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Every material arts lover out there probably knows something about Japanese jiu jitsu vs Brazilian jiu jitsu (BJJ). So, what is the difference between jiu jitsu vs bjj? The original samurai art is the Japanese jiu jitsu widely known as the “mother art”.It was mainly used by the samurai soldiers on the battlefield because it involved everything they needed to be successful when unarmed. The art is still passed down from generation to generation to avoid it being watered down. The Brazilian jiu jitsu, a popular offspring of the Japanese jiu jitsu , is incorporated from the Japanese Martial arts by the grace family which created and perfected the art. The Grace family was particularly inspired by judo. Today, these grappling martial art styles are used in competitive sports across various disciplines.Difference between jiu jitsu and bjjJapanese jiu jitsuThe origin of jiu jitsu is still unresolved because it was discovered centuries ago. Some speculated that it originated from the Buddhist monks in India who wanted to defend themselves peacefully. Hence, the name jiu jitsu which means “peaceful way” meaning it was to be performed when unarmed. It practices a lot of throws and locks which can be very dangerous. It is mostly self-defense oriented allowing you to defeat an opponent faster. Jiu jitsu normally doesn’t entail lots of sparring like the BJJ. This art was mainly developed to be used by the samurai soldiers when unarmed in combat. This means that the original jiu jitsu was more violent compared to the one practiced today.Original version had a combination of wrestling and other various bar-hundred techniques which includes the use of leverage and friction instead of punches and kicks to defeat the opponent. This art uses submissions when hurting the opponent. In the 1800s, judo, an art that effectively incorporates jiu jitsu was formed and became the official form of martial art used in Japanese combat. Nonetheless, jiu jitsu is not very effective when coming against a stronger and bigger opponent.Brazilian Jiu JitsuThe Brazilian jiu jitsu was first introduced to Corlos Gracia Sr and his brother helio, by Mistyo maenad, both of these two brothers were not very impressive physically, particularly Helio Grecie who was weak and frail. This is the main reason why it focuses mainly on ground fighting aspects as opposed to judo which focuses on throws and sweeps.On the ground, it is very effective against an untrained opponent of any size. The BJJ is much more of a relaxed art as it is less classical and includes less formality. While in the Japanese jiu jitsu and instructor dictates you, in the BJJ you get to test each and every move with the instructor. BJJ has played an important role in the rise of the Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) competition ever since Royce Gracia beat everyone. This competition uses kicks, knees, punches, elbows, and submissions to subdue an opponent. Helio used BJJ to conquer a lot of good martial artists in Brazil and even challenged the Japanese Jiu jitsu champion who was 80 pounds heavier. The modern BJJ is much more sports-oriented losing some of its original self-defense aspects.Pros and ConsJiu jitsuFirst of the There is no term as perfect jiu jitsu but the advantages and points are what motivate the competitor to perfect their jiu-jistu . If you make a single mistake, you opponent will leapfrog you on the scoreboard. For example, if a guard player uses the cockroach position while passively lying back and the top player passes the guard leading to an attach for submission, then the top player gets the advantages for being aggressive to the spectator’s memorization. If the spectators are satisfied, it means more revenues and sponsorship. This also leads to the opening of more jiu jitsu academies leading to a large talent pool to the satisfaction of everyone.More Details about An overview types of martial arts uniformsJiu jitsu fosters patience and discipline because of its timing and rhythm. Executing moves like throws and locks at the right moment can be effortless if done at the right time. This art of patience and self-discipline reduces stress. Also, jiu jitsu enhances your self-defense techniques because what you learn is also applicable in real-life situations. Due to its rigorous form of training compared to other martial arts, jiu jitsu helps build your strength and endurance while increasing flexibility. On the cons side of jiu jitsu, the techniques involved can take time to perfect and use them effectively on the street. Also, because its style is not meant for competition if the rules of the completion are applied one could lose easily.BJJ (Brazilian jiu-jitsu)The thinking of BJJ goes beyond martial art of sport because it changes your life. Due to the rigorous training sessions involved, participants in jiu jitsu are able to lose more weight and feel more flexible than when they first joined. This is because it teaches you how to use your body acts as a single unit. Because of so many techniques involved, BJJ helps improve your mental state as much as the physical state. It demands a lot of determination and focus. One of the disadvantages in BJJ is that it does not protect vital sports like the groin. Also, when threatened by an armed gang of person BJJ doesn’t come in handy. Lastly, BJJ training takes a significant amount of your time to correctly apply the techniques.In conclusion, JJ is then is the best martial arts technique that is mainly focused on the ground aspects of fighting. On the other end, jiu jitsu grappling art is considered as more complete because of its superior takedown style. Both of these grappling martial arts entail using chokes, leg licks, arm locks, and pins. However, the differences vary from the training methods to the training equipment and also, application of some techniques. Although the difference between bjj vs japanese jiu jitsu is there for you to decide, they are very much similar fighting styles and ring a lot of benefits that harm when properly applied.

Was IPL well marketed?A big yes for this question. In this report, we will see how the management working behind IPL achieved a phenomenal success in marketing it so well. The marketing strategies that they followed along with well crafted advertisements clicked the rights chords of the humongous customer base in India. We shall first look into a brief history about what IPL is all about, what all marketing strategies were used for its success and how consumer behavior has helped in achieving its marketing objectives. We shall also see what are the future prospective of IPL if it has to keep up with the changing trends in the market.Brief History of IPLExcerpt is taken from Wikipedia:The Indian Premier League (IPL), is a professional Twenty20 cricket league in India contested during April and May of every year by teams representing Indian cities and some states. The league was founded by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) in 2008 and is regarded as the brainchild of Lalit Modi, the founder and former commissioner of the league.The IPL is the most-attended cricket league in the world and in 2014 ranked sixth by average attendance among all sports leagues. In 2010, the IPL became the first sporting event in the world to be broadcast live on YouTube. The brand value of IPL in 2018 was US$6.3 billion, according to Duff & Phelps. According to BCCI, the 2015 IPL season contributed ₹11.5 billion (US$182 million) to the GDP of the Indian economy.There have been eleven seasons of the IPL tournament. The current IPL title holders are the Chennai Super Kings, who won the 2018 season. The most successful franchises in the tournament are the Chennai Super Kings and Mumbai Indians with 3 tournament wins each.Marketing Strategies Which Were UsedThe 7 P’s of Services Marketing MixProduct: The product here is the service – which is ‘entertainment’. It is intangible in nature and cannot be measured. Each time the match is played at a venue, the kind of entertainment we get is different. So, it is heterogeneous, perishable and cannot be owned.Price: They followed a ‘Place differential’ Pricing Strategy – depending upon where the match is going to be played, the ticket rates were set. It was also set by each franchise which ranged from Rs 400 to Rs 40000. It was free of cost if watched at home (Negligible Cost on Cable TV), Free on YouTube, Live Score Apps on Mobile, Monthly rent on online streaming apps like HotStar.Place: It was telecasted on TV, YouTube, Twitter tweets, Facebook updates, Online fan clubs, Banner ads, other sports websites. It was also delivered live at the stadium itself. Its website provided live scoreboard along with the complete schedule of the matches to be played.website: https://www.iplt20.com/They had kept the entire website very interactive to engage the customer and get hold of him/her for a significant period. They had a pulse poll in order to take the viewer’s choice of different scenarios. Live updates with all the relevant information were put up so that there won’t be any need to go to other websites.Promotion: It was promoted in numerous ways. Some of which are as follows:It was positioned not merely as cricket, but as ‘cricketainment’ in the minds of the Indian customers. India is a country where cricket is taken as a religion and not as a sport. So, they did a proper positioning of this service in the minds of the customers.All the teams are headed by some megastar of Bollywood. This has become a perfect amalgamation of Bollywood and Cricket and has given a boost to the viewership of IPL.The tournament was held in April-May during summer vacation. The timing of IPL has shown its strategic application by choosing the evening time for the matches, which makes the people watch the game comfortably.Bharti Airtel users to get free streaming of IPL 2018 live action via Airtel TV app – Collaboration with major telecom service providers.Promoting via all the channels - Amul's new cartoon captures CSK's IPL win perfectly with Ziva Dhoni & Shane Watson“Star India mulls telecast of IPL final, knockout matches on Star Plus - The closing matches of the Indian Premier League (IPL) may see a telecast on Hindi mass entertainment channel Star Plus as the broadcaster looks for ways to boost the tournament’s reach on TV.” – Economic TimesTata Motors signed 3 years sponsorship deal with BCCI for IPL – Association with Tata group worked in their favor.Nokia returned as principal sponsor of KKR – Tie up with big brands in order to have customer retention.Airtel to deploy massive MIMO technology at IPL venues – Innovation being used in order to keep up with the ever-changing consumer demands.Trumpet Tune: t is a traditional Spanish tune. It is the intro to a song called "En Er Mundo - Pepe El Trompeta". The trumpet sound is a typical piece of Spanish music played by "wind" instruments (trumpets, saxophones, etc.) and suited to the sound, drama, and movement of the Spanish bullfight. It was something that resonates with customers till now.People: People are a defining factor in a service delivery process, since a service is inseparable from the person providing it. Here, it includes the players playing in the field if you are watching in the stadium.Physical Evidence:Peripheral Evidence: The souvenirs that you buy from stadium like T-shirt or bandana as a memory of the match.Essential Evidence: The memory that you carry with you once you are back from the match.Process: The game that they play follow a particular routine and pattern throughout the season so as to keep a uniformity in their delivery.Few unique marketing strategies which IPL followed1. Tradition Change of Cheerleaders:It was Pune Warriors who aberrated from the usual trend of having cheerleaders from the West. They brought Indian classical dancers who used to dance Bharatnatyam or Kuchipudi every time Pune Warriors cleared the boundary or picked up a wicket.2. Helmet cams, umpire cams and spider cams:Bringing in latest innovation always drives attention of consumers towards the service being provided. It has having revolutionized the way cricket is viewed in the drawing room. Now all the run-out decisions look more real than ever before because of the cameras attached to the umpire’s hat that follow the movement of their eyes.3. Fan umpiresIn a move to "increase involvement of viewers", the think-tanks behind IPL, came up with an innovation in 2016 that allowed fans in the stands to express their views on decisions referred to the third umpire. As part of this exercise, fans could participate in the decision-making - albeit only to the extent of holding placards that carried 'out' and 'not out' - while letting the cameras pan around and show the most animated ones on the screen.How Consumer Behavior backs IPL?Advertisement 1Link to the ad - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YVcmybaum7sThe context of the ad:The advertisement shows a son and a father watching IPL late midnight. The conversation goes as follows:Son : “Dad, it is very late, you should go to bed as you have office tomorrow.”Father : “Huh! You are copying my dialogue, you should go to bed and sleep as you have school tomorrow!”Son : “Dad! My summer vacation is going on……Good Night!”Background Narration: “You won’t get any better chance to take revenge from your father! Where can you get such an opportunity? DLF IPL on Sony Max”Analysis of the ad:The ad is a classic example of usage of affect in an advertisement. It uses the cognitive route to influence the viewers, especially targeted towards school going kids. It generates support argument once the ad is exposed to the viewer.Support Argument: The ad says that we will not get any better opportunity to watch IPL. It creates the argument that, indeed it is the best time to watch IPL as even father will not have a justifiable reason to deny us.Once the support argument is generated in the minds of the viewer, there is a positive tendency towards Ad liking. Upon repetitive views, the ad manifests a positive image of IPL in the minds of the viewer and makes the viewer follow the IPL season.Advertisement 2The context of the ad:The ad revolves around two school going kids who encounter a place after returning from school. They are suggested to go inside a fest where lot of amusement rides are available. All the rides are having effigy of top cricket stars. Everyone is enjoying the festival with full vigor and zeal.Analysis of the ad:The ad clearly uses Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique (ZMET) to show that IPL is all about entertainment and fun. The metaphor used here is ‘Amusement park – Fest’. The metaphor clearly uncovered and delivered correctly such that the viewers (fans) can resonate with that is communicated – IPL is fun, thrilling and adventurous.As Zaltman described it, "A lot goes on in our minds that we're not aware of. Most of what influences what we say and do occurs below the level of awareness. That's why we need new techniques: to get at hidden knowledge-to get at what people don't know they know."That’s what is being done here. By seeing the carefully, we can understand the logic behind each of the amusement ride and the overall surrounding of a festival. It elicits the meaning that you can experience entertainment from all the corners of the match, whether you have your favorite batsman on the pitch or the bowler. Each and every match will be as entertaining as the thrilling finals of every season.First Mover Advantage – Order Of Entry EffectKolkata Knight Riders (KKR) were the first team to heavily invest on advertising. They realized the potential of advertising and branding their team which left them with affluent revenue and recognition, although they didn’t win. Chennai Super Kings (CSK) had the first mover advantage in bidding the highest for MS Dhoni and bagging him for the entire IPL season.Influencing the point of referenceIPL has been compared with the traditional form of cricket always by the critics of the sport. Most of the time it has been in favor of IPL because of the short duration of the game, the revenue it generates and the fan following it has. Hadn’t it been compared with traditional form, the charm that it carries today would be far less.Year wise campaign taglines (Brand Positioning)2008 : Manoranjan Ka Baap – The campaign sought to promote the tournament as the biggest entertainment blockbuster on Indian television, marrying cricket with entertainment2009 : Ek Desh, Ek Junoon - highlighted the passion that united the nation through the campaign thought ‘Ek Desh Ek Junoon’.2010 : Saare Jahan Se Achha - Since in the second year the tournament was held in South Africa, the idea was to get it back to India and, hence, the message for the third year was that the IPL had returned to India, thus building it as the pride of India through the campaign2011 : Bharat Bandh - To highlight how the entire nation comes to a standstill during a cricket match, the campaign for IPL 4 took on the positioning of ‘Bharat Bandh’2012 : Aisa Mauka Aur Kahan Milega - For the fifth year, the campaign positioning was based on the insight that IPL brings people together, hence the tag ‘Aisa Mauka Aur Kahan Milega’.2013 : Sirf Dekhne Ka Nahi - the campaign thought – ‘Sirf Dekhne Ka Nahi’ – revolved around creating a radical shift – engaging, entertaining and involving audiences, not just around the grandeur of IPL, but with the clear route of engagement.2014 : Come on, Bulaava Aaya Hai - Taking the property to the next level, last year IPL came out with the hugely popular ‘Come on, Bulaava Aaya Hai’ campaign, which was based on the premise that the year’s most awaited cricketing event had finally arrived and no one should miss it at any cost.2015 : India ka Tyohaar - In Season 8, the thought has been more geared towards creative and engaging showcases and the fact that ‘India ka Tyohaar’ invites people to break their differences and join in the revelry, which has been communicated through a heart-shaped mnemonic that exudes the ‘spirit of togetherness’.2016 : Ek India Happywala – Ek India Happywala, is about bringing the Indians together and celebrating as one entity.2017 : 10 Saal Aapke Naam – Celebrating the spirit of IPL’s 10th anniversary in India.2018 : Best vs Best – Showcasing that the entertainment will be revolving around the fight between the best and the best and how interesting it will be to see who wins.What Next for IPL?IPL can do a market research and can come up with the factors that people like the most in IPL. Probably then the concerned team can work towards making it even better.They can work towards making its advertisements more hedonic. This would allow them to charge a premium either for the viewership, satellite rights or the tickets for the stadiums.They can customize the overall game by introducing new rules or by reducing the total number of overs to 10 or say 15. People always tend to seek variety in case of hedonic services and with this IPL can generate even more revenue as people would be more interested in watching it.References:1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Premier_League2. http://www.espn.in/cricket/story/_/id/19072269/ten-things-ipl-brought-mainstream3. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/bharti-airtel-users-to-get-free-streaming-of-ipl-2018-live-action-via-airtel-tv-app/articleshow/63627315.cms4. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/indian-premier-league-is-largely-a-marketing-success/articleshow/3060822.cms

Junk food is unhealthy food that is high in calories from sugar or fat, with little dietary fiber, protein, vitamins, minerals, or other important forms of nutritional value.[1][2][3]Precise definitions vary by purpose and over time. Some high-protein foods, like meat prepared with saturated fat, may be considered junk food.[4] The term HFSS foods (high in fat, salt and sugar) is used synonymously.[5][6] Fast food and fast food restaurants are often equated with junk food, although fast foods cannot be categorically described as junk food.[7][8][9] Most junk food is highly processed food.Concerns about the negative health effects resulting from a junk food-heavy diet, especially obesity, have resulted in public health awareness campaigns, and restrictions on advertising and sale in several countries.[10][11][12]Junk food is a pejorative dating back at least to the 1950s.[13]Contents1 Origin of the term2 Definitions3 History4 Popularity and appeal5 Health effects6 Anti-junk food measures6.1 Taxation6.2 Restricting advertising to children6.3 Restricting sales to minors7 See also8 References9 Further reading10 External linksOrigin of the termThe term junk food dates back at least to the early 1950s, although its coinage has been credited to Michael F. Jacobson of the Center for Science in the Public Interest, in 1972.[3] In 1952, the phrase appeared in a headline in the Lima, Ohio, News, "'Junk Foods' Cause Serious Malnutrition", over a reprint of a 1948 article from the Ogden, Utah, Standard-Examiner, originally titled, "Dr. Brady’s Health Column: More Junk Than Food". In the article, Dr. Brady writes, "What Mrs. H calls 'junk' I call cheat food. That is anything made principally of (1) white flour and or (2) refined white sugar or syrup. For example, white bread, crackers, cake, candy, ice cream soda, chocolate malted, sundaes, sweetened carbonated beverages."[14] The term cheat food can be traced back in newspaper mentions to at least 1916.[15]DefinitionsA homemade vegetarian pizza on whole-grain bread with multiple types of vegetablesWhether foods such as pizza are considered junk food depends upon how they are made.In Andrew F. Smith's Encyclopedia of Junk Food and Fast Food, junk food is defined as "those commercial products, including candy, bakery goods, ice cream, salty snacks and soft drinks, which have little or no nutritional value but do have plenty of calories, salt, and fats. While not all fast foods are junk foods, most are. Fast foods are ready-to-eat foods served promptly after ordering. Some fast foods are high in calories and low in nutritional value, while other fast foods, such as salads, may be low in calories and high in nutritional value."[7]Junk food provides empty calories, supplying little or none of the protein, vitamins, or minerals required for a nutritious diet.[16] Many foods, such as hamburgers, pizza, and tacos, can be considered either healthy or junk food, depending on their ingredients and preparation methods.[17] The more highly processed items usually fall under the junk food category,[18] including breakfast cereals that are mostly sugar or high fructose corn syrup and white flour or milled corn.[19]The United Kingdom's Advertising Standards Authority, the self-regulatory agency for the UK ad industry, uses nutrient profiling to define junk food. Foods are scored for "A" nutrients (energy, saturated fat, total sugar and sodium) and "C" nutrients (fruit, vegetable and nut content, fiber and protein). The difference between A and C scores determines whether a food or beverage is categorized as HFSS (high in fat, salt and sugar; a term synonymous with junk food).[20][5][6]In Panic Nation: Unpicking the Myths We're Told About Food and Health, the junk food label is described as nutritionally meaningless: food is food, and if there is zero nutritional value, then it isn't a food.[21] Co-editor Vincent Marks explains, "To label a food as 'junk' is just another way of saying, 'I disapprove of it.' There are bad diets - that is, bad mixtures and quantities of food - but there are no 'bad foods' except those that have become bad through contamination or deterioration."[22]HistoryAccording to an article in the New York Times, "Let Us Now Praise the Great Men of Junk Food", "The history of junk food is a largely American tale: It has been around for hundreds of years, in many parts of the world, but no one has done a better job inventing so many varieties of it, branding it, mass-producing it, making people rich off it and, of course, eating it."[23] Cracker Jack, the candy-coated popcorn-and-peanuts confection, is credited as the first popular name-brand junk food; it was created in Chicago, registered in 1896, and became the best-selling candy in the world 20 years later.[24][25]Popularity and appealJunk food in its various forms is extremely popular, and an integral part of modern popular culture. In the US, annual fast food sales are in the area of $160 billion,[26] compared to supermarket sales of $620 billion[27] (a figure which also includes junk food in the form of convenience foods, snack foods, and candy). In 1976, "Junk Food Junkie", a US Top 10 pop song, described a junk food addict who pretends to follow a healthy diet by day, while at night gorges on Hostess Twinkies and Fritos corn chips, McDonald's and KFC.[28] Thirty-six years later, Time placed the Twinkie at #1 in an article titled, "Top 10 Iconic Junk Foods": "Not only...a mainstay on our supermarket shelves and in our bellies, they've been a staple in our popular culture and, above all, in our hearts. Often criticized for its lack of any nutritional value whatsoever, the Twinkie has managed to persevere as a cultural and gastronomical icon."[29]America also celebrates an annual National Junk Food Day on July 21. Origins are unclear; it is one of around 175 US food and drink days, most created by "people who want to sell more food", at times aided by elected officials at the request of a trade association or commodity group.[30] "In honor of the day," Time in 2014 published, "5 Crazy Junk Food Combinations". Headlines from other national and local media coverage include: "Celebrate National Junk Food Day With… Beer-Flavored Oreos?" (MTV);[31] "National Junk Food Day: Pick your favorite unhealthy treats in this poll" (Baltimore);[32] "Celebrities' favorite junk food" (Los Angeles);[33] "A Nutritionist's Guide to National Junk Food Day" with "Rules for Splurging" (Huffington Post);[34] and "It's National Junk Food Day: Got snacks?" (Kansas City).[35]As for the source of junk food's appeal, there is no definitive scientific answer, both physiological and psychological factors are cited. Food manufacturers spend billions of dollars on research and development to create flavor profiles that trigger the human affinity for sugar, salt, and fat. Consumption results in pleasurable, likely addictive, effects in the brain. At the same time, massive marketing efforts are deployed, creating powerful brand loyalties that studies have shown can trump taste.[36]It is well-established that the poor eat more junk food overall than the more affluent, but the reasons for this are not clear.[37] Few studies have focused on variations in food perception according to socio-economic status (SES); some studies that have differentiated based on SES suggest that the economically challenged don't perceive healthy food much differently than any other segment of the population.[38] Recent research into scarcity, combining behavioral science and economics, suggests that, faced with extreme economic uncertainty, where even the next meal may not be a sure thing, judgment is impaired and the drive is to the instant gratification of junk food, rather than to making the necessary investment in the longer-term benefits of a healthier diet.[39][40]Health effectsWhen junk food is consumed very often, the excess fat, simple carbohydrates, and processed sugar found in junk food contributes to an increased risk of obesity, cardiovascular disease, and many other chronic health conditions.[41] A case study on consumption of fast foods in Ghana suggested a direct correlation between consumption of junk food and obesity rates. The report asserts that obesity resulted in related complex health concerns such as an upsurge in the rate of heart attacks.[42] Studies reveal that as early as the age of 30, arteries could begin clogging and lay the groundwork for future heart attacks.[43] Consumers also tend to eat too much in one sitting,[44] and those who have satisfied their appetite with junk food are less likely to eat healthy foods like fruit or vegetables.[45]Testing on rats has indicated negative effects of junk food that may manifest likewise in people. A Scripps Research Institute study in 2008 suggested that junk food consumption alters brain activity in a manner similar to addictive drugs like cocaine and heroin. After many weeks with unlimited access to junk food, the pleasure centers of rat brains became desensitized, requiring more food for pleasure; after the junk food was taken away and replaced with a healthy diet, the rats starved for two weeks instead of eating nutritious fare.[46][47] A 2007 study in the British Journal of Nutrition found that female rats who eat junk food during pregnancy increased the likelihood of unhealthy eating habits in their offspring.[48]Other research has been done on the impact of sugary foods on emotional health in humans, and has suggested that consumption of junk food can negatively impact energy levels and emotional well-being.[49]In a study published in the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, the frequency of consumption of 57 foods/drinks of 4000 children at the age of four and a half were collected by maternal report. At age seven, the 4000 children were given the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), with five scales: hyperactivity, conduct problems, peer problems, emotional symptoms and pro-social behavior. A one standard deviation increase in junk food was then linked to excessive hyperactivity in 33% of the subjects, leading to the conclusion that children consuming excess junk food at the age of seven are more likely to be in the top third of the hyperactivity scale. There was no significant correlation between junk food and the other scales.[50]Anti-junk food measuresA number of countries have taken, or are considering, various forms of legislative action to curb junk food consumption. In 2014, United Nations Special Rapporteur on the right to health, Anand Grover, released his report, "Unhealthy foods, non-communicable diseases and the right to health", and called for governments to "take measures, such as developing food and nutrition guidelines for healthy diets, regulating marketing and advertising of junk food, adopting consumer-friendly labeling of food products, and establishing accountability mechanisms for violations of the right to health."[51]An early, high-profile and controversial attempt to identify and curb junk food in the American diet was undertaken by the McGovern Committee (United States Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs, chaired by Senator George McGovern) between 1968 and 1977. Initially formed to investigate malnutrition and hunger in the US, the committee's scope progressively expanded to include environmental conditions that affected eating habits, such as urban decay,[52] then focused on the diet and nutritional habits of the American public. The committee took issue with the use of salt, sugar and fat in processed foods, noted problems with overeating and the high percentage of ads for junk food on TV, and stated that bad eating habits could be as deadly as smoking. The findings were heavily criticized and rebutted from many directions, including the food industry, the American Medical Association, and within the committee itself. In 1977, the committee issued public guidelines under the title, Dietary Goals for the United States, which became the predecessor to Dietary Guidelines for Americans, published every five years beginning in 1980 by the US Department of Health and Human Services.[53][54]TaxationSee also: Fat tax and Soda taxIn an attempt to reduce junk food consumption through price control, sin taxes have been implemented. Targeting saturated fat consumption, Denmark introduced the world's first fat-food tax in October, 2011, by imposing a surcharge on all foods, including those made from natural ingredients, that contain more than 2.3 percent saturated fat, an unpopular measure that lasted a little over a year.[55][56][57] Hungary has imposed taxes on foods and beverages high in added sugar, fat, and salt.[58] Norway taxes refined sugar, and Mexico has various excises on unhealthy food.[59] On April 1, 2015, the first fat tax in the US, the Navajo Nation's Healthy Diné Nation Act of 2014, mandating a 2% junk food tax, came into effect, covering the 27,000 sq mi (70,000 km2) Navajo reservation; the Act targeted problems with obesity and diabetes among the Navajo population.[60]Restricting advertising to childrenJunk food lines both sides of tall shelves at a grocery storeSome governments have considered taxes and limits on advertising or displaying junk food for sale.Junk food that is targeted at children is a contentious issue. In "The Impact of Advertising on Childhood obesity", the American Psychological Association reports: "Research has found strong associations between increases in advertising for non-nutritious foods and rates of childhood obesity."[61] The World Health Organization recommends that governments take action to limit children's exposure to food marketing, stating, "Many advertisements promote foods high in fats, sugar and salt, consumption of which should be limited as part of a healthy diet. ... Food advertising and other forms of marketing have been shown to influence children’s food preferences, purchasing behaviour and overall dietary behaviour. Marketing has also been associated with an increased risk of overweight and obesity in children. The habits children develop early in life may encourage them to adopt unhealthy dietary practices which persist into adulthood, increasing the likelihood of overweight, obesity and associated health problems such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases."[10]In the UK, efforts to increasingly limit or eliminate advertising of foods high in sugar, salt or fat at any time when children may be viewing are ongoing.[62] The UK government has been criticized for failing to do enough to stop advertising and promotion of junk food aimed at children.[63] A UK parliamentary select committee recommended that cartoon characters advertising unhealthy food to children should be banned, supermarkets should have to remove unhealthy sweets and snacks from ends of aisles and checkout areas, local authorities should be able to limit the number of fast food outlets in their area, brands associated with unhealthy foods should be banned from sponsoring sports clubs, youth leagues and tournaments, and social media like Facebook should cut down junk food advertising to children—all are currently just recommendations.[64]In Australia, a Wollongong University study in 2015 showed that junk food sponsors were mentioned over 1,000 times in a single Australian cricket match broadcast, which included ads, and branding worn on players' uniforms and on the scoreboard and pitch. A coalition of Australian obesity, cancer and diabetes organizations called on Cricket Australia, the sport's governing body, to "phase out sponsorships with unhealthy brands", emphasizing that cricket is a "healthy, family-oriented sport" with children in the audience.[65]Restricting sales to minorsSeveral states in Mexico banned sales of junk food to minors, starting in August 2020.[66]See alsoicon Food portalObesityComfort foodDude foodGlutamic acid (flavor), common flavoring compounds and their synthetic versions, which may be added to some processed foods, to boost their savorinessHealth food, foods that tend to be nutrient rich, and may be eaten for their potential benefits to healthList of food additivesNutrient profilingUltra-processed foodReferences"junk food". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 13 March 2015."junk food". Macmillan Dictionary. Retrieved 13 March 2015.O'Neill, Brendon (November 30, 2006). "Is this what you call junk food?". BBC News. Retrieved June 29, 2010.Scott, Caitlin (May 2018). "Sustainably Sourced Junk Food? Big Food and the Challenge of Sustainable Diets". Global Environmental Politics. 18 (2): 93–113. doi:10.1162/glep_a_00458. ISSN 1526-3800. S2CID 57559050.Parks, Troy (16 Dec 2016). "WHO warns on kids' digital exposure to junk-food ads". American Medical Association.Snowdon, Christopher (6 Jun 2018). "The proposed 'junk food' advertising ban is aimed at you, not your children". The Spectator.Smith, Andrew F. (5 September 2000). Encyclopedia of Junk Food and Fast Food. Greenwood Press. p. x. ISBN 978-0313335273.Specter, Michael (2 November 2015). "Freedom from Fries". New Yorker. Retrieved 2019-01-01.Smith, Rene. "Fast Food Facts". Science Kids. Retrieved 2019-01-01."Food Marketing to Kids". Public Health Law Center (William Mitchell College of Law). 2010. Retrieved 13 March 2015."Protecting children from the harmful effects of food and drink marketing". World Health Organization. September 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2015."Food Marketing in Other Countries" (PDF).Zimmer, Ben (30 Dec 2010). "On Language: Junk". New York Times. Retrieved 19 March 2015.Popik, Barry (26 December 2008). "Junk Food". Barry Popik. Archived from the original on 18 March 2015. Retrieved 19 March 2015. "Barry Popik is a contributor to the Oxford English Dictionary, Dictionary of American Regional English, Historical Dictionary of American Slang, Yale Book of Quotations and Dictionary of Modern Proverbs. Since 1990 he has also been a regular contributor to Gerald Cohen's Comments on Etymology. He is recognized as an expert on the origins of the terms Big Apple, Windy City, hot dog, hamburger and many other food terms, and he is an editor of the Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink." - The Big Apple: AboutO’Conner, Patricia T. and Stewart Kellerman (15 February 2011). "Don't touch my junk food". Grammaphobia. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015.Larsen, Joanne. "Can you give me a list of junk foods?". Ask the Dietitian. Retrieved 2019-02-12.University of Glasgow (31 October 2013). "Pizza perfect! A nutritional overhaul of 'junk food,' ready-meals is possible". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 14 November 2014."What Makes a Food Junk?". Huffington Post. 4 August 2010.Magee, Elaine. "Junk-Food Facts". WebMD."Food: HFSS Nutrient Profiling". ASA. 29 Jun 2017. Retrieved 2019-02-10.Feldman, Stanely; Vincent Marks (2005). Panic Nation: Unpicking the Myths We're Told About Food and Health. London: John Blake Publishing. ISBN 9781844541225.O'Neill, Brendan (3 October 2005). "Is junk food a myth?". BBC News. London: BBC. Retrieved 10 February 2015. Vincent Marks is an Emeritus Professor of Clinical Biochemistry at the University of Surrey.Frenandez, Manny (7 Aug 2010). "Let Us Now Praise the Great Men of Junk Food". New York Times. Retrieved 2018-12-31.Petri, Alexandra E. (February 17, 2015). "Where Did Junk Food Come From?". The Daily Meal. Retrieved 2019-04-23.Parsons, Russ (Jun 4, 2013). "Cracker Jack: 120-year-old junk food gets new flavors, 'enhanced' prizes". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2019-04-23.Sena, Matt. "Fast Food Industry Analysis 2015 - Cost & Trends". FranchiseHelp. Retrieved 27 March 2015."Supermarket Facts". Food Marketing Institute. Retrieved 27 March 2015."Larry Groce "Junk Food Junkie"". K-tel International. Retrieved 20 March 2015.Grossman, Samantha (16 Nov 2012). "Top 10 Iconic Junk Foods". Time. Retrieved 28 March 2015.Severson, Kim (30 May 2007). "Having a Snack? Make It a Holiday". New York Times. Retrieved 8 April 2015.Valia, Anu (21 July 2014). "Celebrate National Junk Food Day With… Beer-Flavored Oreos?". MTV (Viacom). Retrieved 8 April 2015.Pfahler, Eric (21 July 2014). "National Junk Food Day: Pick your favorite unhealthy treats in this poll". WMAR-TV ABC 2 News (Scripps TV Station Group). Retrieved 8 April 2015."Celebrities' favorite junk food". ABC Inc., KABC-TV. 21 July 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2015.Reinagel, Monica (21 July 2014). "A Nutritionist's Guide to National Junk Food Day". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 8 April 2015.Thompson, Jadiann (21 July 2014). "It's National Junk Food Day: Got snacks?". KSHB (Scripps TV Station Group). Retrieved 8 April 2015.Ault, Alicia (26 Mar 2015). "Ask Smithsonian: Why Do We Love Junk Food So Much?". http://Smithsonian.com. Retrieved 2018-12-30.Darmon, Nicole; Adam Drewnowski (May 2008). "Does social class predict diet quality?". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 87 (5): 1107–1117. doi:10.1093/ajcn/87.5.1107. PMID 18469226. "A large body of epidemiologic data show that diet quality follows a socioeconomic gradient. Whereas higher-quality diets are associated with greater affluence, energy-dense diets that are nutrient-poor are preferentially consumed by persons of lower socioeconomic status (SES) and of more limited economic means. ... However, a convincing causal relation between SES indicators and diet quality still remains to be established."Paquette, Marie-Claude (July–August 2005). "Perceptions of healthy eating: state of knowledge and research gaps". Canadian Journal of Public Health. 96 (Supplement 3): S15-9, S16-21. PMID 16042159. "This article’s aim is to review and summarize the literature on the perceptions of healthy eating ... Databases, the worldwide web, selected journals and reference lists were searched for relevant papers from the last 20 years. Reviewed articles suggest relative homogeneity in the perceptions of healthy eating despite the studies being conducted in different countries and involving different age groups, sexes and socio-economic status." Also, "...the small number of studies that focused on variations in perceptions according to socio-economic status..."Adams, Tim (7 September 2013). "Scarcity: Why Having Too Little Means So Much". The Guardian (Guardian News and Media). Retrieved 3 April 2015.McWilliams, James (4 Aug 2014). "Why Are So Many Low-Income People So Overweight?". Pacific Standard (Miller-McCune Center for Research, Media and Public Policy). Retrieved 3 April 2015.Roizman, Tracey. "Reasons Eating Junk Food Is Not Good". SFGate (Demand Media). Retrieved 29 March 2015.Searcey, Dionne; Richtel, Matt (2017-10-02). "Obesity Was Rising as Ghana Embraced Fast Food. Then Came KFC". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-10-19."effects of junk food & Beverages on Adolescent's health-A review article".Hall, Kevin D.; Ayuketah, Alexis; Brychta, Robert; Cai, Hongyi; Cassimatis, Thomas; Chen, Kong Y.; Chung, Stephanie T.; Costa, Elise; Courville, Amber; Darcey, Valerie; Fletcher, Laura A. (2019-07-02). "Ultra-Processed Diets Cause Excess Calorie Intake and Weight Gain: An Inpatient Randomized Controlled Trial of Ad Libitum Food Intake". Cell Metabolism. 30 (1): 67–77.e3. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2019.05.008. ISSN 1932-7420. PMC 7946062. PMID 31105044.Junk-Food FactsJohnson, Paul M.; Kenny, Paul J. (2010). "Addiction-like reward dysfunction and compulsive eating in obese rats: Role for dopamine D2 receptors". Nature Neuroscience. 13 (5): 635–41. doi:10.1038/nn.2519. PMC 2947358. PMID 20348917.Goodwin, Jennifer (March 29, 2010). "Junk Food 'Addiction' May Be Real". Bloomberg Business Week. BLOOMBERG L.P. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012.Craving for junk food 'inherited' Mothers who eat junk food during pregnancy may be condemning their children to crave the same diet, according to animal tests. BBC News. 14 August 2007. Study title: "A maternal ‘junk food’ diet in pregnancy and lactation promotes an exacerbated taste for ‘junk food’ and a greater propensity for obesity in rat offspring."Bullen, James (2017-06-10). "The foods making you feel sad, mad or 'high on life'". ABC News. Retrieved 2017-10-19.Wiles, N. J.; Northstone, K.; Emmett, P.; Lewis, G. (2007-12-05). "'Junk food' diet and childhood behavioural problems: results from the ALSPAC cohort". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 63 (4): 491–498. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602967. ISSN 0954-3007. PMC 2664919. PMID 18059416.Saez, Catherine (11 June 2014). "UN Advisor Denounces Junk Food As 'Culprit' In Rising NCDs, Calls For Change". Intellectual Property Watch. Retrieved 27 March 2015.Anson, Robert Sam (1972). McGovern: A Biography. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. pp. 218–242. ISBN 978-0-03-091345-7.Warren Belasco (1989) Appetite for Change: how the counterculture took on the food industry 1966 — 1988, page 148-153, Pantheon Books ISBN 0394543998"History of Dietary Guidelines for Americans". US Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved 5 April 2015."Denmark scraps its infamous fat tax after only one year". EurActiv. 14 November 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2015.Kliff, Sarah (13 November 2012). "Denmark scraps world's first fat tax". Washington Post. Retrieved 27 March 2015.Bomsdorf, Clemens. "Denmark Scraps Much-Maligned 'Fat Tax' After a Year". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2012-11-14.Wright, Alexandra (19 Jun 2017). "Policy lessons from health taxes: a systematic review of empirical studies". BMC Public Health. 17 (1): 583. doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4497-z. PMC 5477308. PMID 28629470.Figueroa-Alcantara, Héctor (28 October 2013). "Mexican Senate approves tax scheme for 2014, (in Spanish)". Excelsior. Retrieved 31 October 2013.Toppa, Sabrina (30 March 2015). "This Place Just Became the First Part of the U.S. to Impose a Tax on Junk Food". TIME. Retrieved 6 April 2015."The Impact of Advertising on Childhood Obesity". American Psychological Association. Retrieved 17 March 2015.Campbell, Denis (21 March 2014). "Children are being 'bombarded' by junk food ads, research has found". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 March 2015.Supermarkets must stop discounting unhealthy foods to tackle child obesity, say MPs The Guardian'Ban cartoon characters' on unhealthy food, MPs say BBCHagan, Kate (27 January 2015). "Junk food ads saturate cricket". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 27 January 2015."'We Had To Take Action': States In Mexico Move To Ban Junk Food Sales To Minors". 14 September 2020.Further readingAnsel, Karen. "30 Surprisingly Healthy Fast Foods". Fitness Magazine (Meredith Corporation). Retrieved 20 March 2015.Anthony, Mark (1 Apr 2014). "Understanding Satiation and Satiety". Food Processing. Retrieved 5 April 2015."Junk food is more expensive than healthy food: study, says Dept. of Agriculture study". NY Daily News. Associated Press. May 16, 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2015.Center for Public Health Nutrition (University of Washington). "Nutrient Profiling". Center for Public Health Nutrition (University of Washington). Retrieved 24 March 2015.Fernandez, Manny (7 August 2010). "Let Us Now Praise the Great Men of Junk Food". New York Times. Retrieved 20 March 2015.Freedman, David H. (19 Jun 2013). "How Junk Food Can End Obesity". The Atlantic. Retrieved 20 March 2015.Lehman, Shereen (1 November 2014). "Why Is Junk Food So Popular? Here Are Three Reasons". http://About.com. Retrieved 27 March 2015.Moss, Michael (20 Feb 2013). "The Extraordinary Science of Addictive Junk Food". New York Times. Retrieved 20 March 2015.Parker-Pope, Tara (5 Dec 2007). "A High Price for Healthy Food". New York Times. Retrieved 19 March 2015.Poti, Jennifer M; Kiyah J Duffey; Barry M Popkin (23 Oct 2013). "The association of fast food consumption with poor dietary outcomes and obesity among children: is it the fast food or the remainder of the diet?". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Retrieved 20 March 2015.Saez, Catherine (11 June 2014). "UN Advisor Denounces Junk Food As 'Culprit' In Rising NCDs, Calls For Change". Intellectual Property Watch. Retrieved 24 August 2014.ScienceDaily (15 January 2014). "Fast food not the major cause of rising childhood obesity rates, study finds". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 20 March 2015."Empty Calories: What are empty calories?". EnergyFirst. Retrieved 19 March 2015.