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The Rothschild Coat of ArmsINTRODUCTIONIt is currently estimated that the Rothschild net worth is worth more than $350 billion when each member's personal fortunes is combined.[1] Their rise to power is somewhat indistinguishable from the rise of the financial industry they spearheaded.[2] For that, they've been both venerated and vilified. They've inspired both eager financiers and conspiracy theorists. For the latter, they've become the very embodiment Jewish evil for Europe's rampant anti-semitism of the 19th and 20th centuries.Here is a supercondensed version of their history. There are much richer narratives on the web, though they are interspersed with the aforementioned speculation. I've endeavoured to filter that as much as possible, leaving the reader with only the facts and for him to speculate to his heart's content.I did include, however, along with the text, quotes from various sources, some directly about the Rothschilds, some indirectly, others about the financial industry they spearheaded, and some from the Rothschilds themselves. Some are from primary sources, others are attributed. The quotes illustrate how the Rothschilds were - and still are - perceived, the sourced ones by their authors, and the others by those who attributed to them.As noted below, much of what follows has been used to justify anti-semitism. Indeed it has. It is nonetheless informative to consider both the facts and their narrative to understand their interplay, and how much the Rothschilds influenced the world around us as well as the world within us.Without further ado...THE ROTHSCHILDSLate 1700s till early 1800s"Money is the god of our time, and Rothschild is his prophet."Heinrich Heine, poet, close friend of James (Jacob) Rothschild [3] and of Karl Marx (and also his cousin).[4]Mayer Amschel Rothschild started out in 1763 as a rare coin dealer. In 1769 he was appointed Crown Agent to the Principality of Hesse-Hansau. In 1785 he became a banker for Wilhelm IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, and handled Britain's payments to Hessian mercenaries during the French Revolution."Permit me to issue and control the money of a nation, and I care not who makes its laws!"Mayer Amschel Rothschild, attributed by Gertrude M. Coogan (1935),[5] or maxim of the House of Rothschild as attributed by one Mr. Daniel (1914).[6]In 1812, Mayer sent his youngest son Jakob to Paris, where he opened the Banque MM. de Rothschild Frères, which later became a finance giant in Paris. By that time Mayer's third son, Nathan Mayer Rothschild, had already established himself in London since 1798 with one of Europe's most powerful banking institutions: N. M. Rothschild & Sons. From 1813 to 1815, Nathan almost single-handedly financed the British Crown and its continental allies in the Napoleonic Wars. In 1815 alone, he lent US$10.1 billion to Britain's continental allies (indexed by average earnings).[7]"Money has no motherland; financiers are without patriotism and without decency; their sole object is gain."Napoleon Bonaparte (1815), attributed by Robert McNair Wilson (1933).[8]Nathan learned a day ahead of everyone else that England had won the Battle of Waterloo. To capitalise on the victory, instead of buying more Crown bonds from traders, he dumped his onto the market, misleading the street to infer that England had lost. A fire-sale ensued, and Nathan bought them all back at 95% discount, multiplying his wealth 20-fold in 3 days."The few who understand the system will either be so interested in its profits or be so dependent upon its favours that there will be no opposition from that class, while on the other hand, the great body of people, mentally incapable of comprehending the tremendous advantage that capital derives from the system, will bear its burdens without complaint, and perhaps without even suspecting that the system is inimical to their interests."The Rothschild brothers of London writing to associates in New York (1863) attributed by Senator John Sherman.In 1822, along with his four brothers, Jakob was bestowed the hereditary title of "Freiherr" (Baron) by Emperor Francis I of Austria, and adopted the name James de Rothschild. That same year he was appointed consul-general of the Austrian Empire, and in 1823 was awarded the French Legion of Honor.In 1825 Nathan bailed out the Bank of England, establishing himself as Britain's lender of last resort, and in the same year, he enabled the independence of Brazil from Portugal by lending it the £2 million Portugal required to accept the independence.[9] Of that amount, Portugal owed £1.5 to Rothschild himself on a previous loan of 1823.[10]"Who hold the balance of the world? Who reignO'er congress, whether royalist or liberal?Who rouse the shirtless patriots of Spain? [*](That make old Europe's journals squeak and gibber all.)Who keep the world, both old and new, in painOr pleasure? Who make politics run glibber all?The shade of Buonaparte's noble daring? --Jew Rothschild, and his fellow-Christian, Baring."- Don Juan, George Gordon, Lord Byron, 1823.In 1835 Nathan secured a contract with the Spanish Government giving him the rights to the Almadén quicksilver mines in southern Spain, effectively gaining the monopoly of mercury in Europe. In 1845, the French government awarded the Rothschilds the contract to build the Nord line, the coutry's first major railway. Nathan's son, Lionel de Rothschild, was elected London's MP in 1847."It is well enough that people of the nation do not understand our banking and money system, for if they did, I believe there would be a revolution before tomorrow morning."Henry Ford, founder of the Ford Motor Company, Unsourced.Late 1800s till early 1900sThe Rothschilds became increasingly involved in ever larger transactions:1871 Loaned France $1m thaler to cover part of its war reparations to Prussia.1873 Bought out loss-making Rio Tinto copper mines.1875 Financed Britain's £4m purchase of 44% of the Suez Canal.[11]1886 Founded the Caspian and Black Sea Petroleum Company.1887 Financed the establishment of De Beers.1894 Baron Mayer de Rothschild's son-in-law, the Earl of Roseberry, became British Prime Minister.In 1897 Gustave de Rothschild financed the launch of the feminist newspaper La Fronde, featuring columnist Clémence Royer, whose translation of Charles Darwin's On the Origins of the Species 31 years earlier, its first ever to French, was the first to use Darwin's theory to justify eugenics:“The data of the theory of natural selection can no longer leave us to doubt that the superior races have been produced gradually, and that consequently, by virtue of the law of progress, they are not intended to supplant the lower races by progressing, and not to mix and to be merged with them, at the risk of being absorbed in them by crossings which would bring down the average level of the species. In a word, human races are not distinct species, but they are very distinct and unequal varieties, and it would be necessary to think twice before proclaiming political and civil equality among a people composed of a minority of Indo-Europeans and a majority of Mongols or Negroes.”Clémence Royer, De l'Origine des espèces, ou Des lois du progrès chez les êtres organisés, 1866.[12]At that time, J.P. Morgan, America's richest man at the time, financed John D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil, Edward Harriman's railroads and Andrew Carnegie's steel mills."Banks lend by creating credit. They create the means of payment out of nothing."Ralph M Hawtry, former US Secretary to the Treasury.In 1895, at the depths of the Panic of 1893, the Federal Treasury was nearly out of gold. President Grover Cleveland accepted Morgan's offer to join with the Rothschilds and supply the U.S. Treasury with 3.5 million ounces of gold to restore the treasury surplus in exchange for a 30-year bond issue.[13]"Some people think the Federal Reserve Banks are the United States government's institutions. They are not government institutions. They are private credit monopolies which prey upon the people of the United States for the benefit of themselves and their foreign swindlers."Congressional Record 12595-12603 — Louis T. McFadden, Chairman of the Committee on Banking and Currency (12 years) 10 Jun 1932.In 1907, J.P. Morgan and partners cornered the overextended US private banks, and generated a bank run. Morgan offered to bring liquidity back to the market through the issuance of his own currency. He indeed reestablished confidence in credit markets and was heralded a national hero by then Princeton University's president, one Woodrow Wilson."I believe that banking institutions are more dangerous to our liberties than standing armies. Already they have raised up a monied aristocracy that has set the government at defiance. The issuing power (of money) should be taken away from the banks and restored to the people to whom it properly belongs."Thomas Jefferson.Wilson recommended appointing "a committee of six or seven public-spirited men like J.P. Morgan to handle the affairs of [the] country", which Theodore Roosevelt promptly did. He created the National Monetary Committee (NMC), which included J.P. Morgan, and was chaired by who would later be John D. Rockefeller's co-father-in-law, senator Nelson Aldrich from Rhode Island."If congress has the right under the Constitution to issue paper money, it was given them to use themselves, not to be delegated to individuals or corporations."Andrew Jackson.After extensively consulting with private central bankers in England, France and Germany, Aldrich returned in 1910 and chaired a secret meeting in Jekyll Island. Other than J.P. Morgan and Aldrich, the meeting included Frank Vanderlip, then president of National City Bank of New York and Paul Warburg. Warburg had been hired by Kuhn, Lobe and Co., an investment firm, to lobby for a privately owned central bank in the US."Issue of currency should be lodged with the government and be protected from domination by Wall Street. We are opposed to…provisions [which] would place our currency and credit system in private hands."Theodore Roosevelt.On 23 Dec 1913, when most of Congress had gone home for Christmas, Woodrow Wilson, then US president, signed the Federal Reserve Act into law."A great industrial nation is controlled by its system of credit. Our system of credit is concentrated. The growth of the Nation, therefore, and all our activities are in the hands of a few men... We have come to be one of the worst ruled, one of the most completely controlled and dominated, governments in the civilized world—no longer a government by free opinion, no longer a government by conviction and the vote of the majority, but a government by the opinion and the duress of small groups of dominant men."Woodrow Wilson, 1913.[14]In 1919 the first Gold Fix takes place at the offices of N M Rothschild & Sons in London. In 1926 they finance London's Tube."I am afraid the ordinary citizen will not like to be told that the banks can and do create money. And they who control the credit of the nation direct the policy of Governments and hold in the hollow of their hand the destiny of the people."- Reginald McKenna, as Chairman of the Midland Bank, addressing stockholders in 1924.."If the American people ever allow private banks to control the issue of their currency, first by inflation, then by deflation, the banks … will deprive the people of all property until their children wake-up homeless on the continent their fathers conquered. … The issuing power should be taken from the banks and restored to the people, to whom it properly belongs."- Thomas Jefferson in the debate over the Re-charter of the Bank Bill (1809).Warburg's contact at Kuhn, Lobe & Co., Jacob Schiff, was his brother's father-in-law, and their grandparents had shared a house with the Rothschilds back in Frankfurt. Since then, the two families maintained a strong bond between them. In 1913, Jacob Schiff funded the Russian Revolutionaries with $20m USD to overthrow the Czar of Russia.[15] That eventually happened four years later. The Russian nobility had steadfastly refused to allow European financiers to set up a private central bank in Russia."History records that the money changers have used every form of abuse, intrigue, deceit, and violent means possible to maintain their control over governments by controlling money and its issuance."James Madison.For this reason, in 1863, Czar Alexandre II sent part of his naval fleet to San Francisco in aid to Lincoln's battle against the South, which in turn was aided by Britain and France.[16][17]On that same year, Lincoln had issued the first USD to finance his troops, freeing the Union's finances from European-backed lenders, thus cutting short substantial revenue of Europe's private central banks. The Czar knew that a victory of the South would strengthen its backers, and enable them to have another go at Russia."The Government should create, issue, and circulate all the currency and credits needed to satisfy the spending power of the Government and the buying power of consumers. By the adoption of these principles, the taxpayers will be saved immense sums of interest. Money will cease to be master and become the servant of humanity."Abraham Lincoln (1865) attributed by Michael Rowbotham (1998).[18]In 1865, Lincoln was assassinated."The death of Lincoln was a disaster for Christendom. There was no man in the United States great enough to wear his boots and the bankers went anew to grab the riches. I fear that foreign bankers with their craftiness and tortuous tricks will entirely control the exuberant riches of America and use it to systematically corrupt civilization."Otto von Bismark (1815-1898), German Chancellor.Seventeen years before that, in 1848, Marx and Engels had published their Communist Manifesto. Marx's grandmother was a first cousin of Nathan Mayer Rothschild's wife. Nathan's brother, James, was also a close friend of Marx's equally close friend, the poet Heinrich Heine. In 1882 the Manifesto arrived in Russia. A 35-year generation later, the Manifesto inspired the 1917 Russian Revolution that took down the Czar."Money is a new form of slavery, and distinguishable from the old simply by the fact that it is impersonal – that there is no human relation between master and slave."Leo Tolstoy, Russian writer.On that same year, 1917, on 2 Nov, UK's Foreign Secretary, Arthur James Balfour, had sent a letter to Lionel Walter Rothschild, great-grandson of Nathan Mayer Rothschild.[19] That letter became known as the Balfour Declaration. Thirty-one years later, on 14 May 1948, Israel was proclaimed, and in 1956, it was made public that Baron James de Rothschild had left $6m Israeli liras in his will for the construction of the Knesset. It was inaugurated on 30 Aug 1966 in the presence of the baron's widow, Dorothy de Rothschild.[20][21]MK Mordechai Nurock at the cornerstone-laying ceremony for the Knesset; behind him are the President, Knesset Speaker, and Dorothy de Rothschild, 14 Oct 1958.In 1938, the Austrian Rothschilds' interests were seized by the Nazis, bringing to an end more than a century at the heart of middle European banking.[22]“Today I will once more be a prophet. If the international Jewish financiers in and outside Europe should succeed in plunging nations once more into a world war, then the result will not be the bolshevization of the earth and this the victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe!”Adolf Hitler, Speech to the Reichstag, 30 Jan 1941.[23]Lustige Blätter (v. 27, 1943) suggests that the Jews controlled the Allied forces.Late 1900s till early 2000sOn 28 Nov 1961, Kennedy halted sales of silver by the Treasury Department. Two years later, on 22 Nov 1963, he was assassinated. On 15 Aug 1971, Richard Nixon terminated the gold standard, crowning the USD the de facto world currency."The very word 'secrecy' is repugnant in a free and open society... For we are opposed around the world by a monolithic and ruthless conspiracy... It is a system which has conscripted vast human and material resources into the building of a tightly knit, highly efficient machine that combines military, diplomatic, intelligence, economic, scientific and political operations."John F. Kennedy, Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, New York City, 27 April 1961.“After visiting these two places you can easily see how that within a few years Hitler will emerge from the hatred that surrounds him now as one of the most significant figures who ever lived. He had boundless ambition for his country, which rendered him a menace to the peace of the world, but he had a mystery about him in the way that he lived and in the manner of his death that will live and grow after him. He had in him the stuff of which legends are made.”John F. Kennedy, personal diary, 1 August 1945.[24]In 1969, former Rothschild general manager, George Pompidou was elected President of France. In 1985, Lord Victor Rothschild, former MI5 spy, advised Thatcher on the privatisation of Britsh Gas, and in 1986 penned the policy paper that spurred her nemesis: the Poll Tax. Victor was Nobel laureate Amartya Sen's father-in-law."Does 'R.F.' mean Republique Francaise or Rothschild Freres?"New York Times, 25 Jun 1967.In 1976 Victor passed his chairmanship of N M Rothschild & Sons to Sir Evelyn Robert de Rothschild. At the time, since 1972, Evelyn had already been chairman of The Economist, a position he held until 1989, the year he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II. On 30 Nov 2000, Bill Clinton had him over at the White House to spend his honeymoon. On that same year, N M Rothschild & Sons advised the British government on 3G mobile phone licensing.[25]Evelyn is a Governor of the London School of Economics, served as Chairman of the Delegacy of St Mary's Hospital Medical School from 1977 to 1988, a Council Member of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, a trustee of the Shakespeare Globe Trust, Chairman of The Princess Royal Trust for Carers since 1988, and was founding chairman of The European Association for Banking and Financial History in Frankfurt from 1990 until 2004.Victor's son Jacob Rothschild is Chairman of RIT Capital Partners plc, one of the largest investment trusts quoted on the London Stock Exchange with a net asset value of over £2 billion. In 1989, he joined forces with the Anglo-French financial tycoon Sir James Goldsmith (Oliver Stone's inspiration for Gordon Gecko in Wall Street) and Australia's wealthiest man Kerry Packer on an unsuccessful bid for British American Tobacco. In 2002 he hosted the European Economic Round Table conference at his country estate; attendees included James Wolfensohn, former president of the World Bank, Nicky Oppenheimer, Warren Buffett and Arnold Schwarzenegger. On October 2003, Schwarzenegger was elected governor of California.Warren Buffett, Arnold Schwarzenegger and Jacob RothschildOn that same year, 2003, Russia's wealthiest man Mikhail Khodorkovsky passed his YUKOS stock to Jacob just prior to his arrest. From November 2003 until his retirement in 2008, he was Deputy Chairman of BSkyB Television, and in 2006 Jacob became a Founding Partner and Advisory Board Member of the Xander Group in India, with over $2 billion USD in infrastructure, hospitality, entertainment, retail and real estate under management. In 2011, Jacob Rothschild bought 25% of former JP Morgan Investment Bank co-chief executive Bill Winters' new investment firm Renshaw Bay.[26] In 2010, Jacob purchased 5% of Genie Energy, a subsidiary of IDT Corp, for $10 million USD. In 2012, Sarah Palin hired former IDT executive Michael Glassner as her chief of staff. In 2013, Genie Energy was granted exclusive oil and gas exploration rights in Israeli occupied Golan Heights, Syria.Footnotes[1] Rothschild Family's Net Worth Explained[2] Rothschild family - Wikipedia[3] Jakob Rothschild[4] Marx to Heine, Feb 1845[5] The Money Creators[6] Hearings with Reference to Currency Legislation ...[7] The Ascent of Money[8] Talk:Napoleon I of France[9] Exhibitions ‹ Rothschilds and Brazil[10] Rothschilds and Brazil: An Introduction to Sources in the Rothschild Archive[11] Suez Canal - Wikipedia[12] De l'Origine des esp�ces, ou Des lois du progr�s chez les �tres organis�s ... Traduit ... sur la troisi�me �dition ... par Mlle Cl�mence Auguste Royer. Avec une pr�face et des notes du traducteur[13] The Golden Touch[14] The New Freedom: A Call for the Emancipation of the Generous Energies of a People[15] The Remarkable True Story of the American Capitalists Who Financed the Russian Communists: Antony C. Sutton: 9781905570355: Amazon.com: Books[16] United Kingdom and the American Civil War - Wikipedia[17] France and the American Civil War - Wikipedia[18] A Study of Modern Money, Debt Slavery, and Destructive Economics: Michael Rowbotham: 9781897766408: Amazon.com: Books[19] http://www1.rothschildarchive.org/genealogy/[20] http://www1.rothschildarchive.org/business/timeline/[21] http://www.knesset.gov.il/birthday/eng/EarlyYears_eng.htm[22] Rothschild & Co[23] Hitler's Threats Against the Jews (1941-1945)[24] Prelude to Leadership[25] http://www1.rothschildarchive.org/business/timeline/[26] Rothschilds confirms backing for ex JP Morgan chief's new firm

Yes, there are illegal interview questions that you are not to ask. In general, employers are not allowed to ask candidates to provide information about their age, gender, sexual orientation or ethnicity. The reason these questions are unlawful is because these factors are not relevant to an employee’s ability to perform a job.It is also unlawful to discriminate against a prospective employee based on their disability (which includes physical and mental illness), marital status, family or carer's responsibilities, pregnancy, religion, political opinion, national origin or employment status.What are the types of questions to avoid during an interview?Are you pregnant?What is your ethnicity?How old are you?Are you married?Do you have children or plan to?Do you smoke?Are you currently employed?However, you may need to ask certain questions for roles with inherent requirements.For example, requiring proof of age to work in a licensed venue or proof of licence to drive a company van. However, if you use a candidate’s driver’s licence to calculate their age and then discriminate against them, that’s illegal.Hiring Tips for Managers Archives - My Maxims[1]Footnotes[1] Hiring Tips for Managers Archives - My Maxims

When haven't Filipinos worked abroad? Working abroad is the Filipino dream. And this comes as no surprise because of the cultural history of the Philippines.Pre-colonial Filipinos were seafarersThat's right. The residents and natives of the Philippine Islands were seafaring people long before the rocks on the Pacific they lived on were ever called “Filipinas”.The pre-colonial Filipinos (a word I use to refer to the native residents of the islands) organized themselves as chiefdoms made up of people related by blood and by marriage. Because they live on islands, they realized that to get things they needed, things they themselves could not create or manufacture, they must load up trade goods on boats and sail or paddle to nearby or far-flung islands to barter, to trade, to learn, and to go on adventures. Long before the Spanish came and “discovered” the Philippines in 1521, the Filipinos have already been trading partners with Arabs, Indians and the Chinese.Dr. Resil Mojares reflects in Isabelo's Archive that the inhabitants of the Philippines were a maritime people and long-distance travelers prior to the coming of the Spaniards. Filipinos loved to travel (p.144)Even Filipino tribal groups who had no sufficient technological know-how to create ocean-worthy boats and canoes called balangays navigated the interisland seas and rivers on boats to trade with neighboring chiefdoms. In fact, anthropologists have theorized that Filipinos have no monuments like Ankor Wat because they were too busy island-hopping and ocean-cruising.Of course, there are contrasting opinions to the assertion that the pre-colonial Filipinos were a maritime people or that they crossed the oceans to other lands. Nick Joaquin in his book Culture as History asserts that pre-colonial Filipinos were not true seafarers, or that the extent of our seafaring was to the neighboring islands within our own archipelago only. He points to culture as evidence of history. Precolonial Filipinos did not have sea myths or sea gods unlike the Greeks (Poseidon and The Odyssey) (pp. 34–35). At best, asserts Joaquin, precolonial Filipinos traded with the Chinese, Japanese, Arabs and Indians intermittently. Filipino traders waited for those traders who passed through the Philippines. Later, those traders came to stay or settle when the Spanish came. This is evidenced by the presence of Chinese porcelain on the islands but the absence of a Filipino porcelain culture (p.37). There was no evidence of Buddhism, Shintoism or Hindu religions or cooking in precolonial Filipino culture (p.33). Indeed, Islam had been on the archipelago 200 years before the coming of Spain and Islam had not spread farther than a small portion of Mindanao (p.29). Joaquin asserts that it was only after the Spaniards established Manila as a port of call in the Galleon trade did the Asian neighbors of the Philippines notice us as important enough to penetrate (pp. 40–41).However, pre-colonial Filipino-made long boats have been excavated, evidence of seafaring or of a fishing culture. And even if Filipino seafaring were limited to islands within our own archipelago, still, this is evidence that precolonial Filipinos traveled to different parts of the archipelago to raid or to trade, in peace or in war. It doesn't really diminish the assertion that precolonial Filipinos loved to travel by sea even if it were only to hop from island to island within our own archipelago. And because the country comprised of autonomous chiefdoms, hopping from one island to another may have been the pre-colonial equivalent of passing through borders of a different country altogether. The seas between islands were not quiet ponds that one can float on using a canoe or skiff. These were shark-infested and rough requiring some knowledge of seafaring.Filipinos travelled on the Galleon TradeWhen the Spaniards came and established the Galleon trade (Acapulco-Manila Trade), Filipinos became seafarers on the Galleon trade (as cabin boys, servants, or interpreters). Filipinos reached Mexico, settled there, and to this day, there are Filipinos in Mexico. There were even Filipinos in the bayous of Louisiana.Filipinos, when they traveled during the Spanish colonial era, traveled as merchants, sailors, migrant workers or deportees. The Filipino sailors were called Manilamen (Mojares, p.139). Filipinos who voiced criticism of the colonial administration in the islands were punished with exile and thus they traveled (Mojares, 153).Filipino ilustrados went to Europe to studyDuring the 300 years of Spanish colonization, scions of the rising Filipino middle class (ilustrados or enlightened ones) journeyed to Europe to study and work there. Jose Rizal, the novelist, did research in the British museum and studied ophthalmology in Heidelberg, Germany.According to Dr. Resil Mojares in his book Isabelo's Archive, Antonio Luna travelled from the Philippines to Spain and wrote essays chronicling his impressions of Spain (p.143). Faustino Villafranca visited Sicily, Naples, Rome, Paris, London and Spain and even wrote about his travels (p. 145).But the Filipino world traveler is not a vagabond seeking adventures only. The Filipino world traveler embarks on journeys far from his land to seek a fortune in money or knowledge that he or she can bring back home (Mojares, 149). Rizal, for instance, brought back his knowledge of ophthalmology among other disciplines. His writing of Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo though published in Europe, were smuggled into the Philippines. Although Rizal's novels were not the first novels written and published by a Filipino, the novel was a literary form “borrowed" by Rizal and effectively used by him to support the reform movement in the Philippines. Rizal found and obtained support for the formation of his ideas and eventually, the publication of his book from a Filipino community in Paris made up of artists, writers and merchants.Filipino migrant workers during US colonizationDuring the American colonial period, Filipino agricultural workers traveled en masse to the United States to work in the fruit farms of Hawaii, California, Oregon and Washington. Some Filipinos worked in the fish canneries of Alaska. This movement of Filipinos migrant workers was detailed by Carlos Bulosan in his semi-autobiographical novel America is in the Heart. By the 1930s, when Bulosan arrived in California, there was a Filipino community of migrant farm workers there. Some of them sent the money they earned to their families in the Philippines. Others studied while working and came back home to their families with skills and a bigger capacity to earn money back home.My husband recounts the story of a musikero who gave him guitar lessons when he was a boy of 10. The musikero went by the name Anak sa Baka. Anak sa Baka stowed away on a ship and went to Hawaii where he picked pineapples. He became a musician and he even made his own guitar with a stainless steel body. He went from work camp to work camp in Hawaii and California as an entertainer. When he had saved enough, he bought passage to go back home to the Philippines.Intermarriage as impetus to travelEven during colonial times, when different races and ethnicities made contact, intermmariage resulted. Children born of interracial marriages are called “mestizos”. There are Filipino-Chinese mestizos (called Chinoys), Filipino-American mestizos (Fil-Ams) and Filipino-Spanish mestizos.During the American Commonwealth period, the United States established Clark Airfield and Subic Naval Base in the Philippines. These were the biggest US military installations in Asia. The servicemen who worked in those bases frequented bars, restaurants and communities outside the bases. Some of them married Filipina women and when the servicemen were transferred, their Filipina wives and Filipino children migrated with the servicemen. Beginning World War 2, the United States Army and Navy began accepting Filipinos. In exchange for their military service, Filipinos were able to migrate to the US.The Philippine government has aggressively marketed the Philippines as a tourist and retirement destination. Tourists visit our islands by the millions. Some tourists come and stay. They marry Filipinas and settle here in the Philippines or else, go back to their native countries and bring their wives and children with them. These Filipinas migrate, find work and settle in countries far away from home.Aggressive US colonization enabled ease of working abroadDuring the American colonization period, the Americans established a public education system where English was taught. This produced a workforce that spoke, read, and wrote English. Since I was a very young girl, I have heard of and I have met Filipinos who had studied in the US as pensionados or scholars of the US government. I have heard of Fulbright and Rockefeller scholars whose studies in US universities were funded by private foundations. Part of the contract under those scholarships was for the Filipino scholars to teach in the US and then go back to teach in the Philippines. I myself was sent to study for a year as a high school exchange student in Iowa. While I could not be employed, I still babysat and earned some money to buy presents to bring back to my family when I came home.The American missionaries came to the Philippines to convert the natives to Protestantism. They established schools and training colleges on the islands as well. I have met religious workers who had been sent to study and to work in the US before being sent back by their denominations to teach in the Philippines and to manage their denominations' many ministries. I also know of Filipino pastors who were recruited by churches in the US and Canada to be pastors in their congregations there. The churches in the US and Canada comprised migrant Filipinos for members, as well.Because of the aggressive social and cultural colonization policies of the Americans, by the 1950s, a Filipino population literate in English consumed American books and magazines as much as burgers and french fries, and they sang and danced to American Top 40 hits and to rock and roll.I remember having seen one episode of the American TV drama series China Beach where the nurse (Colleen McMurphy) was organizing a social event. She tried to find some musical entertainment and ended up with a Filipino band singing Puff the Magic Dragon. Of course, she didn't like the way the band pronounced the words to the song and did not hire the band. My point is, even if it was a work of fiction, such an event could have occured. It is plausible.By the time of the Vietnam War (1965–1975), US soldiers assigned to fight in Vietnam came by way of Subic and Clark. There were Filipino entertainers singing rock and roll and Top 40 hits to entertain US troops in Clark and Subic. So, it is not far-fetched that when bars and other places of entertainment blossomed around military bases or camps in Vietnam, the services of Filipino bands would have been needed. And Filipino singers who knew the latest rock and roll hits would have been recruited and would have thrived.Labor export as economic policy during Martial LawDuring Martial Law, Filipinos left the country in droves because of the harsh policies set in place by Ferdinand Marcos. Those who were in fear of political persecution because they opposed Martial Law left the country. Political prisoners, once released, went into exile. One example is Jose Ma. Sison, the founder of the Communist Party of the Philippines. He went into exile in the Hague in the Netherlands. Another example is Benigno Aquino, Jr. who was able to leave the Philippines to undergo a heart bypass in Boston, and eventually, to lecture and study in Harvard.But aside from Filipinos who fled the country as refugees of Martial Law, unskilled, semi-skilled and skilled workers left the Philippines to work in the Middle East in the 1970s. This was because Ferdinand Marcos stifled entrepreneurship by limiting business to his cronies. Also, the Marcos government borrowed heavily from the IMF and the World Bank to prop up the failing Philippine economy. The dollar remittances from Filipino migrant workers in the Middle East became a lifeline for the Philippine domestic economy. Remittances came in dollars and this helped the Philippine government make payments on the loans it has made.In the 1980s, professionals left the country for better employment prospects. Architects, accountants, engineers, chemists, teachers, doctors, physical therapists, chefs and nurses left the Philippines to work abroad. Some teachers left the country to work as nannies or domestic helpers in Western countries because the pay was much better abroad than the pay they could ever hope to receive working as teachers in the Philippines.Filipino women, trained as teachers began to work as nannies for the children of oil magnates in the Middle East. It is common knowledge that Prince William (the son of Princess Diana) had a Filipino nanny. When he got married, he invited his Filipino nanny to attend his wedding.Difficult working conditions abroadIt is not unusual to hear of Filipinos being victims of rape, sexual assault, maltreatment, and slavery/trafficking while working abroad. Filipinos are victims of racist policies that result in underpayment and their inability to negotiate for better pay and benefits.UnderpaidI have met Filipinos who were hired as domestic workers of diplomats and when the diplomats left for other postings to other countries, the Filipino workers traveled with the diplomats. One such Filipina domestic worker was Juliet Buenaobra who sued the Iraqi diplomat who had hired her and brought her to Australia. The Australian Fair Work Commission ordered the Consulate to pay the Filipina domestic worker the amount of AU $20,000 for unfairly dismissing her and for paying her less than the legislated minimum wage (Anna Patty, Sydney Morning Herald, August 9, 2018).No regular or permanent jobsWhen I was a teenager, we lived next door to a woman who trained cultural dancers who travel on tourist visas to Japan. The dancers were very young, some as young as 18. They traveled to Japan, stayed in dormitories, stayed for five months to work as entertainers, put on shows every night, and at the end of five months, they came back home with a wad of cash. The women came home, rested for a month, repeated the training and worked again for five months. According to our neighbor, the girls did the same thing over and over again until they found better employment or married a Japanese man who will support them, or else they got too old and sickly to work. Some girls went abroad to dance because it was better than doing sex work in the Philippines. Some girls (often referred to as “japayuki”) ended up as prostitutes in Japan just the same.No deterrence, no let upAnd yet, news of the sexual and physical abuse that Filipino migrant workers experience have not deterred migration to work abroad. About 600 OFWs return home dead every year. Some die of suicide, others die of neglect or abuse, still others are victims of crime.Negative outcomes on family life do not deter migration, either. In 2014, 1 in 10 Filipinos are overseas workers. Around 6000 Filipinos leave daily to work abroad. The money remitted by Filipino workers helps sustain their family life in the country. Migration for work enables Filipinos to care for and support their families in the Philippines.Overseas work is reproductive workEvery Christmas, Balikbayan boxes arrive. Balikbayan boxes are care packages containing presents sent by OFWs to their families and extended families. The boxes enter the Philippines tax-free. Those boxes express Filipino workers’ care for their loved ones still in the country.I have known one Filipino family where the father had been working as a jeweler in the Middle East. He succeeded in sending all his children to college. Then, he began sending for his children one by one to live and work in the same city where he works. They pool their resources and live in one home. The mother has already left for Thr Middle East and she keeps house and cares for her grandchildren in the very same way she would have kept house and cared for her family in the Philippines. Only 2 family members have yet to migrate abroad to work.To Filipino female overseas workers, working abroad is simply an extension of their work as carers of their families. Some workers view it as long-distance caring for their families.Working abroad to improve quality of lifeOverseas Filipino workers' dollar remittances are an item that bulks up the Philippine gross domestic product. The Philippines weathered the Asian economic crisis, thanks, in large part, to the consistency with which Filipino migrant workers sent dollar remittances home.The government has made it a policy for a fixed percentage of an OFW's pay to be remitted to their families in the Philippines but this is not even necessary because Filipino migrant workers see their dollar remittances as part of their care and support for their family.It is not unusual to see a modern house complete with a satellite dish, internet connection, and air conditioning in the middle of a rice field in rural areas in the Philippines. The garage may have both a car and an SUV. Indeed, working abroad is one sure way for Filipinos to improve their socioeconomic status and ensure the education of their children so that they can be socially mobile. The families of OFWs are now the new middle class in the Philippines.Brain drainIt is not surprising that the Philippines has begun to experience brain drain. There is a shortage of qualified workers in the Philippines to sustain economic growth, and still, migration continues to be an unstanchable hemorrhage. In an effort to stem the storm surge of labor migration, the Philippines has encouraged the growth of the business process outsourcing industry in the country.Working at a BPO firm is often seen as an alternative to leaving to work abroad. BPO salaries are competitive and working for a BPO often allows workers to work from home so that they can care for their families and earn money at the same time.However, work in the BPO industry is only for the very young. It is difficult because of the graveyard shift working hours. BPO work is not often regular or stable, work depends on the whims of the foreign corporate clients that hire BPO companies to provide customer service work. BPO workers often work for 6 months for a firm and leave to re-apply at another BPO firm.While BPO work is lucrative. It is possible for a BPO worker who receives good pay plus bonuses and incentives to buy a condominium unit or a house and lot, a car, and even travel abroad for vacations. However, the health risk associated with BPO work is also high.It often happens that fresh university graduates apply for work abroad and while they are waiting for the processing of their work papers, they work in the BPO industry. The BPO work has become a stepping stone to gain experience for working abroad.Future trendsThe possibility of Filipinos not working abroad in the future is low. Working abroad brings social prestige. It also brings opportunities to travel for leisure. It brings opportunities to study abroad and gain other skills. Some OFWs who are financially astute have achieved financial independence for themselves and their families because of working abroad. When they stop working abroad, they become entrepreneurs in the Philippines. This, I suppose, is the Philippine dream.