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It’s impossible to spend much time in the cryptocurrency and blockchain world without hearing about Ethereum, or ETH for short. In this article, you’ll learn what Ethereum is, what makes it different and why it’s better than Bitcoin, at least for certain purposes.Guess the price directionBitcoin/TetherBTCUSDT33,743.81−2.71337493372733743.81UpDownWhat is the Ethereum cryptocurrency?Strictly speaking, Ethereum refers to an open-source software platform that is based on blockchain technology, enabling developers to create decentralised applications, or dApps. However, Ethereum is also used to refer to the Ether coin (ETH), a cryptocurrency built on the Ethereum platform. When someone talks about buying, trading or paying with Ethereum, they mean the Ether currency.Ethereum’s historyEthereum’s story starts with Vitalik Buterin, who became involved with Bitcoin as a 17-year-old programmer in 2011. Buterin became aware of Bitcoin’s shortcomings and created Ethereum as superior blockchain technology.I thought [people in the Bitcoin community] weren’t approaching the problem in the right way. I thought they were going after individual applications; they were trying to kind of explicitly support each [use case] in a sort of Swiss Army knife protocol.— Vitalik Buterin, Ethereum co-founder.A timeline of Ethereum’s early history:2013: Buterin released a white paper describing the basis for Ethereum.2014: Buterin and the other co-founders crowdfunded Ethereum through an ICO that raised more than $18 million.2015: The first live release of Ethereum, known as Frontier, was launched.What is Ethereum’s purpose?Ethereum is a blockchain technology platform designed to enable a large variety of functions. A popular comparison is if Bitcoin is e-mail, then Ethereum is the whole Internet.Ethereum is used for computer services that are based on dApps and smart contracts, which saves time and money by eliminating intermediaries, third-party brokers and inefficient monopolies like big companies or even government authorities.In essence, it follows the decentralised philosophy of Bitcoin but is applied to much more than just money.What is Ethereum written in?Given that the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) functions as a ‘world computer’ with many nodes, it uses multiple programming languages, including C++, Python, Ruby, Go and Java. A specialised language called Solidity is used to write smart contracts in the Ethereum Virtual Machine.ETH’s hard forkIn 2016, $50 million worth of Ether was stolen by a hacker, an act that raised concerns about the platform’s security. The resulting controversy split the community, and Ethereum forked into two blockchains: Ethereum (ETH) and Ethereum Classic (ETC).ETH tokensEthereum has both the Ether (ETH) crypto coin and Ether tokens. The latter can function as a currency within the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). ETH tokens are transferred within the EVM to execute smart contracts.What is a smart contract in Ethereum?A smart contract is a computer program that functions as a contract, i.e., it binds individuals and/or businesses to meet obligations.The smart contract’s code automatically executes the terms when tokens are deposited. The benefits include:Digital format: There’s no need to print or post paper, and it’s easily shareable.Autonomous operation: It cuts out intermediaries, there’s no back-and-forth.Trust: Information on a smart contract is encrypted and backed up on a shared ledger.Security: Encryption makes contract information incredibly difficult to steal.Speed: Automatic execution makes smart contracts faster.Cost: It saves on paper costs, lawyer fees, etc.Smart contracts act as multi-signature accounts, only executing if the specified percentage of parties agree.Smart contracts can be encoded on any blockchain, but developers working on Ethereum can programme smart contracts with a much broader range of instructions than what’s possible on Bitcoin. It allows Ethereum smart contracts to be more complex and versatile. They can serve as the base for a decentralised application or other autonomous functions on the blockchain.Why is Ethereum better than Bitcoin?ETH has several advantages over Bitcoin. It isn’t limited in the same way that BTC is. Ethereum uses the Ethash method for its mining algorithm. As a result, the block processing speed is faster.What is the difference between Bitcoin and Ethereum?BTCETHCoin Limit21 MillionNoneAlgorithmSHA-256EthashAvg block time10 minutes12 secondsHowever, Ethereum’s main advantage over Bitcoin is its functionality. Bitcoin can only record transactions. Ethereum powers apps that can be used for almost anything a programmer desires.What is an ETH wallet?An Ethereum wallet is where the private keys to access the cryptocurrency are stored. The StormGain crypto trading platform comes with a built-in ETH wallet, in which you can earn up to 10% annual interest on your currency.Cryptocurrency tradingEthereum is the crypto coin with the second-largest market share after Bitcoin. Ethereum also has the second-highest trading volume among cryptocurrencies. By using StormGain, traders can earn significant bonuses and rewards for trading Ethereum.The price history of ETH, in USD and BitcoinEthereum miningEthereum is currently mined via a proof-of-work algorithm. Much like Bitcoin, Ethereum miners dedicate their computing hardware to solving tasks that support the blockchain and receive ETH in return.What is a good hashrate for Ethereum mining?The frequency with which the ETH mining hardware can process hashes determines how likely it is to earn a reward.A hashrate of around 45.0 MH/s is considered suitable for a consumer GPU. However, the whole mining system may soon become irrelevant for Ethereum.What is Ethereum’s future?Ethereum will upgrade soon to version 2.0, a move planned for 2020. The main feature is a change from proof-of-work to proof-of-stake validation.Ethereum 1.0 is a couple of people’s scrappy attempt to build the world computer; Ethereum 2.0 [with PoS] will actually be the world computer — Vitalik ButerinThe current system is notoriously wasteful of energy. A proof-of-stake protocol will mean that users stake their ETH as collateral to verify a transaction (and claim the reward).On 18 August 2008, the domain name bitcoin.org was registered.[11] Later that year, on 31 October, a link to a paper authored by Satoshi Nakamoto titled Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System[12] was posted to a cryptography mailing list.[13] This paper detailed methods of using a peer-to-peer network to generate what was described as "a system for electronic transactions without relying on trust".[14][15][16] On 3 January 2009, the bitcoin network came into existence with Satoshi Nakamoto mining the genesis block of bitcoin (block number 0), which had a reward of 50 bitcoins.[14][17] Embedded in the coinbase of this block was the text:The Times Jan/03/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks.[18]The text refers to a headline in The Times published on 3 January 2009.[19] This note has been interpreted as both a timestamp of the genesis date and a derisive comment on the instability caused by fractional-reserve banking.[20]:18The first open source bitcoin client was released on 9 January 2009, hosted at SourceForge.[21][22]One of the first supporters, adopters, contributors to bitcoin and receiver of the first bitcoin transaction was programmer Hal Finney. Finney downloaded the bitcoin software the day it was released, and received 10 bitcoins from Nakamoto in the world's first bitcoin transaction on 12 January 2009 (bloc 170).[23][24] Other early supporters were Wei Dai, creator of bitcoin predecessor b-money, and Nick Szabo, creator of bitcoin predecessor bit gold.[14]In the early days, Nakamoto is estimated to have mined 1 million bitcoins.[25] Before disappearing from any involvement in bitcoin, Nakamoto in a sense handed over the reins to developer Gavin Andresen, who then became the bitcoin lead developer at the Bitcoin Foundation, the 'anarchic' bitcoin community's closest thing to an official public face.[26]The value of the first bitcoin transactions were negotiated by individuals on the bitcoin forum with one notable transaction of 10,000 BTC used to indirectly purchase two pizzas delivered by Papa John's.[14]On 6 August 2010, a major vulnerability in the bitcoin protocol was spotted. Transactions weren't properly verified before they were included in the transaction log or blockchain, which let users bypass bitcoin's economic restrictions and create an indefinite number of bitcoins.[27][28] On 15 August, the vulnerability was exploited; over 184 billion bitcoins were generated in a transaction, and sent to two addresses on the network. Within hours, the transaction was spotted and erased from the transaction log after the bug was fixed and the network forked to an updated version of the bitcoin protocol.[29] This was the only major security flaw found and exploited in bitcoin's history.[27][28][30]Satoshi Nakamoto[edit]Main article: Satoshi Nakamoto"Satoshi Nakamoto" is presumed to be a pseudonym for the person or people who designed the original bitcoin protocol in 2008 and launched the network in 2009. Nakamoto was responsible for creating the majority of the official bitcoin software and was active in making modifications and posting technical information on the bitcoin forum.[14] There has been much speculation as to the identity of Satoshi Nakamoto with suspects including Dai, Szabo, and Finney – and accompanying denials.[31][32] The possibility that Satoshi Nakamoto was a computer collective in the European financial sector has also been discussed.[33]Investigations into the real identity of Satoshi Nakamoto were attempted by The New Yorker and Fast Company. The New Yorker's investigation brought up at least two possible candidates: Michael Clear and Vili Lehdonvirta. Fast Company's investigation brought up circumstantial evidence linking an encryption patent application filed by Neal King, Vladimir Oksman and Charles Bry on 15 August 2008, and the bitcoin.org domain name which was registered 72 hours later. The patent application (#20100042841) contained networking and encryption technologies similar to bitcoin's, and textual analysis revealed that the phrase "... computationally impractical to reverse" appeared in both the patent application and bitcoin's whitepaper.[12] All three inventors explicitly denied being Satoshi Nakamoto.[34][35]In May 2013, Ted Nelson speculated that Japanese mathematician Shinichi Mochizuki is Satoshi Nakamoto.[36] Later in 2013 the Israeli researchers Dorit Ron and Adi Shamir pointed to Silk Road-linked Ross William Ulbricht as the possible person behind the cover. The two researchers based their suspicion on an analysis of the network of bitcoin transactions.[37] These allegations were contested[38] and Ron and Shamir later retracted their claim.[39]Nakamoto's involvement with bitcoin does not appear to extend past mid-2010.[14] In April 2011, Nakamoto communicated with a bitcoin contributor, saying that he had "moved on to other things".[18]Stefan Thomas, a Swiss coder and active community member, graphed the time stamps for each of Nakamoto's 500-plus bitcoin forum posts; the resulting chart showed a steep decline to almost no posts between the hours of 5 a.m. and 11 a.m. Greenwich Mean Time. Because this pattern held true even on Saturdays and Sundays, it suggested that Nakamoto was asleep at this time, and the hours of 5 a.m. to 11 a.m. GMT are midnight to 6 a.m. Eastern Standard Time (North American Eastern Standard Time). Other clues suggested that Nakamoto was British: A newspaper headline he had encoded in the genesis block came from the UK-published newspaper The Times, and both his forum posts and his comments in the bitcoin source code used British English spellings, such as "optimise" and "colour".[14]An Internet search by an anonymous blogger of texts similar in writing to the bitcoin whitepaper suggests Nick Szabo's "bit gold" articles as having a similar author.[31] Nick denied being Satoshi, and stated his official opinion on Satoshi and bitcoin in a May 2011 article.[40]In a March 2014 article in Newsweek, journalist Leah McGrath Goodman doxed Dorian S. Nakamoto of Temple City, California, saying that Satoshi Nakamoto is the man's birth name. Her methods and conclusion drew widespread criticism.[41][42]In June 2016, the London Review of Books published a piece by Andrew O'Hagan about Nakamoto.[43] The real identity of Satoshi Nakamoto still remains a matter of dispute.Growth[edit]2011[edit]Based on bitcoin's open-source code, other cryptocurrencies started to emerge.[44]The Electronic Frontier Foundation, a non-profit group, started accepting bitcoins in January 2011,[45] then stopped accepting them in June 2011, citing concerns about a lack of legal precedent about new currency systems.[46] The EFF's decision was reversed on 17 May 2013 when they resumed accepting bitcoin.[47]In June 2011, WikiLeaks[48] and other organizations began to accept bitcoins for donations.2012[edit]In January 2012, bitcoin was featured as the main subject within a fictionalized trial on the CBS legal drama The Good Wife in the third-season episode "Bitcoin for Dummies". The host of CNBC's Mad Money, Jim Cramer, played himself in a courtroom scene where he testifies that he doesn't consider bitcoin a true currency, saying, "There's no central bank to regulate it; it's digital and functions completely peer to peer".[49]In September 2012, the Bitcoin Foundation was launched to "accelerate the global growth of bitcoin through standardization, protection, and promotion of the open source protocol". The founders were Gavin Andresen, Jon Matonis, Patrick Murck, Charlie Shrem, and Peter Vessenes.[50]In October 2012, BitPay reported having over 1,000 merchants accepting bitcoin under its payment processing service.[51] In November 2012, WordPress started accepting bitcoins.[52]2013[edit]In February 2013, the bitcoin-based payment processor Coinbase reported selling US$1 million worth of bitcoins in a single month at over $22 per bitcoin.[53] The Internet Archive announced that it was ready to accept donations as bitcoins and that it intends to give employees the option to receive portions of their salaries in bitcoin currency.[54]In March, the bitcoin transaction log, called the blockchain, temporarily split into two independent chains with differing rules on how transactions were accepted. For six hours two bitcoin networks operated at the same time, each with its own version of the transaction history. The core developers called for a temporary halt to transactions, sparking a sharp sell-off.[55] Normal operation was restored when the majority of the network downgraded to version 0.7 of the bitcoin software.[55] The Mt. Gox exchange briefly halted bitcoin deposits and the exchange rate briefly dipped by 23% to $37 as the event occurred[56][57] before recovering to previous level of approximately $48 in the following hours.[58] In the US, the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) established regulatory guidelines for "decentralized virtual currencies" such as bitcoin, classifying American bitcoin miners who sell their generated bitcoins as Money Service Businesses (or MSBs), that may be subject to registration and other legal obligations.[59][60][61]In April, payment processors BitInstant and Mt. Gox experienced processing delays due to insufficient capacity[62] resulting in the bitcoin exchange rate dropping from $266 to $76 before returning to $160 within six hours.[63] Bitcoin gained greater recognition when services such as OkCupid and Foodler began accepting it for payment.[64]On 15 May 2013, the US authorities seized accounts associated with Mt. Gox after discovering that it had not registered as a money transmitter with FinCEN in the US.[65][66]On 17 May 2013, it was reported that BitInstant processed approximately 30 percent of the money going into and out of bitcoin, and in April alone facilitated 30,000 transactions,[67]On 23 June 2013, it was reported that the US Drug Enforcement Administration listed 11.02 bitcoins as a seized asset in a United States Department of Justice seizure notice pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 881.[68] This marked the first time a government agency claimed to have seized bitcoin.[69][70]In July 2013, a project began in Kenya linking bitcoin with M-Pesa, a popular mobile payments system, in an experiment designed to spur innovative payments in Africa.[71] During the same month the Foreign Exchange Administration and Policy Department in Thailand stated that bitcoin lacks any legal framework and would therefore be illegal, which effectively banned trading on bitcoin exchanges in the country.[72][73]On 6 August 2013, Federal Judge Amos Mazzant of the Eastern District of Texas of the Fifth Circuit ruled that bitcoins are "a currency or a form of money" (specifically securities as defined by Federal Securities Laws), and as such were subject to the court's jurisdiction,[74][75] and Germany's Finance Ministry subsumed bitcoins under the term "unit of account" – a financial instrument – though not as e-money or a functional currency, a classification nonetheless having legal and tax implications.[76]In October 2013, the FBI seized roughly 26,000 BTC from website Silk Road during the arrest of alleged owner Ross William Ulbricht.[77][78][79] Two companies, Robocoin and Bitcoiniacs launched the world's first bitcoin ATM on 29 October 2013 in Vancouver, BC, Canada, allowing clients to sell or purchase bitcoin currency at a downtown coffee shop.[80][81][82] Chinese internet giant Baidu had allowed clients of website security services to pay with bitcoins.[83]In November 2013, the University of Nicosia announced that it would be accepting bitcoin as payment for tuition fees, with the university's chief financial officer calling it the "gold of tomorrow".[84] During November 2013, the China-based bitcoin exchange BTC China overtook the Japan-based Mt. Gox and the Europe-based Bitstamp to become the largest bitcoin trading exchange by trade volume.[85]In December 2013, Overstock.com[86] announced plans to accept bitcoin in the second half of 2014. On 5 December 2013, the People's Bank of China prohibited Chinese financial institutions from using bitcoins.[87] After the announcement, the value of bitcoins dropped,[88] and Baidu no longer accepted bitcoins for certain services.[89] Buying real-world goods with any virtual currency had been illegal in China since at least 2009.[90]2014[edit]In January 2014, Zynga[91] announced it was testing bitcoin for purchasing in-game assets in seven of its games. That same month, The D Las Vegas Casino Hotel and Golden Gate Hotel & Casino properties in downtown Las Vegas announced they would also begin accepting bitcoin, according to an article by USA Today. The article also stated the currency would be accepted in five locations, including the front desk and certain restaurants.[92] The network rate exceeded 10 petahash/sec. TigerDirect[93] and Overstock.com[94] started accepting bitcoin.In early February 2014, one of the largest bitcoin exchanges, Mt. Gox,[95] suspended withdrawals citing technical issues.[96] By the end of the month, Mt. Gox had filed for bankruptcy protection in Japan amid reports that 744,000 bitcoins had been stolen.[97] Months before the filing, the popularity of Mt. Gox had waned as users experienced difficulties withdrawing funds.[98]In June 2014 the network exceeded 100 petahash/sec.[citation needed] On 18 June 2014, it was announced that bitcoin payment service provider BitPay would become the new sponsor of St. Petersburg Bowl under a two-year deal, renamed the Bitcoin St. Petersburg Bowl. Bitcoin was to be accepted for ticket and concession sales at the game as part of the sponsorship, and the sponsorship itself was also paid for using bitcoin.[99]In July 2014 Newegg and Dell[100] started accepting bitcoin.In September 2014 TeraExchange, LLC, received approval from the U.S.Commodity Futures Trading Commission "CFTC" to begin listing an over-the-counter swap product based on the price of a bitcoin. The CFTC swap product approval marks the first time a U.S. regulatory agency approved a bitcoin financial product.[101]In December 2014 Microsoft began to accept bitcoin to buy Xbox games and Windows software.[102]In 2014, several light-hearted songs celebrating bitcoin such as the "Ode to Satoshi"[103] have been released.[104]A documentary film, The Rise and Rise of Bitcoin, was released in 2014, featuring interviews with bitcoin users, such as a computer programmer and a drug dealer.[105]2015[edit]In January 2015 Coinbase raised US$75 million as part of a Series C funding round, smashing the previous record for a bitcoin company. Less than one year after the collapse of Mt. Gox, United Kingdom-based exchange Bitstamp announced that their exchange would be taken offline while they investigate a hack which resulted in about 19,000 bitcoins (equivalent to roughly US$5 million at that time) being stolen from their hot wallet.[106] The exchange remained offline for several days amid speculation that customers had lost their funds. Bitstamp resumed trading on 9 January after increasing security measures and assuring customers that their account balances would not be impacted.[107]In February 2015, the number of merchants accepting bitcoin exceeded 100,000.[108]In October 2015, a proposal was submitted to the Unicode Consortium to add a code point for the bitcoin symbol.[109]2016[edit]In January 2016, the network rate exceeded 1 exahash/sec.[citation needed]In March 2016, the Cabinet of Japan recognized virtual currencies like bitcoin as having a function similar to real money.[110] Bidorbuy, the largest South African online marketplace, launched bitcoin payments for both buyers and sellers.[111]In July 2016, researchers published a paper showing that by November 2013 bitcoin commerce was no longer driven by "sin" activities but instead by legitimate enterprises.[112]In August 2016, a major bitcoin exchange, Bitfinex, was hacked and nearly 120,000 BTC (around $60m) was stolen.[113]In November 2016, the Swiss Railway operator SBB (CFF) upgraded all their automated ticket machines so that bitcoin could be bought from them using the scanner on the ticket machine to scan the bitcoin address on a phone app.[114]Bitcoin generates more academic interest year after year; the number of Google Scholar articles published mentioning bitcoin grew from 83 in 2009, to 424 in 2012, and 3580 in 2016. Also, the academic journal Ledger published its first issue. It is edited by Peter Rizun.2017[edit]The number of businesses accepting bitcoin continued to increase. In January 2017, NHK reported the number of online stores accepting bitcoin in Japan had increased 4.6 times over the past year.[115] BitPay CEO Stephen Pair declared the company's transaction rate grew 3× from January 2016 to February 2017, and explained usage of bitcoin is growing in B2B supply chain payments.[116]Bitcoin gains more legitimacy among lawmakers and legacy financial companies. For example, Japan passed a law to accept bitcoin as a legal payment method,[117] and Russia has announced that it will legalize the use of cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin.[118]Exchange trading volumes continue to increase. For the 6-month period ending March 2017, Mexican exchange Bitso saw trading volume increase 1500%.[citation needed] Between January and May 2017 Poloniex saw an increase of more than 600% active traders online and regularly processed 640% more transactions.[119]In June 2017, the bitcoin symbol was encoded in Unicode version 10.0 at position U+20BF (₿) in the Currency Symbols block.[120]Up until July 2017, bitcoin users maintained a common set of rules for the cryptocurrency.[121] On 1 August 2017 bitcoin split into two derivative digital currencies, the bitcoin (BTC) chain with 1 MB blocksize limit and the Bitcoin Cash (BCH) chain with 8 MB blocksize limit. The split has been called the Bitcoin Cash hard fork.[122]On 6 December 2017 the software marketplace Steam announced that it would no longer accept bitcoin as payment for its products, citing slow transactions speeds, price volatility, and high fees for transactions.[123]2018[edit]See also: Cryptocurrency bubble § 2018 crashOn 22 January 2018, South Korea brought in a regulation that requires all the bitcoin traders to reveal their identity, thus putting a ban on anonymous trading of bitcoins.[124]On 24 January 2018, the online payment firm Stripe announced that it would phase out its support for bitcoin payments by late April 2018, citing declining demand, rising fees and longer transaction times as the reasons.[125]2019[edit]As of September 2019, there were 5,457 bitcoin ATMs worldwide. In August of that year, the countries with highest number of bitcoin ATMs were the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Austria, and Spain.[citation needed]2020[edit]On 2 July 2020, the Indian company 21Shares started to quote a set of bitcoin exchange-traded products (ETP) on the Xetra trading system of the Deutsche Boerse.[126]On 1 September 2020, the Wiener Börse listed its first 21 titles denominated in cryptocurrencies like bitcoin, including the services of real-time quotation and securities settlement.[127]On 3 September 2020, the Frankfurt Stock Exchange admitted in its Regulated Market the quotation of the first bitcoin exchange-traded note (ETN), centrally cleared via Eurex Clearing.[128][129]In October 2020, PayPal announced that it would allow its users to buy and sell bitcoin on its platform, although not to deposit or withdraw bitcoins

I can provide you a list of 1297 ideas and projects which you can make for your mechanical engineering projects. I had collected this list from so many friends of different colleges, and major topics are from my domain. I am collecting this from second semester of my college time. I am only providing the list of topics and not the details of each project as the answer would become more lengthy. and you have to do some effort to find out more about the topic you like and I can help you if found any difficulty. I had also arranged the list in alphabetical order.Project topics for final year mechanical students..………………………………………………by vaigyanik Atul Tripathi.1. automobile fuel indicator2. automobile braking systems3. spart distributor4. like other utilities.5. AEMS automotive engine management system using Meqa Squirt Kits6. Redesign of brake assembly of Formula SAE car7. Hydraulic car lift8. Lift for small recreational vehicles (˜Motor cycle jack™)9. Stair climbing hand cart10. Wheel chair accessible transfer seat base11. Paper towel dispenser12. Automatic labeling system13. 1st TYPES OF PRODUCTION14. 3 Axis Digital Accelerometer15. 3D Solar cells16. 3D-Kinematics Of Biological Joints17. 4d visualization in biomedical18. 4-Wheel Independent Suspension19. A Case Study Of Management20. A Clean Biodiesel Fuel Produced from Recycled Oils and Grease Trap Oils21. A Design Theory Based22. A DOUBLE-WALL REACTOER FOR HYDROTHERMAL OXIDATION WITH SUPERCRITICAL WATER FLOW ACROSS THE INNER POROUS TUBE23. A FLUID-SOLID INTERACTION MODEL OF THE SOLID PHASE Epitaxy In Stressed Silicon Layers24. A Hypersonic Hybrid Vehicle25. A Managtoreological Semi Active Isoolator to Reduce Noise and vibration transmissibility in Automobiles26. A Study Of A Displacement Amplifier27. A Theory Of Anharmonic Lattice Statics For Analysis Of Defective Crystals28. Ablative MAterials29. ABRASION WEAR CHARACTERISTICS OF SAND CAST Al-707530. Abrasive Blast Cleaning31. Abrasive Etching32. Abrasive Water Jet33. Flywheel energy storage device34. Automated MIG weld torch cleaner (all on the market are crap, million dollar idea)35. Temporary house stairs that can be folded up and meet safety standards (used when building houses)36. Cable recoil system that does not use a spring, recoil is on a rotating shaft. (like used on a rowing machine)37. Windmill blade automatic blade pitch system (low or no electricity).38. Automatic automotive block heater connection (just drive up to house and plugs in automatically and cycles on only when cold out)39. Shaft speed differential (different design but same idea as automotive axel differential)40. IC engine valve lift control mechanism (valve lift controlled engine instead of throttle plate) (Mercedes has a model) (investigate "jake brake" in diesel engines)41. ABS System42. ACC-Plus(Adaptive Crusie Control+) System43. Acoustic Emission Based Machining Tool Condition Monitoring “ An Overview44. acoustic parking system (APS)45. Acoustics in Engineering46. Active Control of Near-Wall Turbulent Flow47. Active Decoy Systems48. Active Electrically Controlled Suspension49. Active Electrically Controlled Suspension(16)50. Active Front Lighting System51. Active roll-over protection system in Automobiles52. Active Suspension System A Mechatronic System53. Adaptive air suspension54. Adaptive compensation of DTV induced brake judder55. Adaptive Cruise Control56. Adaptive Cruise Control For Modern Automobile57. ADVANCE IN CAR SAFETY58. Advance Systems In Two Wheelers59. Advanced Airbags60. Advanced Composite Materials61. Advanced Cooling Systems(18)62. Advanced Diesel Common Rail Systems for Future Emission Legislation63. Advanced Energy Conversion Systems64. Advanced In Mechanical Engg. Design And Manufacturing65. ADVANCED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE RESEARCH66. Advanced Off-set printing67. Advanced Plastics68. Advanced Propulsion Methods(8)69. ADVANCED QUALITY CONTROL TECHNIQUES70. Advanced Rocket Motors71. Advanced safety features in nuclear reactors72. Advanced trends in manufacturing technology-optical fiber sensor in medicines73. Advances in automobiles (Hybrid Vehicles)74. ADVANCES IN CAPILLARY FLUIDS MODELING75. Advances in cutting tool technology76. Advances in Gas Turbine77. AdvanCES Trends in manufacturing TECHNOLOGY optical Fiber sensors in medicine78. Aerodynamics79. Aerospace Flywheel Development80. Aerospace Propulsion81. Aerospikes82. AFFECT_AND_MACHINE_DESIGN_A83. Agile manufacturing84. AGP Evolving the Graphics Interface85. Air- Augmented Rocket86. Load tests and many other tests on composite material (for automobile industries).87. Design of pressure vessel to code specification.88. Heat recovery steam generator (HRSG)89. Variable speed transmission (line Nuvici bike hub)90. This would be very important when trying to make a good electric vehical.91. One way Clutch92. There are sprag and clicker type couplings. Sprag is hard to manufacture and the clicker style (bicycle hub type) are noisy and wear out. Come up with a new way and you are a millionaire93. High speed cutting of thin wall tube without making burr on the end. (low cost)94. Heat recovery system for internal combustion engine. (steam or likewise)95. Effecient pnumatic motor design (compressed air energy recovery system)96. Automated gray water recovery system97. Air Bearing Next Generation Bearings98. Air Bearings99. Air Bearings: - Next Generation Bearings100. Air Brithing Engine101. Air Casters102. Air Cushion Vehicles(21)103. Air pollution from marine shipping104. Air Powered Car105. Air Ship106. Air suspension system107. Airbags & ABS~108. Aircraft design109. Aircraft Egress110. Aircraft Maneuverability111. Aircraft Propeller~112. Airport management113. All- wing Technology114. Alternate Fuel Cells for Automobiles115. Alternative Abrasive To Diamond116. Alternative Fuel117. Alternative Fuel Vehicles118. Alternative Fuels Hydrogen in internal Combustion engines119. Alternative System To The Domestic Refrigerating System120. Aluminium Alloy Conductors121. Amoeba Organization122. Amphibious Army Surveillance Vehicle123. Amphibious Army Surveillance Vehicle124. AMRR125. AN ELECTRONIC SYSTEM FOR CONTROLLING AIR FUEL RATIO126. AN ELECTRONIC SYSTEM FOR CONTROLLING AIR/FUEL RATIO OF GASEOUS FUELLED ENGINE127. An expert System “ Based design of 3-Dof Robot128. AN EXPERT SYSTEM-BASED DESIGN OF 3-DOF ROBOT129. An overview of nano-manufacturing130. Analysis and Design Methods of Distributed Sensor131. Analysis And Design Methods Of Distributed Sensor Systems For Manufacturing Quality Improvement132. Analysis Of Material Using Digital Radioscopy133. Antilock Braking System134. antimatter135. Antimatter -the ultimate energy136. Antiroll suspension system137. Antiskid System Of Supersonic..138. Application Of Crvoi Reatmkm Fok Enhancement In Tool Like139. APPLICATION OF CRYOTREATMENT FOR ENHANCEMENT IN TOOL LIFE140. Application Of Cryotreatment..141. application of cryotreatment12142. Application of GPS in automobiles143. Application Of Laser Machining In Diamond Processing144. Applications Of Micro-Controller In Auotomobile145. Applications Of Nanotechnology146. Aqua Silencer - A Noise & Emission Controller147. Aque Fuel148. ArcJet Rocket149. Artificial Intelligence150. Artificial Intelligence (Modelling Air Fuel Ratio Control)151. Artificial Intelligence Future Around Us152. Artificial Intelligence In Mechanical Field153. Artificial Intelligence-Present And Future154. Artificially Engineered Material Composites155. Aspheric lenses156. Assembly Of Water Cooler157. Atkinson cycle engine158. ATOMIC BATTERY159. Atomistic Characterization of Dislocation Nucleation and Fracture160. Auto Drilling With Geneva161. Automated Anorectal Lymph Node Sampler162. Automated Assembly System163. Automated Highways164. Automatic Braking System165. AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION System166. Automatic transmission tiptronic, 5-speed167. Automation And Robotics168. Automation in building construction, agriculture etc169. Automation Of Ultrasonic Testing Procedures170. AUTOMOBILE AC BY UTILISING WASTE HEAT & GASES171. Automobile Air Conditioning172. Automobile design173. Automobile Tires174. Automotive Infotainment175. Autonomous Submarines176. AUTONOMOUSLY GENERATIVE CMM Part177. Avionics178. Babbitt metal179. Balance Of Tool Holder180. BALL PISTON ENGINE181. Ball Piston Engine A New Development In Rotary Engines182. Ball Piston machines183. Ball valve184. Ballastic Particle Manufacturing185. Batch Production186. Battery Electric Vehicle187. Bearing Life Measurements188. Bench top wind tunnels189. Benchmarking190. Bike Of The Future- Pneumatic Bike191. Bio Diesel192. Bio-degradable polymers193. Bio-diesel - the next generation fuel source194. BIODIESEL & IT™S UTILITY195. Biodiesel From Jatropha196. Bio-ethanol As Fuel197. Biofiltration198. Biogas199. Biologically inspired robots200. Biomass as an Alternate Fuel for Diesel Engine201. Biomass As An Alternate Fuel For Diesel Engine202. Biomass Fuelled Power Plant203. Biomass Gasification204. Biomechanics205. Biomechatronic Hand206. BIOMETRIC IDENTIFICATION207. biometrics security208. Biomimetics209. Bioreactors210. biturbo211. Blasting cap212. Blended Winged Aircraft213. BlueTec214. Boimetrics: An Unparelled Security Check System215. Boosting Gas Turbine Energy Efficiency216. Bose suspension system217. Brake Assisting Systems218. Brake booster219. Breakthroughs in Engine Efficiency220. BUSINESS EXCELLENCE THROUGH QUALITY221. Business Process Analysis By BPR222. Business Process Re-Engineering223. Butterfly Valve224. Butterfly valvecatalytic converter225. cad226. CAD & CAE IN BIOMEDICAL FIELD227. Caged Ball Technology228. Cam less Engines229. Camless engine with elctromechanical valve actuator230. Can a ship fly?231. Car Handling232. Carbon Fibre On F1 Cars233. Carbon Foam-Military Applications234. Carbon nanotube cloths235. Carbonfibre On F1 Cars236. Cargo storage in space237. Catalytic Converters238. Catalytic lean Burn engield Engine With Two239. Cavitation shotless peening240. Cell Integration Into A Manufacturing System~241. Centrifugal Compressors242. Centrifugal Pump243. Ceramic fastners244. Ceramic Hybrid Ball Bearing245. ceramic Inserts246. CeramicLike Coatings247. CFD A Third Approach In Fluid Dynamics248. CFD Analysis Of A Simple Convergent Flow Using ANSYS FLOTRAN 10.0249. CFD In Weather Forecasting250. CFD/FEM/FEA/CAE251. CHALLENGES IN PLASMA SPRAY ASSEMBLY OF Nanoparticles To Near Net Shaped Bulk Nanostructures252. Characterization Of Microchannel Materials For Biochip Development253. Chloro Fluro Carbons254. Cleaning Of Metal255. CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION BY BIOMASS GASIFICATION256. Clutch Lining Testing Machine257. CNC SYSTEMS258. COAL GASIFICATION259. Coating Of Corbide Inserts260. Coded Modulation Techniques For Direct-Detection261. Collision warning system262. Combing Developments & Their Significance-Mech10263. Combustion Control Using Optical Fiber264. Combustion Research265. Combustion Stability In I.C.Engines266. Combustion Stability Of NG IC Engine267. Common Rail Direct Injection (Crdi) Engines268. COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL AND FINITE ELEMENT Results For Elastic Plastic Stress269. Complex System Development270. Composite Materials271. Composite materials272. Composite materials for aerospace applications273. Compound Vortex Controlled Combustion(44)274. Compresed Air Cars Technology275. Compression Tube fittings276. Computational Fluid Dynamics277. COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN278. Computer Aided Analysis of Composite Laminates279. Computer Aided Process Planning (Capp)280. Computer Aided Production Engineering (CAPE)281. Computer Integrated Manufacturing-Building The Factory Of Future282. Computer Modelling283. Computer-Aided Geometric Design284. Concentrating Solar Power Energy From Mirrors285. Concept Cars286. Concept Of Flying Train287. ConCurrent Engineering288. Condenser Bushing289. CONDITION MONITORING OF BEARINGS BY ECHO PULSE METHOD290. Condition Monitoring Through Vibration Measurement291. Conditional monitoring & fault Diagnosis292. CONSOLIDATION BEHAVIOR OF Cu-Co-Fe PRE-ALLOYED Powers293. Constitutive Modelling of Shape Memory Alloy Using Neural Networks294. Contactless energy transfer system295. Continuously Variable Transmission296. Control of Cure Distribution in Polymer Composite Parts Made by Laminated Object Fabrication (LOF)297. Cooling And Lubrication Of Engines298. Cordless Tools299. Corrosion resistant gear box300. Corrugated Metals301. Cost Effective Safety Instrumented Systems302. crap & bipip303. Crew Exploration Vechicles304. Crop Harvester305. Crop Harvesting Machine306. CROSS HYBRID SOURCE ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR WIRELESS ADHOC NETWORKS307. Cruise missile technology308. Cryogenic Automotive Propulsion Zero Emission Vehicle309. Cryogenic Ball Valves310. Cryogenic Grinding311. Cryogenic Processing of Wear Control312. CRYOGENIC ROCKET ENGINE & THEIR PROPELANTS313. Crystaline Silicon Solar Cells314. Cummins Diesel Fuel System315. Cushioning Impact in Pneumatic Cylinder316. CVCC317. CVT318. Cybernetics319. Cylinder Deactivation320. Damage Detection By Laser Vibration Measurement321. Damage identification in aging aircraft structures with piezoelectric wafer active sensors322. DARK ROOM machining323. Data Fusion For Quality Improvements In Complex Solar Cell Manufacturing Processes324. Deformation-Assisted Transformations In Nanocrystalline And Amorphous Alloys325. Dendritic Solidification Using Phase-Field Method326. desert cooler327. Design And Development Of Automated328. DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF MODIFIED OPERATIONAL CONTROLS ON SINGLE MOLD MACHINE329. DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF WEEDING MACHINE330. Design And Fabrication Of Artifically Engineered Material Composites For Electromagnetic Systems331. Design for Manufacturing332. Design for manufacturing “ A giant lip in world class manufacturing333. Design of a medical device and its network for generating334. Design of an active car chassis frame incorporating magneto rheological fluid335. DESIGN OF AUTOMATED GUIDED VEHICLES FOR FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS336. Design Of Efficient Production337. Design of Efficient Production Systems Using Petri Net338. Design, Analysis, Fabrication And Testing Of A Composite Leaf Spring339. Design, Implementation, Utilization Of FEM340. Desktop Manufacturing341. Determination Of Transmission Specta Using Ultrasonic NDE342. Development & Application343. Development In Arc Welding Process Using Robot344. DEVELOPMENT OF AN AGV MATERIAL. Development Of High Performance345. Development Of An Ultrasound Sensor For High Energy Medical Applications346. Development Of Coated Elecrodes For Welding Of HSLA Steels347. Development Of High Performance348. Development Of Self Lubricating Sinterd Steels For Tribological Applicants349. Development Of Self Lubricating Sintered Steels For Termilogical Application350. Development Status Of Superconducting Rotating Machines351. Diamond Cutting Tool And Coatings352. Diesel Particulate Filter353. Different Types Of Injection Systems And Emission354. Diffusion Flame Shapes And Thin Filament Diagnostics355. Digital manufacturing356. Digital Manufacturing Using STEP-NC357. DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING358. Digital Water Marking for color images using DWT and its applications359. Direct Injection Process360. Direct Manufacturing361. Direct Reduction Iron362. Direct shift gearbox (DSG)363. Directed Energy364. DISASTER EARLY WARNING SYSTEM365. Distribution Side Management For Urban Electric Utilities In India366. D-M-A-I-C MODEL IN SIX SIGMA367. Dose Evaluation In Moving/Deforming Anatomy: Methods And Clinical Implications368. Double-wishbone suspension369. Drag Racing370. Drive-By Wire Systems(23)371. Driver information system (DIS)372. DRY MACHINING373. DRY SLIDING WEAR STUDIES ON HYBRID MMC™S “ A Taguchi Technique374. Dual Clutch Transmission375. Ductile Mixed-Mode Fracture Criterion Development And Crack Growth Simulations376. Durability in Design377. Durable Prototyping378. DurAtomic Process379. Dynamic Ride Control (DRC)380. Dynamic shift program (DSP)381. Dynamics of Cutting Viscoelastics Materials382. Dynamics Of Cutting Viscoelastics Materials383. Dynamics Of Sport Climbing384. E85Amoeba Organization385. Eco-Freiendly Surface Treatments386. Ecofriendly rac387. Ecofriendly technology1388. Economical E-Beams389. Effect Of Catalytic Coating390. Effect Of Grash Of Number391. Effect Of Preload On Stability And Performance Of A Two-Lobe Journal Bearing392. Effect Of Pressure On Arc Welding Process393. Effect Of Stacking Sequence On Notch Strength In Laminates394. Efficiency In Boring395. E-gas396. Elasto-Capillary Thinning And The Breakup Of Complex Fluids397. Elecro Magnetic Flowmeters398. ElecroHydraulic Sawmills399. Elecromagnetic Valves400. Electric Automobiles401. Electric Cylinders402. electric power steering units403. Electric Rocket Engine404. Electric Vehicles405. Electrical Energy Generated in a Power Station406. Electricity From Ocean Waves407. Electrochemical Machining (ECM) & EBM~408. Electromagnetic Bomb409. Electromagnetic Brakes410. Electromagnetic Clutches411. Electronbeam Machining~412. Electronic Multipoint Fuel Injection System413. Electronic Road Pricing System~414. Electronically Controlled Air Suspension System415. Electronics For Better416. Electronics for Better Diesel Engine Management417. Electrostatic precipitator418. Embedded Applications Design Using Real-Time419. Embedded Computing in Mechanical Systems420. emergency caller421. Emission Control Techniques422. Energy Conservation Of Rubber Industry423. Energy Conversion and Management424. Energy efficient turbo systems425. Energy Engineering: Biodiesel426. Energy saving motors427. Energy-absorbing bumpers428. Engineering Applications of Nylon 66429. E-NOSE430. Ergonomics431. Esterfied Jatropha oil as bio fuel432. Ethanol433. ETHANOL an alternate fuel434. EURO V435. Evaluation Of A Gamma Titanium Aluminide For Hypersonic Structural Applications436. Evaluation Of High-Power Endurance In Optical Fiber Links437. EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF HEAT PIPE438. Experimental Analysis of Modified Machine Tools439. Experimental Characterization And Numerical Modeling Of A Float Glass Furnace440. Experimental Stress Analysis For Pipes441. Expert Technician System442. Explosive Welding443. External Nodes In Finite Element Analysis444. EYE READER445. F1 Track Design And Safety446. Facility Layout Design Using Genetic Algorithm447. FADEC - Full Authority Digital Engine Control(41)448. FADEC - Full Authority Digital Engine Control.449. FADEC - Full Authority Digital Engine Control.450. Failure Analysis of Lap & Wavy-Lap Composite Bonded451. Failure mode evaluation and criticality analysis452. Fast Boundary Element Calculation Of Acoustic Radiation From Vibrating Structures By Mortar Coupling453. Fast breeder reactor technology454. Fast Convergence Algorithms For Active Noise Controlin Vehicles455. Fiber-Optic Telecommunication And The Economic Benefits456. Finite Element Analysis457. Finite Element Analysis for an Effective cross-sectional Beam458. Finite Element Analysis Of Robotic Arm For Optimal Work Space Determination459. Flexible Manufacturing System460. Floating Power Stations~461. Floating Solar Power Station462. Floating Wind mills463. Fluid Energy Milling464. FLUID POWER A DOUBLE-WALL REACTOER FOR HYDROTHERMAL OXIDATION WITH SUPERCRITICAL WATER FLOW ACROSS THE INNER POROUS TUBE465. Flyash Utilisation466. Flying on Water467. Flywheel Batteries468. Flywheel Energy Storage469. FMS (Flexible Manufacturing Systems)470. Forge Welding471. Fractal Robot472. Fracture Mechanics In Design And Failure Analysis473. Free Electron Laser474. Free Form Modelling Based on N-Sided Surfaces475. Freezing Of Biological Tissues476. Friction Stir Welding477. Friction Welding478. Friction Welding Of Austenitic Stainless Steel And Optimizatin Of Weld Quality479. Frictionless Compressor Technology480. Frictionless Compressor Technology(48)481. Fuel Cell Airplane482. Fuel cell powered Go-Karts483. Fuel Cell Today484. Fuel Cells & Their Substitutes485. Fuel Cells on Aerospace486. Fuel Energizer487. Fuels from Plastic Wastes488. Full Colour 3D Modelling Using Rapid Prototyping489. Functional Nanocrystalline Ceramics490. Fundamental Aspects Of Micro/Meso-Scale Manufacturing And Micro-Scale Milling491. Fused Deposition Modelling492. Future Cars493. Future Electrical Steering System494. FUTURE OF BAG FILTER FOR REMOVAL OF PARTICULATE MATTER IN POWER STATION495. Future of FEA iN MAnufacturing496. Future of Portable Power497. Future Trends In Automobiles498. Fuzzy Logic499. FUZZY LOGIC AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLEGENCE500. Fuzzy logic in Aircraft stability501. Fuzzy Logic In Automotive Engineering502. Gas Hydrates503. Gas Hydrates: Alternative for Natural Gas in Future504. Gas Transfer Systems505. Gas Turbine506. Gaseous Pyrolysis507. Gasoline Direct Injection Or GDI508. gate valve509. Gauges510. Gear Box511. Gear Drives512. GEAR NOISE REDUCTION BY NEW APPROACHES IN GEAR FINISHING PROCESSES513. Genetic Algorithm Based Optimum Design Of Composite Drive Shaft514. Geothermal Energy Utilization515. Geo-Thermal Energy(19)516. Geothermal Power517. Glass Glue518. Glass Making519. Global Environment Problems520. Global Positioning System521. Global warming522. Globalization523. Globe Valves524. GPS525. Green Energy526. green engine527. Green Factory528. Green fuels529. Green Manufacturing530. Grid Generation And Simulation Using CFD531. Guided Missile532. HalBach array533. Handfree Driving534. Handheld Radiation detector535. HANS536. HANS-In F1 Racing(45)537. Harvesting Wave power538. Heat caps539. Heat Pipe540. HEAT PIPES FOR DEHUMIDIFICATION AND AIR CONDITIONING541. Heat Transfer542. Heat Transfer Along A Vertical Insulated Chimney543. HEAT TRANSFER AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS FOR BUOYANCY INDUCED FLOW THROUGH TUBES544. Heat Transfer Enhancement By Forced545. Heavy duty Gasoline engines546. Helicopters547. HELIUM-A CRYGENICS FLUID548. Hexapod Machine Tool549. High Altitude Aeronautical Platforms550. High angle of attack aerodynamics551. High Efficiency Heat Exchanger552. High Performance Heat Sink Based On Screen-Fin Technology553. High Performance Microprocessor554. High Speed Precise Gear Boxes555. High speed Propellers556. High speed Railway coaches557. HIGH SPEED TRAINS558. Highly Productive And Reconfigurable Manufacturing System(Hiparms)559. High-Wire car560. Hologram561. Hovercrafts562. How To Increase Starting Torque Of A Locomotive.563. Human Artificial organs564. Human Transporter565. Humans and Energy566. HVDC Transmission567. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs)568. Hybrid energy Systems569. Hybrid Engine570. Hybrid Motorcycles*571. Hybrid Synergy Drive (HSD)572. Hybrid Wind Electrolysis System573. Hydraulic Analysis Of Hydrostatic Bearing Of Primary Sodium Pump Of A Fast Breeder Reactor574. Hydraulic Elevators575. Hydraulic free pistan engine576. Hydraulic railway recovery systems577. Hydro Drive578. Hydro Electricity579. Hydro Jetting580. Hydrodynamids & gas liquid581. HYDROFORMING582. Hydrogen583. Hydrogen Car584. Hydrogen Energy585. Hydrogen Fuel Tank586. Hydrogen Generation via Wind Power Electrolysis587. Hydrogen Production using Nuclear Energy588. Hydrogen the next generation fuel589. Hydrogen Vehicle590. Hydroplane591. Hydroplanning592. Hydro-Pneumatics593. Hydro-Pneumatics An Efficient Tool for Automation594. Hydrulic Launch Assist 21595. Hyperplane596. Hypersonic Space Planes597. HyperTech Engine598. Hy-Wire Car(43)599. IC Engine (Internal Combustion)600. Ic Engines601. ICE Blasting602. Iddq Testing For CMOS VLSI603. IGES CAD604. Image Processing Software To Detect Defects In Glass605. I-Mode606. Impact hammers607. Impact Of Fuel Quality608. Implication of Molecular nanotechnology technical performance parameters on previous defined space system architecture609. Improved efficiency of gas turbine610. IMPROVEMENT IN TOOL LIFE OF MILLING CUTTER BY APPLICATION OF CRYOTREATMENT611. Improving aerodynamic performance of an aerospace vehicle612. Improving Service Quality..613. In Mould Lamination Technique614. In View Of The High Commercial Gains Of A Commercial Place I615. Independent Wheel Vehicle Suspension616. Indian Manufacturing Scenerio617. Industrial Robots618. Industrial Team Behavior And Management Tools619. Influence of an iron fuel additive on the performance and emissions of a DI diesel engine620. Influence Of An Iron Fuel Additive On The Performance And Emissions Of A DI Diesel Engine621. Information Technology And The Analysis Of A Complex System622. Infrared623. Infrared Curing And Convection Curing624. Infrared Thermography625. INITIAL CURVATURE GENERATION FOR OBJECTIVE MIRRORS OF NEWTONIAN TELESCOPE626. Injection Molding627. INNOVATION IN AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRIES 1628. Instrument Landing System629. Integrated Web Enabled Information...630. Integration Of Reinforced631. Intelligent Braking And Vehicular632. Intelligent Compact drives633. Intelligent manufacturing634. Intelligent Vehicles and Automated Highways635. Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM)636. Internal Combustion Engine637. Inverse Design of Thermal Systems638. Investigations On Laser Forming639. Iontophoresis640. IT Application in Complex Syatem Analysis641. Jack Hammer642. Jatropa oil- Alternative fuel643. JATROPHA CURCAS644. Jelly Filled Telephone Cables645. Jet Engine646. Jet Powered Boat647. Jet Stream windmill648. Jetex Engine649. Jetropha based biodiesel650. JKJ651. Job Scheduling Using Neural652. Job Scheduling Using Neural Network Foe Rapid Manufacturing653. Just In Time654. Kaizen655. Kaizen Culture656. Kalina cycle657. KANBAN-AN Integrated JIT System658. Knowledge Based CAD for Technology Transfer659. Laminated Object Manufacturing660. Laod Sensing Hydraulics661. LASER 3_D SCANNER662. Laser Beam Delivery Through663. LASER BEAM MACHINING664. Laser Machining (Case study: Stereolithography)665. Laser Micromachining666. Laser radar Guns667. Laser Shot Peening668. LASER Sintering669. Latest in hitech petrol fuel injection GDI (Gasoline direct Injection)670. Latest Trends in Automotive Engg.& Technology671. Launching Space Vechicles from Moon672. Lean Burn Spark Ignition Engine673. Lean engineering674. Lean Manufacturing675. Lean to Steer Concept676. Lenoir cycle677. Level Measurement Of Bulk Solids678. Light weight material-Carbon fibre679. Liquid Engineering680. Liquid Hydrogen as an Aviation Fuel681. Liquid Injection Thrust Vectoring (LITV)682. Liquified Natural Gas683. Lng Vehicles684. Load Cells685. Logistics and supply chain management686. Logistics In A Competitive Milieu687. Long Term Mine Reconnaissance System688. Low Cost Spacecraft Simulator689. Low emission gas turbine690. Low Gloss ABS system691. Low inertia dics clutches692. Low-Power, High-Speed CMOS VLSI Design693. Lubrication Of A Ball Bearing- A Review694. Machine Phase Fullerene695. Machine tools vibration, Noise & condition monitoring696. Machine Vision697. Machining Technology For698. Machining Technology Of Leaf Spring699. Macromolecular Hydrodynamics700. Magnegas-The Fuel Of Future701. Magnetic Bearing702. Magnetic Launching703. Magnetic Levitation704. Magnetic Nanocoposites705. Magnetic refrigeration706. Magnetic Resonance Imaging707. Magneto Abrasive Flow Machining (5)708. Magnetorhilogical Semi-isolator to reduce noise and vibration transmibility to automobile709. Managerial710. Manufacturing Of Leaf Spring711. Manufacturing Through Electro Chemical Machining712. MAP Sensor713. Marine electric propulsion714. Mass Airflow Sensor715. Mass Production716. Mass Rapid Transit System (MRTS)717. Master Planning For College Campus718. MATERIAL BALANCES IN THE MISSILE719. Material Requirements Planning720. Material science including Nano-science721. Materials Of The Future722. Mechanical Behavior of Filament-Wound Pipes723. Mechanical Behavior Of Filament-Wound Pipes724. Mechanical Design Education At WPI725. Mechanical Model Of The Finger726. Mechanical Properties Of Mmc™s- An Experimetnal Envestigation727. Mechanical Seal728. Mechanical torque limitors729. Mechanics Of Composite Materials730. Mechanisms of heat transfer in nanofluids731. Mechanosynthesis732. Mechatronic733. Mechatronic Strategies for Torque Control of Electric Powered Screwdrivers734. Mechatronic Strategies For Torque Control Of Electric Powered Screwdrivers735. Medical Application Of Nano Tech.736. MegaSquirt737. MEMS “ a pollution free option for power generation738. MEMS & APPLICATION739. MEMS (New)740. MEMS In Industrial Automation741. MEMS(Micro Electro Mechanical Systems)742. Mesotechnology743. Metal Deposition744. Metal Matrix Composites745. Metal Nanoshells746. Metal-Matrix Composite Processing747. Metal-Matrix Composite Processing(49)748. Metamorphic Robots749. Methanol Vehicles750. Methods In Accelerator-Driven System Dynamics751. MHD submarine752. Micro- And Nano-Mechanics Of Surface Contact Plasticity753. Micro Batteries754. Micro Electro Mechanical System 123755. Micro Fluidic Chips756. Micro Gravity757. Micro Heat Exchangers758. Micro Hydraulics759. Micro Machines760. Micro Moulding761. Micro Pumps762. Micro scale regenerative Heat Exchanger763. Micro Turbine764. Micro/Meso-scale Manufacturing765. Microair Nozzles For Precision766. Microbial Fuel Cells767. Microcellular Foam Technology10768. Micro-Electromechanical Systems769. Microengines for microprocessors770. Microfinishing Of Rollers In Roller Bearings771. Microfluidics772. Micromanipulating Micromachines773. Micromixers774. Microscale Breaking Waves And Air-Sea Gas Transfer775. Micro-Scale Milling776. MicroTopography777. MICROTURBINE778. Military Radars779. Miller Cycle780. Miller Cycle Gas Engine781. Minimum Quantity Lubrication782. Mission Of Mars783. Modeling And Optimization Of Electron Beam Wealing Proces Using ANOVA784. Modeling and simulation785. Modeling of circulatory system and adventure in computer786. MODELLING OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM787. Models And Methods In The Neutronics Of Fluid Fuel788. Models Of Random Damage789. Modern Air Pollution Control Technologies790. Modern Centrifugal Compressors791. MODERN TRENDS IN AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING792. Modified four stroke engine793. Modular Cam Locks794. Modular conveyor Belts795. Modular Gear motor796. Modular workstations797. Molecular Engineering798. Molecular hinges799. Molecular Manufacturing800. Molten oxide electrolysis801. Monitoring of bearings802. Mordern Prototyping Methods803. Motors Without Mechanical Transmissions804. Motronic Engine Management805. Moulds in Casting of Plastics and Thermoforming806. Multi Valve Engine(50)807. Multifunction Control System For Robotic Fire Detection808. MultiJack Bolt Tensioners809. Multiple material milling platform810. MULTI-PURPOSE WHEELCHAIR CUM STRETCHER811. Namotechnology future perfect812. Namotechnology Shaping the future813. Nano in navy814. Nano Robotic Manipulation System815. Nano Robotic Manipulation System816. Nano Spreader Cooling817. Nano Technology818. Nano Technology Binding Experiment With Biosensor819. Nano Technology It's Small, Small, Small, Small World820. nanobatteries821. Nanocrystalline Thin-Film Si Solar Cells822. Nanomaterial Based Catalyst823. Nanorobotics824. Nanoscale Armor825. Nanoscale Fractals826. nanoTechnology827. Nanotechnology & Mechanical Engineering828. Nanotechnology A Deep Insight829. NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR CANCER THERAPY830. Nanotechnology future perfect831. Nanotechnology-shaping the future832. Nanoventions Micro-Optic Modeling And Control Of Micro-Scale Systems833. NAUTICUS MACHINE CALCULATONS834. NAUTICUS_MACHINARY_CALC835. Navigation836. Near Net Shape Fabricatons Via Vacuum Plasma Spray Forming837. Near Net Shape Memory838. New Age Tyres(9)839. New Finite Element Analysis for Unsteady 3D Natural Convection840. New rolling technique for texturing841. New Rolling Techniques842. New trends in Automobile Design843. Night Vision844. NIGHT VISION SYSTEM845. Noise Analysis For Optical Fiber Communication Systems846. Non Destructive Evaluation Techniques847. NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS848. Non-conventional Energy Sources849. Nono Fluidics850. Nuclear & Radiological Engineering & Medical Physics Program851. Nuclear fuel reprocessing852. Nuclear Power Potential as Major Energy Source853. Nuclear Space Craft854. Nuclear's Next Generation855. Ny-Tran - Alternative To V Belts856. Ocean Thermal Energy857. Oil Shear brakes858. Oil well drilling859. Online Analytical Processing860. Optical trapping and manipulation of small particles861. Optimal Design And Analysis Of Automotive Composite Drive Safety862. Optimal utilization of renewable energy sources in remote areas863. Optimisation of Mechanical Systems864. Optimizing Centrifugal Pump865. Options & Accessories Of Car866. Opto-Electronic Sensor System867. Orbit Forming868. Orbital Welding869. Orbital/Space Mechanics870. Over-the-wing Engine mount configration871. Packaging872. Para-Gliding-Landing With Cygnus Airbag Safety System873. Particle Reinforced Aluminium Matrix Composites874. Pasteurization875. PC Controlled Gear Manufacturing876. Pendolina system for railway passenger comfort877. Performance evaluation of methanol Blended fuels in S. I. engines878. Performance Analysis of Manufacturing Systems879. Performance And Evaluation880. Performance Characteristics Of Pump Handling881. Performance Evaluation of solar Still Thermo Electric Mode882. Permanent Magnet Generator883. Perpetual Motion Machines884. Personal Transporters885. PHENOME-NERVE886. Photoacoustics Of Small Gas Clouds887. Photomechanics888. Photonic Crystals889. PICO SAT890. Piezoelectric Actuators891. Pint Sized Power Plants892. Piston less dual chamber rocket fuel pump893. Piston Ring894. Plasma Arc welding895. Plasma Science896. Plastic Welding897. Plastics In Automobile898. Plug-In-Hybrid Cars899. Pneumatic Bike900. Pneumatic Circuit1901. Pneumatic forming902. Pneumatics Control Systems903. Pnuematics904. Poka Yoke - Japanese Tech905. Polymers castings906. Porous Burner Technology907. Portable Power908. Portable X-RaY Fluorescence Analyser909. POWDER METALLURGY910. Power frequency magnetic fields911. Power From Space For Use On Earth912. Power Generation By Compressed Air Final913. Power Generation By Using Road Speed Breakers914. Power Hump915. Power System Contingencies916. Practical Fuel-Cell Vehicles917. Precision Engineering and practice918. Precision Engineering and practice919. Precision manufacturing and Inspection920. Probabilistic design of mechanical components921. Problems And Control Of Backfire For Hydrogen922. Process Automation Techniques923. PROCESS QUALITY MODEL IN SCM PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENTS924. Process Steam Generation.......925. Processing And Tribo Behaviour Of Nylon CLAY Nanocomposites Under Abrasive Wear Mode926. Product Definition And ..927. Programmable keyless entry928. Programming Self-Recovery In The Humanoid929. Propulsion Subsystems930. Protein Encapsulation Using U.V PEG Hydrogels931. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell932. Pseudoelasticity and Shape Memory in Metal Nanowires933. PTFE AS LUBRICANT1934. Pulse Detonation Engine (1)935. Pulse Tube Refrigerator936. PULSE WELDING A NEW WAVE IN WELDING937. Pulsed Plasma Thruster938. Pump Noise level reduction methods939. PVD Film Method940. Pyrometers941. Quality Circle942. Quality Control943. QUALITY CONTROL TECHNIQUES OF THE KANBAN SYSTEM944. Quality function deployment945. Quality Function Deployment (QFD) For Total Quality Management946. Quality in maintenance through TPM947. Quantum Chromo Dynamics948. Quantum Computing949. Quasi turbine950. Quasi-turbine Future Trends In Automobile Engine951. Quieter Fans For HVAC952. RAC953. Radar Guns954. Radar Guns and Laser radar Guns955. RADIANT ENERGY WELDING PROCESS11956. Random vibrations957. Rapid Design for Lean Manufacturing958. Rapid Injection Moulding959. Rapid Prototyping960. Rapid Prototyping “ Slicing Strategies961. Rapid Prototyping Technique Based On 3d Welding962. Rapid Re-Usable Tooling963. Rapid Tooling964. Recent Advances In Statistical Quality Control965. RECENT TRENDS IN AUTOMOBILES966. Recent Trends in Quality Management967. Recycling Of Plastics968. Redesign Of Plant Layout Using Travel Chart Technique (A Case Study)969. REDUCTION OF IDLE TIME THROUGH TPM-A CASE STUDY ON JUTE MILL970. Reduction Technology971. Re-Entry Of Space Vehicle972. Refined IC Engines973. Regenerative Brake974. Regenerative braking975. Regenerative Fuel Cells976. Reliability and risk analysis977. Reliability Redundancy Design-Using Simulation978. Remote Engine Starting..979. Remote Signal Acquisition And Interface Unit For Focal Ultrasound Surgery Procedures980. Remote Signal Acquisition And Signal Processing For Focal Ultrasound Surgical Procedures981. RENESIS ROTARY ENGINE982. Renewable Energy Design Application In Water Cooler983. REPORT984. Research Activities On Radio On Fiber Communication Network In TAO985. Research Aircrafts986. Research and Materials of Armor Design987. Research On Modified Layers Of Material Surface For Cr12 Mov Cold Die988. Resistojet Rocket989. Responsive manufacturing990. Return Of Two Stroke Engine1991. Reusable Launch Vehicles992. Reverse Engineering993. Reverse Engineering in Mechanical parts994. Reverse Engineering In Mechanical Parts 1995. Reverse Osmosis996. REVIEW OF LASER MICROMACHINING IN CONTRACT MANUFACTURING997. Rheology998. Rijke Tube999. RISK MANAGEMENT1000. Risks of Nano Engineered Particles1001. Robonaut1002. Robot driven cars1003. Robotic Assistants For Aircraft Inspectors1004. Robotic Pioneering1005. Robotic roller coasters1006. ROBOTICS1007. Robotics & AI1008. Robotics for Performing Surgical Operations1009. Robotics For Performing Surgical Operations1010. Robotics~1011. Robots In Radioactive Environments1012. Rocket Powered Aircraft1013. ROLE OF SATELLITE IN MOBILE SYSTEMS1014. Rotating Parallel Grippers1015. Rotating Scroll Power Compressor1016. Rubber1017. Rubber Products by Calendaring1018. SAFE HANDLING OF HC1019. Safety features of railway rolling stock1020. Safety Systems1021. SCADA1022. Scope of MEMS in Space1023. SCRAM JET1024. Sc ramjet engine1025. Scrubber Tech.1026. Scrubber.1027. Scuderi Split Cycle Engine1028. Sea Power1029. search engine optimization1030. Secure User Authentication Using Automated Bio-metrics1031. Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)1032. Selective Plating1033. Self Activated Single Use Switch1034. Self Aware Robots1035. Self Extinguishing PVC's1036. Self Healing Space crafts1037. Self Monitoring Pneumatic systems1038. Self Repairing Composites1039. Self Replicating System1040. Self-Assembly For Nano And Micro Manufacturing1041. Self-Healing Polymer Technology1042. SELF-REPLICATING SYSTEM1043. Selling Price Decision Support System For A Job Order Based Manufacturing Unit1044. Semi automatic transmission1045. Semi solid Casting1046. Seminar on Oil Drilling1047. Semi-synthetic cutting fluids1048. Sensotronic Brake Control System1049. Sensotronic Braking System1050. SEQUEL THE CONCEPT CAR1051. Set Up For Small Scale Industry1052. SHAPE DEPOSITION MANUFACTURING (SDM)1053. Shape Memory Alloys1054. SHED1055. Shock Absorber Testing System1056. Shock Waves & Shock Diamonds1057. Simple Constitutive Models For Linear And Branched Polymers1058. Simulation of Fuel Injection System of A Diesel Engine1059. Single Crystal Turbine Aerofoil1060. Six - Stroke Hybrid Engine1061. Six Sigma1062. Six Sigma - A Quality Control Tool In Industry1063. SIX SIGMA “ EFFECTIVE PROCESS IMPROVEMENT TOOL1064. SIX SIGMA AS A QUALITY CONTROL MEASURE “ A CASE STUDY IN DAIRY INDUSTRY1065. Six stroke engines1066. Size Reduction Of Window Air Conditioner1067. Skid Steer Loader And Multi terrain Loader1068. Sky Rocket1069. Small Satellites1070. Smart aerospace structures1071. Smart Ammunition1072. Smart Autoreeling mechanism1073. Smart Bombs1074. Smart Cards1075. Smart Combustors1076. Smart Fluids In Automotive Devices1077. SMART MATERIAL1078. Smart material actuators1079. Smart Materials1080. Smart Pnuematics1081. Smart Tire1082. Snake robots1083. Snake Well Drill1084. Snaps To Replace Screws1085. Software Based Re engineering..1086. Solar Aircraft1087. Solar Cells and Solar Cell Modules1088. Solar Chimney Power Generation System1089. Solar Energy Conservation To Hydrogen 1121090. Solar Heat Energy Storage In Phase Change Materials1091. SOLAR HEAT ENERGY STORAGE IN PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS1092. Solar photo voltaic cell- Alternative fuel1093. Solar Photo-voltaic Cells An Alternative Fuel1094. Solar Ponds1095. Solar Power Satellites (SPS)1096. Solar power Tower1097. Solar Powered Refrigerator1098. Solid Base Curing1099. Solid carbide end mills1100. Sonic Rain Gauge1101. Sono bouys1102. Sowing Machine1103. Space Craft Propulsion1104. Space Elevator (3)1105. Space Elevator Modified Again Boss Agn1106. Space Robotics1107. Space Shuttle1108. Space Shuttle Boosters1109. Space Shuttles And Its Advancements1110. Space ShuttleSemisolid Casting1111. Space stations1112. Space Transportation System1113. Spacecraft Propulsion1114. Spark Sintering1115. Special materials for high temperature applications1116. Special materials for ultra low temperature applications1117. Speech Recognition1118. Sports Plane1119. Springage1120. Spring age1121. Static Analysis Of Self-Recoverable Humanoid1122. Stealth Fighter1123. Stealth Radar1124. Stealth Technology1125. Steam Cars1126. Steam Engine1127. Steer- By -Wire1128. STEP CAD1129. Stereoscopic Projection Systems1130. Stirling Engine1131. Stirling Engine For Co-Generation1132. Strategies For Product1133. Stratified Charge Engine1134. Structural Applications Of Glass-Fiber Reinforced Concrete1135. Studies On Freezing Time Of Foodstuffs1136. Studies On Phosphoric Irons For Concrete Reinforcement Applications1137. STUDY AND DESIGN OF WAVE GUIDE NOTCH FILTER FOR A FREQUENCY OF 28 GHz.1138. Study Of Bio degradation Of Polyesters1139. Study Of High Temperature Crack Initiation In Single1140. Super Air Nozzles1141. Super Charging1142. Super Flat Nano Films1143. Supercase Hardening process1144. Supercavitation1145. Supervisory Control1146. Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition1147. Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition SCADA1148. Supply Chain1149. Supply chain management1150. Supply chain management and internet1151. Sustainable Engineering1152. Swing Bowling1153. Symmetrical All Wheel Drive1154. Synthesis Of Planar Mechanism With Variable Topology “ Review1155. Synthetic Aperture Radar1156. System Improvements Through TQM1157. Systems for Manufacturing Quality Improvement1158. Systems Modeling and Simulation1159. Tabletop Thermoacoustic Refrigerator For Demonstrations1160. Technical Development In Car1161. Technology-Based Entrepreneurship1162. Telematics1163. Temperature Resistant Alloys1164. Tension Control Brake1165. TERRA-FORMING MARS1166. Test Ranges / Facilities/Readiness1167. Testing of Welds1168. The Atomic Battery1169. The chaff box or cutter was a simple but ingenious device for cutting straw chaff1170. The Challenge Of Intelligent Systems1171. THE CHALLENGE OF INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS101172. THE DESIGN OF CELLULAR.....1173. The Effects Of Precipitate Distributions On HSLA Grain Structure1174. The Engineering Research Role in Environmental Noise Control1175. The Gyro Machine1176. The Gyro Machine : Using Non Planar Mechanism1177. The Hy-Wire Car1178. The Present Status Of The Domestic Nuclear Power Industry1179. The Role Of Software In Nuclear Engineering1180. The solar chimney power plant1181. Thermal Conductivity Of Porous Material1182. Thermal Plastic Composites1183. Thermo Acoustic Refrigeration1184. Thermo electric Technology1185. Thermo Hygrometer1186. Thermoacoustic Refrigerator1187. Thermostatic Refrigerator1188. Therrmophoresis1189. Thin Vacuum Conveyors1190. Thread Locking Device For Handling Thread At Flexible Endoscopy1191. Thread less Couplings1192. Tidal technology1193. Tip Tronic Gear transmission1194. tire & wheel without pneumatic1195. Tool Management System1196. Topographic Characterization And Modeling Of The Precision Surface Grinding Process1197. Torque And BHP1198. Total quality Management1199. TOTAL PRODUCTIVE MAINTENANCE (TPM)1200. Total Quality Management1201. Touch trigger probes1202. Towards A Customer Driven Enterprise : "Search On 3D Parts In Large Repositories1203. Towards New Platform Technology For Sustained Observations1204. TQM A Successful Journey (A Case Study)1205. TQM Implementation Learning Form Indian Organizations1206. Traction control1207. Transfer Machines1208. Transient Thermal Analysis Of Railway1209. Transient Thermal Analysis of Railway Wheel & Axle1210. Tran sonic aircraft1211. Trench less Technology1212. Trends in welding1213. Tribological Characteristics Of Cutting Fluid Groups1214. Tribology 121215. Tribology Of IC Engine1216. Tribology Of Sealing1217. Tribometer1218. Triptronic Automatic Gear Transmission1219. Turbine Technology In Automobile1220. Turbine Technology In Car1221. Turbines in silicon1222. Turbofan Engines1223. Two Stage Fuel Injection System1224. Types Of Bearing1225. Types Of Tires1226. Tyre Pressure Monitoring System Ad1227. Tyre Monitoring System “ 11228. Tyre Re Treading1229. Tyre Threading1230. Ultra Nano Crystalline Diamond1231. Ultrasonic NDE And Characterization Of Aerospace Materials1232. ULTRASONIC NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING1233. Ultrasonic Phased Array For Defect Cartlization1234. Ultrasonic and Acousto-Optics for the Nondestructive Testing of Complex Materials1235. Underwater Acoustic Data Communication1236. Underwater Welding1237. Underwater wind mill1238. Unmanned Mine Spotter1239. USE OF DIFFERENT CONDITION MONITORING TECHNIQUE FOR PLANT1240. USE OF RICE HUSK AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL IN BOILERS “ A CASE STUDY ON RICE MILL1241. UTILIZATION OF WASTE POLYETHYLENE1242. Vacuum Braking System (4)1243. Vacuum Chuck1244. Vacuum Work holding1245. Value Engineering1246. Valve tronic1247. Valvetronic Engine Technology1248. VANOS (Variable Nockenwellen Steuerung)1249. VARIABLE CAM1250. Variable compression ratio engine1251. Variable Length Intake Manifold (VLIM) (7)1252. Variable Speed Drives1253. Variable Valve Timing In I.C. Engines1254. Vehicle Control And Information Systems For Safe Driving1255. Vehicle Dynamics1256. Vehicular Emission Control1257. VENDOR RATING1258. Vertical Landing and takeoff engine1259. Vertical Shaft Brick Kiln (VSBK)1260. Vertical takeoff and landing aircraft's1261. Vibration Analysis Of Flywheel Using Finite Element Analysis1262. Vibration control Techniques1263. Vibratory stress relief process1264. Virtual Manufacturing System1265. Virtual Prototyping1266. Virtual Reality Simulation1267. Virtual Reality Visualization1268. Virtual Reality1269. Visualization and Computer-Aided Design1270. VTEC1271. VVT-I1272. WANKEL ENGINE1273. Warm Gas Thruster Development Using Gaseous Hydrogen And Oxygen With Catalytic Ignition1274. Waste Heat Driven Refrigeration And Chilling Systems.1275. Water Diesel Emulsion With High Injection Press1276. Water jet cutting technology1277. Water Jet Technology1278. WATER JET TECHNOLOGY AS ADVANCED MANUFACTURING PROCESS1279. Water Rocket1280. Wave Springs1281. Weapon Engineering / Design1282. WEB AUTOMATION FOR INTEGRATION OF POWER SYSTEM APPLICATION1283. Web Based E-Commerce Shopping System1284. Weber Carburetors1285. Weld flaw detectors1286. Welding Robots1287. What Is A Nuclear Reactor1288. When Upgrading Tool Holders1289. Wind diesel System1290. Wind Energy Conversion System 101291. Wind engineering1292. Wind From The Sun-Power Plant1293. Wireless Energy Transmission1294. Wireless factories1295. WORLD CLASS MANUFACTURING1296. Written-Pole Technology1297. ZERO EMISSION NITROGEN PROPULSION SYSTEMfor further query feel free to mail me. or up vote and comment your topic in answer.

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is India's central banking institution, which controls the issuance and supply of the Indian rupee. Until the Monetary Policy Committee was established in 2016, it also controlled monetary policy in India.[6]It commenced its operations on 1 April 1935 in accordance with the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.[7]The original share capital was divided into shares of 100 each fully paid, which were initially owned entirely by private shareholders.[8]Following India's independence on 15 August 1947, the RBI was nationalised on 1 January 1949.[9]The RBI plays an important part in the Development Strategy of the Government of India. It is a member bank of the Asian Clearing Union. The general superintendence and direction of the RBI is entrusted with the 21-member central board of directors: the governor; four deputy governors; two finance ministry representatives (usually the Economic Affairs Secretary and the Financial Services Secretary); ten government-nominated directors to represent important elements of India's economy; and four directors to represent local boards headquartered at Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai and the capital New Delhi. Each of these local boards consists of five members who represent regional interests, the interests of co-operative and indigenous banks.The central bank was an independent apex monetary authority which regulates banks and provides important financial services like storing of foreign exchange reserves, control of inflation, monetary policy report till August 2016. A central bank is known by different names in different countries. The functions of a central bank vary from country to country and are autonomous or quasi-autonomous body and perform or through another agency vital monetary functions in the country. A central bank is a vital financial apex institution of an economy and the key objects of central banks may differ from country to country still they perform activities and functions with the goal of maintaining economic stability and growth of an economy.[10]The bank is also active in promoting financial inclusion policy and is a leading member of the Alliance for Financial Inclusion (AFI). The bank is often referred to by the name Mint Street.[11]RBI is also known as banker's bank.Contents1 Preamble2 History 2.1 1935–1949 2.2 1950–1960 2.3 1961–1968 2.4 1969–1984 2.5 1985–1990 2.6 1991–1999 2.7 Since 20003 Structure4 Branches and support bodies5 Functions 5.1 Financial Supervision 5.2 Regulator and supervisor of the financial system 5.3 Regulator and Supervisor of the Payment and Settlement Systems 5.4 Banker and Debt Manager to Government 5.5 Managing foreign exchange 5.6 Issue of currency 5.7 Banker's bank 5.8 Regulator of the Banking System 5.9 Detection of fake currency 5.10 Developmental role 5.11 Related functions 5.12 Custodian to foreign exchange6 2016 Demonetisation 6.1 Cash crunch and effects7 Policy Rates and Reserve Ratios 7.1 Repo Rate 7.2 Reverse Repo Rate (RRR) 7.3 Statutory liquidity ratio (SLR) 7.4 Bank Rate 7.5 Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF) 7.6 Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) 7.7 Open Market Operation (OMO) 7.8 Marginal Standing Facility (MSF)8 Qualitative Tools 8.1 Margin Requirements or LTV 8.2 Selective credit control 8.3 Moral Suasion9 Limitations of Monetary Policy10 Publications11 References12 Further reading13 External linksPreambleThe preamble of the Reserve Bank of India describes the basic functions of the reserve bank as:"to regulate the issue of Bank notes and keeping of reserves with a view to securing monetary stability in India and generally to operate the currency and credit system of the country to its advantage; to have a modern monetary policy framework to meet the challenge of an increasingly complex economy, to maintain price stability while keeping in mind the objective of growth."HistoryA 2010 stamp dedicated to the 75th anniversary of the Reserve Bank of IndiaThe Reserve Bank of India was established following the Reserve Bank of India Act of 1934.[12]Though privately owned initially, it was nationalised in 1949 and since then fully owned by Government of India (GoI).1935–1949Reserve Bank of India-10 Rupees (1938), first year of banknote issue.The Reserve Bank of India was founded on 1 April 1935 to respond to economic troubles after the First World War.[13]The Reserve Bank of India was conceptualized based on the guidelines presented by the Central Legislative Assembly which passed these guidelines as the RBI Act 1934.[14]RBI was conceptualized as per the guidelines, working style and outlook presented by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar in his book titled “The Problem of the Rupee – Its origin and its solution” and presented to the Hilton Young Commission. The bank was set up based on the recommendations of the 1926 Royal Commission on Indian Currency and Finance, also known as the Hilton–Young Commission.[15]The original choice for the seal of RBI was The East India Company Double Mohur, with the sketch of the Lion and Palm Tree. However, it was decided to replace the lion with the tiger, the national animal of India. The Preamble of the RBI describes its basic functions to regulate the issue of bank notes, keep reserves to secure monetary stability in India, and generally to operate the currency and credit system in the best interests of the country. The Central Office of the RBI was established in Calcutta (now Kolkata) but was moved to Bombay (now Mumbai) in 1937. The RBI also acted as Burma's (now Myanmar) central bank until April 1947 (except during the years of Japanese occupation (1942–45)), even though Burma seceded from the Indian Union in 1937. After the Partition of India in August 1947, the bank served as the central bank for Pakistan until June 1948 when the State Bank of Pakistan commenced operations. Though set up as a shareholders’ bank, the RBI has been fully owned by the Government of India since its nationalization in 1949.[16]RBI has monopoly of note issue.1950–1960In the 1950s, the Indian government, under its first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, developed a centrally planned economic policy that focused on the agricultural sector. The administration nationalized commercial banks[17]and established, based on the Banking Companies Act, 1949 (later called the Banking Regulation Act), a central bank regulation as part of the RBI. Furthermore, the central bank was ordered to support economic plan with loans.[18]1961–1968As a result of bank crashes, the RBI was requested to establish and monitor a deposit insurance system. Meant to restore the trust in the national bank system, it was initialized on 7 December 1961. The Indian government founded funds to promote the economy, and used the slogan "Developing Banking". The government of India restructured the national bank market and nationalized a lot of institutes. As a result, the RBI had to play the central part in controlling and supporting this public banking sector.1969–1984In 1969, the Indira Gandhi-headed government nationalized 14 major commercial banks. Upon Indira Gandhi's return to power in 1980, a further six banks were nationalized.[15]The regulation of the economy and especially the financial sector was reinforced by the Government of India in the 1970s and 1980s.[19]The central bank became the central player and increased its policies a lot for various tasks like interests, reserve ratio and visible deposits.[20]These measures aimed at better economic development and had a huge effect on the company policy of the institutes. The banks lent money in selected sectors, like agricultural business and small trade companies.[21]The Banking Commission was established on Wednesday, 29 January 1969, to analyze banking costs, effects of legislations and banking procedures, including non banking financial intermediaries and indigenous banking on Government of India economy; with Mr. R.G. Saraiya as the chairman.[22][23][24]The branch was forced to establish two new offices in the country for every newly established office in a town.[25]The oil crises in 1973 resulted in increasing inflation, and the RBI restricted monetary policy to reduce the effects.[26]1985–1990A lot of committees analysed the Indian economy between 1985 and 1991. Their results had an effect on the RBI. The Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction, the Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research and the Security & Exchange Board of India investigated the national economy as a whole, and the security and exchange board proposed better methods for more effective markets and the protection of investor interests. The Indian financial market was a leading example for so-called "financial repression" (Mckinnon and Shaw).[20]The Discount and Finance House of India began its operations in the monetary market in April 1988; the National Housing Bank, founded in July 1988, was forced to invest in the property market and a new financial law improved the versatility of direct deposit by more security measures and liberalisation.[27]1991–1999The national economy contracted in July 1991 as the Indian rupee was devalued.[28]The currency lost 18% of its value relative to the US dollar, and the Narsimham Committee advised restructuring the financial sector by a temporal reduced reserve ratio as well as the statutory liquidity ratio. New guidelines were published in 1993 to establish a private banking sector. This turning point was meant to reinforce the market and was often called neo-liberal.[19]The central bank deregulated bank interests and some sectors of the financial market like the trust and property markets.[29]This first phase was a success and the central government forced a diversity liberalisation to diversify owner structures in 1998.[20]The National Stock Exchange of India took the trade on in June 1994 and the RBI allowed nationalized banks in July to interact with the capital market to reinforce their capital base. The central bank founded a subsidiary company—the Bharatiya Reserve Bank Note Mudran Private Limited—on 3 February 1995 to produce banknotes.[30]Since 2000The Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 came into force in June 2000. It should improve the item in 2004–2005 (National Electronic Fund Transfer).[31]The Security Printing & Minting Corporation of India Ltd., a merger of nine institutions, was founded in 2006 and produces banknotes and coins.[32]The national economy's growth rate came down to 5.8% in the last quarter of 2008–2009[33]and the central bank promotes the economic development.[34]In 2016, the Government of India amended the RBI Act to establish the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) to set . This limited the role of the RBI in setting interest rates, as the MPC membership is evenly divided between members of the RBI (including the RBI governor) and independent members appointed by the government. However, in the event of a tie, the vote of the RBI governor is decisive.[6]StructureRBI runs a monetary museum in MumbaiThe central board of directors is the main committee of the central bank. The Government of India appoints the directors for a four-year term. The Board consists of a governor, and not more than four deputy governors; four directors to represent the regional boards;[35]2 — usually the Economic Affairs Secretary and the Financial Services Secretary — from the Ministry of Finance and 10 other directors from various fields. The Reserve Bank — under Raghuram Rajan's governorship — wanted to create a post of a chief operating officer (COO), in the rank of deputy governor and wanted to re-allocate work between the five of them (four deputy governor and COO).[36][37]The bank is headed by the governor, currently Shaktikanta Das.[1]There are four deputy governors BP Kanungo,[38]N S Vishwanathan, Viral Acharya and Mahesh Kumar Jain.[39]Two of the four deputy governors are traditionally from RBI ranks and are selected from the Bank's Executive Directors. One is nominated from among the Chairpersons of public sector banks and the other is an economist. An Indian Administrative Service officer can also be appointed as deputy governor of RBI and later as the governor of RBI as with the case of Y. Venugopal Reddy and Duvvuri Subbarao. Other persons forming part of the central board of directors of the RBI are Dr. Nachiket Mor, Y C Deveshwar, Prof Damodar Acharya, Ajay Tyagi and Anjuly Duggal.Uma Shankar, chief general manager (CGM) in charge of the Reserve Bank of India's financial inclusion and development department has taken over as executive director (ED) in the central bank.[citation needed]Sudha Balakrishnan, a former vice president at National Securities Depository Limited, assumed charge as the first chief financial officer (CFO) of the Reserve Bank on 15 May 2018; she was given the rank of an executive director.[40]Branches and support bodiesRBI Headquarters in Mumbai[41]The Reserve Bank building as seen from the Chennai Suburban Railway linesThe RBI has four regional representations: North in New Delhi, South in Chennai, East in Kolkata and West in Mumbai. The representations are formed by five members, appointed for four years by the central government and with the advice of the central board of directors serve as a forum for regional banks and to deal with delegated tasks from the Central Board.[42]It has two training colleges for its officers, viz. Reserve Bank Staff College, Chennai and College of Agricultural Banking, Pune. There are three autonomous institutions run by RBI namely National Institute of Bank Management (NIBM), Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research (IGIDR), Institute for Development and Research in Banking Technology (IDRBT).[43]There are also four Zonal Training Centres at Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata and New Delhi.The Board of Financial Supervision (BFS), formed in November 1994, serves as a CCBD committee to control the financial institutions. It has four members, appointed for two years, and takes measures to strength the role of statutory auditors in the financial sector, external monitoring and internal controlling systems. The Tarapore committee was set up by the Reserve Bank of India under the chairmanship of former RBI deputy governor S. S. Tarapore to "lay the road map" to capital account convertibility. The five-member committee recommended a three-year time frame for complete convertibility by 1999–2000.On 8 December 2017, Surekha Marandi, Executive Director (ED) of Reserve Bank of India, said RBI will open an office in the north-eastern state of Arunachal Pradesh[44]FunctionsReserve Bank of India regional office, Delhi entrance with the Yakshini sculpture depicting "Prosperity through agriculture".[45]The regional office of RBI (right) in front of GPO (left) at Dalhousie Square, Kolkata.The central bank of any country executes many functions such as overseeing monetary policy, issuing currency, managing foreign exchange, working as a bank for government and as a banker of scheduled commercial banks. It also works for overall economic growth of the country. The preamble of the Reserve Bank of India describes its main functions as:..to regulate the issue of Bank Notes and keeping of reserves with a view to securing monetary stability in India and generally to operate the currency and credit system of the country to its advantage.Financial SupervisionThe primary objective of RBI is to undertake consolidated supervision of the financial sector comprising commercial banks, financial institutions and non-banking finance companies.The Board is constituted by co-opting four Directors from the Central Board as members for a term of two years and is chaired by the governor. The deputy governors of the reserve bank are ex-officio members. One deputy governor, usually, the deputy governor in charge of banking regulation and supervision, is nominated as the vice-chairman of the board. The Board is required to meet normally once every month. It considers inspection reports and other supervisory issues placed before it by the supervisory departments.BFS through the Audit Sub-Committee also aims at upgrading the quality of the statutory audit and internal audit functions in banks and financial institutions. The audit sub-committee includes deputy governor as the chairman and two Directors of the Central Board as members. The BFS oversees the functioning of Department of Banking Supervision (DBS), Department of Non-Banking Supervision (DNBS) and Financial Institutions Division (FID) and gives directions on the regulatory and supervisory issues.Regulator and supervisor of the financial systemThe institution is also the regulator and supervisor of the financial system and prescribes broad parameters of banking operations within which the country's banking and financial system functions. Its objectives are to maintain public confidence in the system, protect depositors' interest and provide cost-effective banking services to the public. The Banking Ombudsman Scheme has been formulated by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) for effective addressing of complaints by bank customers. The RBI controls the monetary supply, monitors economic indicators like the gross domestic product and has to decide the design of the rupee banknotes as well as coins.[46]Regulator and Supervisor of the Payment and Settlement SystemsPayment and settlement systems play an important role in improving overall economic efficiency. The Payment and Settlement Systems Act of 2007 (PSS Act)[47]gives the Reserve Bank oversight authority, including regulation and supervision, for the payment and settlement systems in the country. In this role, the RBI focuses on the development and functioning of safe, secure and efficient payment and settlement mechanisms. Two payment systems National Electronic Fund Transfer (NEFT) and Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS) allow individuals, companies and firms to transfer funds from one bank to another. These facilities can only be used for transferring money within the country.NEFT operates on a deferred net settlement (DNS) basis and settles transactions in batches. The settlement takes place for all transactions received till a particular cut-off time. It operates in hourly batches — there are 12 settlements from 8 am to 7 pm on weekdays and SIX between 8 am and 1 pm on Saturdays.[48]Any transaction initiated after the designated time would have to wait till the next settlement time. In RTGS, transactions are processed continuously, all through the business hours. RBI's settlement time is 9 am to 4:30 pm on weekdays and 9 am to 2:00 pm on Saturdays.[49]Banker and Debt Manager to GovernmentJust like individuals need a bank to carry out their financial transactions effectively & efficiently, Governments also need a bank to carry out their financial transactions. RBI serves this purpose for the Government of India (GoI). As a banker to the GoI, RBI maintains its accounts, receive payments into & make payments out of these accounts. RBI also helps GoI to raise money from public via issuing bonds and government approved securities.Managing foreign exchangeThe central bank manages to reach different goals of the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999. Their objective is to facilitate external trade and payment and promote orderly development and maintenance of foreign exchange market in India.With increasing integration of the Indian economy with the global economy arising from greater trade and capital flows, the foreign exchange market has evolved as a key segment of the Indian financial market and RBI has an important role to play in regulating & managing this segment. RBI manages forex and gold reserves of the nation.On a given day, the foreign exchange rate reflects the demand for and supply of foreign exchange arising from trade and capital transactions. The RBI's Financial Markets Department (FMD) participates in the foreign exchange market by undertaking sales / purchases of foreign currency to ease volatility in periods of excess demand for/supply of foreign currency.Issue of currencyReserve bank of India is the sole body who is authorized to issue currency in India. The bank also destroys the same when they are not fit for circulation. All the money issued by the central bank is its monetary liability, i.e., the central bank is obliged to back the currency with assets of equal value, to enhance public confidence in paper currency. The objectives are to issue bank notes and give public adequate supply of the same, to maintain the currency and credit system of the country to utilize it in its best advantage, and to maintain the reserves. RBI maintains the economic structure of the country so that it can achieve the objective of price stability as well as economic development because both objectives are diverse in themselves. For printing of notes, the Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India Limited (SPMCIL), a wholly owned company of the Government of India, has set up printing presses at Nashik, Maharashtra and Dewas, Madhya Pradesh. The Bharatiya Reserve Bank Note Mudran Private Limited (BRBNMPL), also has set up printing presses in Mysore in Karnataka and Salboni in West Bengal. In all, there are four printing presses.[50]And for the minting of coins, SPMCIL has four mints at Mumbai, Noida (UP), Kolkata and Hyderabad for coin production.[50]While coins and one rupee notes are minted by Government of India (GoI), the RBI works as an agent of GoI for distributing and handling of coins. RBI also works to prevent counterfeiting of currency by regularly upgrading security features of currency. For printing currency, RBI has four facilities at Dewas, Nasik, Mysore and Salboni. The RBI is authorized to issue notes up to value of Rupees ten thousands and coin up to one thousands. New notes of Rupees 500 and 2000 have been issued on 8 November 2016. The old series note of Rupees 1000 and 500 are considered illegal and just paper from midnight on 8 November 2016. Earlier 1000 notes have been discarded by RBI.Banker's bankNagpur branch holds most of India's gold deposits.[51][52][53][54]Reserve Bank of India also works as a central bank where commercial banks are account holders and can deposit money. RBI maintains banking accounts of all scheduled banks.[55]Commercial banks create credit. It is the duty of the RBI to control the credit through the CRR, bank rate and open market operations. As banker's bank, the RBI facilitates the clearing of cheques between the commercial banks and helps the inter-bank transfer of funds. It can grant financial accommodation to schedule banks. It acts as the lender of the last resort by providing emergency advances to the banks. It supervises the functioning of the commercial banks and takes action against it if the need arises. The RBI also advises the banks on various matters for example Corporate Social Responsibility.Regulator of the Banking SystemRBI has the responsibility of regulating the nation's financial system. As a regulator and supervisor of the Indian banking system it ensures financial stability & public confidence in the banking system. RBI uses methods like On-site inspections, off-site surveillance, scrutiny & periodic meetings to supervise new bank licenses, setting capital requirements and regulating interest rates in specific areas. RBI is currently focused on implementing norms.Detection of fake currencyIn order to curb the fake currency problem, RBI has launched a website to raise awareness among masses about fake notes in the market. www.paisaboltahai.rbi.org.in provides information about identifying fake currency.[56]On 22 January 2014; RBI gave a press release stating that after 31 March 2014, it will completely withdraw from circulation of all banknotes issued prior to 2005. From 1 April 2014, the public will be required to approach banks for exchanging these notes. Banks will provide exchange facility for these notes until further communication. The reserve bank has also clarified that the notes issued before 2005 will continue to be legal tender. This would mean that banks are required to exchange the notes for their customers as well as for non-customers. From 1 July 2014, however, to exchange more than 15 pieces of `500 and `1000 notes, non-customers will have to furnish proof of identity and residence as well as show aadhar to the bank branch in which she/he wants to exchange the notes.This move from the reserve bank is expected to unearth black money held in cash. As the new currency notes have added security features, they would help in curbing the menace of fake currency.[57]Developmental roleThe central bank has to perform a wide range of promotional functions to support national objectives and industries.[18]The RBI faces a lot of inter-sectoral and local inflation-related problems. Some of these problems are results of the dominant part of the public sector.[58]Key tools in this effort include Priority Sector Lending such as agriculture, micro and small enterprises (MSE), housing and education. RBI work towards strengthening and supporting small local banks and encourage banks to open branches in rural areas to include large section of society in banking net.Related functionsThe RBI is also a banker to the government and performs merchant banking function for the central and the state governments. It also acts as their banker. The National Housing Bank (NHB) was established in 1988 to promote private real estate acquisition.[59]The institution maintains banking accounts of all scheduled banks, too. RBI on 7 August 2012 said that Indian banking system is resilient enough to face the stress caused by the drought-like situation because of poor monsoon this year.[60]Custodian to foreign exchangeThe Reserve Bank has custody of the country's reserves of international currency, and this enables the Reserve Bank to deal with crisis connected with adverse balance of payments position.2016 DemonetisationPeople gathered at ATM of Axis Bank in Mehsana, Gujarat to withdraw cash following deposit of demonetised currency notes in bank on 15 November 2016.Main article: 2016 Indian banknote demonetisationOn 8 November 2016, the Government of India announced the demonetisation of all ₹500 (US$7.00) and ₹1,000 (US$14) banknotes of the Mahatma Gandhi Series on the recommendation of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).[61]The government claimed that the action would curtail the shadow economy and crack down on the use of illicit and counterfeit cash to fund illegal activity and terrorism.[62][63]The Reserve Bank of India laid down a detailed procedure for the exchange of the demonetised banknotes with new ₹500 and ₹2,000 banknotes of the Mahatma Gandhi New Series and ₹100 banknotes of the preceding Mahatma Gandhi Series. Following are the key points:Long queue in front of SBI ATM at Paravur near the city of Kollam in Kerala, 19 November 2016.Citizens will have until 30 December 2016 to tender their old banknotes at any office of the RBI or any bank branch and credit the value into their respective bank accounts.Cash withdrawals from bank accounts were restricted to ₹10,000 per day and ₹20,000 per week per account from 10 to 13 November 2016. This limit was increased to ₹24,000 per week from 14 November.[64][65]For immediate cash needs, the old banknotes could be exchanged for the new ₹500 and ₹2,000 banknotes as well as ₹100 banknotes over the counter of bank branches by filling up a requisition form along with a valid ID proof. It was announced that this facility would be available until 30 December 2016. Initially, the limit was fixed at ₹4,000 per person from 8 to 13 November 2016. This limit was increased to ₹4,500 per person from 14 to 17 November 2016.[64][65] The limit was reduced to ₹2,000 per person from 18 November 2016.[66] All exchange of banknotes was abruptly stopped from 25 November 2016.[67]Initially, all ATMs were dispensing banknotes of only ₹50 and ₹100 denominations and cash withdrawals from ATMs were restricted to ₹2000 per day.[68] From 14 November onwards, ATMs recalibrated to dispense new ₹500 and ₹2000 notes will allow a maximum withdrawal of ₹2,500 per day, while other ATMs dispensing banknotes of only ₹50 and ₹100 denominations will allow a maximum withdrawal of ₹2000 per day.[64][65]However, exceptions were given to petrol, CNG and gas stations, government hospitals, railway and airline booking counters, state-government recognised dairies and ration stores, and crematoriums to accept the old ₹500 and ₹1,000 banknotes until 11 November 2016, which was later extended to 14 November 2016 and once again to 24 November 2016.[69][70]International airports were also instructed to facilitate an exchange of notes amounting to a total value of ₹5,000 for foreign tourists and out-bound passengers.[71]Under the revised guidelines issued on 17 November 2016, families were allowed to withdraw ₹250,000 for wedding expenses from one account provided it was KYC compliant. The rules were also changed for farmers who are permitted to withdraw ₹25,000 per week from their accounts against crop loan.[66][72]Cash crunch and effectsQueue at an ATM for ₹100 banknotes in Howrah, on 8 November 2016, 22:23 (IST)People queue outside a private bank to deposit and exchange old ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes in Kolkata on 10 November 2016.The scarcity of cash due to demonetisation led to chaos, and most people holding old banknotes faced difficulties exchanging them due to endless lines outside banks and ATMs across India, which became a daily routine for millions of people waiting to deposit or exchange the ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes since 9 November.[73][74][75][76]ATMs were running out of cash after a few hours of being functional, and around half the ATMs in the country were non-functional.[74]Sporadic violence was reported in New Delhi, but there were no reports of any grievous injury,[77]people attacked bank premises and ATMs,[78][79][80][81][82][83]and a ration shop was looted in Madhya Pradesh after the shop owner refused to accept ₹500 banknotes.[84][85][86][87]Policy Rates and Reserve RatiosRates as of 6th bi-monthly (7 February 2019) monetary policy meet of FY1819[88]Policy ratesPolicy Repo Rate6.25%Reverse Repo Rate6.00%Marginal Standing Facility Rate6.50%Bank Rate6.50%Reserve ratiosCash Reserve Ratio (CRR)4%Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR)19.50%Lending and deposit rates[89]Base Rate8.95%–9.45%MCLR (overnight)8.15%–8.45%Savings Deposit Rate3.50%–4.00%Term Deposit Rate for > 1year6.25%–7.50%Repo RateRepo (Repurchase) rate also known as the benchmark interest rate is the rate at which the RBI lends money to the commercial banks for a short-term (max. 90 days). When the repo rate increases, borrowing from RBI becomes more expensive. If RBI wants to make it more expensive for the banks to borrow money, it increases the repo rate similarly, if it wants to make it cheaper for banks to borrow money it reduces the repo rate. If the repo rate is increased, banks can't carry out their business at a profit whereas the very opposite happens when the repo rate is cut down. Generally, repo rates are cut down whenever the country needs to progress in banking and economy.If banks want to borrow money (for short term, usually overnight) from RBI then banks have to charge this interest rate. Banks have to pledge government securities as collateral. This kind of deal happens through a re-purchase agreement. If a bank wants to borrow Rs. 100 crores, it has to provide government securities at least worth Rs. 100 crore (could be more because of margin requirement which is 5%–10% of loan amount) and agree to repurchase them at Rs. 106.5 crore at the end of borrowing period. So the bank has paid Rs. 6.5 crore as interest. This is the reason it is called repo rate. The government securities which are provided by banks as collateral can not come from SLR quota (otherwise the SLR will go below 19.5% of NDTL and attract penalty). Banks have to provide these securities additionally.To curb inflation, RBI increases Repo rate which will make borrowing costly for banks. Banks will pass this increased cost to their customers which make borrowing costly in whole economy. Fewer people will apply for loan and aggregate demand will get reduced. This will result in inflation coming down. RBI does the opposite to fight deflation. Although when RBI reduce Repo rate, banks are not legally required to reduce their base rate.The RBI increased the Repo rate from 6% to 6.25% in June 2018.[90]Reverse Repo Rate (RRR)As the name suggest, reverse repo rate is just the opposite of repo rate. Reverse Repo rate is the short term borrowing rate at which RBI borrows money from banks. The reserve bank uses this tool when it feels there is too much money floating in the banking system. An increase in the reverse repo rate means that the banks will get a higher rate of interest from RBI. As a result, banks prefer to lend their money to RBI which is always safe instead of lending it to others (people, companies etc.) which is always risky.Repo Rate signifies the rate at which liquidity is injected into the banking system by RBI, whereas Reverse Repo rate signifies the rate at which the central bank absorbs liquidity from the banks. Currently, Reverse Repo Rate is pegged to be 0.25% below Repo Rate.Statutory liquidity ratio (SLR)Apart from the CRR, banks are required to maintain liquid assets in the form of gold, cash and approved securities. Higher liquidity ratio forces commercial banks to maintain a larger proportion of their resources in liquid form and thus reduces their capacity to grant loans and advances, thus it is an anti-inflationary impact. A higher liquidity ratio diverts the bank funds from loans and advances to investment in government and approved securities. In well-developed economies, central banks use open market operations—buying and selling of eligible securities by the central bank in the money market—to influence the volume of cash reserves with commercial banks and thus influence the volume of loans and advances they can make to the commercial and industrial sectors. In the open money market, government securities are traded at market-related rates of interest. The RBI is resorting more to open market operations in the more recent years. Generally, RBI usesMinimum margins for lending against specific securities.Ceiling on the amounts of credit for certain purposes.The discriminatory rate of interest charged on certain types of advances.Direct credit controls in India are of three types:Part of the interest rate structure, i.e., on small savings and provident funds, are administratively set.Banks are mandatory required to keep 19.50% of their NDTL (Net Demand and Time Liabilities) in the form of liquid assets.Banks are required to lend to the priority sectors to the extent of 40% of their advances.The share of net demand and time liabilities that banks must maintain in safe and liquid assets, such as government securities, cash and gold. Here it would be pertinent to mention the gold swap of July 2014.[91][92][93]The present SLR is 19.5%.Bank RateIt is defined in Sec 49 of RBI Act of 1934 as the ‘standard rate at which RBI is prepared to buy or rediscount bills of exchange or other commercial papers eligible for purchase'. When banks want to borrow long term funds from RBI, it is the interest rate which RBI charges to them. It is currently set to 6.75%[94](Second Bi-monthly Monetary Policy Statement, 2018–19). The bank rate is not used to control money supply these days. Although penal rates are linked to bank rate. If a bank fails to keep SLR or CRR then RBI will impose penalty & it will be 300 basis points above bank rate.Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF)Liquidity Adjustment facility was introduced in 2000. LAF is a facility provided by the Reserve Bank of India to scheduled commercial banks to avail of liquidity in case of need or to park excess funds with the RBI on an overnight basis against the collateral of Government securities. RBI accept application for a minimum amount of Rs.5 crore and in multiples of Rs. 5 crore thereafter. LAF enables liquidity management on a day-to-day basis. The operations of LAF are conducted by way of repurchase agreements called Repos & Reverse Repos.Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)CRR refers to the ratio of bank's cash reserve balances with RBI with reference to the bank's net demand & time liabilities to ensure the liquidity & solvency of the scheduled banks. The share of net demand and time liabilities that banks must maintain as cash with RBI. The RBI has set CRR at 4%. 1% change in it today affects the economy with Rs. 1000000 crores. An increase sucks this amount from the economy, while a decrease injects this amount into the economy.So - Crazy Domains if a bank has 200 Crore of NDTL then it has to keep Rs. 8 Crore in cash with RBI. RBI pays no interest on CRR.Let's assume economy is showing inflationary trends & RBI wants to control this situation by adjusting SLR & CRR. If RBI increases SLR to 50% and CRR to 20% then bank will be left only with Rs. 60 crore for operations. Now it will be very difficult for bank to maintain profitability with such small capital. Bank will be left with no choice but to raise interest rate which will make borrowing costly. This will in turn reduce the overall demand & hence price will come down eventually.Open Market Operation (OMO)Open market operation is the activity of buying and selling of government securities in open market to control the supply of money in banking system. When there is excess supply of money, central bank sells government securities thereby sucking out excess liquidity. Similarly, when liquidity is tight, RBI will buy government securities and thereby inject money supply into the economy.Marginal Standing Facility (MSF)This scheme was introduced in May 2011 and all the scheduled commercial bank can participate in this scheme. Banks can borrow up to 2.5%[95]percent of their respective Net Demand and Time Liabilities. RBI receive application under this facility for a minimum amount of Rs. One crore and in multiples of Rs. One crore thereafter. The important difference with repo rate is that bank can pledge government securities from SLR quota (up to one percent). So even if SLR goes below 20.5%(RBI/2014-15/445 DBR.Ret.BC.70/12.02.001/2014-15, dt. 16 October 2016) by pledging SLR quota securities under MSF, bank will not have to pay any penalty. The MSF rate is set to 100 basis point above bank rate and currently is at 6.50% as of 1.6.17.[96][better source needed]Qualitative ToolsMargin Requirements or LTVLoan to Value is the ratio of loan amount to the actual value of asset purchased. RBI regulates this ratio so as to control the amount bank can lend to its customers. For example, if an individual wants to buy a car from borrowed money and the car value is Rs. 10 Lac, he can only avail a loan amount of Rs. 7 Lac if the LTV is set to 70%. RBI can decrease or increase to curb inflation or deflation respectively.Selective credit controlUnder this measure, RBI can specifically instruct banks not to give loans to traders of certain commodities e.g. sugar, edible oil, etc. This prevents speculations/ hoarding of commodities using money borrowed from banks.Moral SuasionUnder this measure RBI try to persuade bank through meetings, conferences, media statements to do specific things under certain economic trends. For example, when RBI reduces repo rate, it asks banks to reduce their base rate as well. Another example of this measure is to ask banks to reduce their Non-performing assets (NPAs).Limitations of Monetary PolicyIn developing countries like India, Monetary Policy fails to show immediate or no results because of below factors:People do not employ alternative investment options. A large section of society still depends on saving accounts, fixed deposits, Public Provident Fund for investment. Commercial banks have large deposits. RBI is not the main or even prominent money supplier for these banks. So whatever monetary action central bank takes has little or late impact on the economy.Many people in rural areas are out of banking net and whatever RBI does has no impact on their financial activities.Monsoon uncertainty adversely affects food production and thereby cause food inflation. Monetary Policy has no impact on food inflation.