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As the old saying goes, "Those who don't know history are doomed to repeat it." Yes, it's important to know your history—not just the big names and key dates, but the little details that help us better understand a historic figure or era in which they livedBoston witnessed a ‘toffee-apple’ tsunamiOn Wednesday 15 January 1919 in Boston, Massachusetts, a 90-foot wide cast iron tank containing two-and-a-half million gallons of crude molasses (for rum manufacture) exploded, probably because its contents had expanded during a rapid overnight rise in temperature.The tank, belonging to the United States Industrial Alcohol Company, was set 50 feet above street level; its entire contents spilled within a few seconds and with no warning. The resulting thick, sticky “wall of molasses”, which at times was up to 15 feet high, ran through the streets, reaching a speed of 35mph.It demolished buildings, tearing them from their foundations; it carried off vehicles and drowned horses. People who tried to outrun the wave were engulfed and drowned where they fell. In all, 21 people were killed and 150 injured (arriving at hospital, according to eyewitnesses “looking like toffee-apples”). The clean-up took weeks, and for decades afterwards the locals claimed they could distinctly smell molasses in hot weather.In 1983, one man prevented a nuclear war between the USSR and the USA. Stanislav Yevgrafovich Petrov was the duty officer at the command center for the Oko nuclear early-warning system when the system reported that a missile had been launched from the United States, followed by up to five more. Petrov judged the reports to be a false alarm, and his decision to disobey orders, against Soviet military protocol, is credited with having prevented an erroneous retaliatory nuclear attack on the United States and its NATO allies that could have resulted in large-scale nuclear war. Investigation later confirmed that the Soviet satellite warning system had indeed malfunctioned.A mathematician’s life work was reduced to 40 secondsSchoolmaster and amateur mathematician William Shanks (1812–82) spent the greater part of his life working out the value of pi (the ratio of a circle’s circumference to its diameter) to 707 decimal places. More than 60 years after his death, mathematician DF Ferguson, using a mechanical calculator, pointed out that he had got the last 180 of these decimal places wrong.In the late 1940s an ENIAC computer took 70 hours to calculate 2,037 digits of Pi. In 1958 an IBM computer did in 40 seconds what Shanks had done in a lifetime. The millionth digit of pi was found in 1973 and the billionth by 1995.Women couldn't submit a credit application at a bank without a man until 1974Until 1974, when the Equal Credit Opportunity Act passed, banks required single, widowed, or divorced women to bring a man to cosign any credit application they submitted, regardless of how much money they made, according to The Guardian. Even worse: they would discount the value of a woman's income "when considering how much credit to grant, by as much as 50%."The year after, First Women's Bank, the first commercial bank owned by a woman, opened in New York City. Women's rights activist Betty Friedan (pictured) had an account there, according to The Guardian.here Were More Than 600 Plots to Kill Fidel CastroYes, 600. The Cuban dictator was targeted to be killed by a large range of foes, including political opponents, criminals, and even the United States, among many others. Tactics included everything from an exploding cigar to a poisoned diving suit.Abraham Lincoln Was Also a Licensed BartenderBesides being a wrestling champ, Lincoln was also a licensed bartender. In 1833, the 16th president opened up a bar called Berry and Lincoln with his friend William F. Berry in New Salem, Illinois. The shop was eventually closed when Berry, an alcoholic, consumed most of the shop's supply.

This has actually been answered effectively by a White American member of law enforcement, so I'll just paraphrase what he said: Black Americans who can be police officers also have other options open to them, making a career in law enforcement less appealing.First things first: To be in law enforcement in the United States, the majority of agencies require:A clean criminal history or one with only minor infractions.A clean credit history.The ability to pass the written, physical and psychological tests presented to the applicant.Some college credits or a college degree.The ability to pass drug and alcohol screens, both scheduled and random.Most of the people of any race, who have the ability to do the above have a world of options available to them which pay far more than the starting salary of law enforcement officers (a range from $22-35k per year, depending upon the municipality) and those options present far lower risks of injury or death.Since there are roughly 40-45 million African Americans of all ages (including Black Latinos, Africans and biracial individuals with Black phenotypes) vs. 190 million White Americans, there are always going to be more White applicants than Black. More applicants means more candidates and more candidates will eventually mean more officers from that particular grouping.That's just a numbers game.Even if more Black Americans became police officers (and as one other former member of law enforcement noted, departments across the nation are desperately seeking them) this would do little to increase the number of officers beyond a small fraction. Again, most Americans who have the capabilities to be a police officer also have the abilities to secure more lucrative employment elsewhere.Finally, the question itself misunderstands why there are such poor relationships between the police and Blacks. The reasons include:Municipalities using their police forces to oppress the legitimate economic and political concerns of the Black communityThe police recruiting and retaining racist officers.Police departments defending racist officers or officers who are clearly incapable of performing successfully (Ferguson, MO being a prime example of this) even when doing as such places them in conflict with the Black community.Police officers openly treating African American citizens in contemptuous or racist manners with little or no fear of retribution.The Black community doggedly defending even criminal elements of their community because of the perception that failing to do so demonstrates a disunity that could erode the community as a whole.A consistent failure of municipalities, police forces and minority communities to learn from the lessons of past mistakes.Very little, if any, of the above could be solved or even mitigated, by more Blacks applying for police positions or even more municipalities hiring minority applicants.

Note: this answer was edited and revised slightly on 9/4/14, to update it for publication in another venue.I think this is a classic example of what happens when a law enforcement agency isn't trained or prepared for an unexpected or exceptionally large event.Ferguson is a city of 21,000 people. Its police department has 52 sworn officers. Only three are black, when about 68% of the city's population are black. This imbalance affects the current situation tangentially, but I doubt that it's a problem that the City of Ferguson is unaware of or that they haven't tried to fix it.Anytime a white police officer kills or seriously injures a minority citizen in a predominately minority community, there will be an outcry. Accusations of racism follow immediately and certainly, and the precipitating conduct that led to the incident is lost in the conversation.There is something of a litmus test one can do to evaluate whether the motive behind an action is motivated by racism: change the ethnicities of the players. So, instead of Michael Brown, we have Michael White, a 6-5, 265 lb. Caucasian, 18 years of age. He enters a convenience store in his small community and takes a package of cigars. When the clerk tries to stop him, White grabs him and tosses him around in order to leave unencumbered.A few minutes later, White and at least one companion of the same ethnicity are walking down the middle of a public street, eschewing the sidewalk provided for pedestrians. A uniformed police officer (he can be whatever race you want him to be--I don't think it matters) who is of inferior physical size to White sees him and asks him and his friend to move to the sidewalk. The pair refuse. The police officer may or may not know about the strongarm robbery at the convenience store; if he knows, he is unaware that White or his companion are the perpetrators.The officer stops his car and starts to get out to confront the pair. White attacks him as he tries to exit the vehicle, and attempts to disarm the officer. The officer retains control of his firearm and shoots White, who is unarmed.Would the white citizens--or, for that matter, the black, brown, or green citizens--demonstrate, hold rallies and vigils, and ultimately burn and loot the town in protest? I'm unaware of this ever happening.Darren Wilson, the police officer who shot Brown, is described as "tall and slender" in the stories I've read. He looks to be about six feet tall and around 180 lbs., although this is only a gross estimate based on a few photos of him I have seen on the web. I'm a fairly big guy. When I was working the street, I was 6-2 and around 210 lbs. Had I been attacked by an 18-year-old of Brown's size who tried to get control of my sidearm, I would probably have shot him, or tried, too. When you're fighting with someone who outmatches you physically and has moved in too close for a TASER or impact weapon, you don't have many options left if you want to go home that day. Race is irrelevant, at least from the perspective of the officer.I've heard the argument that walking down the middle of the street, or even doing a robbery of a store, doesn't justify the use of deadly force. No, it doesn't. But attacking a police officer and trying to disarm him does quite possibly justify the use of deadly force. The decision to do that was solely Michael Brown's. Had he paid for his cigars and walked on the sidewalk (not especially arduous requirements, IMHO), he would likely still be going to technical school next month, and most of us would still have never heard of Ferguson.The walking-in-the-middle-of-the-street behavior is used by miscreants and gang types all over. It's a passive-aggressive form of control. The pedestrians walk in the street so they can impede traffic. If you drive up to them, you only precede or drive as fast as they move, as they block your path. If you sound your horn or yell at them, the reaction will be somewhere between ignoring you completely and attacking your car. If you get out of the car, God help you. It's just a power move. They usually move out of the street if the cops ask them to. In this case, they didn't. Most people expect the cops to intervene and take care of this sort of thing, because the private citizen can't do so without risk.The Ferguson PD now has to contend with civil unrest, the likes of which they have never seen before. If they are like most PDs of that size, they have little training in public order incidents. Still, they don't have the option of boarding up the police station and hiding inside while people are gathering in a hostile way. They responded the only way they knew how, in tactical gear that offered the best protection for their officers.The basic police uniform doesn't provide all that much protection from threats to the wearer. Most cops wear body armor that will stop a handgun bullet, but it doesn't help if you get hit in the roughly 70% of the body that is not protected by the armor. It will offer some very limited protection against thrown missiles like rocks and bottles, but none against Molotov cocktails. If you get hit with a rock in your head, knee, or elbow, you're likely going down. Tactical gear often includes knee and elbow pads, more coverage with body armor, a helmet, and possibly goggles. If I had been going out to police a hostile crowd, I'd have every piece of gear like that I could carry.Some officers--most of the ones I saw were from the county police department--were armed with rifles. One photo I've seen run repeatedly shows a helmeted officer with a sniper rifle on a bipod, and the officer appears to be perched on top of a tactical vehicle. People may find this offensive, but there is sound tactical doctrine for this. Not everyone supports the people protesting. Snipers have been known to take potshots at the crowd, which will quickly result in panic and folks getting trampled. There may also be people in the crowd who are armed, and can shoot someone and get away, using the anonymity that comes with large gatherings. The police sniper (or counter-sniper) maintains a high observation point and a scoped rifle to deal with these situations, if they occur.The tactical vehicles may also be off-putting, but they offer the occupants protection from bullets, thrown objects, and improvised fire bombs, all of which were a factor in this situation. If the tires are shot out or flattened by nails, they often have run-flat tires that will allow the vehicle to keep moving. A patrol car offers far less protection, and anti-police crowds seem to delight in setting fire to and overturning police cars that are vacant or abandoned. A 52-man police department isn't going to have a lot of spare cars.The PD stepped up their posture when there was arson and looting of city businesses the night after the shooting. Burning down and stealing from the businesses that serve your community does absolutely nothing to advance whatever cause of justice you're allegedly seeking to achieve. The people who do this are thieves and hoodlums, plain and simple. They take advantage of overwhelmed law enforcement services to commit their crimes unimpeded. Some people seem to like to describe the actions of these criminals as a morally justified response to the racist genocide of their own by the ruling class. Bullshit. These are just cowardly criminals who are going to steal or destroy anything they can get their hands on because they like to steal and destroy things. If they could get away with it at any other time, they would do it, then, too.When the Missouri governor ordered the Ferguson PD to stand down and turned over handling of the incident to the Missouri State Highway Patrol, critics of the FPD noted that the more relaxed approach was reducing the level of violence and confrontation in the wake of the more fascist tactics of the FPD. This lovefest lasted less than 24 hours, until the sun went down and the looting and arson resumed. There would have been a lot more of this, but by then many business owners were standing guard with personally-owned firearms. I don't blame them a bit for doing this (in their situation, I would be doing the same thing), but do you think a looter or arsonist is going to get a better shake from a personally-invested businessman whose expertise is with selling hardware or cutting meat, or a trained police officer?The arrests of journalists and people who were doing no more than recording what they saw on a public street were wrong, plain and simple. The cops should and probably do know better. I don't excuse their behavior, but I do understand it in part. When you're seeing the town you're supposed to police coming down around you, you feel like you need to do something, even if the "something" is ill-advised. It's a siege mentality brought about by stress and frustration. Better and more intensive supervision would have deterred this sort of behavior, but my guess is that FPD had every cop they could find deployed on the street, and there weren't enough effective supervisors to keep track of them all. My friend, risk management expert and retired CHP captain Gordon Graham, likes to say that most police misconduct cases can be traced to ineffective supervision. Once again, the FPD was overwhelmed.So, if this situation was so out of their depth, why didn't the FPD just call for help from the start? Because tradition and standard practice say you try and handle what comes to you before you call for help. This got out of control faster than the FPD could recognize and react to it. They did have the assistance of the St. Louis County Police Department and some state troopers drawn from local stations, but wasn't able to coordinate and control those bodies sufficiently to keep this situation from growing more serious. I don't know if they had ever trained or planned for this kind of coordinated operation before. If they're like most police agencies in the United States, they haven't. There is a limited amount of time and money for training, and you tend to address the problems you already have, not the ones you might have someday.Would this situation have taken place if the racial makeup of the FPD more closely reflected that of the community? Maybe, but that's a difficult goal. Police departments around the country are having difficulty recruiting new officers of any race. Only about 20% of Americans ages 18-25 are eligible for military service. The rest are rejected for reasons of obesity or just poor physical conditioning, criminal records, driving history, recent drug use, or poor credit. Police service is more restrictive than the military, but someone who can't qualify for the military isn't likely to qualify to be a police officer, either. By age 30-34, 3.2% of white men have been in prison, where 22.4% of black men have (Race, Criminal Background, and Employment). In Missouri, 56% of black men graduate from high school, where 81% of white men do (National Table Data). 27% of white Americans have poor credit records, where 48% of blacks do (Study: African-Americans More Likely to Have Bad Credit | BadCredit.org). The reasons for this are an entirely separate debate, but it boils down to there being substantially fewer black men than white men who are qualified to be police officers.Of the black applicants who are qualified for police service, they usually have many better and more lucrative options. Many businesses and colleges actively recruit high-achieving minorities, enticing them with management training programs and full-ride scholarships. If I was a young man offered a choice of a professional career in engineering, medicine, or business or being a police officer, both with all training and education costs paid, it would be pretty tough to take the cop route.Now and then, law enforcement agencies decide their need for minority officers or supervisors is so great that they lower the bar for minority applicants. This has had disastrous consequences in every instance of which I am aware. You need the best person you can get, not just the best [race or ethnicity] you can get, to be your cops and supervisors.To summarize: I think the Ferguson PD just got slammed with an event that was beyond their capacity to handle. The people of Ferguson could have responded to the shooting with peaceful protests and demonstrations, and I suspect most of them intended to do exactly that. But a relatively small number decided to respond with violence, and the FPD wasn't trained or equipped to deal with it.Added 8/23/14: An excellent article on this topic: Ferguson's 6 top use-of-force questions: A cop's response. Also, Ferguson: Facts and Force | Officer.com.Added 10/10/14: A perspective a little different from what you usually read: Ferguson's Unasked Questions by Heather Mac Donald, City Journal 6 October 2014Added 5/7/2015: An example of the recruitment problem, this time from the fire service: Ferguson-area fire chiefs on difficulty hiring black firefighters | Fire Chief