 1942, most of the uluses of Kalmykia were occupied and liberated the territory of Kalmykia only in early 1943.On December 27, 1943, a Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR was issued, and on December 28, a decision of the Council of People's Commissars signed by V. M. Molotov on the liquidation of the Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the eviction of Kalmyks in the Altai and Krasnoyarsk Territories, Omsk and Novosibirsk Regions [18]. 2975 officers of the NKVD, as well as the 3rd motorized rifle regiment of the NKVD, participated in the eviction operation of the Kalmyk population, code-named “Ulus,” and Major General Markeev [22], the head of the NKVD for the Ivanovo Region, took part in the operation.Deportation of Chechens and IngushMain article: Deportation of Chechens and IngushOn January 29, 1944, the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR L.P. Beria approved the “Instruction on the Procedure for the Eviction of Chechens and Ingush” [24], and on January 31 a decision of the State Defense Committee on the deportation of Chechens and Ingush to the Kazakh and Kyrgyz SSRs [18] was issued. On February 20, together with I. A. Serov, B. Z. Kobulov and S. S. Mamulov, Beria arrived in Grozny and personally led the operation, in which up to 19 thousand operative workers of the NKVD, the NKGB and SMERSH were involved, and also about 100 thousand officers and fighters of the NKVD troops, drawn from all over the country to participate in "exercises in the highlands" [22]. On February 21, he issued an order under the NKVD to deport the Chechen-Ingush population [24]. The next day, he met with the leadership of the republic and the highest spiritual leaders, warned them of the operation, and offered to carry out the necessary work among the population [22], and the next day the eviction operation began.The deportation and dispatch of trains to destinations began on February 23, 1944, at 02:00 local time and ended on March 9, 1944. The operation began with the code word “Panther”, which was broadcast on the radio [25] [26]. The deportation was accompanied by a few attempts to escape to the mountains or disobedience from the local population [27].From the beginning of the war until January 1944, 55 gangs were liquidated in the republic, 973 of their members were killed, 1901 people were arrested. The NKVD registered in the territory of Chechen-Ingushetia consisted of 150-200 gangs of 2-3 thousand people (approximately 0.5% of the population) [24].According to official figures, 780 people were killed during the operation, 2016 anti-Soviet elements were arrested, more than 20 thousand firearms were seized, including 4868 rifles, 479 machine guns, and machine guns. 6544 people managed to hide in the mountains [28]Deportation of the BalkarsMain article: Deportation of the BalkarsOn February 24, 1944, Beria invited Stalin to evict the Balkars, and on February 26, he issued an order under the NKVD “On measures to evict the Balkar population from the design bureau of the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic” [22]. The day before, Beria, Serov, and Kobulov had a meeting with the secretary of the Kabardino-Balkarian regional party committee, Zuber Koumekhov, during which it was planned to visit the Elbrus region in early March [18]. On March 2, Beria, accompanied by Kobulov and Mamulov, traveled to the Elbrus region, informing Kumekhov of his intention to evict the Balkars, and transfer their land to Georgia so that it could have a defensive line on the northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus [22]. On March 5, the GKO Decree on the eviction from the Design Bureau of the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was issued, and on March 8–9 the operation began. On March 11, Beria reported to Stalin that "37,103 people were evicted from the Balkars" [18]Deportation of Crimean TatarsMonument dedicated to the deportation of Crimean TatarsMain article: Deportation of Crimean TatarsOn May 10, 1944, Lavrenty Beria made a written proposal on the deportation of Crimean Tatars to Stalin. The official reason was called "the treacherous actions of the Crimean Tatars against the Soviet people." GKO decisions on the eviction of the Crimean Tatar population from the territory of Crimea were adopted on April 2, May 11, and 21, 1944. A similar decree on the eviction of Crimean Tatars and Greeks from the territory of the Krasnodar Territory and the Rostov Region was dated May 29, 1944.Altogether 228 543 people were evicted from Crimea, 191 014 of them were Crimean Tatars (more than 47 thousand families) [29]. From every third adult Crimean Tatar, they signed up that he had read the decision and that for escaping from the place of special settlement threatened a period of 20 years of hard labor as a criminal offense. [30]Deportations of AzerbaijanisIn the spring of 1944, forced relocations were carried out in Georgia. At the end of March, 608 Kurdish and Azerbaijani families of 3240 people - residents of Tbilisi, "who left their jobs in agriculture without permission and arrived to live in Tbilisi" [18], were resettled inside the Georgian SSR, in Tsalka, Borchali, and Karayaz districts [22]. Only 31 families of servicemen, war invalids, teachers, and university students were left in the city [18]. In accordance with GKO Decision No. 6279ss of July 31 of the same year, Meskhetian Turks, Kurds, Hemsils, and others were evicted from the border regions of the Georgian SSR, and the “others” sub-contingent consisted mainly of Azerbaijanis [31]. In March 1949, the number of Azerbaijani special settlers evicted from the republic amounted to 24 304 people, which during 1954-1956. were actually removed from the register of special settlements [32].1948-1953, the Azerbaijanis living in Armenia were resettled. In 1947, the first secretary of the Communist Party of the Armenian SSR, Grigory Arutinov, achieved [33] the adoption by the USSR Council of Ministers of the resolution “On the resettlement of collective farmers and other Azerbaijani population from the Armenian SSR to the Kura-Araksin lowland of the Azerbaijan SSR”, resulting in up to 100 thousand Azerbaijanis [34] underwent resettlement “on a voluntary basis” (and in fact - deportation [35] [36] [37]) to Azerbaijan. 10,000 people were resettled in 1948, 40,000 in 1949, 50,000 in 1950 [34].Armenian deportationsAs early as 1939, Kurds, Armenians, and Turks were resettled from Azerbaijan to Kazakhstan [38].Later, on May 29, 1944, the People's Commissar of the NKVD L. P. Beria wrote a letter to I. Stalin about the advisability of deporting Bulgarians, Greeks, and Armenians from Crimea [38]. According to the decree of GKO No. 5984ss “On the eviction of Bulgarians, Greeks, and Armenians from the territory of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic”, 20 thousand Armenians were resettled [39]. June 2, 1944 deputy. NKVD People’s Commissar I. A. Serov informed the NKVD People’s Commissar L.P. Beria about the completion of the operation to evict Greeks, Bulgarians, Armenians, as well as foreign nationals from Crimea.On June 28, 1944, the Order of the Minister of State Security of the USSR No. 00183 “On the Eviction of Turkish Citizens, Stateless Turks, Former Turkish Citizens Accepted to Soviet Citizenship, Greek Citizens, Former Greek Citizens Not Currently Citizenship, and former Greek citizens accepted into Soviet citizenship, and Dashnaks with families from the territory of the GSSR, ArmSSR, AzSSR, and the Black Sea coast ”[38].In 1945-1947, 5.5 thousand ethnic Armenians were deported from Western Ukraine to Poland, mainly of the Armenian Catholic confession (C. L. Azizyan. [1]).In 1948-1949, tens of thousands of Armenian repatriates, as well as the indigenous inhabitants of Soviet Armenia, were deported [39].In 1949, the Armenian population from the southern regions of the USSR was deported to Altai Krai [40].Deportations of the GreeksMain article: Deportation of the Pontic GreeksDeportation of Meskhetian TurksMain article: Deportation of Meskhetian TurksOn July 24, 1944, Beria addressed I. Stalin with a letter (No. 7896). He wrote:“Over the years, a significant part of this population, connected with the residents of the border regions of Turkey through family ties, relations, has been emigrating, engaged in smuggling and serves as a source for the Turkish intelligence agencies to recruit spy elements and plant gang groups [41]. "He noted that "the NKVD of the USSR considers it expedient to relocate 16,700 farms of Turks, Kurds, Khemshins from the Akhara Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, from Akhaltsikhe, Akhalkalak, Adigen, Aspindz, Bogdanov districts." On July 31, the State Defense Committee adopted a decree (No. 6279, “top secret”) on eviction from the Georgian SSR to the Kazakh, Kyrgyz and Uzbek SSR, as noted in the documents of the Special Settlement Division of the NKVD of the USSR, 45,516 Meskhetian Turks [42]. The whole operation, by order of Beria, was led by A. Kobulov and the Georgian People’s Commissars of State Security Rapava and the Interior of Karanadze, and only 4 thousand operational NKVD officers were allocated for its implementation [22].Deportations of citizens of the Baltic republicsMain articles: June deportation of 1941, the Great March deportation, Order of the NKVD of the USSR No. 001223, Deportations from the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic and Deportations from the Estonian Soviet Socialist RepublicA series of deportations organized by the USSR authorities in 1941, 1948, and 1949 in the territories of Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania.Deportation of residents of the western regions of the Pskov regionMain article: Deportation from the western regions of the Pskov regionIn May-June 1950, about 1,500 people were deported to the Krasnoyarsk Territory from the Russian-speaking Pechora, Pytalovsky, and Kachanovsky districts of the Pskov Region — kulaks, members of “gangs” and members of their families. These three districts were included in the region in 1945 and before the war was part of Latvia and Estonia. In the second half of the 1940s, anti-Soviet armed struggle was waged on the territory of these regions. The struggle was accompanied by resistance to collectivization and attempts by the Soviet government to eliminate the farm system. In the interwar period, the authorities of Estonia and Latvia carried out land reforms in the territories of these regions, which introduced a system of farms instead of villages. In the Soviet Pskov region, most of the farms were liquidated in the 1930s, and the population was forcibly settled in collective farm villages. After joining the western regions to the Pskov region, it turned out that the level of profitability of the farmyard of the western regions was much higher than the level of profitability of the collective farmyard in the rest of the region.The situation of deported peoplesMain article: Special settlerIn 1948, a decree was passed prohibiting the Germans, as well as other deported peoples (Kalmyks, Ingush, Chechens, Finns, Balkars, etc.) from leaving the areas of deportation and returning to their homeland. Those who violated this decree were sentenced to GULAG camp work for 20 years [source not specified 1331 days].It should be noted that representatives of deported peoples were not excluded from the CPSU (b) and the Komsomol, they were not deprived of voting rights.The role of the highest leaders of the USSR in the organization of deportationsDecisions on deportations were made at the party and government level at the initiative of the OGPU-NKVD bodies, which puts deportations outside the competence of the Soviet court and sharply distinguishes the system of special settlements from the system of forced labor camps and colonies [43]. According to historians, the initiator of most of the deportations was the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR Lavrenty Beria, it was he who served the commander in chief with reports with recommendations “.