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Here is the best review of platypus evolution and biology I’ve ever seen online—a wonderful read for anyone interested in these peculiar mammals. Platypus aficionados should be grateful that the Journal of Mammalogy has made this full text available online as a downloadable PDF at no cost, unlike so many journals that want to charge you $39.95 just to read an article if you don’t have an institutional subscription. This is the source of all of my information unless otherwise noted, and of the first illustration.G. Bino et al. (2019) platypus: evolutionary history, biology, and an uncertain future. Journal of Mammalogy 100:308–327.The existence of fossil platypuses (Monotrematum sudamericanum) in what is now the Patagonian region of South America shows that they emerged as a clade before Gondwana split into the South American, Antarctic, African, and Australian continents during the Mesozoic Era. Where on Gondwana they arose is apparently uncertain—not necessarily the present Patagonia. They may have migrated across Antarctica (not a polar frozen continent at that time) to the present Patagonia. Australia began to split away from Antarctica just 30–40 million years ago, carrying the only monotremes (egg-laying mammals) to have living descendants to this day. The two monotreme groups, platypuses and echidnas, seem to have begun diverging between 17 and 90 million years ago.Figure 1. Biogeographic timeline of platypus evolution (G. Bino et al., 2019, platypus: evolutionary history, biology, and an uncertain future)Monotremes seem to have split off from the stem mammalian line even before the marsupial and placental mammals diverged. The oldest known monotremes didn’t have the bill or other characteristics of platypuses (ornithorhynchids). (Monotreme means “one hole,” referring to their primitive state of having a cloaca and a single vent instead of the separate anal and vaginal orifices of the placental mammals. Ornithorhynchid means “bird snout,” referring to the bill for which the modern “duck-billed platypus” genus, Ornithorhynchus, is named).As shown in the following genomic phylogeny, the monotremes apparently arose from the stem mammals during the Jurassic (the “age of dinosaurs”). The therapsids are now considered stem mammals; the expression “mammal-like reptiles” in this phylogeny is obsolete (Synapsid - Wikipedia).Figure 2. Phylogeny of major mammalian clades from genomic analysis. I updated the original authors’ label “mammal-like reptiles” to “stem mammals” at lower left (Therapsids). (C.W. Wesley et al., 2008, Genome analysis of the platypus reveals unique signatures of evolution)Figure 3. Some representative Therapsida (stem mammals). (Therapsid - Wikipedia)Figure 4. Steropodon, an early platypus of Gondwana. Reconstruction in the Australian Museum, Sydney, from fossil remains found at New South Wales. (Steropodon - Wikipedia)

EDIT 5 - Screenshot of the latest Syllabus (as published by AAI on 12/02/2021) added as under:Please pause for a moment and read this before you get to the part where the full syllabus is given in detail: Do you believe this year AAI might change the ATC syllabus like making it more technical or in any other sense?Now, as you can see above, that this is very superficial and short description which barely touches any topic details. What to study? what can be ignored? It's not mentioned. So for that. please read next paragraph onward.The examination requires a good knowledge and understanding of 10th-12th standard level and college level physics concepts & some basic conceptual knowledge of maths of same standards (11th, 12th Physics and Maths NCERT + AIEEE type preparations books + small numerical problems from college level Maths and physics, would be more than enough). Finally to top it off, they also require good G.K., quantitative aptitude, logical reasoning & fine English comprehension skills and vocabulary.For JE, ATC Exam, Yes, being familiar with Physics related formulae etc. will definitely help in physics related questions. Numerical questions based on them will be there, but you'll probably find slightly more number of such questions which will try to test your basic grasp of concepts. All will be multiple choice type questions and there will be No Negative Marking. So you can imagine a mixed bag of questions of both kinds. Physics and Maths will be focused upon much more than Electronics and Electrical engineering based questions, since B.Sc. graduates will also be giving the same exam, so to give a fair chance to all there will be slightly lesser Electronics/Electrical Engg. questions. But please do refer to your college 1st year Physics and Maths books too, since a few questions can be expected from there also since that's common for both B. Sc. & B.Tech.And please forget getting into details of how the exam questions will be like, that's a pointless question. Nobody can ever be fully sure about such things, they might tweak the pattern or toughness as per their liking while still following the syllabus. The only thing which will help you is your preparedness by covering all topics strongly enough.EDIT 1: I've found the following details and important topics for candidates to study. This mostly covers the full syllabus from where the questions can be framed, read carefully:TECHNICAL SECTIONIt will have total 60 questions which will be divided in two parts: 30 questions of Physics and Mathematics each. The level of questions will be of 12th standard with a few questions testing graduation level knowledge of the applicant. As AAI has started putting only Physics and Mathematics questions from 2015. I have listed some of the topics for you which were asked in JE (ATC) exam conducted on 26th April 2015. The syllabus for the exam still remains the same to this day:Physics: Dimensions of Force/Work/Torque/Energy etc., Numerical on Newton’s Laws of Motion, Angular momentum numerical, Numerical on static Friction, Torque variation, type of forces: centripetal and centrifugal, Potential and Kinetic Energy formula based numerical, Theoretical question on definition of diffraction/refraction/Total Internal Reflection/Reflection, Vector and Scalar Product, Wave motion, Theoretical questions on Transverse and Longitudinal waves, Numerical on wavelength of Lyman, Balmer, Paschen series, various Atomic models, Numerical on Hook’s Law,Elasticity, Diode Numerical, doping in Semiconductors, p-type and n-type semiconductors, Barkhausen stability criterion, Ideal Gas equation, Specific heat theoretical question, Numerical on resolving power of prism, volume based numerical, numerical on level rise of a field of defined area due to rain,Satellite communication numerical like orbital velocity, Escape velocity etc. Here, I'd suggest that you focus more on Mechanics and Thermodynamics in particular.Mathematics: The topics include Convergence and Divergence, Matrix (Eigen Value, types of matrices e.g. Idempotent matrix, to find out determinant of matrix, to check consistency of given equation, rank of matrix), Coordinate Geometry (No. of tangents of a sphere, condition of co-linearity and to check collinear points, line equation, parabola, ellipse etc.), simple Probability problem, Equation of planes and relationship between planes, Vector planes, Differential equations, Complex variables, Simple questions on integration and differentiation, questions on Graphs theory. Here, I'd suggest that you focus a bit more on Matrix, Coordinate Geometry and Differential Equations.NON-TECHNICAL SECTIONIt will have 60 questions which include questions from General Knowledge, Reasoning, Numerical ability/Quantitative problems and English. The standard of questions is same as of SSC CGLE. Reasoning covers almost one third of this section i.e. 20 questions. 15 questions from Numerical ability and English each and 10 questions from GK.English will cover antonym/synonym, direct/indirect speech, idioms, one word substitution, one passage for comprehension and answering questions based on that passage, error correction, prepositions.EDIT 4: Here are few answer keys of the last 3 recruitment exams that were conducted online:JE ATC (26-12-15) Answer Key Shift 1.pdf,JE ATC (26-12-15) Answer Key Shift 2.pdf,JE ATC (24-04-16) Answer Key Shift 1.pdf,JE ATC (24-04-16) Answer Key Shift 2.pdf,JE ATC (30-11-18) Answer Key.pdfEDIT 5: After a lot of requests from so many aspirants asking me to suggest specific books for preparation of this exam, I’m hereby mentioning the books that I feel should work fine for cracking the exam, since I found that many of the successful candidates had also used this material for their preparation.But before that, please read and understand this disclaimer -THESE BOOKS/SOURCES FOR PREPARATION, ARE AS PER MY PERSONAL PREFERENCE AND RECOMMENDATIONS FROM COLLEAGUES AND JUNIORS. I’M SIMPLY RECOMMENDING THEM TO ALL OF YOU, BUT IT DOES NOT MEAN THAT THEY ARE THE ABSOLUTE BEST CHOICE. THEIR EFFECTIVENESS OR NON-EFFECTIVENESS WILL TOTALLY DEPEND ON THE CANDIDATE USING THEM.FOR PHYSICS: Concept of Physics Vol. I and Vol. II (Author: H.C. Verma) Recommending this book for practice of numericals with higher difficulty level. Just go with 15-20 numericals from each chapter (Solved examples + Exercise Questions). Do not go for questions that are very lengthy or take 4-5 minutes to solve, such questions will obviously not come in the exams.FOR MATHEMATICS: Maths XI and XII (Author: R.D. Sharma) Use these books in a way similar to the books mentioned for Physics, i.e. no practice of long questions required.FOR NON-TECHNICAL SECTION: Verbal and Non-verbal Reasoning (Author: R.S. Aggarwal) Practice 30-40 questions from each chapter of this book and hopefully you will be in a good position to attempt almost all questions of the non-technical section of AAI ATC Online Screening Exam.FOR ENGLISH: Word Power Made Easy (Author: Norman Lewis) Candidates may also find Previous year papers of SSC CGLE and English Section of NDA previous years question papers, which you may find online quite easily.So this was all that I had to share about the syllabus and the recommended study material for the JE (ATC) Online Screening Exam.Thanks for the A2A Saurav Saha, this is a very crucial question and I loved answering it.

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