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(This answer is specific to the United States)The answer varies slightly from state to state. Here's what works everywhere:1. IF you are driving a motor vehicle, AND the officer had reasonable cause to pull you over:(a) you are required to produce a valid drivers license(b) if you do not have such a licence, you are still required to TRUTHFULLY identify yourself as to your full name and place of residence.(c) failure to produce a valid license is a traffic code violation. It is NOT inherently a criminal offence. You CANNOT be arrested just for failing to produce a license. If you refuse to identify yourself in any way, the officer can place you in custody (not arrest) until such time you provide your information.(d) Failure to produce a license can result in having your car impounded. It's not automatic, and the officer has leeway on this. However, if they do chose, you will be required to pay an impound fine as well as the fine for failure to show the license. Typically, if there is another licensed driver in the car, the car will not be impounded. Otherwise, it will be.(e) However, if you not only don't have a driver's license on you, but you don't have a license AT ALL (or have yours suspended), that is a criminal offense, and you can be arrested.2. If you are not operating a motor vehicle:(a) An officer must have reasonable suspicion that a crime is being committed, or that you are a reasonable suspect for a recently-committed crime. If they do not have such cause, you are under NO OBLIGATION to answer any question they have, nor do you have to stop when they so request. Arresting you in such a circumstance (or even detaining you) is a violation of your civil rights, you are entitled to file a complain (and a lawsuit if you so chose), and any evidence or anything else collected at the time is illegal.(b) If they do have a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity, they can very briefly detain you. You are required to answer any questions about your name and place of residence truthfully. You are NOT required to answer anything else. Officers are NOT allowed to frisk or otherwise search you. You are free to leave the area immediately after answering with your identification information, and if the officer cannot show Probable Cause. The best way to ascertain this is to ask the officer "Am I free to leave?". If the answer is yes, DO SO. If the answer is NO, then you are technically being "detained", and a whole new set of protections come into place.(c) Identifying yourself does NOT mean you have to produce some sort of paperwork. Verbal (though truthful) information is sufficient. Officers cannot demand paperwork.(d) If the officer has Probable Cause (which is a greater standard than "reasonable suspicion) to suspect you are a criminal, they are allowed to perform what is known as a "Terry Stop" on you - they can briefly frisk you to check for weapons and OBVIOUS illegal items. Basically, this involves a "pat down". You are NOT required to empty your pockets, nor can they reach into a pocket. The officer can require you to remove any weapon you have that the pat down has found. The pad down can also provide Probable Cause for an actual Arrest (if they felt something that reasonably would be suspected of being an illegal item).(e) Failure to identify yourself when required (B through E) allows the officer to conduct an immediate Terry Stop on you, and can hold you in detention until you provide such information. Once again, you are only required to answer truthfully; you are NOT required to produce paperwork.Note that some states include bicycles in the definition of "vehicle".The gist of this is simple: answer with your name and place of residence when asked by an officer. Unless you are driving a car, you do not have to produce ID. Failure to answer with your name and residence allows the officer to detain you until such time as your identity can be determined. It is NOT ipso facto a crime. (i.e. there is no such crime as "failure to ID oneself").

No. The law requiring people to show identification to police officers was ruled as unconstitutional in the 1983 decision of Kolender v. Lawson. Some states require you to truthfully state your name, if asked by a police officer. Giving a false name or other identifying data may constitute a separate crime.

Because actually proposed voter ID laws serve to suppress ethnic minority and poor votes.Make the ID paid for out of taxation, easy to access (i.e. The government bends over backwards to make sure you've got one. You don't have to turn up to some office somewhere only within working hours to collect it etc) and so on, and I imagine that many liberals would be in favour of it.But that's not what actually proposed voter ID laws look like. Instead, they are a deliberate hurdle designed to suppress the votes of the less advantaged.