Miscellaneous Sales Event: Fill & Download for Free

Galleries are supposed to file Form 1099, Miscellaneous Income, with the Internal Revenue Service for each artist they pay and give each artist a copy of that form for them to file also. Do they all? I haven’t a clue. I do.And then on their own return, they of course report: a) their share of any transaction as income and b) their payment of any commission to an artist as an expense. However, they would not be identifying artists on their returns, merely keeping the records available in the event of audit.Thanks John, for the compliment of the A2A.

( members meeting. BTS selling 2 levels of ARMY memberships)I apologize this is long but it’s relevant to ARMY . EVERYTHING is now a money making strategy. Yes they work hard and deserve to make a lot of money. Yes they give to charity. There is nothing wrong with being wealthy. I feel BTS has gone way past that and their new priority is, not their music or message, but grabbing as much personal wealth as possible by any means possible on the backs of ARMY during a pandemic.“ special healing and comfort” songs used to sell you junk food and beer.Monetization of BTS popularity has become out of control. It’s unprecedented in a way no group had ever subjected fandoms to in the history of music. They are now being called the new Beatles. The Beatles stopped stadium shows when the noise became so overwhelming no one could hear the music. They cared about their music and message to the end. When they felt their fame was out of control and putting them in danger, when legal issues mounted, when they felt their music was becoming too mainstream and of lesser quality, when tv began to run a Beatles cartoon show, when stalkers ( sasaeng) were getting into their homes, they disbanded. Not so for BTS. The Beatles knew when to stop selling their souls.I feel ARMY is being taken advantage of financially at a time when millions of families have lost employment and are struggling.BTS are multi millionaires and there is nothing wrong with that til they reach the point of abusive and aggressive marketing to their devoted fandoms. Which is now.(below: notice the drastic revenue increase in merchandise and types of revenue such as adverts, media content category sales. Notice the decrease in profit from albums/music. This focus shift is not just a BigHit strategy. BTS are complicit in selling you as much non music stuff as they can because they are shareholders/ co owners of BigHit. They are no longer employees.( credit Forbes)“[Big Hit's success has been attributed to its innovative management style, more like an IT company than an entertainment company,it includes a wide usage of social media to capture people's interest and transform it into sales, the creation of artist-related multimedia contents and the full use of fandoms energy”]1BigHit and BTS are an IPO. BTS Members KNOW they are monetizing themselves as a stock exchange commodity. That’s fine. However as shareholders they must put the needs of company revenue before anything else. As shareholders they have $7.5 million in opening shares ,then shares to additional profit $9- $24 million each member within a year.So why do they need to emotionally maneuver ARMY into wanting so much merch and paying for repackaged OLD content?Above ( credit Forbes)To those of you who feel sad that they slept in bunk beds for a few years, worked hard and gave up some freedoms, remember this Monetization was their goal .I at least still have respect for Min Suga who freely admits to being greedy ( his words) and willing to do anything for revenue. The rest act like they are selling you poetry, love and philosophy when they are now selling you a Hyundai, McDonalds, beer and cosmetics .They have a new merger with Japanese Universal. They have a new BigHit headquarters in New York City (BigHit America) to more effectively tap into American and English speaking markets. At the same time Asian fans complain BTS is westernized.. Obviously BTS doesn’t care what you think.A new BTS / Samsung deal to strategize marketing with BTS endorsed product sales. YOU will be paying for this by buying anything Samsung/BTS shown to you in a sexy advertisement.It has NOTHING to do with their music.They Will be promoting , performing and selling DYNAMITE while being nominated for ON at Billboards and MAMA AWARDS. WHY NOT PERFORM ON? Because by performing DYNAMITE it draws attention to that new single. So what’s the diff?The morning after the MTV awards show DYNAMITE was #1 on Billboards hot 100. Why does this matter? Here’s why, read this cause it’s not about the music or message, it’s not about art, it’s about marketing correctly for maximum cash-in: “ How BTS GOT AROUND billboard rules………..Forbes explains BTS strategy to avoid Billboard Rules- BTS’s ‘Dynamite’ Sales Strategy Will Give Them A Hot 100 Boost—And Help Them Steer Clear Of Billboard’s New Chart Rule ChangeCanceling their 2020 tour was NOT their decision although BigHit announced it was due to BTS members “heartfelt concern for ARMY Safety. “ The cities around the world HAD CLOSED STADIUMS AND BANNED EVENTS DUE TO A PANDEMIC. HELLO!!!Bts and Bighit liability insurance covered most of the 2020 tour money loss that ARMY feels BTS so tragically lost out on. They lost nothing.The pandemic year was their biggest year yet with events like bang bang con earning $23 million in one day. BTS would have had to perform 15 live stadium concerts to make that much. Online concerts also saved BigHit the enormous multimillion dollar costs of a live tour.BTS MADE MORE MONEY DURING A PANDEMIC THAN ANY OTHER ARTISTS( credit Forbes)BTS new deal with FILA requires them to WEAR FILA while in Korea, USA, parts of Europe, South America. BTS ended their contract with PUMA because FILA offered them a “mind boggling amount of money”. FILA will also sponsor the cost of shows, give vacation homes for each member, make sure they get special treatment with media, and many other over the top extras.( source, Billboard news and Wall Street Journal)BTS HAS A STAGGERING AND UNPRECEDENTED NUMBER OF ENDORSEMENTS, COLLABS, BRAND AMBASSADORSHIPS, COMMERCIALS, BTS PRODUCTS,CONTENT AND GAMES FOR SALE. TRULY GREEDY.They look like Gucci threw up on them"── JAMES CORDEN“List of BTS BRAND ENDORSEMENTS, SPOKESMEN AND COLLABS. quantity over quality to monetize BTS name and popularity:. MAP OF THE SOUL ON:E- online streaming performance. ON:E live performance in Seoul,Oct 2020 not free. bangbangcon 2020 and 2021. Pay up or miss out• BE• ARMY memberships1 yr at a time, $40 plus $41 shipping. New ARMY light stick, not free even with ARMY membershipHyundaiVT CosmeticsKloud BeerMcDonaldsCowaySamsung products, emphasis on S21 cell phoneKookmin BankBT21 (Line Friends), not gonna list all the BT21 specific collabs / endorsementsPumaFILALGLotte Duty FreeSmart school uniformsCoca ColaI Seoul UMedihealBBQ ChickenSK TelecomKhawah Coffee (Namjoon only)FANTASTICMeiteo contact lensesCold Brew by Babinski KoreaChilsum CiderBaskin RobbinsBTS x System Homme clothing lineCASETifY ( watches)BTS UNIVERSE STORY GAMESNew ERA and BTSBODYFRIENDMore cosmetics and skincare products than I can possibly list here.• Aveeno Stress Relief Moisturizing Lotion• Etude House Moistfull Collagen CreamFreshlook Colorblends Contact LensesBTS X STONEHENGE JEWELRY LINEProducts That Sold Out Simply Because BTS Was Pictured With ThemSprite- J-Hope- no longer officialGucci - Taeyhung- not officialBalenciaga- Jin- no longer official.• In The Soop and BE merch, everything from shirts to coffee mugs• FANCAFE( daum) not free. BTS I- land, mnet, not free outside Korea•. New album of old material sung in Japanese, with another one on the way. Not free• New reality show/ In The Soop , $29.00. BTS run behind the scene, UNRELEASED photos taken by BTS , not free• BTS UNIVERSE STORY VIDEO GAME- not free• bangbancon live stream- 2020, 2021- not free• 2 movies ( scheduled for) theaters - not free• Tiny Tan Series, not free• Bon Voyage 4 and 5 not free. BTS GALAXY SAMSUNG PHONE- $1,8000•Bon Voyage ep 1–4 Not free• old reality show and performance videos- not free• Beind the scenes Run BTS not free• 5 new MV’s : Dynamite, LIFE GOES ON, Stay Gold , Daechwita, Film Out. Buy it or buy premium YouTube subscription to download it without bighit deleting it in 5 minutes or being literally bombed by advertising• MORE RUN BTS Behind Episodes. For purchase outside Korea• Breaking The Silence docuseries- for sale on Weverse. Break The Silence merch on Weverse• Dynamite Tropical version, remixes• Burn The Stage- for sale. BTS BOOK bound DVD collector sets, for sale, Weverse. BigHit family concert,( details unclear) ….live concert in Seoul, not free• Weverse BTS mugs, keychains, shirts, army bombs, dolls, stuff stuff stuff and more stuff• BE ONLINE LIVE CONCERT• ON:E ONLINE CONCERTBTS IS GRATEFUL FOR YOUR SUPPORT AND BY SUPPORT THESE DAYS THEY MEAN YOUR PURCHASES OF THEIR STUFF.(Unboxing Samsung $1,800 BTS phone on QVC- home shopping )Galaxy Z Fold 2 reaction / unboxing videos.are you surprised that Samsung’s collaboration with BTS continues and involves the recently announced Galaxy S20 FE (Fan Edition)? Probably not.I began hearing television commercials in New York City USA for the Samsung 20 BTS edition smartphone. BTS sings a very altered Dynamite, images of them in the phone float by. The concept is: BTS phone symbolizes Love and Unity. Is anyone really believing that?? I’m sorry.I believe Dynamite was strategically released to be yet another commercial jingle in time for Christmas sales, not to make you feel more upbeat about living through a pandemic.I felt really sick at the “ sell your soul” aspect of this. BTS said the song was to cheer people up. Turns out it might have been released in time to be used as a collab for a Samsung phone instead and for the many released remixes to keep it on the charts to qualify for the Billboard award and a Grammy 2021.“ Forbes- “[2] Samsung appears to be cooking another light hearted BTS unboxing video for the Galaxy S20 FE. The company has recently published a teaser video collage of the band’s members reacting to the Galaxy S20 FE and its color options.”The newest commercial for Samsung features a black version of the phone with BTS checking out their own performance on the phone. Life Goes On, from the BE album plays as theme music.We were told Life Goes On was to “ heal and comfort” ARMYS. We were not told it was to sell us phones.I find their latest concept of healing and comfort as a means to sell products and content to be disgusting and financially abusive of the younger fans.New Samsung commercials GalaxyS21, “made for the epic in everyday”They are NOT SELLING MUSIC THEY ARE SELLING CARS AND PHONES!A Commercial for a car is now called a music video. With the “ release” of the song and “MV” , IONIA: I’m On It. Like…..what??? This is a commercial disguised as an MV.BTS gets paid every time this and the Samsung BTS edition smartphone , with their songs , is aired. That’s ok. Make money is fine. Don’t call it art. Don’t say it’s for love of ARMY, don’t put a philosophy on it. It’s marketing. A commercial. You’re making money. Be honestIs it still cheating if everyone cheats?:FORBES-“ Virtually every superstar artist dips into their own trick bag to climb higher up the Billboard Hot 100 and Billboard 200. It’s just a matter of whether they choose to remix their songs, bundle their music with miscellaneous merchandise or hire influencers to engineer a viral social media challenge. You can credibly argue that artists and fans assign way too much importance to a No. 1 album or single, and that industry-wide pressure forces artists to pull ridiculous stunts to inflate their sales, thus diminishing the integrity of the charts.BTS is now doing what several other artists do but they are so obvious about it, so arrogant, it’s difficult not to feel betrayed by their greed.”———————————————————————————————————————————BTS COLLABORATION ($$$$$) WITH BASKIN ROBBINS. BTS UNBOXING 7 CAKE. Ugh!!!!!Next time Jin buys another Lamborghini or V buys another $4.5 million USD apartment just remember you paid for that and stop feeling so sorry for them and the fact they work hard. A lot of people work very hard————————————————————————————————————ARMY BUYS $45,000. Watch for V ( below, photo credit to owner)Most importantly when you complain “ yeah but western Artists make a fortune” :The idol system works differently. Pd Bang pays, out of BigHit’s percentage, for what a western artist would pay for themselves. Private Jet at $209,000 per flight. Stylists. Offices. Office workers, publicists, rehearsing space, dance and vocal coaches. Artists Managers, assistants. Recording studio plus staff . The dorm lease at Hannam the hill $6.5 million. Stage costumes. Hotels. Travel costs, Venues. Legal teams, medical needs The list is very long.FILA COMMERCIAL ( above)BTS CLAIMS THEY NO LONGER ACCEPT OFFICIAL SPONSORSHIP OF LUXURY CLOTHING BRANDS , YET THEY HAVE A DEAL WITH FILA.That means all the outfits that BTS was seen in, like Gucci, Louis Vuitton, Prada, were once sponsored but are no longer “sponsorships “ It comes as no surprise as their outfits cost tens of thousands of dollars for just one . They claimed they “stopped” sponsorship because of fans gifting these brands in hope of a meet up in return .PLEASE ARMY READ THIS :SOURCE: ARMY AMINO [3] Rise of Bangtan;[I'm sure you've noticed BTS wears Saint Laurent's clothing very often, especially at big events where you'll find all members dressed from head to toe in YSL(cue: BBMAs and AMAs red carpet)... but why Saint Laurent?Saint Laurent is owned by KERING, an international luxury company. KERING owns many other brand names - the most famous being: GUCCI, Balenciaga, Alexander McQueen, Stella McCartney, Brioni, Bottega Veneta & of course last, but not least ── PUMA.guess who scored an endorsement deal with PUMA ?BTS, scored a contract with the famous multinational sportswear brand, promoting the "PLAY WARM" winter collection.Soon more promotions followed and BTS had established themselves as the new 'face' of PUMA.YSL & Gucci are NOT the only brands owned by KERING which BTS' members frequently wear whenever they are under media exposure.If you look at their dance practice videos, their V lives or even their airport fashion, you will soon come to see just how many of KERING's brands BTS wear “daily and|or 'casually'Considering the number of items (clothes, shoes, accessories, etc.) BTS have worn by brands owned by KERING, I can't help but wonder about the true nature of their contract with PUMA (and KERING).I wonder how much this has influenced their “style and personal fashion” .Perhaps this change is the most noticeable during the “ Love Yourself” onward”]FORBES-“ Virtually every superstar artist dips into their own trick bag to climb higher up the Billboard Hot 100 and Billboard 200. It’s just a matter of whether they choose to remix their songs, bundle their music with miscellaneous merchandise or hire influencers to engineer a viral social media challenge. You can credibly argue that artists and fans assign way too much importance to a No. 1 album or single, and that industry-wide pressure forces artists to pull ridiculous stunts to inflate their sales, thus diminishing the integrity of the charts. But if that’s the case, you can’t pick and choose which artists to criticize. They are all greedy ”PD BANG CORPORATE MEETING. At first seems sympathetic to artist and fan experience. Then goes on to explain the new revenue plan. BigHit is now an IP stock trading company and needs to prove to international stockholders they have a strategy to generate International profits and revenue . Future (paid) BTS EXPERIENCES and investment innovations are explainedToday I began hearing commercials in New York City USA for the Samsung BTS edition smartphone. BTS sings a very altered version of Dynamite. There are, images of the Dynamite MV in the phone wizzing by.I felt really sick at the “ sell your soul” aspect of this. BTS said the song was to cheer people up. Turns out it might have been released in time to be used as a collab for a Samsung phone. Real physical phone cost ends up around $ 1,500 to about $1800 . I believe Dynamite was strategically released to be yet another commercial jingle-in time for the Christmas sales market.Is it still cheating if everyone cheats?A Commercial for a car is now called a music video. With the “ release” of the song and “MV” , IONIA: I’m On It. Like…..what??? This is a commercial disguised as an MV. BTS gets paid every time.That’s ok. Make money that’s fine. Don’t call it art. Don’t say it’s for love of ARMY, don’t put a philosophy on it. It’s marketing. A commercial. You’re making money. Be honest.A note on charitable donations: BTS gives, jointly with BIGHIT to charity. The reasons are several why celebrities give LARGE amounts. First, they are human and believe in that cause. Secondly, its a publicity stunt.ooops how did charity info get leaked!!!!!! In all these years you have not one single photo, not one shred of real proof regarding adult or questionable private behavior. Everyone in contact with BTS protects their information, if for no other reason than BigHit’s well publicized legal threats.Yet “somehow“ private information regarding charity donations got leaked. Why?Being known as a celebrity charitable giver gets you lots of positive media attention , new fans, more revenue, tax deductions.• several edits as I found new info. no reproduction outside Quora. Within Quora use author attributionSources:BTS are now partial owners of Big Hit Entertainment, company aims to raise up to US$811 million in IPOIn Big Hit Entertainment’s statement yesterday ahead of their biggest initial public offering to date, priced at US$811 million (962.6 billion won), it has been announced that the BTS members are now shareholders of the agency.Although BTS’ planned tour of more than 20 concerts in the United States, Europe and Asia was cancelled, some 756,000 people globally paid to watch BTS’ online concert in June simultaneously, an audience size equal to about 15 stadium concerts, Yoon said.About 746,000 merchandise items for the online concert were sold within a week on its Weverse dedicated app.Big Hit also sells secondary content including artist-based characters, illustrated books of lyrics, textbooks, games and licensing including BTS edition of Samsung Electronics smartphones and Starbucks products, which company officials said had helped it prosper despite the COVID-19 pandemic.BTS are now partial owners of Big Hit Entertainment, company aims to raise up to US$811 million in IPOBTS’s Label Big Hit Entertainment Generated $507.9 Million In Revenue Last YearHow BTS makes and spends their money[2] Samsung’s favorite K-pop group BTS is very fond of the Galaxy S20 FEBig Hit, Home to BTS, Eyes $5 Billion Valuation in IPO Bid; Will Coronavirus Stall the Plan?The K-pop label that created BTS is going publicWikipedia [1] Big Hit Entertainment - Wikipedia[3] ── page 11 of the Rise of Bangtan;ARMY AMINOᵍⁱʳˡᵐᵉᵉᵗˢᵉᵐᵖᵗʸʷᵃˡˡᵉᵗ12BTS’s Virtual Concert ‘Bang Bang Con: The Live’ Was A Massive Moneymaker.https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/01/30/bts-kpop-bighitentertainment/?outputType=amp (https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/01/30/bts-kpop-bighitentertainment/?outputType=amp)

Both and not much in that order; super-spreading events stem from a combination of highly contagious individuals, i.e, super-spreaders, and risky actions/places, and analyses of infectious disease outbreaks show that to differentiate between the two is an impractical version of a distinction without a difference.Super-spreader isn't an identity etched in stone. Rather, it's often situational and contingent on factors beyond an individual's physiology. Risk depends on what it takes for a given pathogen to spread.The anatomy of super-spreading events also reveals that infectious agents spread among us not of their own relentless volition alone. That's but one part of it. The other consists of our own witting or unwitting participation. Not just a careless cough or witless touch of a dirty hand to the mouth, how we live, travel and work as well as our customs, traditions and rituals are part of an extensive human-made labyrinth that can help pathogens survive, spread and even thrive.Super-spreaders of a particular infectious disease don't walk around with that identity tattooed to their foreheads. Indeed they couldn't because this capacity of theirs is only identified retrospectively in the wake of a super-spreading event that brings them to attention in the first place. Between a super-spreader and a super-spreading event lies hidden opportunity exploited by the pathogen, opportunity that the pathogen reveals in the process of exploiting it.Super-spreading is thus a case study in opportunism where pathogens exploit readily available loopholes offered by a combination of individual physiology and behavior as well as by built environments and how we live and move about within them. More than anything, novel pathogens exploit and thereby expose those pre-existing fault lines in societies that happen to be conducive to their own spread. Illustrative examples from the COVID-19 pandemic and a historical example of Vibrio cholerae, a bacterium, reveal this in no uncertain terms.Indoor density & ventilation matter for SARS-CoV-2 super-spreadingI. Super-spreading associated with a busJanuary 19, 2020. 126 people took a 100-minute round-trip bus trip (50 minutes each way) to attend a 150-minute temple event in Ningbo, Zhejiang province, China.A total of 293 attended the event. Bus #1 carried 59 and bus #2 67 people while 172 others also attended the event. Both buses had air conditioning systems operating on re-circulating mode with vents below the windows, two openable windows on each side and no attached toilet. Passengers occupied the same seats to and fro. The event began at 10 AM, ended at 12:30 PM and included a lunch with 10 attendees at each round table.Bus #2 had a 64 year old infected person (index patient or infector), the only one exposed to residents from Wuhan and the first to develop symptoms. Reportedly asymptomatic during the bus trip. Developed cough, chills and myalgias the following day. Her husband and daughter developed fever and cough on January 22. All 3 were SARS-CoV-2 confirmed on January 28.Bus #1: 0/59 infected.Bus #2: 24/67 infected (includes index patient). 23 secondary cases from bus #2 (34.3% attack rate).Other attendees: 7/172 (4.1% attack rate), all in close contact with the index patient, i.e., 7 secondary cases among those at the event but not on the buses.Total of 30 secondary cases.Further contact tracing identified 22 tertiary cases who caught the infection from the secondary cases (below from 1).Note the stark difference in attack rates between the bus (23/67; 34.3%) and event (7/172; 4.1.%). Same super-spreader yet many more people got infected from exposure on bus #2 than from attending the event.II. Super-spreading associated with a meatpacking plant. Distance from index case found to matter.Meatpacking plants. Need to be kept cold. Huge fans re-circulate air so they're noisy workplaces. Need to talk loudly to communicate with co-workers. Physically demanding production lines so heavy breathing is part of work life. Most workers also share living quarters and commute together to and from workplaces in vans provided by employers. In short, ready-made conditions for spread of a novel highly contagious, respiratory virus.In a COVID-19 outbreak in Germany's largest meat processing plant (below from 2, a pre-print),“ The shift comprises 147 individuals, most of whom work at fixed positions in a conveyor-belt processing line. The processing line occupies an elongated area approximately 32 meters (m) long and 8.5 m wide (see floor plan in supplementary Fig. S1A). Quarters of beef enter at one end of the line (referred to as proximal in the following) and are processed as they move in longitudinal direction across the room, until cuts are finally packaged near the far end of the line (referred to as distal in the following). Eight air conditioning units placed near the ceiling in the proximal half of the room constantly cool the air. Fans project the air in a lateral direction, either directly from frontal openings in the unit or via perforated hoses mounted underneath the ceiling (see schematics in Figs. S1A-C), effectively sectioning the room into zones in which air is perpetually recirculated.”The authors conclude (below from 2, emphasis mine),“ Our findings indicate that a physical distance of 2 meters does not suffice to prevent transmission in environmental conditions such as those studied here; additional measures such as improved ventilation and airflow, installation of filtering devices or use of high-quality face masks are required to reduce the infection risk in these environments.”III. Super-spreading associated with an indoor wedding.March 13, 2020. 2-hour indoor wedding in Jordan with ~360 attendees. Total of 85 cases by 4 weeks after the wedding (3).Presumed index case: The bride's 58 year old father. Arrived in Jordan 4 days before the wedding from Spain, after the latter's community transmission was well under way. Developed fever, cough and runny nose 2 days before the wedding and tested SARS-CoV-2 positive on March 15.Secondary cases: 76 attendees tested positive (~21% attack rate).Tertiary cases: 9, all household contacts of wedding attendees.“In Jordan, close physical contact, such as same-sex hugging, cheek-kissing, and hand shaking, are traditional wedding practices that convey congratulations to the host families. Also, immediate family members, especially parents of the bride and the groom, usually stand at the entrance of the wedding hall to receive congratulations from all guests. These factors, in addition to crowded dancing and close face-to-face communication, likely contributed to the large number of infections from this wedding.”Even with a super-spreader or two in their midst, would so many have become infected in each of these 3 super-spreading events if not for built environments and/or social conditions that were conducive to spread of a novel highly contagious, respiratory virus? Clearly not and this is what large-scale analyses of COVID-19 disease clusters and outbreaks in Japan and China also show.IV. 11 clusters with 110 total cases in Japan as of February 26, 2020, all entailed (below from 4, a preprint, emphasis mine),“close contact in indoor environments, including fitness gyms, a restaurant boat on a river, hospitals, and a snow festival where there were eating spaces in tents with minimal ventilation rate”V. Similarly, an analysis of COVID-19 clusters in China involving >/=3 cases between January 4 and February 11, 2020 found (5, a preprint, emphasis mine),“Three hundred and eighteen outbreaks with three or more cases were identified, involving 1245 confirmed cases in 120 prefectural cities. We divided the venues in which the outbreaks occurred into six categories: homes, transport, food, entertainment, shopping, and miscellaneous. Among the identified outbreaks, 53·8% involved three cases, 26·4% involved four cases, and only 1·6% involved ten or more cases. Home outbreaks were the dominant category (254 of 318 outbreaks; 79·9%), followed by transport (108; 34·0%; note that many outbreaks involved more than one venue category). Most home outbreaks involved three to five cases. We identified only a single outbreak in an outdoor environment, which involved two cases.”Cholera? Make sure drinking water and sewage never, ever mix.One of the most famous examples of super-spreading events in history isn't largely seen that way and yet undoubtedly a super-spreading event it is. 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak - Wikipedia. During London's 1854 cholera epidemic, John Snow - Wikipedia mapped cholera cases using a then-revolutionary dot map to implicate a hand pump on Broad Street as the likely source of infection. Today Snow's investigation is rightly considered a landmark in medical research and indeed even denotes the birth of modern epidemiology (below from 6).How did this hand pump come to be contaminated with cholera in the first place?The most likely source appears to have been soiled diapers (nappies) of a sickly five month old baby, a child of the Lewis family who lived in the back parlor of 40 Broad Street which had 11 rooms occupied by renters across its multiple floors.The baby had diarrhea in June and recovered but by August 1854 the foul-smelling, watery, greenish stools were back. The baby's mother, Sarah Lewis, would soak the baby's soiled nappies in buckets of cold water and dump this soiled water out into the cesspool in front of the house (7, 8, 9).Until this time the Broad Street pump had been considered a reliable source of clean well water. That changed with Snow's graph implicating this particular pump as the likely source of the local cholera outbreak. An excavation carried out on behalf of the Cholera Inquiry Committee in the parish indeed found decayed brickwork between pump well and drain, the same drain into which the water from the soiled diapers had been emptied (below from 9).Back then, microbes hadn't yet been discovered, V. cholerae hadn't yet been identified as the causative agent for cholera and all sorts of theories about miasmas and humors were used to explain causes of all sorts of diseases, not just cholera. No surprise then that the Committee vacillated instead of wholeheartedly accepting Snow's assertion that contaminated drinking water was the source of infection.Scientific research has subsequently shown us better. We now understand fecal-oral transmission of infectious diseases such as cholera and the importance of carefully segregating drinking water from sewage. Such understanding didn't yet exist back in 1854 (below from 9, emphasis mine).“Why was the cesspool at 40 Broad Street not maintained? Such neglect was increasingly common in London, due in part to economic circumstances. At the time of the Broad Street pump outbreak, London had about two hundred thousand cesspools. For many years, the contents of the cesspools were sold as agricultural manure to be used as fertilizer in the many farms that surrounded London. The money earned from manure sales would then be used to maintain the cesspools. Yet during the nineteenth century as London's population grew ever more rapidly, farms were forced to move further from the central city.Transportation costs increased, adding to the expense of acquiring cesspool-based manure. Starting in 1847, another change took place that undercut the sale of cesspool manure. Solidified bird droppings (or guano) were brought in as fertilizer from South America at a price far below cesspool manure.With no economic incentive to sell their feces, poor people would empty human wastes into the streets, or directly into the London waterways. Most lacked public health understanding of how disease was spread, as did many medical and health officials of the times. In the absence of manure sales, cesspools became expensive to clean. As a result, they were poorly maintained and infrequently emptied. Over time this neglect lead to cracks and crevices, which offered opportunities for the spread of enteric pathogens. Such spread of Vibrio cholerae probably occurred at 40 Broad Street.”Note how economic considerations and even globalization (South American guano as fertilizer) played decisive roles in basic matters of public health and hygiene already back in the Victorian era.The COVID-19 pandemic reveals similar considerations at play in outbreaks linked to essential services and workers in different industrial workplaces such as meatpacking plants and warehouses, to mention just a couple. As the French saying goes, 'plus ca change, plus c'est la meme chose'. Newer ways of living and doing offer pathogens newer ways of super-spreading, as we're speedily finding out all too well to our own dismay and detriment.Bibliography1. Shen, Ye, et al. "Airborne transmission of COVID-19: epidemiologic evidence from two outbreak investigations." (2020). https://citlan.org/uploads/3/5/6/2/35623851/airborne_transmission_of_covid-19_epidemiologic_evidence_from_two_outbreak_investigations.pdf2. Günther, Thomas, et al. "Investigation of a superspreading event preceding the largest meat processing plant-related SARS-Coronavirus 2 outbreak in Germany." https://www.afisapr.org.br/attachments/article/1980/SSRN-id3654517.pdf3. Yusef, Dawood, et al. "Early Release-Large Outbreak of Coronavirus Disease among Wedding Attendees, Jordan." Large Outbreak of Coronavirus Disease among Wedding Attendees, Jordan4. Nishiura, Hiroshi, et al. "Closed environments facilitate secondary transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)." medRxiv (2020). Closed environments facilitate secondary transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)5. Qian, Hua, et al. "Indoor transmission of SARS-CoV-2." medRxiv (2020). Indoor transmission of SARS-CoV-26. Gilbert, Edmund William. "Pioneer maps of health and disease in England." The Geographical Journal 124.2 (1958): 172-183.7. Vinten-Johansen, Peter, et al. Cholera, chloroform, and the science of medicine: a life of John Snow. Medicine, 2003.8. Johnson, Steven. The ghost map: The story of London's most terrifying epidemic--and how it changed science, cities, and the modern world. Penguin, 2006.9. Index case at 40 Broad Street for John Snow's Broad Street pump outbreak.Thanks for the R2A, Mark Williams, Modreanu Mircea, Debdenneymorse Denney, Michael Moore.