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Mental Health practices have their origin approximately, 4,980 BC.One of the earliest forms of mental health treatment, trephination whereby a small part of the skull using an auger, bore, or saw opened the skull to release pressure, caused by headaches, mental illness, and possibly demonic possession. This practice has been dated around 7,000 years ago. Little is known about the practice due to a lack of evidence.Bloodletting and Purging gained prominence in the Western world beginning in the 1600s, however, its roots are in ancient Greek medicine. Claudius Galen believed that disease and illness stemmed from imbalanced humors in the body. English physician Thomas Willis used Galen’s writings as a basis for this approach to treating mentally ill people. Galen posited that “an internal biochemical relationship was behind mental disorders. Bleeding, purging, and even vomiting were thought to help correct those imbalances and help heal physical and mental illness,” Everyday Health. These practices were also used to treat more than mental illness. Countless diseases like diabetes, asthma, cancer, cholera, smallpox, and stroke were also treated with bloodletting using leeches or venesection during the same time period.Isolation and AsylumsIsolation was the preferred treatment for mental illness beginning in medieval times, thus, insane asylums became widespread by the 17th century. These institutions were “places where people with mental distress could be placed, allegedly for treatment, but also often to remove them from the view of their families and communities,” Everyday Health says. Overcrowding and poor sanitation were serious issues in asylums, which led to movements to improve care quality and awareness. At the time, the medical community often treated mental illness with physical methods. This is why brutal tactics like ice water baths and restraint were often used.HypnosisFranz Mesmer believed that good physical and psychological health came from properly aligned magnetic forces; bad health, then, resulted from forces essentially being out of whack. In 1775 Mesmer collaborated with Maximilian Hell on exorcism as a protocol to realign magnetic forces. That same year, Mesmer was invited to give his opinion before the Munich Academy of Sciences on the exorcisms carried out by Johann Joseph Gassner, a priest, and healer.Insulin Coma TherapyThis modality was introduced in 1927 and was used until the 1960s. In insulin coma therapy, physicians deliberately put the patient into a low blood sugar coma because they believed large fluctuations in insulin levels could alter the function of the brain. Insulin comas could last anywhere between one and four hours. Patients were given an insulin injection that caused their blood sugar to fall and the brain to lose consciousness. Risks included prolonged coma (in which the patient failed to respond to glucose), and the mortality rate varied between 1 and 10 percent. Electroconvulsive therapy was later introduced as a safer alternative to insulin coma therapy.Electroshock TherapyIntroduced in 1938, early applications of electroshock were hardly risk-free. Fractures and, more permanently, memory loss were some of the risks. And some people had the treatment forced on them, which, once publicly known, contributed significantly to its poor image. Coercive psychiatric treatment, after all, deserved to have a bad reputation.Metrazol TherapyIn Metrazol therapy, physicians induced seizures using stimulant medication. Seizures began roughly a minute after the person received the injection and could result in fractured bones, torn muscles, and other adverse effects. The therapy was usually administered several times a week. Metrazol was withdrawn from use by the FDA in 1982. While this treatment was dangerous and ineffective, seizure therapy was the precursor to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), which is still used to treat severe depression, mania, and catatonia.Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)The ECT procedure was first conducted in 1938 by Italian psychiatrist Ugo Cerletti and quickly replaced less safe and effective forms of biological treatments in use at the time. ECT is often used with informed consent as a safe and effective intervention for major depressive disorder, mania, and catatonia.LobotomyThis now-obsolete treatment won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1949. It was designed to disrupt the circuits of the brain but came with serious risks. Popular during the 1940s and 1950s, lobotomies were controversial and prescribed in psychiatric cases deemed severe. It consisted of surgically cutting or removing the connections between the prefrontal cortex and frontal lobes of the brain. The procedure could be completed in five minutes. Some people experienced improvement of symptoms; however, this was often at the cost of introducing other impairments. The procedure was largely discontinued after the mid-1950s with the introduction of the first psychiatric medications.There are many practitioners who influenced the treatment of modern mental distress. One of the most important was Benjamin Rush. Benjamin Rush (1746–1813) was considered the Father of American Psychiatry for his many studies, research, and work with mental health issues. He classified different types of mental distress, he theorized about the causes and experimented with possible cures for them. Rush believed that mental distress was caused by poor blood circulation, though he was wrong. He also described Savant Syndrome and had an approach to addictions.Other early psychiatrists include George Parkman, Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr., George Zeller, Carl Jung, Leo Kanner, and Peter Breggin. George Parkman (1790–1849) who got his medical degree at the University of Aberdeen in Scotland. He was influenced by Benjamin Rush, who inspired him to take interest in the state asylums. He trained at the Parisian Asylum. Parkman wrote several papers on treatment for the mentally ill.Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.(1809–1894) who wrote many famous writings on medical treatments was an American Physician.George Zeller (1858–1938) was famous for his way of treating the mentally ill. He believed they should be treated like people and did so in a caring manner. He banned narcotics, mechanical restraints, and imprisonment while he was in charge of Peoria State Asylum.Peter Breggin (1939–present) disagrees with the practices of harsh psychiatry such as electroconvulsive therapy.Freudian psychology is based on the work of Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). He is considered the father of psychoanalysis and is largely credited with establishing the field of talk therapy. Today, psychoanalytic and psychodynamic approaches to therapy are the modalities that draw most heavily on Freudian principles.Advanced Hypnosis1952 Morey Bernstein using deep hypnosis with Virginia Tighe revealed she lived a past life as an Irish woman named Bridey Murphy. Thus, Bernstein ushered in Advanced Hypnosis practices and revisited the concept of processing mental/ emotional distress on the unconscious, subconscious and cellular level. A deep transformation process goes back many centuries. It is a staple of religions and cultures around the world.Currently, Hypnotic deep transformation/transmuting on the unconscious, subconscious and cellular level has been elevated as a primary mental/emotional modality to create mental/emotional wellness without psychotropic drugs and/or years of talk therapy.Deep Healing and Transformation is an efficient and effective protocol that transcends traditional practices while retaining a professional focus. It avoids artificial hypnotic inductions and psychic interventions, but ties in directly with the experiences of the client. The process is down-to-earth, to-the-point, practical, and fearless. Hans TenDam Books | List of books by author Hans TenDam https://www.thriftbooks.com/a/ha...Psychotropic drugsThe first psychotropic drugs used for mental distress were extracted from plants with psychoactive properties. Louis Lewin, in 1924, was the first one to introduce a classification of drugs and plants that had mind-altering properties.Lithium was first used as a psychiatric medicine beginning in 1948, One of the most important discoveries was chlorpromazine, an antipsychotic that was first administered in 1952. In the same decade, Julius Axelrod conducted research into the interaction of neurotransmitters, which provided a foundation for the development of additional psychotropic drugs.On October 18, 2018, Rebekah Edwards published an article on psychotropic drugs. Based on her research she identified 115 psychotropic drugs currently used in the treatment of mental/emotional distress.Past Life Regression Transformation ModalityThe International Board for Regression Therapy (IBRT) Inc. is an independent examining and certifying board for past life therapists, researchers, and training programs.IBRT was founded in response to a need for professional standards for preparation and practice in the field of past-life therapy and research. Public interest in these fields is growing exponentially and the public has a right to know that practitioners have met the highest standards. An IBRT certificate ensures that the therapist, researcher, or training program has met those standards and practices in a professional and ethical manner.Clarice Star Thank you for the opportunity to answer your question. I am here only to be truly helpful.Source:Everyday HealthEveryday Health: Trusted Medical Information, Expert Health Advice, News, Tools, and ResourcesDiseases of the Mind: Highlights of American Psychiatry through 1900 - Benjamin Rush". National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 2017-08-07.Savant syndrome facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Savant syndrome". Encyclopedia.com | Free Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2017-08-07.Hanson, Dirk (2010-07-05). "Addiction Inbox: Dr. Benjamin Rush and "Diseases of the Mind"". Addiction Inbox. Retrieved 2017-08-07.,Holmes Oliver Wendell (1850). The benefactors of the Medical School of Harvard University : with a biographical sketch of the late Dr. George Parkman : an introductory lecture, delivered at the Massachusetts Medical College, November 7, 1850. U. S. National Library of Medicine. Boston : Ticknor, Reed, and Fields."Oliver Wendell Holmes - Biography and Works. Search Texts, Read Online. Discuss". Online classic literature, poems, and quotes. Essays & Summaries. Retrieved 2017-08-07.POLLAK, MAXIM; BAER, WALTER H. (1953). "The Friend of the Bereft George Anthony Zeller, M. D. 1858-1938". Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. 8 (1): 56–69. doi:10.1093/jhmas/viii.january.56. JSTOR 24619346. PMID 13011302.Breggin, Peter (1979). Electro-Shock Its Brain-Disabling Effects. New York City: Springer Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0826127105. "What is Psychotherapy?". Home / psychiatry.org. Retrieved 2017-08-07.What Are Psychotropic Drugs? Its Types, History & Statistics - Dr. AxeDeep Healing and Transformation is an efficient and effective protocol that transcends traditional practices while retaining a professional focus. It avoids artificial hypnotic inductions and psychic interventions, but ties in directly with the experiences of the client. The process is down-to-earth, to-the-point, practical, and fearless. Hans TenDam Books | List of books by author Hans TenDam https://www.thriftbooks.com/a/ha...IBRT “Regression therapy defies a narrow, rigid definition, but an important characteristic which distinguishes past-life regression therapy from other therapeutic approaches is in its focus upon the discovery of the original causes of a client's problems and in the acceptance of the theory that present life issues or problems may have their origin in past lives, real or symbolic, and in its willingness to explore this possibility with clients.” --Russell Davis, Ph.D., Founder of IBRT

I wrote this question with the express intent of answering it because I am sure many people either ask this of themselves or their physicians and have not received a good answer.First of all, is there really a crisis or epidemic? Let us consider these numbers.Yearly Deaths:Second hand smoke related, preventable: 41,000Opioid related, preventable: 60,000Alcohol related, preventable: 80,000Medical error related, preventable: 250,000Iatrogenic related, that means in the course of treatment by a physician, preventable: 783,000Diet related, preventable: 310,000Tobacco related, preventable: 480,000Cancer related: 600,000Unnecessary hospitalizations, preventable, 8,900,000In light of these figures, I suggest the answer is no. There is no opioid crisis, period. Addiction has been a problem for as long as I can remember. It started long before I was born. The US Federal, state and local governments have thrown a fortune into the so called war on drugs. What have we got to show for it? We continue to have lives lost to overdose deaths and endless incarceration. We continue to have more Americans locked up then the Soviets had during the height of the cold war. Rather than address the societal issues that contribute to the problem, we continue to focus on criminal justice solutions that historically have never worked.The following is an attempt to share my understanding of the nature of addiction. We first need to explore the pharmacology of opioids and the difference between physical dependence, what I call, pharmacophysiological adaptation, and addiction. The reason for coining the term pharmacophysicological adaptation is because the term dependence has often been confused with addiction when in point of fact they are entirely different entities. Rather than attempt to supplant that misunderstanding, especially because dependence has a negative connotation, I prefer to use pharmacophysiological adaptation in the discussion of the differences between them.Immediate examples come to mind. Patients who are diabetic may require insulin for their entire lives. The same is true for patients with hypertension with respect to their medications. Both patients are dependent upon the medications they take and often must take them for life.Any pharmacological agent, that is a drug that acts on a biological system, has the ability to cause tachyphylaxis. In brief, tachyphylaxis occurs when the continued use of a drug causes the drug to lose its effectiveness. The system in which the drug had an effect, becomes less sensitive. This occurs with most pharmacological agents. When we are talking about drugs that act on the brain, psychoactive drugs, in particular, mood-altering drugs, any of them can cause both pharmacophysiological adaptation and addiction. Mood altering drugs do just what the word sounds like, they alter mood by acting on receptors in the brain. The amount of time this takes to occur is dependant upon drug class and subject variability. Each class of drug has a specific action brain receptors. After pharmacophysiological adaptation occurs, the same dose becomes less effective in creating the desired effect. The receptors for that drug are said to be down-regulated, that is they become less sensitive to the drug to which they bind. When this occurs, more and more drug is required to achieve the desired effect.What happens at this point if the mood altering drug is stopped abruptly? After a period of time, again specific to the specific drug class, drug half-life, and subject variability, withdrawal or an abstinence syndrome ensues. Again, the nature of the syndrome both in terms of symptoms, signs, and physical findings is drug class specific.The reason mood-altering drugs work is that they act on specific receptors in different parts of the brain. An analogy is like a key turning a lock. When the receptor is activated, it creates an effect specific to the class of drug to which the agent belongs.There are basically three classes of mood-altering drugs. The first is the sedative hypnotics. They include alcohol, man’s oldest drug, the barbiturates, that is the older soporifics or sleeping pills, and benzodiazepines. In the brain, they act upon GABA receptors. They decrease anxiety, induce calmness, and with higher doses facilitate sleep. An overdose can cause unconsciousness, respiratory depression, and death.When alcohol is stopped abruptly after pharmacophysiological adaptation has ensued, a withdrawal syndrome characterized mostly by anxiety and insomnia will ensue. Severe withdrawal can lead to seizures and delirium tremens which is a life-threatening emergency requiring hospitalization, usually in an intensive care unit. Benzodiazepine withdrawal can be both severe and protracted leading to seizures. Benzodiazspine pharmacological dependence is clinically the most difficult to treat. Withdrawal symptoms can last months to years including protracted anxiety, dysphoria, depression, insomnia, GI disturbance, and akathesia as also seen in opioid withdrawal. Akathesia is a feeling which is difficult to describe. It is a feeling of extream physical restlessness, an inability to sit still as though one might jump out of one's skin. Limbs, particular the upper, twist and turn involuntarily. Frankly, this is one of the most serious symptoms which is both horrific and difficult to cope with. There is no treatment for it.The second class of mood-altering drugs is, of course, the opioids. They all act upon the opioid receptors, Tsou and Jang, two Chinese doctors who were unable to publish because of the political unrest at the time, pioneered work in the mechanism of action of opioids in the 60s. This was followed by the work of Pert and Yaksh on the mechanism of analgesia in the brain. Liebeskind demonstrated that this effect could by blocked by nalaxone. This suggested that there are receptors in the brain that mediate pain. If there are receptors than surely there must be some kind of endogenous substance that acts upon them. This led to the discovery of two peptides, enkephalin and metenkephalin followed by the endorphins. The endogenous endorphins act upon the mu receptor which is the same receptor that opioids act upon.What are the opioid drugs? They are both natural, synthetic, and semi-synthetic. The word opioid derives from one of the oldest psychoactive drugs used for pain, opium. Opium contains many alkaloids the most important one being morphine. Morphine can be converted to the semi-synthetic drug, diacetylmorphine which is more commonly known by the street name heroin.World War I left Germany with a shortage of opium because of the allied naval blockades. This led to the development of methadone in 1937. Methadone is a totally synthetic drug differing from propoxyphene (the no longer used drug Darvon) by one methylene group…a carbon and two hydrogen atoms...CH2.Since that time ever more powerful synthetic opioids have been synthesized for both oral and injectable use. Most people are familiar with oxycodone under its brand name, Oxycontin. Anesthesiologists use the very potent injectable opioids, fentanyl, and sufentanil which are very potent and short acting. In particular, they are use in very high dosages during open heart surgery. The sternum, the bone in the middle of the chest is split and is very painful…even while unconscious.Opioids in addition to being centrally acting analgesics that relieve pain, also cause euphoria and in larger doses can induce sleep. An overdose results in unconsciousness, respiratory depression which can lead to death.After pharmacophysiological adaptation occurs with opioids, the abrupt cessation of use will cause an abstinence syndrome characterized by yawning, piloerection (gooseflesh,) abdominal cramps, myalgia (muscle aches,) anxiety, diaphoresis (excessive sweating,) insomnia, increased lacrimation (tearing,) diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, increased heart rate, and increased blood pressure, sometimes to dangerous levels…and akathesia.The third class of drugs are the stimulants of which amphetamine and methamphetamine are the best known. They increase alertness, heart rate, and blood pressure. In addition, they are euphorogenic. Withdrawal from stimulants is characterized mostly by the desire to sleep and when large doses have been used for a period of time, depression may also ensue. The syndrome may last for many months.There is a fourth class of drugs which are a bit different in that they do not usually have abstinence syndromes of the severity that the other classes have. They are the psychedelics or psychotomimetic so called because they mimic psychosis. Because of their relatively lower abuse rate, I am not going to address their pharmacology or history of their use and abuse.Returning now to consideration of opioids the subject of this discussion, it is important to understand that any person who is subject to the continued administration of any opioid will develop pharmacophysiological adaptation. They will require increasing dosages in order to achieve the same analgesia. If the opioid is stopped abruptly, a very uncomfortable abstinence syndrome that has short and long time effects will ensue.The distinction between what is typically called dependence (pharmacophysiological adaptation) and addiction has been misunderstood both by the medical profession and the lay public for some time. In 1973, 1974, and 1975 Lee N. Robbins published landmark papers regarding Vietnam Vets heroin use while in Vietnam and when they returned. In brief, while the percentage of Vets who used heroin and became addicted rose while in Vietnam, the percentage of those who continued to use and hence were considered addicted, dropped to pre-deployment levels. This shattered all preconceived notions about heroin use.What is the significance of the study? It can best be explained by an example.Let us take a hypothetical patient hospitalized for trauma secondary to a car accident. The patient is given morphine every 4 hours and after a few days, the dose has to be increased for the patient to have analgesia. After a week the patient feels a little better. He is switched from injections to an equivalent dose of oxycodone. After a week and a half, the patient is well enough to be discharged. The patient is sent home without a prescription for a narcotic.What do you think happens to this patient? The patient like anyone else under the same circumstances begins to undergo withdrawal. Our hypothetical patient calls his physician wondering what is wrong with him. His physician explains it to him. There are two ways this might have been dealt with. One is to simply let the patient ride it out depending upon the severity and the second is to give the same narcotic and wean the patient off by decreasing the dose. However, even if the physician decreases the dose, the patient is going to experience discomfort.What is remarkable is what does not happen 80 to 85 percent of the time…the patient is grateful to have survived the car accident and the thought to get a hold of more narcotic never crosses his mind. This is an example of what the Robbins study told us, that people can become dependent upon narcotics, even abuse them, that is to say, use them when they are not necessary for the relief of pain, yet not become addicted.What this also means is that from 15 to 20 percent of opioid naïve patients who are subjected to narcotic exposure under the same set of circumstances as our hypothetical patient are at risk for becoming addicted.What does this mean? Instead of riding out withdrawal, the addicted patient will have euphoric recall. The narcotic not only relieved his pain but he experienced euphoria. He develops a craving for the narcotic. He may act on that craving going back to his physician or other physicians to get another prescription and thus begins the addictive cycle.Over time this patient, will run out of legitimate ways to obtain a narcotic and turn to other means. This path is called iatrogenic addiction, that is addiction formed in the course of therapeutic administration of s narcotic for legitimate reasons.This correlates with the Vietnam Vets who during their deployment chose, for whatever reason, to use heroin but upon return, went through withdrawal, and no longer continued heroin use. Ultimately, the sine qua non of addiction is this: the addict, knowing from prior experience that he cannot safely use a particular drug, continues to do so despite having negative life consequences.The challenge to the practicing physician is the inability to predict in advance which patients are susceptible to addiction. There are no real markers with respect to opioids. We now know there is a genetic disposition to alcoholism. There is ongoing work to try and find reliable markers. There are some obvious risk factors such as a history of anxiety, depression, or family history of alcoholism or addiction. Please note…alcoholism is really simply an addiction to sedative hypnotis…in this case, alcohol.However, at the present time, there is nothing that can predict with total certainty whether or not a given opioid-naive individual can safely be subjected to the administration of a narcotic.In light of these facts, what should be done? Like anything else in medicine, patients should be approached in consideration of the cost/benefit of any given intervention whether it be surgical or pharmacologic. Physicians, as well they should be, are looked to for the alleviation of pain. In the past, fear of reprisal from their Medical Board as well as other factors resulted in physicians under treating both acute and chronic pain. After pressure by the public especially from those who suffer chronic pain coupled with heavy advertising, the pendulum swung the other way to a degree and physicians may have become too loose with their prescription pads.There is no doubt that addiction is a considerable source of pain, misery, and death and that it should be addressed. There is also a considerable amount of hype about the subject in the 24/7 mainstream media. It gives the usual talking heads something to talk about. It also creates an unnecessary hysteria resulting in people begging the government to control yet another aspect of their lives. The answer to this problem like many others we face lies in addressing it with common sense.Here is what should be done:1) Increase public education regarding the nature of narcotics and addiction.2) Increase medical school time spent understanding the subject of addiction.3) Increase time teaching doctors during their residency training.4) Prevent the public advertising of narcotics by the companies that manufacture them.5) Physicians must take the time to conduct proper informed consent with a patient who has never been given a narcotic previously. That means a patient must understand the risks involved. Of course, this does not apply to emergency situations where this is not possible.6) Increase the availability of Narcan to first all types of first responders who are likely to encounter narcotic overdoses so that they can increase the chances of saving a narcotic overdose victim.7) Increase resources for the treatment of substance abuse.8) Continue to fund addiction research to find markers for those who are at risk to develop an addiction when administered narcotics.9) The criminalization of drugs has done more harm than have the drugs themselves. Felony convictions are tantamount to a death sentence. It is virtually impossible for anyone who has been convicted of a felony from ever fully integrating themselves into society ever again. The problems convicted felons face, not to mention having a known drug history, lead to depression and relapse further complicating the problem. Criminalizing what are sociological and medical issues has to date never been effective. The time has come to remove both the stigma attendant with the label drug addict as well as put to an end the criminalization of drug use.Finally, the limitations of opioid drugs should be understood and acknowledged. They are totally worthless in the treatment of neuritic pain, that is pain caused by direct nerve injury. Their best use is in the treatment of post operative pain which is short lived.In Europe, Americans would be shocked to know that narcotics are virtually never prescribed to outpatients. Modalities such as physical therapy are more useful for musculoskeletal pain than narcotics.Current Research on Opioid Receptor FunctionSTUDIES ON THE SITE OF ANALGESIC ACTION OF MORPHINE BY INTRACEREBRAL MICRO-INJECTION.Localization of the antinociceptive action of morphine in primate brain.Antagonism of stimulation-produced analgesia by naloxone, a narcotic antagonist.Opiate receptor mechanisms.Isolation, characterization and opiate activity of beta-endorphin from human pituitary glands.http://www.rkp.wustl.edu/veslit/robinsaddiction1993.pdf