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Not going to lie, I’m almost afraid to post this because I’m sure I’ll get backlash. Whenever people discuss this on Youtube ARMYs seem to get mad, although many are understanding still. I don’t want to just be a person who says they’re perfect with no problems - even with things and people I enjoy I always make sure to remain critical. Also, I’d call myself a fan still, but an ex-ARMY. I personally think there’s a distinction between the two - a fan is just listening to music, maybe watching some performances and other videos from them. An ARMY is being a fan who’s up-to-date with most things going on and watches most or everything they upload along with fan content.(Note - along with my main reason, there’s other things I have below that in regards to 1)how International fans are treated, 2)the Japanese market, and 3)Not spreading the “good” as much as people thinkMain Points Summed Up :Music being released too much and too quicklyCriticisms about society/concepts no longer very prevalent in lyricsAlbums have no flow. They’re more a mixed basket of songs so that everyone will like at least one song.“Promoting” things like weight loss, high fashion, and such too much and problematically in my opinion considering their audience/fansWay merch works & things you pay forLittle thing : the “Idol” ChallengeFor me, what I don’t like about BTS is that they’ve changed. Now, okay, hear me out - people and bands always change. That’s fine, that’s okay, I’m down with that - but BTS just changed a lot, and changed into something I’m not as into. (Compared to something like Panic! at the Disco or youtubers, where I personally really like the modern music still, while some fans just like earlier music. So I’m not just thinking this to be “snooty” or “follow the crowd” or seem edgy, this is really just what I’m feeling lately.) And like the other comment from Nia M. says, I think it’s because of their quick and huge boom of popularity and Worldwide success after the American debut with LY Her. The guys really changed for me, they didn’t always seem as real and chill as before. The music seems forced. Their comebacks are back to back, they aren’t really comebacks in that sense. Since RM seems to head music production in regards to the members themselves, let me just straight up say that he’s going to burn out creatively at this rate. And fans burn out, like me. I can’t keep up with artists who put out that much that quickly - give me one great album a year or every other year instead of multiple mini albums where only a half or three-quarters are great. Along with this, their lyrics don’t seem to be as good as before. Now, don’t get me wrong, there are problems with their older music - things like saying “Westside till I die” despite not being from the Westside of Cali and living a privileged life compared to people from there were bad, and I’m glad they’ve moved on from that and the whole N-word controversy. But looking at lyrics from the latest album, they don’t seem to really give any criticisms out to people or society. I get that the LY series is all about types of love and loving yourself, and that’s an important message, but where are the criticisms of the education system, government, and such that seemed to be there before? That along with them instantly unfollowing Kanye West and others just because of political differences makes it feel like they’re trying to not make trouble with their own government and can’t say anything. But that’s what I always liked about them. Along with that, they seem to be using autotune more, especially in songs like Anpanman. Now, usually the way BTS uses autotune is for an effect instead of actually tuning their voice, but they still use the effect way too much for me to enjoy a song. Beats also aren’t as unique as before. Albums like Dark&Wild and The Most Beautiful Moment in Life series seemed to have a much more BTS taste if that makes sense. WINGS also seemed to have that, but it felt like it was trying a new sound, and I liked that. But the LY series has a new sound I’m not as fond of. Some songs like INTRO Serendipity and OUTRO Her are amazing and have what I’m looking for from BTS, but others like DNA, Fake Love, and Magic Shop are boring. DNA was the most pure pop song ever, and I mostly liked the instrumental and the way they used the whistling. Fake Love felt like trying to make punk rock and grunge more pop, and the lyrics sounded like a bad emo band’s debut. Magic Shop (I believe this is the song I’m thinking of) was mostly produced by Jungkook, and it really shows. The beat is oddly layered and doesn’t sound right, like when you first try producing a beat. I wish the others would have stepped in a bit more and showed him how to clean it up more. (Although I did like that the Tear album tried out some latin pop elements. Wanted to throw that in here so that no one thinks I was against that - I think it was an interesting change that I could see them wanting to try out)Also, on the point of the LY album promoting loving yourself just as you try to love others, I feel like BTS is too on the nose and doesn’t dive in deep enough or practice all that they’re preaching. What I’m saying is that they really only seem to say “I love myself. You should love yourself. I hope you love yourself,” instead of addressing issues that can stop people from really loving yourselves. They’re praised for discussing mental health, but they really haven’t that much. Yoongi did, he didn’t beat around the bush. He talked about mental hospitals and treatments and having to work with your family about it. BTS hasn’t really. They’ve alluded to it, mentioned it, yet have never said anything along the lines of “ARMY, please get pro. help if you have these feelings. Nothing is wrong with you, you just need to work with it,”. They’ve talked about self-worth and being harsh on yourself, but still promote products that say “Whitening” on them (Mediheal WHP Mask) and talk about how they diet to achieve weight loss, including Jimin’s starvation diet. Now obviously they don’t support things like that, but the fact that they didn’t explain more about why people shouldn’t or anything has led to many fans trying it. Now, while a few people on Youtube have tried it to show others how bad it is, there are even more people on Youtube trying it and other starvation Kpop diets as a legit weight loss method. People in comments are saying “Ahh, I’m 57 kg,” or “Ahh, I’m 145lb, I need to lose 30 lbs… I need to lose 7 kg…. I’m going to try this diet next,”. BTS are at the point where many young people look up to them. While older teens and adults might understand and not be too affected by these things, younger kids might try something like this out because their favorite boy band did. I feel like this will be a strong point of contention for many, so let me just say this: I’d like for BTS to not only say “Love yourself,” or donate to a UNICEF campaign about violence, I’d like for them to also talk to fans about why they shouldn’t do extreme weight loss for approval, should get help for mental problems just like physical problems, or try and change their appearance lots just to look “good” according to some random standard. I’d like for them to say that outright and live it, whether living it just means posting about how “Lots of ARMY saying they’re fat and need to lose weight…. You really don’t guys, only do it if your doctor recommends it….” or posting about how they just a good session with their counselor. Whatever they feel is “living” it and showing it.My next criticism is, they’ve turned into the average celebrity in regards to their fashion, technology, housing, etc. I can get the housing part actually since there’s 7 of them and they need space (I wish they’d get separate apartments or houses, but I know most Kpop groups don’t do that) but the fashion and such does irk me. Aren’t they supposed to be relatable? Along with that, it feels like they contradict themselves - just because Namjoon wore a backpack from an eco-friendly company once doesn’t get rid of the fact that they heavily support an eco-disastrous industry and only wear outfits a few times before just buying more. I’m not saying that they have to have boring fashion or anything, but if a member like Namjoon talks about things like the environment, then practice what you preach just a little bit. [ Also, this is just a personal point that I don’t think they have to really change, but I hate when they wear things like Supreme or have the figurines in their house (Koz? Bone? I forgot) that are from hypebeast culture. ] I get that for Koreans airport fashion is important, but it’s okay to rewear things or keep it plain. All of that just makes fans want to buy those products even if they don’t need them, just to be like their idol, and it contributes more to the problem. And in regards to tech, I specifically remember posts and articles about how Jin or someone hadn’t upgraded his IPhone yet. And that is something they seem to do a lot - upgrade every time a new model comes out. I get buying every new model if you’re a tech lover and interested in that sort of stuff, but celebrities who do it just to show they can are annoying honestly. BTS doesn’t seem to do this too often though, this seems to be more on the fans’ part when they report on it, so I think people just not caring would really solve this part.Next part, oof, this is getting long… Merch, and things you pay for in general. Now, while I’m focusing on BTS here, from what I’ve seen all Kpop groups do this and I think it’s always negative, so yeah… Merch. BTS has way too much stuff for you to buy. Now, merch and promotions and all are good, but the sheer amount is crazy. Think of it this way: There’s online albums, and then physical albums. There are multiple versions of the physical album though so that you buy more even if you never use them, and you have to buy lots of albums if you want to do a fansign, hundreds even maybe. And it’s still not even guaranteed. (Some people report spending $2000 to get in) Then there are concert tickets, and music show tickets, and special event tickets. You probably will buy an Army Lightstick if you go to one as well of course. There are photocards, and there are hundreds if not a couple thousand of them. Rare ones can cost you $200 or more. You can buy an official Fan Club membership sometimes, and this would bother me less if it was easy to get internationally, but you have to go through a Korean website with no translations and it’s difficult to pay along with the limited time offer. There are plain merch items of course, and BTS has plenty. Concert DVDs, seasonal DVDs and packages every summer and holiday season, shirts, etc. They have a new line with LINEFriends with BT21, and those have plenty of plushies, notebooks, sleeping masks, and the like. Then there are product promotions - some like Lotte Duty Free or Samsung which are just commercials, or things like the Mediheal Sheet Mask packs, VT Cosmetics Toothkit, and VT Cushions. Speaking of, they partnered with VT Cushions who only makes two shades for those cushions and only 3 at most for other non BTS versions. These were light shades that were even bad for the Korean market. Partnering with a brand like Innisfree who has more international sellers and an international shade range of almost 20 or so would have made much more sense since they talked about how much Korean and International fans would both love it. All in all, being a hardcore fan is just too expensive, and I constantly see fans in comment sections talking about how they wish they could get more merch, how they spent all their money that week on it, and young fans talking about they had managed to score a BTS backpack and shirt for school and just glowing about it despite it only being merch. With how many more concerts they’re doing now, I think they can chill out with the merch. Obviously fans want some, and they should keep things like the BT21 plushies, DVDs, and all. But an official membership, photocards, multiple versions of physical albums, and the fanmeet system should be thrown out in my opinion.Next, a tiny point that isn’t that important but irks me. The “Idol” Challenge. They started it themselves, not the fan community, and the way they did it felt like they were trying to rip off the “In my Feelings” Challenge. But to my knowledge, Drake didn’t start that, fans did, he just liked it and put it in the MV. But BTS seemed to force it by making it themselves and also putting it into their MV. (EDIT!!!! A helpful commenter informed me that a fan actually did start the Idol challenge, and JHope just covered it. As for now, my opinion is changed because of this. I feel like BigHit adding it into the MV was still a mixture of being genuine and ripping off Drake’s MV though. But I don’t really even consider this a tiny point that irks me anymore.) Also in the Idol MV 2nd Version, I didn’t like how they included Nicki. I mean, I loved Nicki’s part, and I love her music, especially her Pink Friday - Roman Reloaded album, but she felt like an afterthought in the MV. She didn’t record with the guys, she was just shown in her part (and they still threw in tons of shots of the guys during this too, despite her not being included in any of their parts) and felt completely separate. I just didn’t like how they handled Idol in general, even if it’s the best title track of the LY series so far.Onto other points. International fans, I Lovelies. They feel very separate from K Diamonds. Now naturally Korean fans are going to get some stuff like music shows and fanmeets more often, and that’s fair and all, but things like merch, events, and games aren’t really available to fans outside of Korea. I already addressed the merch part earlier with the cushion and such, but you could also mostly just buy it on Amazon or YesStyle. VT should have tried selling products through verified retailers instead, like Sephora (in the US). And the Superstar BTS game that came out earlier caused a stir since you had to mess with your phone a lot to get the game, instead of there just being another version uploaded to other Google Play and App Stores.The Japanese market. It feels odd that they cater so much to the J fans. People always make a ruckus about how BTS shouldn’t make an English album since they said they want to make music in Korean, but then why don’t they also just sell their Korean songs to Japan? Why do they make Japanese covers and albums? Just stick to Korean if you want to, or else you have to make a Korean, Japanese, and English album. I get that the Japanese market is very profitable, but still. My other points stand.Them being a good influence. I mostly mentioned this earlier, but they should be more specific than just telling fans to love themselves. Fans praise them for being amazing mental health advocates and such, but they really aren’t. They should talk more about it, and try and live the best lives they can to show off a positive lifestyle as much as they can. I know they could do this easily, so I hope they do for everyone’s sakes.I’m surprised and grateful if you somehow read this far. I didn’t think I’d end up writing this much, I thought it’d only be a few paragraphs. I’ll try and reply to any comments if I think it’s worth it and I see it. Also, go listen to INTRO Skool Luv Affair and INTRO What Am I To You because they’re some of my favorites but very unpopular and unknown. And is it just me, or does Look Here sound like Blurred Lines? And does the rap from RM make you blush a little or cringe? I feel like I’m a mix of both when I hear it, lol!*First of all, this is not an edit! Nor is it a hate comment. I really liked your answer and I applaud you for being brave enough to not disable the comments.I noticed you didn’t really react to the plethora of comments below so I wanted to make sure you could at least read mine:[I’m not even sure if I’m “qualified” to say this since I became an ARMY very late into their debut—around the beginning of their Love Yourself series. I haven’t been there with them since the beginning so I can’t really relate with the bit about them “changing.”I understand what you’re saying though. I’ve listened to Dark & Wild as well as HYYH Pt 1 and 2. I thought they were beautiful albums. Concept(s) aside, it was very well thought out and really called out societal issues, etc. There was also a vibe that was distinctly BTS. You Never Walk Alone (Wings) is actually my favorite album. Each of them had something they could call their own.That bit about them practicing what they preach—Yoongi’s the only one who’s openly acknowledged his mental illness and somehow that makes him the only one qualified to “preach” it? I don’t know, I might’ve interpreted that the wrong way—I tend to skim when there’s large blocks of words, sorry!!I’ve actually seen a post on Amino about the clear divide between I-Lovelies and K-Diamonds. It was written by an intl fan and I was really sad after reading it. If I can find it, I’ll link it here. But it was essentially about how the boys are obviously, at heart, Korean. Korea is their home and it always will be. Do they love intl fans? Of course. But who do they relate to more?Also, the entire bit about how they dress, where they live, etc. I totally understand where you’re coming from (and you’ve probably heard this a bajillion times already, lol) but they do have an image to maintain. Yes they sing about not wearing expensive clothes (ex: “Spine Breaker”) but they kinda have to? It’s not like they can just walk out in a 5$ Target T-shirt. It would cause lots of controversy, especially in a culture such as Korea’s.Anyway, your opinion on the Japanese market is the exact same as mine. But I’ve long accepted the cold, hard truth. [ :( ] Japan is geographically and, dare I say, culturally closer to Korea than America. It’s almost common sense to cater to a market that would 1) be more accepting and 2) be more relatable. I don’t see a full English album coming at all in the future.]

No, far from it. Our Quaternary Ice age is now 2.5 millions years old and it appears that we are at best in the middle of it today. An ice age has a series of glaciation followed by deglaciation. During the deglaciation or inter-glacial temperatures are variable swinging hot or cold like we experienced during the Little Ice Age of the current Holocene deglaciation.No doubt the inapt term global warming is a poor description of deglaciation and there is no certainty of consistent warming.The earth is cooling in the Holocene deglaciation is cooling and the only warming has been the natural inter glacial warming cycle shift after the Eemain glaciation.While we are enjoying some inter-glacial warming, but it is the least warm of the last 400,000 years and this is not a good sign.Climate change will not melt the polar ice caps unless we exit our ice age which is impossible to imaging. Even using the bastard definition of climate change ie human caused global warming is not happening. Key evidence is the fact polar ice is not melting away as predicted. The polar ice prediction is interesting because one of the accepted definitions of leaving an ice age is that both poles are ice free in the summer. This is so far from happening it is laughable, especially if you look at the facts about Antarctica.Antarctica with 90% of the world’s ice expanded this year at the end of the summer.Home / 2020 / May / 31 / End Of May Antarctic Sea Ice Extent Highest In Five Years… No Evidence Of Warming Or MeltingEnd Of May Antarctic Sea Ice Extent Highest In Five Years… No Evidence Of Warming Or MeltingBy P Gosselin on 31. May 2020Over the past 40 years of satellite observation, Antarctic sea ice defied global warming predictions and gained impressively. The mean temperature of the southern ice cap also shows no warming.In 2017, after decades of inconvenient rise, sea ice extent suddenly fell to record low level and panic activity among global warming alarmists began to perk up. Surely the days of a growing Antarctic ice cap were over – at least they hoped.But since 2017, the ice has grown back and once again has reached near normal levels and the long-term trend continues to be upward:Sea ice extent up to 2019. Data source: JMASchneefan just posted that latest May Antarctic sea ice extent. The data show that minimum 15% sea ice concentration coverage has climbed to a 5-year high for this time of the year:Image: NSIDC.So the Antarctic long-term trend for sea ice continues to be robustly upward.No warmingOne aspect that is supposed to indicate global warming is a rapid warming at the poles. But here too there has been no evidence of warming over Antarctica:Global warming alarmists likely are going to have to wait a long time before they can begin dreaming about sounding the climate alarms over Antarctica. Things there are going the opposite way.Donate - choose an amounthttps://notrickszone.com/2020/05/31/end-of-may-antarctic-sea-ice-extent-highest-in-five-years-no-evidence-of-warming-or-melting/Antarctica is the coldest place on earth.Coldest Place on Earth Found—Here's How"It's a place where Earth is so close to its limit, it's almost like another planet."BY ALEJANDRA BORUNDAPUBLISHEDJUNE 27, 2018JUST HOW COLD can it get on Earth’s surface? About minus 144°F, according to recent satellite measurements of the coldest known place on the planet.Scientists recorded this extreme temperature on the ice sheet deep in the middle of Antarctica during the long, dark polar winter. As they report this week in Geophysical Research Letters, the team thinks this is about as cold as it can possibly get in our corner of the solar system.Coldest Place on Earth Found—Here's HowYet another study shows Antarctica gaining ice mass – snowfall accumulation 'highest we have seen in the last 300 years'Anthony Watts / November 5, 2015While the wailers over at Media Matters bemoan claims of “distortion” over the recent NASA press release about Antarctica gaining ice mass due to increased snowfall over the last 10,000 years,…A new NASA study says that an increase in Antarctic snow accumulation that began 10,000 years ago is currently adding enough ice to the continent to outweigh the increased losses from its thinning glaciers.…this new study jointly announced by the AGU and the BAS says that the gains in the 20th century for the West Antarctic are the “highest we have seen in the last 300 years”.Comprehensive Data, Recent Studies In Top Journals: Antarctica Stable, Temps Falling, Ice Mass Growing!News from Antarctica: how’s the ice?By Kalte Sonne(German text translated/edited by P. Gosselin)The ice in Antarctica, how is it doing? Is it melting, is it growing? In the following we wishto present the latest literature on the subject. There is a lot to report.Fasten your seat belt, there’s a lot to cover.Let’s start with the temperature development because along with snowfall, this is the most important control factor for Antarctic inland ice.At NoTricksZone, Kirye shows ten coastal stations of Antarctica. None have been warming over the past 10 years. An example followwsAnd here’s the temperature development of the entire Antarctic according to UAH and RSS satellite measurements (from Climate4You, via NoTricksZone):According to Clem et al. 2018, East Antarctica has cooled over the last 60 years, while West Antarctica has warmed. The authors establish a connection with the SAM ocean cycle, the Southern Annular Mode. Euan Mearns also deals with the temperature development of Antarctica during the last decades.Increased iceBased on height and gravity field measurements by satellite and GPS measurements on the ground, Martin-Español et al. 2017 determined an increase in ice mass in the East Antarctic and a reduction in ice mass in the (much smaller) West Antarctic for the interval 2003-2013. NASA researcher Jay Zwally also interprets an increase in the East Antarctic ice mass. However, a paper announced in mid-2018 still seems to be stuck in review…Will the ice of East Antarctica be dragged along by the melting West Antarctic at some point in the melting vortex? No, this will not happen, Indiana University said in a press release of 2017:New study validates East Antarctic ice sheet should remain stable even if western ice sheet meltsA new study from Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis validates that the central core of the East Antarctic ice sheet should remain stable even if the West Antarctic ice sheet melts. The study’s findings are significant, given that some predict the West Antarctic ice sheet could melt quickly due to global warming.If the East Antarctic ice sheet, which is 10 times larger than the western ice sheet, melted completely, it would cause sea levels worldwide to rise almost 200 feet, according to Kathy Licht, an associate professor in the Department of Earth Sciences in the School of Science at IUPUI. Licht led a research team into the Transarctic Mountains in search of physical evidence that would verify whether a long-standing idea was still true: The East Antarctic ice sheet is stable.The East Antarctic ice sheet has long been considered relatively stable because most of the ice sheet was thought to rest on bedrock above sea level, making it less susceptible to changes in climate. However, recent studies show widespread water beneath it and higher melt potential from impinging ocean water. The West Antarctic ice sheet is a marine-based ice sheet that is mostly grounded below sea level, which makes it much more susceptible to changes in sea level and variations in ocean temperature. „Some people have recently found that the East Antarctic ice sheet isn’t as stable as once thought, particularly near some parts of the coast,“ Licht said.Recent studies have determined that the perimeter of the East Antarctic ice sheet is potentially more sensitive and that the ice may have retreated and advanced much more dynamically than was thought, Licht said. „We believed this was a good time to look to the interior of the ice sheet. We didn’t really know what had happened there,“ Licht said. The research team found the evidence confirming the stability of the East Antarctic ice sheet at an altitude of 6,200 feet, about 400 miles from the South Pole at the edge of what’s called the polar plateau, a flat, high surface of the ice sheet covering much of East Antarctica.To understand how an ice sheet changes through time, a continuous historical record of those changes is needed, according to Licht. The team found layers of sediment and rocks that built up over time, recording the flow of the ice sheet and reflecting climate change. Finding that record was a challenge because glaciers moving on land tend to wipe out and cover up previous movements of the glacier, Licht said.The big question the team wanted to answer was how sensitive the East Antarctic sheet might be to climate change. „There are models that predict that the interior of the East Antarctic ice sheet wouldn’t change very much, even if the West Antarctic ice sheet was taken away,“ Licht said. According to these models, even if the ice sheet’s perimeter retreats, its core remains stable. „It turns out that our data supports those models,“ she said. „It’s nice to have that validation.“The team’s research findings are presented in a paper, “Middle to Late Pleistocene stability of the central East Antarctic Ice Sheet at the head of Law Glacier,” that was published today online in the journal Geology. The research presented is in collaboration with Mike Kaplan, Gisela Winckler, Joerg Schaefer and Roseanne Schwartz at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory in New York.”A Nature Editorial also dealt with the current growth of the East Antarctic ice in January 2018. Of course, the ice in this region has also been worse at times, so it continues to heat up. However, one would have to go back to the warm Pliocene (5.3-2.6 million years before today):A history of instabilityThe East Antarctic ice sheet may be gaining mass in the current, warming climate. The palaeoclimate record shows, however, that it has retreated during previous episodes of prolonged warmth.The phrase “at a glacial pace” once invoked a sense of slow and unchangeable movement, an almost imperceptible motion. But decades of remote sensing and seafloor observations have shown that glaciers and ice sheets can respond to disturbances much more dynamically than once thought. But as satellites captured the surges and retreat of Greenland’s maritime glaciers in the past decades the Antarctic ice sheets — east and west of the Trans-Antarctic mountains — were at least assumed to be stable. But this, too, turned out to be wrong. First came sediment 1 and model 2 evidence that the West Antarctic ice sheet collapsed during previous interglacial periods and under Pliocene warmth. Then came erosional data showing that several regions of the East Antarctic ice sheet also retreated and advanced throughout the Pliocene 3. An extended record 4 of ice-sheet extent from elsewhere on the East Antarctic coast now paints a more complicated picture of the sensitivity of this ice sheet to warming.”Curiously enough, half a year later, the tide turned when a paper by Shakun et al. 2018, also in Nature, saw no major problems for the Antarctic ice in the Pliocene:Minimal East Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat onto land during the past eight million yearsThe East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) is the largest potential contributor to sea-level rise. However, efforts to predict the future evolution of the EAIS are hindered by uncertainty in how it responded to past warm periods, for example, during the Pliocene epoch (5.3 to 2.6 million years ago), when atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations were last higher than 400 parts per million. Geological evidence indicates that some marine-based portions of the EAIS and the West Antarctic Ice Sheet retreated during parts of the Pliocene 1,2 , but it remains unclear whether ice grounded above sea level also experienced retreat. This uncertainty persists because global sea-level estimates for the Pliocene have large uncertainties and cannot be used to rule out substantial terrestrial ice loss 3 , and also because direct geological evidence bearing on past ice retreat on land is lacking. Here we show that land-based sectors of the EAIS that drain into the Ross Sea have been stable throughout the past eight million years. We base this conclusion on the extremely low concentrations of cosmogenic 10 Be and 26Al isotopes found in quartz sand extracted from a land-proximal marine sediment core. This sediment had been eroded from the continent, and its low levels of cosmogenic nuclides indicate that it experienced only minimal exposure to cosmic radiation, suggesting that the sediment source regions were covered in ice. These findings indicate that atmospheric warming during the past eight million years was insufficient to cause widespread or long-lasting meltback of the EAIS margin onto land. We suggest that variations in Antarctic ice volume in response to the range of global temperatures experienced over this period—up to 2–3 degrees Celsius above preindustrial temperatures 4, corresponding to future scenarios involving carbon dioxide concentrations of between 400 and 500 parts per million—were instead driven mostly by the retreat of marine ice margins, in agreement with the latest models5,6.”Also read more at cato.org.Antarctica stableEight million years ago, the earth’s atmosphere had a similar CO2 content as today. Investigations now show that the Antarctic ice sheet had hardly retreated at that time. The ice is apparently more stable than expected. Click here for the press release from the National Science Foundation. You can also read an article in Popular Mechanics.University of Edinburgh press release from 2017::Central parts of Antarctica’s ice sheet have been stable for millions of years, from a time when conditions were considerably warmer than now, research suggests.The study of mountains in West Antarctica will help scientists improve their predictions of how the region might respond to continuing climate change. Its findings could also show how ice loss might contribute to sea level rise.Although the discovery demonstrates the long-term stability of some parts of Antarctica’s ice sheet, scientists remain concerned that ice at its coastline is vulnerable to rising temperatures. Researchers from the Universities of Edinburgh and Northumbria studied rocks on slopes of the Ellsworth Mountains, whose peaks protrude through the ice sheet. By mapping and analysing surface rocks — including measuring their exposure to cosmic rays — researchers calculated that the mountains have been shaped by an ice sheet over a million-year period, beginning in a climate some 20C warmer than at present.The last time such climates existed in the mountains of Antarctica was 14 million years ago when vegetation grew in the mountains and beetles thrived. Antarctica’s climate at the time would be similar to that of modern day Patagonia or Greenland. This time marked the start of a period of cooling and the growth of a large ice sheet that extended offshore around the Antarctic continent. Glaciers have subsequently cut deep into the landscape, leaving a high-tide mark — known as a trimline — in the exposed peaks of the Ellsworth range.The extended ice sheet cooled the oceans and atmosphere, helping form the world of today, researchers say. Their study is among the first to find evidence for this period in West Antarctica. The research, published in Earth and Planetary Science Letters, was done in collaboration with the Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre. It was funded by the UK Natural Environment Research Council and supported by British Antarctic Survey.Professor David Sugden, of the University of Edinburgh’s School of GeoSciences, said: „These findings help us understand how the Antarctic Ice Sheet has evolved, and to fine-tune our models and predict its future. The preservation of old rock surfaces is testimony to the stability of at least the central parts of the Antarctic Ice Sheet — but we are still very concerned over other parts of Antarctica amid climate change.“As the ice in West Antarctica melts, it rises isostatically, which in turn stabilizes the overlying ice, found a research team from Denmark and Colorado.Again and again there are the climate stories about the Totten Glacier in the East-Arctic Wilkesland. Gwyther et al. 2018 was able to show that the basal melting of the glacier is subject to strong natural fluctuations (press release of the NSIDC here). There is no long-term melting trend.Melting from volcanoesGlaciers in the western Ross Sea are also stable (Fountain et al. 2017, press release here). The rapidly melting Pine Island Glacier in West Antarctica has a hot secret that has now been revealed: Beneath the glacier lies a previously unknown volcanic heat source. University of Rhode Island press release from June 2018 (via EurekAlert!):Researchers discover volcanic heat source under glacierPlays critical role in movement, meltingA researcher from the University of Rhode Island’s Graduate School of Oceanography and five other scientists have discovered an active volcanic heat source beneath the Pine Island Glacier in Antarctica. The discovery and other findings, which are critical to understanding the stability of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, of which the Pine Island Glacier is a part, are published in the paper, „Evidence of an active volcanic heat source beneath the Pine Island Glacier,“ in the latest edition of Nature Communications.Assistant Professor Brice Loose of Newport, a chemical oceanographer at GSO and the lead author, said the paper is based on research conducted during a major expedition in 2014 to Antarctica led by scientists from the United Kingdom. They worked aboard an icebreaker, the RRS James Clark Ross, from January to March, Antarctica’s summer. „We were looking to better understand the role of the ocean in melting the ice shelf,“ Loose said. „I was sampling the water for five different noble gases, including helium and xenon. I use these noble gases to trace ice melt as well as heat transport. Helium-3, the gas that indicates volcanism, is one of the suite of gases that we obtain from this tracing method. „We weren’t looking for volcanism, we were using these gases to trace other actions,“ he said. „When we first started seeing high concentrations of helium-3, we thought we had a cluster of bad or suspicious data.“The West Antarctic Ice Sheet lies atop a major volcanic rift system, but there had been no evidence of current magmatic activity, the URI scientist said. The last such activity was 2,200 years ago, Loose said. And while volcanic heat can be traced to dormant volcanoes, what the scientists found at Pine Island was new. In the paper, Loose said that the volcanic rift system makes it difficult to measure heat flow to the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. „You can’t directly measure normal indicators of volcanism — heat and smoke — because the volcanic rift is below many kilometers of ice,“ Loose saidBut as the team conducted its research, it found high quantities of an isotope of helium, which comes almost exclusively from mantle, Loose said. „When you find helium-3, it’s like a fingerprint for volcanism. We found that it is relatively abundant in the seawater at the Pine Island shelf. „The volcanic heat sources were found beneath the fastest moving and the fastest melting glacier in Antarctica, the Pine Island Glacier,“ Loose said. „It is losing mass the fastest.“ He said the amount of ice sliding into the ocean is measured in gigatons. A gigaton equals 1 billion metric tons.However, Loose cautions, this does not imply that volcanism is the major source of mass loss from Pine Island. On the contrary, „there are several decades of research documenting the heat from ocean currents is destabilizing Pine Island Glacier, which in turn appears to be related to a change in the climatological winds around Antarctica,“ Loose said. Instead, this evidence of volcanism is a new factor to consider when monitoring the stability of the ice sheet.The scientists report in the paper that „helium isotope and noble gas measurements provide geochemical evidence of sub-glacial meltwater production that is subsequently transported to the cavity of the Pine Island Ice Shelf.“ They say that heat energy released by the volcanoes and hydrothermal vents suggests that the heat source beneath Pine Island is about 25 times greater than the bulk of heat flux from an individual dormant volcano.Professor Karen Heywood, from the University of East Anglia in Norwich, the United Kingdom, and chief scientist for the expedition, said: ‘The discovery of volcanoes beneath the Antarctic ice sheet means that there is an additional source of heat to melt the ice, lubricate its passage toward the sea, and add to the melting from warm ocean waters. It will be important to include this in our efforts to estimate whether the Antarctic ice sheet might become unstable and further increase sea level rise.’Does that mean that global climate change is not a factor in the stability of the Pine Island Glacier? No, said Loose. ‘Climate change is causing the bulk of glacial melt that we observe, and this newly discovered source of heat is having an as-yet undetermined effect, because we do not know how this heat is distributed beneath the ice sheet.’He said other studies have shown that melting caused by climate change is reducing the size and weight of the glacier, which reduces the pressure on the mantle, allowing greater heat from the volcanic source to escape and then warm the ocean water. ‘Predicting the rate of sea level rise is going to be a key role for science over the next 100 years, and we are doing that. We are monitoring and modeling these glaciers,’ Loose said.The scientists conclude by writing: ‘The magnitude and the variations in the rate of the volcanic heat supplied to the Pine Island Glacier, either by internal magma migration, or by an increase in volcanism as a consequence of ice sheet thinning, may impact the future dynamics of the Pine Island Glacier, during the contemporary period of climate-driven glacial retreat.’In addition to Heywood, Loose worked with Alberto C. Naveira Garabato, of the National Oceanography Centre at the University of Southampton, United Kingdom; Peter Schlosser of Arizona State University’s School of Earth and Space Exploration and the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University; William Jenkins of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Massachusetts; and David Vaughn of the British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, United Kingdom.”University of California in Santa Cruz 2015:Study finds surprisingly high geothermal heating beneath West Antarctic Ice SheetUC Santa Cruz team reports first direct measurement of heat flow from deep within the Earth to the bottom of the West Antarctic ice sheetRead more here.Article at Spiegel.de 2017:Researchers discover 91 volcanoes under the iceSurprise in Antarctica: hidden under kilometres of ice, researchers have found dozens of previously unknown volcanoes. Eruptions threaten a strong melt – sea levels could rise.”Read more at Spiegel.de (press release from the University of Edinburgh here).The West Antarctic Kamb Ice Stream has always puzzled the researchers because here the ice thickened, in contrast to the general melting trend in West Antarctica. What could be the cause? Another volcano, as reported by the University of Washington in 2018: University of Washington 2018:Volcano under ice sheet suggests thickening of West Antarctic ice is short-termA region of West Antarctica is behaving differently from most of the continent’s ice: A large patch of ice there is thickening, unlike other parts of West Antarctica that are losing ice. Whether this thickening trend will continue affects the overall amount that melting or collapsing glaciers could raise the level of the world’s oceans.A study led by the University of Washington has discovered a new clue to this region’s behavior: A volcano under the ice sheet has left an almost 6,000-year record of the glacier’s motion. The track hidden in the middle of the ice sheet suggests that the current thickening is just a short-term feature that may not affect the glacier over the long term. It also suggests that similar clues to the past may be hiding deep inside the ice sheet itself. ‘What’s exciting about this study is that we show how the structure of the ice sheet acts as a powerful record of what has happened in the past,’ said Nicholas Holschuh, a UW postdoctoral researcher in Earth and space sciences. He is first author of the paper published Sept. 4 in The Cryosphere.The data come from the ice above Mount Resnik, a 1.6-kilometer (mile-high) inactive volcano that currently sits under 300 meters (0.19 miles) of ice. The volcano lies just upstream of the thickening Kamb Ice Stream, part of a dynamic coastal region of ice that drains into Antarctica’s Ross Sea. Studies show Kamb Ice Stream has flowed quickly in the past but stalled more than a century ago, leaving the region’s ice to drain via the four other major ice streams, a switch that glaciologists think happens every few hundred years. Meanwhile the ice inland of Kamb Ice Stream is beginning to bulge, and it is unclear what will happen next. ‘The shutdown of Kamb Ice Stream started long before the satellite era,’ Holschuh said. ‘We need some longer-term indicators for its behavior to understand how important this shutdown is for the future of the region’s ice.’The paper analyzes two radar surveys of the area’s ice. One was collected in 2002 by co-authors Robert Jacobel and Brian Welch, using the ice-penetrating radar system at St. Olaf College in Minnesota, and the other in 2004 by co-author Howard Conway, a UW research professor of Earth and space sciences. Conway noticed the missing layers and asked his colleagues to investigate. “It wasn’t until we had spent probably six months with this data set that we started to piece together the fact that this thing that we could see within the ice sheet was forming in response to the subglacial volcano,” Holschuh said.The study shows that the mysterious feature originates at the ice covering Mount Resnik. The authors believe that the volcano’s height pushes the relatively thin ice sheet up so much that it changes the local wind fields, and affects depositing of snow. So as the ice sheet passes over the volcano a section missed out on a few annual layers of snow. “These missing layers are common in East Antarctica, where there is less precipitation and strong winds can strip away the surface snow,” Holschuh said. “But this is really one of the first times we’ve seen these missing layers in West Antarctica. It’s also the first time an unconformity has been used to reconstruct ice sheet motion of the past.”Over time, the glacial record shows that this feature followed a straight path toward the sea. During the 5,700-year record, the five major coastal ice streams are thought to have sped up and slowed down several times, as water on the base lubricates the glacier’s flow and then periodically gets diverted, stalling one of the ice streams. “Despite the fact that there are all these dramatic changes at the coast, the ice flowing in the interior was not really affected,” Holschuh said.What the feature does show is that a change occurred a few thousand years ago. Previous UW research shows rapid retreat at the edge of the ice sheet until about 3,400 years ago, part of the recovery from the most recent ice age. The volcano track also shows a thinning of the ice at about this time. “It means that the interior of the ice sheet is responding to the large-scale climate forcing from the last glacial maximum to today,” Holschuh said. “So the long-timescale climatic forcing is very consistent between the interior and the coast, but the shorter-timescale processes are really apparent in the coastal record but aren’t visible in the interior.”Holschuh cautions that this is only a single data point and needs confirmation from other observations. He is part of an international team of Antarctic scientists looking at combining the hundreds of radar scans of Antarctic and Greenland glaciers that were originally done to measure ice thickness. Those data may also contain unique details of the glacier’s internal structure that can be used to recreate the history of the ice sheet’s motion.“These persistent tracers of historic ice flow are probably all over the place,” Holschuh said. “The more we can tease apart the stories of past motion told by the structure of the ice sheet, the more realistic we can be in our predictions of how it will respond to future climate change.” The research was funded by the National Science Foundation and NASA. The other co-author is Knut Christianson, a UW assistant professor of Earth and space sciences.Blown soot apparently has no influence on the Antarctic glaciers in the McMurdo dry valleys, Khan et al. 2018 (press release).Medley & Thomas 2019 documented an increase in snowfall in the Antarctic, which benefited the ice sheet (NASA press release here). The authors establish a connection with the SAM ocean cycle, the Southern Annular Mode. The University of Colorado in Boulder, however, blames the increase in snowfall on the ozone hole (press release, paper by Lenaerts et al. 2018).Jenkins et al. 2018 pointed to decadal cycles in the melting of the West Antarctic ice sheet at the edge of the Amundsen Sea. The relationship between melting and ocean temperature is nonlinear:West Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat in the Amundsen Sea driven by decadal oceanic variabilityMass loss from the Amundsen Sea sector of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet has increased in recent decades, suggestive of sustained ocean forcing or an ongoing, possibly unstable, response to a past climate anomaly. Lengthening satellite records appear to be incompatible with either process, however, revealing both periodic hiatuses in acceleration and intermittent episodes of thinning. Here we use ocean temperature, salinity, dissolved-oxygen and current measurements taken from 2000 to 2016 near the Dotson Ice Shelf to determine temporal changes in net basal melting. A decadal cycle dominates the ocean record, with melt changing by a factor of about four between cool and warm extremes via a nonlinear relationship with ocean temperature. A warm phase that peaked around 2009 coincided with ice-shelf thinning and retreat of the grounding line, which re-advanced during a post-2011 cool phase. These observations demonstrate how discontinuous ice retreat is linked with ocean variability, and that the strength and timing of decadal extremes is more influential than changes in the longer-term mean state. The nonlinear response of melting to temperature change heightens the sensitivity of Amundsen Sea ice shelves to such variability, possibly explaining the vulnerability of the ice sheet in that sector, where subsurface ocean temperatures are relatively high.And here are even more temporally variable relationships. Wang et al. 2019: reported on temporally variable relationships of the surface ice mass balance in West Antarctica with the SAM cycle and ENSO:A New 200‐Year Spatial Reconstruction of West Antarctic Surface Mass BalanceHigh‐spatial resolution surface mass balance (SMB) over the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) spanning 1800–2010 is reconstructed by means of ice core records combined with the outputs of the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts “Interim” reanalysis (ERA‐Interim) and the latest polar version of the Regional Atmospheric Climate Model (RACMO2.3p2). The reconstruction reveals a significant negative trend (−1.9 ± 2.2 Gt/year·per decade) in the SMB over the entire WAIS during the nineteenth century, but a statistically significant positive trend of 5.4 ± 2.9 Gt/year·per decade between 1900 and 2010, in contrast to insignificant WAIS SMB changes during the twentieth century reported earlier. At regional scales, the Antarctic Peninsula and western WAIS show opposite SMB trends, with different signs in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The annual resolution reconstruction allows us to examine the relationships between SMB and large‐scale atmospheric oscillations. Although SMB over the Antarctic Peninsula and western WAIS correlates significantly with the Southern Annular Mode due to the influence of the Amundsen Sea Low, and El Niño/Southern Oscillation during 1800–2010, the significant correlations are temporally unstable, associated with the phase of Southern Annular Mode, El Niño/Southern Oscillation and the Pacific decadal oscillation. In addition, the two climate modes seem to contribute little to variability in SMB over the whole WAIS on decadal‐centennial time scales. This new reconstruction also serves to identify unreliable precipitation trends in ERA‐Interim and thus has potential for assessing the skill of other reanalyses or climate models to capture precipitation trends and variability.”The cooling trend in our deglaciation is typical and further debunks any hope of exiting the Quaternary Ice Age.October Mean Temperatures In Canada, France Not Warming…Unusual Cold, Snow Strike N. HemisphereBy P Gosselin on24. November 2020By Kiryeand Pierre GosselinUnusual harsh winter conditions have struck the northern hemisphere this October as record snow cover has been observed. More on this below.No more October warming?But first looking at the untampered data from the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) for stations with complete data going back to 1998 for Canada and 2001 for France, we see there has not been any significant warming for the month of October.First we examine 9 stations in Canada:Data source: JMA.Some stations have warmed modestly, while the others have cooled. Overall, there hasn’t been much October warming at these stations over the past two decades.In France, whose climate is heavily impacted by the Atlantic, we plot the JMA October data since 2001 for 14 stations across the country.Data source: JMA.Nine of 14 stations have seen cooling or no warming for October since 2001. So here the data show that the opposite of what was projected is really happening, and that natural factors, likely Atlantic patterns, are at play.Dehli sees coldest October in 58 yearsMeanwhile Twitter account Electroverse here reports on a variety of unusually harsh early winter events taking place. For example: “Following on from its coldest October in 58 Years, India’s capital city of Delhi has continued toppling low temperature records into November.”Also Pakistan is getting pounded by heavy snows and the northern hemisphere currently has seen well above normal snow cover, reports Electroverse:Record October snow coverIn fact, German Snowfan here reports how October has set a new record for northern hemisphere snow cover since data recording this magnitude began more than 50 years ago, according to the data from the University of Rutgers:Source: University of Rutgers.Northeast deep freezeThe Northeast US also saw record low temperatures last week, as the jet stream drove Arctic air far south.“The mercury held as much as 16°C below the season average in some parts, particularly in New York State, Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut,” reported Electroverse. “Long Island, New York wound-up setting a new record low.”Western USA and Canada have also been hard hit by early, severe winter conditions.“After a barrage of early-season storms, the snowpack across the Western United States is now well above average for mid-November, wrote Electroverse.Snowfall 1500% over normal“In parts of Oregon, totals are hitting as much as 786% of normal. The story is similar across Washington State. While in Idaho and Montana, and elsewhere, the current Snow Water Equivalent (SWE) is comfortably above the 1981-2010 median. Finally, note the 1500% in Texas (the key only goes >= 150%!).”