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What is the Apple U1 chip, and why is it important.The biggest Apple announcement today was what Apple actually didn’t announce—yet.“Hey Siri, we lost Spot the dog, do you know where he is?”Siri:”Spot is located 87 feet forward and down 2 feet from the height of the iPhone. Please hold up your phone and follow the Balloon to Spot’s location”Today, September 10th, 2019 Apple announced the iPhone 11 and iPhone 11 Pro series of phones. Not mentioned on the stage, but briefly shown on the screen during Phil Schiller’s presentation was the new Apple U1 chip. Hidden in plain sight much like how he pre-announced Apple Pay, we see the Apple U1 Chip there for the world to see, yet most missed it until after the event.Specimen Apple Event September 10th, 2019 showing Apple U1 Chip.In 2012 Phil did precisely the same thing during the announcement of TouchID as a credit card machine, a Hypercom device [0], was presented on the screen as a potential use case for TouchID. I wrote this would be a nearly 100% confirmation of what became Apple Pay (I called it the iWallet, I know very 2012 of me). Many folks in the payment industry including disruptive startups thought me insane and went about becoming redundant when Apple Pay was released. Of course I had far more basis than a single Phil image. History is about to repeat itself.Specimen of Phil showing TouchID use cases in 2012.Why was the Apple U1 chip on a graphic behind Phil and not announced overtly and only lightly mentioned on the Apple website? We will explore this in more detail at the end. Yet the first mention of how Apple will use the U1 Chip was presented on Apple’s own website as a new highly directional version of AirDrop.The text on Apple’s website for iPhone 11 series says it all:Ultra Wideband technology comes to iPhone.The new Apple‑designed U1 chip uses Ultra Wideband technology for spatial awareness — allowing iPhone 11 to precisely locate other U1‑equipped Apple devices. Think GPS at the scale of your living room. So if you want to share a file with someone using AirDrop, just point your iPhone at theirs and they’ll be first on the list.And:Can you be more precise? Yes.The new Apple‑designed U1 chip uses Ultra Wideband technology for spatial awareness — allowing iPhone 11 Pro to precisely locate other U1‑equipped Apple devices. It’s like adding another sense to iPhone, and it’s going to lead to amazing new capabilities.With U1 and iOS 13, you can point your iPhone toward someone else’s, and AirDrop will prioritize that device so you can share files faster.And that’s just the beginning.Just the beginning, indeed.Specimen Apple website September 10th, 2019 showing Apple U1 Chip promotion.Specimen Apple website September 10th, 2019 showing Apple U1 Chip promotion.Meet Ultra-Wide Band Radio TechnologyThe “U” in the U1 chip relates to the Ultra-Wide Band Radio Technology (UWB) [1] technology it uses. UWB can be used for many application and use cases. One use case that will become very large for Apple as they move to AR/MR technology and Apple Glasses is to be able to track spatial relationships of objects. One way to do this is using lasers and IR systems, and Apple is already doing this to some degree with FaceID and Animoji. The other way to do this is via the radio spectrum.The Apple U1 Chip most assuredly uses a variant of the IEEE 802.15 WPAN from the IEEE 802.15.4z Enhanced Impulse Radio group of which Apple is an active member. IEEE 802.15.4z to put in simple terms wants to absorb, in some ways, and extend Bluetooth, NFC, WiFi and other network standards and protocols.The early concept of this technology was used in an all but abandoned Apple initiative called iBeacons [2]. This technology was centered around Bluetooth and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE). The idea was sound, however the technology was low resolution, so low that it would be hard to be with-in a few feet without triangularization of 3 or more iBeacons and even then it can drift significantly with heat and obstacle issues.Parallel to the iBeacon research, Apple was testing a newer and more exacting technology in their research labs in 2005. By 2006, before the iPhone was even announced, they applied for a patent for “Ultra-wideband radios for time-of-flight-ranging and network position estimation” via a research grant at Livermore Labs. It took until September 2010 for the patent application to be released by the US Patent and Trademark Office. Apple went on to do a lot of work with iBeacons and BLE. However, the 3 dimensional spatial resolution was not nearly as accurate as Apple needed and thus they abandoned the concept of the iBeacon.The “Smoking Gun” Apple UWB PatentsMore recently Apple has applied for a few more patents centered around UWB. Inventor Joachim S. Hammerschmidt has developed some amazing extension of this technology. Apple inventor Benjamin Vigier has also contributed greatly to the UWB beacon concept. Joachim is a bit of an Apple patent savant submitting a few dozen patents on UWB and other radio frequency technologies.Specimen Joachim S. Hammerschmidt Apple Patents.Even though the concepts of UWB has been around since the dawn of radio first developed in a useable way by RCA in the 1950s, the miniaturization and low power chips has it taken on this new form.I have surfaced three very interesting Apple patents centered around UWB that most have overlooked.Beacon Triggered Processes 2019 (United States Patent Application: 0190272567)Ultra-wideband radios for time-of-flight-ranging and network position estimation 2006 (United States Patent Application: 0100225541)TIME INSTANT REFERENCE FOR ULTRA WIDEBAND SYSTEMS 2018 (United States Patent Application: 0190199398)Pulse Shaping Interoperability Protocol for Ultra Wideband Systems 2017 (United States Patent Application: 0190007093)Specimen Joachim S. Hammerschmidt Apple Patent embodiment.Clearly Apple had predicted the need for UWB as far back as the early 2000s. There are more Apple patents that relate to this technology, but these give an interesting overview:Beacon Triggered ProcessesAbstractTechniques and systems for beacon triggered processes are disclosed. A described technique includes causing a beacon device to broadcast a beacon message, the beacon device being within the vicinity of an establishment; detecting a presence of a user of a mobile device based on receiving from the mobile device a first message that is responsive to the beacon message; retrieving a transaction record based on a user or mobile device identifier in the first message; generating and transmitting a second message based on the transaction record to facilitate a completion of a transaction associated with the transaction record at the establishment; the second message being configured to provide notification of an arrival of the user and dispatch an employee to meet the user and handle the transaction; and generating and transmitting a third message based on the transaction record to facilitate the completion of the transaction at the mobileSpecimen Benjamin Vigier Apple Patent embodiment.And:Ultra-wideband radios for time-of-flight-ranging and network position estimationAbstractThis invention provides a novel high-accuracy indoor ranging device that uses ultra-wideband (UWB) RF pulsing with low-power and low-cost electronics. A unique of the present invention is that it exploits multiple measurements in time and space for very accurate ranging. The wideband radio signals utilized herein are particularly suited to ranging in harsh RF environments because they allow signal reconstruction in spite of multipath propagation distortion. Furthermore, the ranging and positioning techniques discussed herein directly address many of the known technical challenges encountered in UWB localization regarding synchronization and sampling. In the method developed, noisy, corrupted signals can be recovered by repeating range measurements across a channel, and the distance measurements are combined from many locations surrounding the target in a way that minimizes the range biases associated to indirect flight paths and through-wall propagation delays.And:TIME INSTANT REFERENCE FOR ULTRA WIDEBAND SYSTEMSAbstractEmbodiments enable communicating Ultra Wideband (UWB) devices to collaborate by exchanging pulse shape information. The UWB devices use the pulse shape information to improve ranging accuracy. The improved ranging accuracy can be used in complex multipath environments where advanced estimation schemes are used to extract an arriving path for time-of-flight estimation. To determine the pulse shape information to be shared, some embodiments include determining location information of a UWB device and selecting the pulse shape information that satisfies regional aspects. The pulse shape information includes a time-zero index specific to a ranging signal that is used by UWB receivers to establish timestamps time-of-flight calculations. Some embodiments include measuring performance characteristics and selecting different pulse shape information based on the performance characteristics for improved accuracy.And:Pulse Shaping Interoperability Protocol for Ultra Wideband SystemsAbstractEmbodiments enable communicating Ultra Wideband (UWB) devices to collaborate by exchanging pulse shape information. The UWB devices use the pulse shape information to improve ranging accuracy. The improved ranging accuracy can be used in complex multipath environments where advanced estimation schemes are used to extract an arriving path for time-of-flight estimation. To determine the pulse shape information to be shared, some embodiments include determining location information of a UWB device and selecting the pulse shape information that satisfies regional aspects. The pulse shape information includes a time-zero index specific to a ranging signal that is used by UWB receivers to establish timestamps time-of-flight calculations. Some embodiments include measuring performance characteristics and selecting different pulse shape information based on the performance characteristics for improved accuracy.In the “Pulse Shaping Interoperability Protocol for Ultra Wideband Systems” Apple patent we find very enlighten embodiments:[0021] Precise knowledge of pulse shape information used at a station's transmitter allows the use of receivers that isolate pulse shaping or other filtering effects from true propagation channel effects. Knowledge of the pulse shape information also allows the use of signal processing techniques that may be referred to as "deconvolution" techniques--methods to look at an overall received signal (e.g., end-to-end impulse response from transmitter to receiver) and factor out known artifacts such as, for example, transmitter pulse shaping including antenna effects or receiver transfer characteristics. These signal processing techniques allow extraction of a desired contribution of a wireless propagation channel in the overall system response; in turn, this extraction can be used to determine a time instant of an arriving propagation path.Other embodiments present an example system that may include but is not limited to UWB devices such as wireless communication devices (iPhones # 110 and 120), vehicular transponder device (#130), entry transponder device for doors (#140), a household device (#150 thermostat), pet leash tag (#160), and anchor nodes l70a­l70c.I have been studying patents for over 35 years and in particular Apple patents. The Apple UWB patents have been of great interest to me as I knew UWB will become not only an indoor mapping system, like GPS for indoor spaces, it will become crucial to AR/MR/VR environments for fine tuning of spatial coordinates. UWB will also be very useful with automobiles, drones, and robotic systems. I wrote a few reports for clients and one VC commented that “this would forever change the way we view indoor spaces”, I agree.These Apple patents are a potpourri of ways Apple can and very likely will use UWB. I could literally write a book on how this will play out for Apple just via these patents. Some of what I have learned since 2010 I will use in this answer.The Apple UWB Personal Radar SystemUWB can also serve as a sort of personal radar that can self reference the waves it sends out and echo locate your spacial world with a high degree of precision. I can see this as one way to avert some folks hunched over and thumb clawing at the screen walking down the street and the iPhone puts up a notification of an imminent collision.Specimen of a whimsical radar screen.Although humorous, if Apple makes this into an open standard, and there is evidence some aspects may become open sourced, imagine a world where UWBs are in all automobiles and pedestrians. The collision detection and avoidance systems can become very powerful, and save many lives.How does UWB Work?UWB IEEE 802.15 WPAN devices collaborate with each other by exchanging pulsed shapes of information that can be used for a future ranging exchange. This is achieved by the receiving UWB devices using the pulse shape information to improve the ranging accuracy. The improved ranging accuracy can be used in complex multi-path environments where advanced estimation schemes are used to extract an arriving path for time-of-flight estimation. Time-of-flight is the basis of how UWB works, very much like GPS.Specimen of waveforms used to calculate time of flight.The pulse shape information includes a time-zero index specific to a received ranging signal that is used by UWB receivers to establish timestamps for time-of-flight calculations.This includes measuring performance characteristics and selecting different pulse shape information.The UWB receiving pulse shape information from other devices, where the pulse shape information is used in UWB communications between the electronic device and the another electronic device, receiving a ranging signal that uses first pulse shape information, and determining a distance between the electronic device and the another electronic device based at least in part on the pulse shape information and the ranging signal.Thus determining the distance includes calculating a time-of-flight associated with the ranging signal and the pulse shape information includes a time-zero index that may be a sample of a main lobe of the pulse shape information (e.g., a first sample or a center sample of a main lobe of the pulse shape information.) The pulse shape information also satisfies one or more regional aspects associated with location information of the electronic device.One or more of the anchor nodes may be used in conjunction with an iPhone or other device to improve the accuracy and reliability of ranging. The devices may triangulate and determine a geographic location that may be used to provide local direction information.The primary UWB can also serve as its own Anchor Node and self reference the ranging signal pattern itself. Very much like personal radar systems, this may not have the same high resolution as using two or more devices to triangulate, but it can be quite useful.Apple U1 ChipThe Apple U1 chip is a application specific low power chip design very much like the new Decawave impulse radio ultra-wideband (IR-UWB) DW1000 Radio IC chip set. They have sold millions of these chips thus far and has better than 10 centimeters guaranteed indoor accuracy. It is very possible the Apple U1 chip uses the Decawave chip, licensed technology or a customized OEM version. It is possible to achieve better than 3 centimeters of accuracy in theory with this technology.Specimen Decawave DW1000 chip.The Decawave DW1000 Radio IC [3] for example, can move 6.8Mbps of data with an accuracy that is 100x better than WiFi or Bluetooth. It can reach 290 meters of distance with a very minimal power requirement with a 50x faster speed compared to standard GPS latency. Although the Apple U1 chip is not yet released, I suspect we will expect the same or better specifications. Thus based on the DW1000 as the base, we can imagine just how important the Apple U1 will become.Specimen Apple U1 Chip.Although Apple only mentioned indirectly the U1 chip in the new iPhone 11 series, I think it is likely to be a part of Apple Watch Series 5. And if not yet in Apple Watch Series 5, it will be in a future version. I also imagine the U1 in AirPods, AirPod cases, Apple Glasses, MacBook Pros and of course in a stand alone device similar to the Tile.Specimen Apple U1 Chip.The very low battery consumption of the U1 chip may make it possible for a single coin cell hearing aid battery to have a life of a year or more in normal settings. It is also possible to use the ambient radio frequencies that surround all of us to charge the battery using the patented technology from the Apple acquired company Passif [4]. It seems a very natural use case for Passif technology and was once used to power early internal testing of iBeacons.Specimen of UWB topography.Using the very low power consumption of the Apple U1 Chip and Passif ambient radio wave battery charging, it seems that we may see a less than 2 inch disc, what I will call this Locate or AppleLocate (internally called Rose Tag by Apple), device in the market. It seems the existence of AppleLocate was revealed in iPhone Find My app. Thus it seems very likely one of the first things we see utilizing the U1 chip, outside of the iPhone 11 series is this new device. Many have speculated this would be a stand alone device and today this seems to be the case. I have asserted this technology would come about since 2012 originally as iBeacons and later as UWB.Specimen of the  Locate or AppleLocate image found in Apple software.The AppleLocate tags will be relatively inexpensive, starting at about $20 and likely drifting to less than $2 in high production, it seems likely it will become widely used for countless reasons.We will thus see AppleLocate tags in just about all Apple devices at some point for very precise location tracking and perimeter fencing. For example, you can be notified when the AppleLocate tag has entered or left an area as well as the U! chip built into other Apple devices. It will become orders of magnitude more difficult to steal an Apple product in the future with perimeter fencing breech notifications.HyperLocal And HyperPrivateIt is entirely possible to build a useful AR/MR/VR map of any indoor space using the Apple U1 chip in just a few minutes few minutes. This can be utilized with the same laser and/or IR technology found in the iPhone for FaceID. Thus with a combinations of the Apple U1 chip and Apple A13 Bionic neural engine we will have one of the most sophisticated spacial mapping and analyzing systems in any currently available consumer device.Indoor mapping has been tried via many methods over the years, including using the Roomba robotic vacuum cleaner systems. Roomba met with a great deal of push back by users of their products when it was discovered the company may be selling indoor maps of the user’s homes [5] using SLAM technology. In the case of Apple, the U1 chip along with the results of FaceID/TouchID system is stored in the Secure Enclave. The data stored in the Secure Enclave is physically, nearly impossible to retrieve from the chip and is held only local to the device fully encrypted.There will be endless allegations that Apple is trying to collect and sell the results of indoor mapping and other telemetries from the Apple U1 Chip, but this will not be the case. Apple simply does not have access to the information and could not use it without you supplying it.Developer OpportunityIt seems very likely Apple will open up some of the abilities of the Apple U1 chip to developers. This will of course be by explicit permissions granted to the developer much like sharing location data. However I feel strongly Apple will never let a free flow of U! chip data be shared with any developer app. The opportunities with a well crafted API supply by Apple can be quite amazing. From AR use case to collision avoidance systems and just about everything in-between, this will become a very interesting new frontier for Apple developers. I think we will begin to see the API by the Apple World Wide Developer Conference 2020.Apple Glasses: The Held And Worn New Software VersionMore than anything else, the Apple U1 Chip helps telegraph the Apple Glasses AR/MR platform. Internally at Apple this is known under a few names, Project StarBoard is linked to the first generations of Apple Glasses. The ARDisplayDevice SDK in iPhoneOS 13 also clearly confirms an external AR/MR display device. The first versions will use the iPhone 11 Series as a tether base—wirelessly. Much like Apple Watch and Apple CarPlay the Apple Glasses will interact and interplay with full apps on the iPhone. There is likely to be an Apple U1 Chip built-in to the Apple Glasses as well as new Siri chips and Bone Conduction sound chip Apple has been working on. The Apple U1 Chip on the Apple Glasses and on the iPhone will work together as node anchors.Specimen of a hypothetical Apple Glasses display monitor using AirPlay.Apple will allow for two versions of the same code to run. Called held as in the iPhone and worn as in Apple glasses. And like CarPlay the worn version for the first generations of Apple glasses will have less information. Apple has slowly been adding features that will use Apple Glasses in Apple Maps, Find My app and other Apple apps to help build the infrastructure and early developer interest in Apple Glasses. Thus as we see use cases slowly rolled out by Apple for the Apple U1 Chip, imagine how it will related to Apple Glasses. As this slowly plays out, it will become abundantly clear how deeply Apple has been thinking about this.The Apple U1 chip will be used to help decode hand gestures in an AR/MR/VR spacial environment. The unfortunate aspect is just like the QWERTY keyboard there may be dozens of “standards”. It is my sincere hope that American Sign Language becomes the “Silent Voice” for this new user interface. It is robust and nuanced and will include a far wide audience. If we must learn new gestures, let me be gestures that a significant portion of the population already know. A great artifact is compared to thumb clawing at glass screens on the 1870s QWERTY keyboard, ASL is 10X faster. The Apple U1 Chip will help bring this about with the combination of other technologies.If we gave an #ASLVoice to this next generation adopting American Sign Language to spacial gestures we would unlock future generations from thumb clawing on glass screens into the next century.It is a #VoiceFirst future, #ASLVoice will change the world in astonishing ways. https://t.co/iQhEWAPgQT pic.twitter.com/re5CVjQAPs— Brian Roemmele (@BrianRoemmele) September 13, 2019Specimen of open source MediaPipe GPU based software decoding ASL.I have been experimenting with Glasses in my garage lab for a few years that display contextual information and interact via a Voice First system I call The Intelligence Amplifier. I use a number of systems in my cheap glasses including the Decawave DW1000 Radio IC with a very early version of the IEEE 802.15.4z spec. I have had robust success and see no reason why Apple will not do as robustly with this technology. There is no doubt Apple Glasses will be a Voice First device.I‘ve been using a UWB IEEE 802.15.4z WPAN chip from Decawave the IR-UWB DW1000 for over a year with robust success.I can now say I have this chip in my cheap glasses below.Many may find interesting, the Apple U1 Chip is IEEE 802.15.4z and based on the DW1000.Coincidence 🧐 https://t.co/VfZRkLjAZL pic.twitter.com/6jWnXwM8qk— Brian Roemmele (@BrianRoemmele) September 12, 2019Specimen of my cheap glasses modifed in my garage lab..Apple Pay, Retail and Industrial UsesAs I mentioned, there will be countless new use cases for the Apple U1 Chip. I built the first and still the largest Apple Pay Map in the world, PayFinders [6]. One of my challenges was to push a notification to the iPhone user’s phone when they were inside the business, but also close to the checkout. In large stores like Target, I had great accuracy. However In smaller stores the boundaries were in and sometimes near the store. I urged Apple to use Bluetooth at top line merchants to help users know where an Apple Pay Credit Card machine was located and operational. My research showed people just did not want to ask or even test in most circumstances. With the AppleLocate tags on Credit Card Machines, the Apple Pay user can be directed precisely to with-in a few millimeters.The same can be said of product locations. The “Beacon Triggered Processes” Apple patent just released on September 5th, 2019 goes a long way on how the Apple U1 Chip will be used with Apple Pay to begin and complete a sale. Apple Stores are already testing AppleLocate tags in their stores today. Although it takes some interesting radio frequency equipment to find them, I have been successful at two locations. The use case will allow for you to find a product like you world on a website with a whimsical Balloon, also used in the Find My app, to direct you to the precise location of the Apple product. With FaceID and Apple Pay you just look at your phone and confirm and leave. It is not hard to imagine many retail businesses adopting the system. It is also not hard to imagine AppleLocate used in industrial locations and medical locations. I will have much to say about this over the next few months as I have studied these use cases in depth for over a decade.Finally it is entirely likely a form of UWB will fully replace NFC for many payment transactions in the physical world. Although this will not take place any time in the next few years because the merchant payment systems are always on a 5 to 8 year upgrade cycle, however it will be likely to take place in the next decade.Open Sourced Apple UWB TechnologyI think it is likely some of the technology around the AppleLocate system and the Apple U1 Chip will be open sourced for adoption of other companies. Much like elements of AirPlay it would make a great deal of sense for Apple to get as many manufactures to adopt this system as possible. Apple is light years ahead of Google, Samsung and Amazon in intellectual property and public patents that would give them a big edge in home automation and help guide Siri to a more favorable position in the home.Speculative But Very Likely Use Cases Of The Apple U1 ChipI have written a few reports over the last few years on how UWB technology will be used in the future. I presented the rather certain use cases in this article, however there will be many others. Time and space constraints presented here I will mention a few:Bitcoin wallets and merchant payment systemsMedical biometricsVoice First HyperLocal HyperContextual systemsWhy Apple Did Not Announce The U1 Chip?So with all of these amazing attributes, why did Apple not announce the Apple U1 Chip? I assert it is a confluence of things:The iPhoneOS software needed is not yet releasedApple will release AppleLocate tags for holiday shopping 2019Apple had too many things to announce at this Apple Event and this would take too much timeApple is aware of the privacy implication many will cast and wants to spend more time to explainOther issues I can not present at this moment in timeThus it was not in the cards to hear anyone on the stage talk about the Apple U1 Chip but it certainly was presented behind Phil during his time on the stage and later indirectly communicated as part of a new version of “directional” AirDrop. Some people find it intriguing that AirDrop will use the Apple U1 Chip, however it will make much more sense how AirDrop will work in an AR/MR world that is on the map for Apple. In the meantime, being able to precisely locate via people and device via AirDrop will allow for new ways to send larger amounts of private and encrypted data.The findable abilities of the U1 chip will bridge across a multitude of Apple systems and software. It begins with AirDrop:, the largest file sharing social media network for the 14-23 age cohort. Quite hidden on campuses across the US AirDrop and Apple Messages serve as an ad-hoc HyperLocal HyperPrivate social network. Built into all new iPhones is this new permission based HyperLocal Social Network with permission based people finder systems built-in. Before we hear how bad this is, understand this is permission based and by invitation.The new AirDrop will allow for extremely high resolution to discover and send files and other new elements to friends and devices in a room. The precision is within millimeters. This will be achieved by simply pointing the phone in the direction of the person and a screen animation will allow in a held or worn (think Apple glasses) position to visualize the direction and avatar of the recipient.Specimen of the new AirDrop location system.We may begin to see the Apple U1 Chip take shape as early as September 30th, 2019 but more likely over the last quarter of 2019 on to the announcements of Apple Glasses.The Biggest Apple Announcement Today Was What Apple Actually Didn’t Announce—Yet.Apple began to give developers a small insight on the future of some aspects of the Appel U1 Chip during the World Wide Developer Conference 2019 {7]. The talk on “Introducing the Indoor Maps Program” will begin to more sense today. In the talk there was indirect reference to how Apple may use this technology.The accelerometer systems, GPS systems and IR proximity sensors of the first iPhone helped define the last generation of products. The Apple U1 Chip will be a material part of defining the next generation of Apple products.This all will move us to the ambient world of computing where the mechanical user interface will become less needed and situational images and video will present on the closest Apple U1 Chip enabled display. In some ways most of this is already here. I was urged to post a sort of recursive video below about this Quora answer as an example of the non-mechanical future.My drive this morning with Ms. https://t.co/qdKFgeC498 #TheIntelligenceAmplifier.I was remiss and did not have her build my last 24 hours better but she is up to the task and found some solutions.I seriously don’t know what I would do with out her and https://t.co/bvJPYnwNzN. pic.twitter.com/MUzo9rl0Cd— Brian Roemmele (@BrianRoemmele) September 12, 2019Specimen real-time video interaction with Agatha.Best, The Intelligence Amplifier from my garage lab.I feel rather strongly the Apple U1 Chip, over time will be seen as one of the most important aspect of the September 10th, 2019 Apple Event. We will see it as the start of the HyperLocal world of computing that ultimately will lead to less of a need for the cloud. The Apple U1 Chip is the start of this process of HyperLocal and HyperContextual computing where holographic crystal memory [8] and very fast local computer speed will render the cloud as we know it redundant and far less useful. With Petabytes of data on every device, all of your data and a useful base of the Internet will be local in a chip, on the device. This is far more than the speculated IoT edge computing and the Apple U1 Chip is one important part to bring this about. We will once again leave the Mainframe computer and become—cloudless.[0] Brian Roemmele's answer to Why is Apple’s iPhone Touch ID Important?[1] Ultra-wideband - Wikipedia[2] Brian Roemmele's answer to What are some interesting applications that are enabled by iBeacons technology featured in iOS 7?[3] DW1000 Radio IC - Decawave[4] Brian Roemmele's post in Accepting Payments[5] Hey, Apple and Google: iRobot wants to sell its Roomba vacuum indoor mapping data[6] http://PayFinders.com[7] Introducing the Indoor Maps Program - WWDC 2019 - Videos - Apple Developer[8] Formation of holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystal memory by angle-multiplexing recording for optically reconfigurable gate arrays

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If we discover erroneous or duplicate transactions, then we reserve the right to seek reimbursement from you by deducting from future payments owed to you, charging Your Credit Card, or seeking such reimbursement from you by any other lawful means; provided that the foregoing will not limit your rights to pursue any good faith dispute with Amazon concerning whether any amounts are payable or due.If we reasonably conclude based on information available to us that your actions and/or performance in connection with the Agreement may result in a significant number of customer disputes, chargebacks or other claims in connection with the Amazon Site, then we may, in our sole discretion and subject to applicable Law, delay initiating any payments to be made or that are otherwise due to you under this Agreement for the shorter of: (a) a period of ninety (90) calendar days following the initial date of suspension; or (b) completion of any investigation(s) regarding your actions and/or performance in connection with the Agreement. You agree that we are entitled to the interest, if any, paid on balances maintained as deposits in our bank accounts.**3. Term and Termination**The term of this Agreement will start on the date of your completed registration for use of one or more of the Services and continue until terminated by us or you as provided below. You may at any time terminate your use of any Service immediately on notice to us via Seller Central, email, the Contact Us Form, or similar means. We may terminate your use of any Services or terminate this Agreement for convenience with 30 days’ advance notice. We may suspend or terminate your use of any Services immediately if we determine that (a) you have materially breached the Agreement and failed to cure within 7 days of a cure notice unless your breach exposes us to liability towards a third party, in which case we are entitled to reduce, or waive, the aforementioned cure period at our reasonable discretion; (b) your account has been, or our controls identify that it may be used for deceptive or fraudulent or illegal activity; or (c) your use of the Services has harmed or our controls identify that it might harm other sellers, customers, or Amazon’s legitimate interest. We will promptly notify you of any such termination or suspension via email or similar means including Seller Central, indicating the reason and any options to appeal, except where we have reason to believe that providing this information will hinder the investigation or prevention of deceptive, fraudulent, or illegal activity, or will enable you to circumvent our safeguards. On termination of this Agreement, all related rights and obligations under this Agreement immediately terminate, except that (d) you will remain responsible for performing all of your obligations in connection with transactions entered into before termination and for any liabilities that accrued before or as a result of termination, and (e) Sections 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 14, 15 and 17 of these General Terms survive.**4. Licence**You grant us a royalty-free, non-exclusive, worldwide right and licence for the duration of your original and derivative intellectual property rights during the Term and for as long thereafter as you are permitted to grant the said licence under applicable Law to use any and all of Your Materials for the Services or other Amazon product or service, and to sublicense the foregoing rights to our Affiliates and operators of Amazon Associated Properties; provided, however, that we will not alter any of Your Trademarks from the form provided by you (except to re-size trademarks to the extent necessary for presentation, so long as the relative proportions of such trademarks remain the same) and will comply with your removal requests as to specific uses of Your Materials (provided you are unable to do so using the standard functionality made available to you via the applicable Amazon Site or Services); provided further, however, that nothing in this Agreement will prevent or impair our right to use Your Materials without your consent to the extent that such use is allowable without a licence from you or your Affiliates under applicable Law (e.g., fair use under copyright law, referential use under trademark law, or valid licence from a third party).**5. Representations**Each Party represents and warrantsthat: (a) if it is a business, it is duly organized, validly existing and in good standing under the Laws of the territory in which your business is registered and are a resident of India for income tax purposes every financial year; (b) it has all requisite right, power and authority to enter into this Agreement and perform its obligations and grant the rights, licences and authorizations it grants hereunder; (c) it will comply with all applicable Laws (including but not limited to procuring and maintaining applicable tax registrations) in its performance of its obligations and exercise of its rights under this Agreement; and (d) each party is not subject to sanctions or otherwise designated on any list of prohibited or restricted parties or owned or controlled by such a party, including but not limited to the lists maintained by the United Nations Security Council, the US Government (e.g., the US Department of Treasury's Specially Designated Nationals list and Foreign Sanctions Evaders list and the US Department of Commerce’s Entity List), the European Union or its member states, or other applicable government authority.**6. Indemnification**6.1 You release us from, and agree to indemnify, defend and hold harmless us (and our officers, directors, employees, agents and Affiliates) against, any third party claim, loss, damage, settlement, cost, taxes, expense or other liability (including, without limitation, attorneys' fees) (each, a "**Claim**") arising from or related to: (a) your actual or alleged breach of any representations you have made; (b) any sales channels owned or operated by you, Your Products including the offer, sale, fulfilment (except to the extent attributable to the Fulfilment by Amazon Service, if any), refund, cancellation, adjustments, or return thereof), Your Materials, any actual or alleged infringement of any Intellectual Property Rights by any of the foregoing, and any personal injury, death (to the extent the injury or death is not caused by Amazon) or property damage related thereto; or (c) Your Taxes and duties or the collection, payment, or failure to collect or pay Your Taxes or duties, or the failure to meet tax registration obligations or duties; or (d) your non-compliance with applicable laws.6.2 Amazon’s indemnification obligations. Amazon will defend, indemnify, and hold harmless you and your officers, directors, employees and agents against any third-party Claim arising from or related to: (a) Amazon’s non-compliance with applicable laws; or (b) allegations that the operation of an Amazon Site infringes or misappropriates that third party’s intellectual property rights.6.3 Process. If any indemnified Claim might adversely affect us, we may, to the extent permitted by applicable law, voluntarily intervene in the proceedings at our expense. No party may consent to the entry of any judgment or enter into any settlement of an indemnified Claim without the prior written consent of the other party, which may not be unreasonably withheld; except that a party may settle any claim that is exclusively directed at and exclusively affects that party.**7. Disclaimer**a. THE AMAZON SITE AND THE SERVICES, INCLUDING ALL CONTENT, SOFTWARE, FUNCTIONS, MATERIALS AND INFORMATION AVAILABLE OR PROVIDED IN CONNECTION WITH THE SERVICES, ARE PROVIDED "AS-IS." AS A USER OF THE SERVICES, YOU ACCESS THE AMAZON SITE, THE SERVICES AND ANY ONLINE PORTAL OR TOOL PROVIDED BY AMAZON TO HELP YOU AVAIL THE SERVICES AT YOUR OWN RISK. EXCEPT AS SET FORTH IN SECTION 5 ABOVE, WE AND OUR AFFILIATES WAIVE AND DISCLAIM: (1) ANY REPRESENTATIONS, WARRANTIES, DECLARATIONS OR GUARANTEES REGARDING THIS AGREEMENT, THE SERVICES OR THE TRANSACTIONS CONTEMPLATED HEREBY, INCLUDING ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES, DECLARATIONS OR GUARANTEES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR NON-INFRINGEMENT; (2) IMPLIED WARRANTIES ARISING OUT OF COURSE OF DEALING, COURSE OF PERFORMANCE OR USAGE OF TRADE; AND (3) ANY OBLIGATION, LIABILITY, RIGHT, CLAIM OR REMEDY IN TORT, WHETHER OR NOT ARISING FROM OUR NEGLIGENCE. WE DO NOT WARRANT THAT THE FUNCTIONS CONTAINED IN THE AMAZON SITE OR THE SERVICES WILL MEET YOUR REQUIREMENTS OR BE AVAILABLE, TIMELY, SECURE, UNINTERRUPTED OR ERROR FREE, AND WE WILL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY SERVICE INTERRUPTIONS, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO SYSTEM FAILURES OR OTHER INTERRUPTIONS THAT MAY AFFECT THE RECEIPT, PROCESSING, ACCEPTANCE, COMPLETION OR SETTLEMENT OF ANY TRANSACTIONS. SOME JURISDICTIONS' LAWS DO NOT ALLOW EXCLUSION OF AN IMPLIED WARRANTY. IN WHICH CASE THE FOREGOING DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU, AND WE AND OUR AFFILIATES DISCLAIM TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED UNDER APPLICABLE LAW ALL WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, SATISFACTORY QUALITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, TITLE, NON- INFRINGEMENT OR QUIET ENJOYMENT.b. BECAUSE AMAZON IS NOT INVOLVED IN TRANSACTIONS BETWEEN CUSTOMERS AND SELLERS OR OTHER PARTICIPANT DEALINGS, IF A DISPUTE ARISES BETWEEN ONE OR MORE PARTICIPANTS, EACH OF YOU RELEASE AMAZON (AND ITS AGENTS, AFFILIATES AND EMPLOYEES) FROM CLAIMS, DEMANDS, AND DAMAGES (ACTUAL AND CONSEQUENTIAL) OF EVERY KIND AND NATURE, KNOWN AND UNKNOWN, SUSPECTED AND UNSUSPECTED, DISCLOSED AND UNDISCLOSED, ARISING OUT OF OR IN ANY WAY CONNECTED WITH SUCH DISPUTES.**8. Limitation of Liability**WE WILL NOT BE LIABLE (WHETHER IN CONTRACT, WARRANTY, TORT, DELICT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE, PRODUCT LIABILITY, ANY TYPE OF CIVIL RESPONSIBILITY OR OTHER THEORY) OR OTHERWISE) TO YOU OR ANY OTHER PERSON FOR COST OF COVER, RECOVERY OR RECOUPMENT OF ANY INVESTMENT MADE BY YOU OR YOUR AFFILIATES IN CONNECTION WITH THIS AGREEMENT, OR FOR ANY LOSS OF PROFIT, REVENUE, BUSINESS, OR DATA OR PUNITIVE OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO THIS AGREEMENT, EVEN IF AMAZON HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH COSTS OR DAMAGES. FURTHER, EXCEPT IN CASE OF GROSS NEGLIGENCE OR WILFUL MISCONDUCT, OUR AGGREGATE LIABILITY ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THIS AGREEMENT OR THE TRANSACTIONS CONTEMPLATED HEREBY WILL NOT EXCEED AT ANY TIME THE TOTAL AMOUNTS DURING THE PRIOR SIX MONTH PERIOD PAID BY YOU TO AMAZON IN CONNECTION WITH THE PARTICULAR SERVICE AND THE AMAZON SITE GIVING RISE TO THE CLAIM.**9. Insurance**If the Sales Proceeds from Your Transactions through the Fulfilment by Amazon Service in connection with the Amazon Site exceed the Insurance Threshold during each month over any period of three (3) consecutive months, or otherwise if requested by us, then within thirty (30) calendar days thereafter, you will maintain at your expense throughout the remainder of the Term public third party liability insurance in connection with the Amazon Site with at least the Insurance Limits per occurrence/aggregate covering liabilities caused by or occurring in conjunction with the operation of your business in connection with the Amazon Site, including products liability and bodily injury, naming Amazon and its assignees as additional insureds. At our request, you will provide to us certificates of insurance for the **coverage** to the following address: *Amazon Seller Services Limited, 8th Floor, Brigade World Trade Center, 26/1 Dr. Raj Kumar Road, Malleswaram, Bangalore 560055; *and with a copy to: c/o Amazon, P.O. Box 81226, Seattle, WA 98108-1226, Attention: Risk Management.**10. Tax Matters**Your use of Services is subject to Amazon’s Tax Policies (https://sellercentral.amazon.in/gp/help/help.html/?itemID=GGP87PQ6YNBLNY3C&ref_=xx_GGP87PQ6YNBLNY3C_a_r9_cont_sgsearch). You will comply with any applicable tax laws and fulfill all obligations to the tax authorities in a timely and complete manner.As between the parties, you will be responsible for the collection and payment of any and all of Your Taxes together with the filing of all relevant returns, such as service tax, VAT / CST, goods and services tax, cesses or other transaction taxes, and issuing valid invoices/ credit notes/ debit notes where required. Amazon is not responsible for collecting, remitting or reporting any service tax, VAT / CST, goods and services tax or other taxes arising from such sale. You are solely responsible for preparing, making and filing any tax audit report and statutory reports and other filings and responding to any tax or financial audits.Unless stated otherwise, any and all fees payable by you pursuant to this Agreement are exclusive of all value added, service, sales, use, goods and services tax and other similar taxes, and you will pay any taxes that are imposed and payable on such amounts. If we are required by law or by administration thereof to collect any value added, service, sales, use, goods and services tax or similar taxes from you, you will pay such taxes to us. You will provide all necessary information including goods and services tax registered address, registration numbers, invoice mismatch details in a timely manner, to enable us to provide, report or correct goods and services tax invoices. Based on information provided, Amazon will deduce the location of recipient, the billing details, place of supply and applicable taxes.If for any reason, any income tax or withholding tax or tax collection at source or such other taxes under applicable Law are determined to be deducted and deposited on any payments or remittances to you, Amazon will have the right to deduct and deposit any such applicable taxes with the appropriate regulatory authority. No claim in respect of the taxes deposited would be made by you against Amazon.It is your responsibility as a seller on the Amazon Site to choose the most applicable product tax codes and assign Harmonized System of Nomenclature / Service accounting Code applicable for your listing, such that the correct tax rate is applied on all listings offered for sale by you. If we determine that you are not in compliance with this section, then we may suspend the services provided to you on the Amazon Site.For reporting transactions undertaken by you on the Amazon Site, you should consider the Merchant Tax Report (MTR) made available to you on Seller Central.In case of any discrepancy in the reporting / returns filed by you and Amazon, you agree that you will resolve such discrepancy immediately and indemnify Amazon against any tax, interest and penalty payable in this regard.**11. Confidentiality and Personal Data**During the course of your use of the Services, you may receive Confidential Information. You agree that for the term of the Agreement and 8 years after termination: (a) all Confidential Information will remain Amazon's exclusive property except for customer personal data owned by the respective customer; (b) you will use Confidential Information only as is reasonably necessary for your participation in the Services and ensure that persons who have access to Confidential Information will be made aware of and will comply with the obligations in this provision; and (c) you will not, and will cause your affiliates not to, directly or indirectly (including through a third party) otherwise disclose Confidential Information to any individual, company, or other third party, including any Affiliates, except as required to comply with law; (d) you will take all reasonable measures to protect the Confidential Information against any use or disclosure that is not expressly permitted in this Agreement; and (e) you will retain Confidential Information only for so long as its use is necessary for participation in the Services or to fulfill your statutory obligations (e.g. tax) and in all cases will delete such information upon termination or as soon as no longer required for the fulfilment of statutory obligations. The foregoing sentence does not restrict your right to share Confidential Information with a governmental entity that has jurisdiction over you, provided that you limit the disclosure to the minimum necessary and explicitly indicate the confidential nature of the shared information to the governmental entity. You may not issue any press release or make any public statement related to the Services, or use our name, trademarks or logo in any way (including in promotional material) without our advance written permission, or misrepresent or embellish the relationship between us in any way. You may only use the Amazon Mark as defined in and according to the Trademark Usage Guidelines available in Seller Central; you may not use our name, trademarks, or logos in any way (including in promotional material) not covered by the Trademark Usage Guidelines without our advance written permission.You may not use any customer personal data (including contact information) for any purpose other than fulfilling orders or providing customer service in connection with a Service. Generally, you may not use such data in any way inconsistent with applicable law. You must keep customer personal data confidential at all time (the above 8 years’ term limit does not apply to customer personal data).**12. Force Majeure**We will not be liable for any delay or failure to perform any of our obligations under this Agreement by reasons, events or other matters beyond our reasonable control.**13. Relationship of Parties**You and we are independent contractors, and nothing in this Agreement will be construed to create a partnership, joint venture, association of persons, agency, franchise, sales representative, or employment relationship between the parties. Amazon is not an auctioneer, neither is it an intermediary between the customer and the seller. You will have no authority to make or accept any offers or representations on our behalf. You will not make any statement, whether on your site or otherwise, that would contradict anything in this section. This Agreement will not create an exclusive relationship between you and us.**14. Suggestions and Other Information**If you or any of your Affiliates elect to provide or make available suggestions, comments, ideas, improvements, or other feedback or materials to us in connection with or related to the Amazon Site or Services (including any related Technology), you will, to the extent necessary and authorized by law, irrevocably grant to us, a royalty-free and worldwide license on all right, title, and interest in and to the suggestions for the duration of protection of the underlying rights. In order to cooperate with governmental requests, to protect our systems and customers, or to ensure the integrity and operation of our business and systems, we may access and disclose any information we consider necessary or appropriate, including but not limited to user contact details, IP addresses and traffic information, usage history and posted content.**15. Modification**We will provide at least 15 days’ advance notice in accordance with Section 17 for changes to the Agreement.However, we may change or modify the Agreement at any time with immediate effect (a) for legal, regulatory, fraud and abuse prevention, or security reasons; (b) to change existing features or add additional features to the Services (where this does not materially adversely affect your use of the Services); or (c) to restrict products or activities that we deem unsafe, inappropriate, or offensive. We will notify you about any change or modification in accordance with Section 17.Your continued use of the Services after the effective date of any change to this Agreement in accordance with this Section 15 will constitute your acceptance of that change. If any change is unacceptable to you, you agree not to use the Services and to end the Agreement as described in Section 3.**16. Password Security**Any password we provide to you may be used only during the Term to access Your Account or Seller Central, respectively, (or other tools we provide) to use the Service, electronically accept Your Transactions, and review your completed transactions. You are solely responsible for maintaining the security of your password. You may not disclose your password to any third party (other than third parties authorized by you to use Your Account in accordance with this Agreement) and are solely responsible for any use of or action taken under your password. If your password is compromised, you must immediately change your password.**17. Miscellaneous**This Agreement will be governed by the laws of India, without reference to rules governing choice of laws or the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. The laws of India govern this Agreement and your use of the Services, without reference to rules governing choice of laws or the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. Any dispute or claim of any nature relating in any way to your use of any Services covered under this Agreement will be adjudicated through arbitration, by a sole arbitrator to be appointed by Amazon. The arbitral proceedings shall be conducted in accordance with the provisions of the (Indian) Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 or such statutory amendments thereof (“Arbitration Act”). The arbitration proceedings will be conducted in English and the venue of the arbitral proceedings shall be Delhi, India. Each party agrees that courts in Delhi will have the sole and exclusive jurisdiction over all arbitral applications. The fast track procedures under the Arbitration Act will apply to all proceedings as stipulated.You may not transfer or assign all or any portion of this Agreement, by operation of law or otherwise, without our prior written consent. Any attempt to assign or otherwise transfer in violation of this section is void provided, however, that upon notice to Amazon, you may assign or transfer this Agreement, in whole or in part, to any of your Affiliates as long as you remain liable for your obligations that arose prior to the effective date of the assignment or transfer under this Agreement. You agree that we may assign or transfer our rights and obligations under this Agreement: (a) in connection with a merger, consolidation, acquisition or sale of all or substantially all of our assets or similar transaction;, or (b) to any Affiliate or as part of a corporate reorganization; and effective upon such assignment, the assignee is deemed substituted for Amazon as the party to this Agreement. Subject to that restriction, this Agreement will be binding on, inure to, and be enforceable against the parties and their respective successors and assigns. We may perform any of our obligations or exercise any of our rights under this Agreement through one or more of our Affiliates. Our failure to enforce your strict performance of any provision of this Agreement will not constitute a waiver of our right to enforce such provision or any other provision of this Agreement subsequently.Amazon retains the right to immediately halt any transaction, prevent or restrict access to the Services or take any other action to restrict access to or availability of any inaccurate listing, any inappropriately categorized items, any unlawful items, or any items otherwise prohibited by the applicable Program Policies.The authentic language of this Agreement and subsidiary or associated documentation shall be English and any translations provided are for convenience only. In the event of any conflict or difference in interpretation between the English language version of this Agreement and subsidiary or associated documentation and any translation of them, the English language version and interpretation shall prevail.You agree that we may, in our sole discretion, disclose or make available any information provided or submitted by you or related to your participation under this Agreement (including information regarding Your Products or Your Transactions) to any judicial, quasi-judicial, governmental, regulatory or any other authority as may be required by us to co-operate and / or comply with any of their orders, instructions or directions or to fulfil any requirements under applicable Laws.Amazon will provide notice to you under this Agreement by posting changes on Seller Central or on the applicable Amazon Services site to which the changes relate (such as the Marketplace Developer site accessible through your account), by sending you an email notification, or by similar means. You must send all notices and other communications relating to Amazon to our Selling Partner Support team via Seller Central, email, the Contact Us form, or similar means. We may also communicate with you in connection with your listings, sales, and the Services electronically and in other media, and you consent to such communications. For contractual purposes, you consent to receive such communications through any mode including SMS, e-mail, phone calls etc. If at any time, now or in the future, you decide to change your preferences, visit the Seller Central Notification Preferences page via Amazon (Amazon) and follow the steps.You may change your e-mail addresses or phone numbers via Your Account. Please update these details (including your legal name and address) as often as necessary to ensure that they are accurate.Please continue to use Seller Central as the primary means of managing your orders and seller account. If any provision of this Agreement is deemed unlawful, void, or for any reason unenforceable, then that provision will be deemed severable from these terms and conditions and will not affect the validity and enforceability of any remaining provisions. This Agreement represents the entire agreement between the parties with respect to the Services and related subject matter described herein and supersedes any previous or contemporaneous oral or written agreements and understandings.**Definitions**As used in this Agreement, the following terms have the following meanings:**"Affiliate"** means with respect to any entity, any other entity that directly or indirectly controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with, such entity, except with respect to Amazon, "Affiliate" means solely its Affiliates domiciled in India.**"Amazon Associated Properties"** means any website or other online point of presence, other than the Amazon Site, through which any Amazon Site or products or services available thereon are syndicated, offered, merchandised, advertised or described.**"Amazon Site"** means Online Shopping site in India: Shop Online for Mobiles, Books, Watches, Shoes and More (Online Shopping site in India: Shop Online for Mobiles, Books, Watches, Shoes and More).**"Business Days"** means any day of the week (excluding Saturdays, Sundays and public holidays) on which commercial banks are open for business in New Delhi, India; Seattle, Washington, United States of America; Luxembourg; and the Republic of Singapore.**“Confidential Information"** means information relating to us, to the Services or Amazon customers that is not known to the general public including, but not limited to, any information identifying or unique to specific customers; reports, insights, and other information about the Services, data derived from the Services except for data (other than customer personal data) arising from the sale of your products comprising of products sold, prices, sales, volumes and time of the transaction; and technical or operational specifications relating to the Services. For the purposes of this Agreement, customer personal data constitutes Confidential Information at all times.**"Content"** means copyrightable works and other content protected under applicable Laws.**"Excluded Products"** means any products or other items set forth in the excluded products list for the Amazon Site or any other Amazon Program Policy that applies to your use of a Service, and any other products or other items that in Amazon's sole discretion are not supported for a Service.**"Insurance Limits"** means INR 5,00,00,000**"Insurance Threshold"** means INR 5,00,000**"Intellectual Property Rights"** means any patent, copyright, Trademark, moral right, trade secret right or any other intellectual property right arising under any Laws and all ancillary and related rights, including all rights of registration and renewal and causes of action for violation, misappropriation or infringement of any of the foregoing.**"Law(s)"** means any law, ordinance, rule, regulation, order, licence, permit, judgment, decision or other requirement, now or hereafter in effect, of any governmental authority of competent jurisdiction.**"Local Currency"** means Indian Rupees (INR).**"Order Information"** means, with respect to any of Your Products sold through the Amazon Site, the order information and shipping information that we provide or make available to you.**"Person"** means any individual, company, corporation, partnership, limited liability partnership, governmental authority, association, joint venture, division or other cognizable entity, whether or not having distinct legal existence.**"Program Policies"** means, all policies and program terms provided on the ‘Policies and Agreements’ (Programme Policies) page.**"Purchase Price"** means the total gross amount payable or paid by a customer for Your Product (including taxes and customs duties).**"Sales Proceeds"** means the gross sales proceeds paid by customers in the course of any of Your Transactions, including the Purchase Price, all shipping and handling, gift wrap and other charges, any taxes and customs duties.**"Seller Central"** means the online portal and tools made available by Amazon to you, for your use in managing your orders, inventory and presence on the Amazon Site.**"Service"** means each of the following services that Amazon makes available on or in connection with the Amazon Site: the Selling on Amazon Service, Fulfilment by Amazon Service and Amazon Advertising.**"Service Terms"** means the service terms specific to each Service set forth herein and made a part of this Agreement upon the date you elect to register for the applicable Service.**"Technology"** means any: (a) ideas, procedures, processes, systems, methods of operation, concepts, principles and discoveries protected or protectable under the Laws of any jurisdiction; (b) interfaces, protocols, glossaries, libraries, structured XML formats, specifications, grammars, data formats, or other similar materials; and (c) software, hardware, code, technology or other functional item.**"Trademark"** means any trademark, service mark, trade dress (including any proprietary "look and feel"), trade name, other proprietary logo or insignia or other source or business identifier, protected or protectable under applicable Laws.**"Your Account"** means the particular account in our systems, in which information about Your Transactions is recorded, and which is one of the online portals and tools which Amazon may make available to you, for your use in managing your orders, inventory and presence on the Amazon Site.**"Your Materials"** means all Technology, Your Trademarks, Content, Required Product Information, data, materials, and other items provided or made available by you or your Affiliates to Amazon or its Affiliates.**"Your Product"** means any product that is made available for listing for sale, offered for sale or sold by you through the Selling on Amazon Service and/or fulfilled or otherwise processed through the Fulfilment by Amazon Service in connection with Your Account, or made available for advertising by you through Amazon Advertising.**"Your Sales Channels"** means all sales channels and other means through which you or any of your Affiliates offer or sell products, other than physical stores.**"Your Taxes"** means any and all value added, service, sales, use, excise, import, export, goods and services tax and other taxes and duties assessed, incurred or required to be collected or paid for any reason in connection with any advertisement, offer or sale of products by you on or through or in connection with the Services, or otherwise in connection with any action, inaction or omission of you or your Affiliates or your or their respective employees, agents, contractors or representatives. Also, as it is used in the Fulfilment by Amazon Service Terms, this defined term also means any of the types of taxes mentioned above that are imposed on or collectible by Amazon or any of its Affiliates in connection with or as a result of: (a) the storage of inventory, packaging, Your Products and other materials owned by you and stored by Amazon; or (b) the fulfilment, shipping, gift wrapping or other actions by Amazon to Your Products pursuant to the Fulfilment by Amazon Service Terms.**"Your Trademarks"** means Trademarks of yours that you provide to us: (a) in non-text form for branding purposes; and (b) separate from (and not embedded or otherwise incorporated in) any product specific information or materials.**"Your Transaction"** means any sale of Your Product(s) through the Amazon Site.**Selling on Amazon Service Terms**The Selling on Amazon Service ("**Selling on Amazon**") is a Service that allows you to list products for sale directly via the Amazon Site. Selling on Amazon is operated by Amazon Seller Services Private Limited. These Selling on Amazon Service Terms are part of the Amazon Services Business Solutions Agreement ("**Business Solutions Agreement**"), but, unless specifically provided otherwise, concern and apply only to your participation in Selling on Amazon. BY REGISTERING FOR OR USING SELLING ON AMAZON, YOU (ON BEHALF OF YOURSELF OR THE BUSINESS YOU REPRESENT) AGREE TO BE BOUND BY THE BUSINESS SOLUTIONS AGREEMENT (https://sellercentral.amazon.in/gp/help/G1791#BSA) AND THESE SELLING ON AMAZON SERVICE TERMS. Unless defined in these Selling on Amazon Service Terms (including the Selling on Amazon Definitions (https://sellercentral.amazon.in/gp/help/G1791#Definitions)), all capitalized terms have the meanings given them in the Business Solutions Agreement.**S-1. Your Product Listings and Orders****S-1.1 Products and Product Information.** You will, in accordance with applicable Program Policies, provide accurate and complete Required Product Information for each product that you make available to be listed for sale through the Amazon Site and promptly update such information as necessary to ensure it at all times remains accurate and complete. You will also ensure that Your Materials, Your Products (including packaging) and your offer and subsequent sale of any of the same on the Amazon Site comply with all applicable Laws (including all marking and labeling requirements) and do not contain any sexually explicit, defamatory or obscene materials or any unlawful materials. You may not provide any information for, or otherwise seek to list for sale on the Amazon Site, any Excluded Products; or provide any URL Marks for use, or request that any URL Marks be used, on the Amazon Site. For each item you list on the Amazon Site, you will provide to us the state or country from which the item ships.**S-1.2 Product Listing; Merchandising; Order Processing.** We will list Your Products for sale on the Amazon Site in the applicable product categories which are supported for third party sellers generally on the Amazon Site on the applicable Selling on Amazon Launch Date, and conduct merchandising and promote Your Products in accordance with the Business Solutions Agreement (including via the Amazon Associated Properties or any other functions, features, advertising, or programs on or in connection with the Amazon Site). Amazon reserves its right to restrict at any time in its sole discretion the access to list in any or all categories on the Amazon Site. We may use mechanisms that rate, or allow shoppers to rate, Your Products and/or your performance as a seller on the Amazon Site and Amazon may make these ratings and feedback publicly available. We will provide Order Information to you for each of Your Transactions. Sales Proceeds will be paid to you only in accordance with Section S-5.**S-1.3 Shipping and Handling Charges.** For Seller-Fulfilled Products, you will determine shipping and handling charges via and subject to our standard functionality and categorizations for the Amazon Site and further subject to any shipping and handling charge Program Policies for the Amazon Site. Any such amounts, paid by the customer towards shipping and handling charges, shall be your proceeds, subject to deduction of applicable charges as may be determined by us and you are solely responsible for reporting and remitting any applicable taxes on the shipping and handling charges. For Amazon-Fulfilled Products, Amazon will determine what the shipping fees will be and will display and collect them accordingly in accordance with the Fulfilment by Amazon Service Terms.**S-1.4 Credit Card Fraud.** We will bear the risk of credit card fraud (i.e. a fraudulent purchase arising from the theft and unauthorized use of a third party's credit card information) occurring in connection with Your Transactions, and you will bear all other risk of fraud or loss; provided, that we will not bear the risk of credit card fraud in connection with any Seller-Fulfilled Product that is not fulfilled strictly in accordance with the Order Information and Shipment Information.**S-2. Sale and Fulfilment, Refunds and Returns****S-2.1 Sale and Fulfilment.** Other than as described in the Fulfilment by Amazon Service Terms (if applicable to you), or as provided in any applicable Service Terms or Program Policies, for the Amazon Site for which you decide to register or use the Selling on Amazon Service, you will: (a) source, sell, fulfil, ship and deliver your Seller-Fulfilled Products, and source and sell your Amazon-Fulfilled Products, in each case in accordance with the terms of the applicable Order Information, these Service Terms and the Agreement, and all terms provided by you and displayed on the Amazon Site at the time of the order and be solely responsible for and bear all risk for such activities; (b) package each of Your Products in a commercially reasonable manner and ship each of Your Products on or before its Estimated Ship Date; (c) retrieve Order Information at least once each Business Day; (d) not cancel any of Your Transactions except as may be permitted pursuant to your terms and conditions appearing on the Amazon Site at the time of the applicable order (which terms and conditions will be in accordance with this Agreement) or as may be required under this Agreement; (e) ship Your Products throughout India (except to the extent prohibited by applicable Law or this Agreement); (f) provide to Amazon information regarding shipment and order status and tracking (to the extent available), in each case as requested by us using the processes designated by us, and we may make any of this information publicly available; (g) comply with all Street Date instructions; (h) notwithstanding any other provision of these Service Terms, ensure that you are the seller of all products made available for listing for sale hereunder; (i) include an order-specific packing slip within each shipment of Your Products; (j) identify yourself as the seller of the product on all packing slips or other information included with Your Products and as the Person to which a customer may return the applicable product; and (k) not send customers emails confirming orders or shipments of Your Products (except that to the extent we have not yet enabled functionality for Your Account that allows payment to be processed on the basis of when shipment occurs, then you will send customers emails confirming shipment of Your Products in a format and manner reasonably acceptable to us). For Amazon-Fulfilled Products, if any, the Fulfilment by Amazon Service Terms will apply to the storage, fulfilment and delivery of such Amazon-Fulfilled Products.**S-2.2 Returns and Refunds.** For all of Your Products that are not fulfilled using Fulfilment by Amazon, you will accept and process returns, refunds and adjustments in accordance with these Service Terms and the Amazon Refund Policies published at the time of the applicable order, and we may inform customers that these policies apply to Your Products. You will determine and calculate the amount of all refunds and adjustments (including any taxes, shipping and handling or other charges) or other amounts to be paid by you to customers in connection with Your Transactions, using a functionality we enable for Your Account. This functionality may be modified or discontinued by us at any time without notice and is subject to the Program Policies and the terms of this Business Solutions Agreement. You will route all such payments through Amazon. We will provide any such payments to the customer (which may be in the same payment form originally used to purchase Your Product), and you will reimburse us for all amounts so paid. For all of Your Products that are fulfilled using Fulfilment by Amazon, the Amazon Refund Policies published at the time of the applicable order will apply and you will comply with them. You will promptly provide refunds and adjustments that you are obligated to provide under the applicable Amazon Refund Policies and as required by Law, and in no case later than thirty (30) calendar days following after the obligation arises. For the purposes of making payments to the customer (which may be in the same payment form originally used to purchase Your Product), you authorize us to make such payments or disbursements from your available balance in the Nodal Account (as defined in Section S-5). In the event your balance in the Nodal Account is insufficient to process the refund request, we will process such amounts due to the customer on your behalf, and you will reimburse us for all amounts so paid.**S-3. Problems with Your Products****S-3.1 Delivery Errors and Nonconformities; Recalls.** You are responsible for: any non-delivery, misdelivery, theft or other mistake or act in connection with the fulfilment and delivery of Your Products, except to the extent caused by: (a) credit card fraud for which we are responsible under *Section S-1.4*; or (b) our failure to make available to you Order Information as it was received by us or resulting from address verification. Notwithstanding the previous sentence, for Amazon-Fulfilled Products, if any, the Fulfilment by Amazon Service Terms will apply to non-delivery, misdelivery, theft or other mistake or act in connection with the fulfilment and delivery of those of Your Products. You are also responsible for any non-conformity or defect in, or any public or private recall of, any of Your Products. You will notify us promptly as soon as you have knowledge of any public or private recalls of Your Products.**S-3.2 A-to-z Guarantee and Chargebacks.** If we inform you that we have received a claim under the "A-to-z Guarantee" offered on the Amazon Site, or other dispute, relating to the offer, sale or fulfillment of Your Product(s) (other than a chargeback) concerning one of Your Transactions, you will have 30 days to appeal our decision of the claim. If we find that a claim, chargeback, or dispute is your responsibility, you (i) will not take recourse against the customer, and (ii) are responsible for reimbursing us for the amount paid by the customer (including taxes and shipping and handling charges, but excluding any Referral Fees that we retained as defined in Section S-4), and all other fees and expenses associated with the original transaction (such as credit card, bank, payment processing, re-presentment, or penalty fees) and any related chargebacks or refunds to the extent payable by us.**S-4. Compensation**You will pay us: (a) the applicable Referral Fee; (b) any applicable Closing Fees; and (c) if applicable, the non-refundable Selling on Amazon Subscription Fee in advance for each month (or for each transaction, if applicable) during the Term of this Agreement. "**Selling on Amazon Subscription Fee**" means the fee specified as such on the Selling on Amazon Fee Schedule (https://sellercentral.amazon.in/gp/help/200557190?ref=ag_200557190_cont_G1791&language=en_IN) for the Amazon Site at the time such fee is payable. With respect to each of Your Transactions: (x) **"Sales Proceeds"** has the meaning set out in the Business Solutions Agreement; (y) **"Closing Fees"** means the applicable fee, if any, as specified in the Selling on Amazon Fee Schedule (https://sellercentral.amazon.in/gp/help/200557190?ref=ag_200557190_cont_G1791&language=en_IN) for the Amazon Site; and (z) **"Referral Fee"** means the applicable percentage of the Sales Proceeds from Your Transaction through the Amazon Site specified on the Selling on Amazon Fee Schedule (https://sellercentral.amazon.in/gp/help/200557190?ref=ag_200557190_cont_G1791&language=en_IN) for the Amazon Site at the time of Your Transaction, based on the categorization by Amazon of the type of product that is the subject of Your Transaction; provided, however, that Sales Proceeds will not include any shipping charge set by us in the case of Your Transactions that consist solely of Amazon-Fulfilled Products. Except as provided otherwise, all monetary amounts contemplated in these Service Terms will be expressed and provided in the Local Currency, and all payments contemplated by this Agreement will be made in the Local Currency.All taxes or surcharges imposed on fees payable by you to Amazon will be your responsibility.**S-5 Sales Proceeds & Refunds.****S-5.1.Nodal Account.** Remittances to you for Your Transactions (excluding COD transactions) will be made through a nodal account (the "**Nodal Account**") in accordance with the directions issued by Reserve Bank of India for the opening and operation of accounts and settlement of payments for electronic payment transactions involving intermediaries vide its notification RBI/2009-10/231 http://DPSS.CO.PD.No (http://DPSS.CO.PD.No).1102 / 02.14.08/ 2009-10 dated November 24, 2009. Remittance to you for COD transactions shall be made through the online bank or any other mutually agreed and other means used to transfer to Your Bank Account. You hereby agree and authorize us to collect payments on your behalf from customers for any sales made through the COD mechanism. You authorize and permit us to collect and disclose any information (which may include personal or sensitive information such as Your Bank Account information) made available to us in connection with this Agreement to a bank, auditor, processing agency, or third party contracted by us in connection with this Agreement.Subject to and without limiting any of the rights described in Section 2 of the General Terms, we may hold back a portion or your Sale Proceeds as a separate reserve ("**Reserve**"). The Reserve will be in an amount as determined by us and the Reserve will be used only for the purpose of settling the future claims of customers in the event of non-fulfilment of delivery to the customers of your Products keeping in mind the period for refunds and chargebacks.**S-5.2.** Except as otherwise stated in this Agreement (including without limitation Section 2 of the General Terms), you authorize us and we will remit the Settlement Amount to Your Bank Account on the Payment Date in respect of an Eligible Transaction. When you either initially provide or later change Your Bank Account information, the Payment Date will be deferred for a period of up to 14 calendar days. You will not have the ability to initiate or cause payments to be made to you. If you refund money to a customer in connection with one of Your Transactions in accordance with Section S-2.2, on the next available Designated Day for Amazon Site, we will credit you with the amount of the Referral Fee paid by you to us attributable to the amount of the customer refund, less the Refund Administration Fee for each refund, which amount we may retain as an administrative fee."**Eligible Transaction**" means Your Transaction against which the actual shipment date has been confirmed by you."**Designated Day**" means any particular Business Day of the week designated by Amazon on a weekly basis, in its sole discretion, for making remittances to you."**Payment Date**" means the Designated Day falling immediately after 14 calendar days (or less in our sole discretion) of the Eligible Transaction."**Settlement Amount**" means Sales Proceeds (which you will accept as payment in full for the sale and shipping and handling of Your Products), less: (a) the Referral Fees due for such sums; (b) any Selling on Amazon Subscription Fees due; (c) taxes required to be charged by us on our fees; (d) any refunds due to customers in connection with the Amazon Site; (e) Reserves, as may be applicable, as per this Agreement; (f) Closing Fees, if applicable; (g) any other applicable fee prescribed under the Program Policies (including fee payable under the FBA Fee Schedule for Amazon Site), if applicable; and (h)tax collected at source under applicable Law.**S-5.3.** In the event that we elect not to recover from you a customer's chargeback, failed payment, or other payment reversal (a "**Payment Failure**"), you irrevocably assign to us all your rights, title and interest in and associated with that Payment Failure.**S-6. Amazon’s Marketplace, Websites and Services**Amazon has the right to determine, the design, content, functionality, availability and appropriateness of its marketplace, websites, selection and any product or listing on the Amazon Site or the Amazon Associated Properties, and all aspects of each Service, including your use of the same. Amazon may assign any of these rights or delegate any of its responsibilities.**S-7. Tax Matters**In addition to the General Terms, you agree that, the price stated by you for Your Products is inclusive of all taxes including VAT/CST, customs duty, excise duty or other tax or levy that may be required to be remitted in connection with such sale, unless otherwise provided in any Program Policy or otherwise agreed by Amazon in advance in writing.All payments by Amazon to you shall be made subject to applicable withholding taxes under applicable Governing Laws. Amazon will retain, in addition to its net fees together with any applicable taxes that Amazon determines, as it is obligated to charge or collect on the fees, an amount equal to applicable withholding taxes.If you are required deposit withholding tax in the form and manner as prescribed under applicable Governing laws, you will issue an appropriate tax withholding certificate for such amount to Amazon.You may submit a reimbursement claim with a valid tax withholding certificate in Form 16A within one month from the due date of issuance of Form 16A as per statutory timelines. Amazon shall reimburse the claim post verification and reconciliation with service fee as per books of accounts. Amazon will have right to reject the claim if the claimed amount does not match with service fees invoices. Amazon shall maintain the right to recover any excessive claims paid to you.Amazon has the option to obtain an order for lower or NIL withholding tax from the Indian Revenue authorities. In case Amazon successfully procures such an order, it will communicate the same to you. In that case, the amounts retained shall be in accordance with the directions contained in the order as in force at the point in time when tax is required to be deducted at the source.**Selling on Amazon Definitions****"Amazon-Fulfilled Products"** means any of Your Products that are fulfilled using the Fulfilment by Amazon Service.**"Amazon Refund Policies"** means the return and refund policies published on the Amazon Site.**"Estimated Ship Date"** means, with respect to any of Your Products, either: (a) the end of the shipping availability period (which begins as of the date on which the relevant order is placed by the customer), or the shipping availability date, as applicable, specified by you in the relevant inventory/product data feed for Your Product on the Amazon Site; or (b) if you do not specify shipping availability information in such inventory/product data feed or Your Product is in a product category that Amazon designates as requiring shipment within two (2) days (excluding Sundays and public holidays), (2) days (excluding Sundays and public holidays) after the date on which the relevant order is placed by the customer.**"Refund Administration Fee"** means the lesser of INR 300 or twenty percent (20%) of the applicable Referral Fee.**"Required Product Information"** means, with respect to each of Your Products in connection with the Amazon Site, the following (except to the extent expressly not required under the applicable Program Policies): (a) description; (b) SKU and EAN/UPC numbers and other identifying information as Amazon may reasonably request; (c) information regarding in-stock status and availability, shipping limitations or requirements, and Shipment Information (in each case, in accordance with any categorizations prescribed by Amazon from time to time); (d) categorization within each Amazon product category and browse structure as prescribed by Amazon from time to time; (e) digitized image that accurately depicts only Your Product and does not include any additional logos, text or other markings (and that complies with any Amazon published image guidelines); (f) Purchase Price; (g) shipping and handling charge (in accordance with our standard functionality therefor); (h) any text, disclaimers, warnings, notices, labels or other content required by applicable Law to be displayed in connection with the offer, merchandising, advertising or sale of Your Product; (i) any vendor requirements, restocking fees or other terms and conditions applicable to such product that a customer should be aware of prior to purchasing the product; (j) brand; (k) model; (l) product dimensions; (m) weight; (n) a delimited list of technical specifications; (o) SKU and EAN/UPC numbers (and other identifying information as we may reasonably request) for accessories related to Your Product that is available in our catalogue; and (p) any other information reasonably requested by us (e.g., the condition of used or refurbished products, Harmonized System of Nomenclature / Service Accounting Code).**"Seller-Fulfilled Products"** means any of Your Products that are not fulfilled using the Fulfilment by Amazon Service.**"Selling on Amazon Launch Date"** means the date on which we first list one of Your Products for sale on the Amazon Site.**"Shipment Information"** means, with respect to any of Your Products, the estimated or promised shipment and/or delivery date.**"Street Date"** means the date(s), if any, specified by the manufacturer, distributor and/or licensor of a product as the date before which specified information regarding such product (e.g., title of a book) should not be disclosed publicly, or such product should not be delivered or otherwise made available to customers.**"URL Marks"** means any Trademark, or any other logo, name, phrase, identifier or character string, that contains or incorporates any top level domain (e.g., .com, http://co.in (http://co.in), http://co.uk (http://co.uk), .in, .de, .es, .edu, .fr, .jp) or any variation thereof (e.g., dot com, dotcom, net, or com).**"Your Transaction"** is defined in the Business Solutions Agreement; however, as used in these Service Terms, it shall mean any and all such transactions through Selling on Amazon only.**Fulfilment by Amazon Service Terms**Fulfilment by Amazon ("**FBA**") provides fulfilment and associated services for Your Products. FBA is operated by Amazon Seller Services Private Limited.These FBA Service Terms are part of the Amazon Services Business Solutions Agreement ("**Business Solutions Agreement**"), and, unless specifically provided otherwise, concern and apply only to your participation in FBA. BY REGISTERING FOR OR USING FBA, YOU (ON BEHALF OF YOURSELF OR THE BUSINESS YOU REPRESENT) AGREE TO BE BOUND BY THE BUSINESS SOLUTIONS AGREEMENT (https://sellercentral.amazon.in/gp/help/G1791#BSA) AND THESE FBA SERVICE TERMS. Unless defined in these FBA Service Terms, all capitalized terms are as defined in the Business Solutions Agreement.**F.1. Your Products**Once you are accepted into FBA, you must apply to register each product you sell that you wish to include in the FBA program in connection with the Amazon Site. You may not include any product in the FBA program which is a FBA Excluded Product for the Amazon Site you wish to register Your Product with. We may refuse registration in FBA of any product in connection with the Amazon Site, including on the basis that it is an FBA Excluded Product or that it violates applicable Program Policies. You may at any time withdraw registration of any of Your Products from FBA in connection with the Amazon Site.**F.2. Product and Shipping Information**You will, in accordance with applicable Program Policies, provide in the format we require accurate and complete information about Your Products registered in FBA (including Harmonized System of Nomenclature / Service accounting Code, if applicable). You will promptly update any information about Your Products in accordance with our requirements and as necessary so that the information is at all times accurate and complete.**F.3. Shipping to Amazon****F.3.1.** For the Amazon Site you register Units in connection with, such Units will be delivered to customers in India only. You will ship Units to us in accordance with applicable Program Policies for the Amazon Site Your Products are registered in connection with. You will ensure that: (a) all Units are properly packaged for protection against damage and deterioration during shipment and storage; (b) terms of freight "C.I.P. (Carriage and Insurance Paid) Destination"; and (c) all Units comply with Amazon's labelling and other requirements. You will be responsible for all costs incurred to ship the Units to the shipping destination (including costs of freight and transit insurance). You will prepay all such shipping costs and Amazon will not pay any shipping costs except as provided in *Section F-3.2*. You are responsible for payment of all duties, custom duty, taxes and other charges. If you ship Units to a Site Fulfilment Centre from outside of India, you will list yourself as the importer/consignee and nominate a customs broker. If Amazon is listed on any import documentation, Amazon reserves the right to refuse to accept any Units covered by the import documents and any costs assessed against or incurred by Amazon will be collected by any means permitted by this Agreement. In the case of any improperly packaged or labelled Unit, we may return the Unit to you at your expense (pursuant to *Section F-7*).**F.3.2.** You will not deliver to us any Unsuitable Unit, and we may refuse to accept any shipment (including any Unsuitable Unit). We may return or dispose of or destroy any Unsuitable Unit as provided in Section F-7 (and you will be deemed to have consented to such action): (a) immediately if we determine in our sole discretion that the Unit creates a safety, health or liability risk to Amazon, our personnel or any third party; or (b) if you fail to direct us to return or dispose of or destroy any Unsuitable Unit within thirty (30) days after we notify you that the Unit has been recalled; or (c) except as otherwise provided in this Section F-3.2, if you refuse or fail to direct us to return or dispose of or destroy any Unsuitable Unit within thirty (30) calendar days after we notify you that we are in possession of it. In addition, you will compensate us for any damages incurred including any expenses we incur in connection with any Unsuitable Units.**F.4. Storage**We will provide storage services as described in these FBA Service Terms once we confirm receipt of delivery. We will keep electronic records that track inventory of Units by identifying the number of Units stored in any Site Fulfilment Centre. We will not be required to physically mark Units. If there is a loss of or damage to any Units while we store them due to any breach of contractual obligation / non-performance of obligations by us causing such loss or damage, we will, pay you the applicable replacement value ((as described in the FBA Lost and Damaged Inventory Reimbursement Policy (https://sellercentral.amazon.in/gp/help/help.html/?itemID=G200213130&ref_=xx_G200213130_a_r0_cont_sgsearch)*)*. Payment of the replacement value is our total liability for any duties or obligations that we or our agents or representatives may have as a bailee or warehouseman, and your only right or remedy that you may have as a bailor. The replacement value is inclusive of any VAT/CST/good and services tax (as applicable) and if the replacement value is subject to VAT/CST/goods and services tax, you agree to provide a valid VAT/CST/goods and services tax invoice to Amazon. In consideration of payment of the replacement value, the title in such Units will transfer to us and we will be entitled to dispose of, destroy or otherwise deal in such Units in any manner that we deem fit. You will have no security interest, lien or other claim to the proceeds that we receive from sale, disposal of or otherwise in connection with such Units. At all other times, you will be solely responsible for any loss of, or damage to, any Units. Our confirmed receipt of delivery does not: (a) indicate or imply that any Unit has been delivered free of loss or damage, or that any loss or damage to any Unit later discovered occurred after confirmed receipt of delivery; (b) indicate or imply that we actually received the number of Units of Your Product(s) specified by you for such shipment; or (c) waive, limit or reduce any of our rights under this Business Solutions Agreement. We reserve the right to change, scheduling restrictions and volume limitations on the delivery and storage of your inventory in the Site Fulfilment Centres in accordance with Section 14, and you will comply with any of these restrictions or limitations.**F.5. Fulfilment**We will ship Units from our inventory of Your Products in connection with the Amazon Site to the shipping addresses in India included in valid customer orders. We may ship Units together with products purchased from other merchants.**F.6. Customer Returns****F.6.1.** We will receive and process returns of any Amazon Fulfilment Units in accordance with the terms of your Seller Agreement, these FBA Service Terms and the Program Policies for the Amazon Site. Any Sellable Units registered in connection with the Amazon Site that are also Amazon Fulfilment Units and that are properly returned will be placed back into the inventory of Your Products in the FBA Program for the Amazon Site. We may fulfil customer orders for Your Products in connection with the Amazon Site with any Amazon Fulfilment Units returned in connection with the Amazon Site. Except as provided in *Section F-7*, you will retake title of all Units that are returned by customers.**F.6.2.** Except as provided in Section F-7, we will, at your direction, either return or dispose of or destroy any Amazon Fulfilment Unit that is returned to us and that we determine is an Unsuitable Unit as provided in Section F-7. Without limitation of our rights under Section F-7.4, we may elect to return or dispose of or destroy that Unsuitable Unit as provided in Section F-7, and you will be deemed to have consented to our election if you fail to direct us to return or dispose of or destroy the Unsuitable Unit within thirty (30) calendar days after we notify you of the Unsuitable Unit.**F.6.3.** You will be responsible for all tax obligations including but not limited to VAT/CST, sales, service and goods and services taxes as result of any returns.**F.7. Returns to You and Disposal****F.7.1.** You may, at any time, request that Units be returned to you. We may, with notice, return Units to you, including upon termination of these Service Terms. These returned shipments will be sent to your designated shipping address in the territory in which the applicable Site Fulfilment Centre is located (or, at Amazon's sole discretion, your designated shipping address within India. If the address we have for you in connection with the Amazon Site is outdated, incorrect or outside India or if we cannot make arrangements for you to pay for the return shipment, the Unit(s) will be deemed abandoned and we may elect to dispose of or destroy the Unit(s) as appropriate based on the inventory and, subject to any replacement or reimbursement done as required under applicable law, this Agreement and our Program Policies, retain any proceeds we may receive from the disposal. You agree that any proceeds we may receive from the disposal are fair and reasonable compensation for any costs we incur in connection with the disposal.. For all Units that are returned to you, you are solely responsible for issuing any statutory forms or other documents, including but not limited to invoices, stock transfer forms, delivery challans etc., required to return the Units back to you. You are also solely responsible for dealing with clearing the Units from any checkposts.**F.7.2.** You may, at any time, request that we dispose of or destroy Units. In this case, we may dispose of or destroy these Units as appropriate based on the inventory. Subject to Section F.4 above, title to each disposed or destroyed Unit will transfer to us at no cost, free and clear of any liens, claims, security interests or other encumbrances to the extent required to dispose of or destroy the Unit, and we may, subject to any replacement or reimbursement done as required under applicable law, this Agreement and our Program Policies, retain all proceeds, if any, received from the disposal of any Unit.**F.7.3.** You will promptly notify us of any recalls or threatened recalls of any of Your Products and cooperate and assist us in connection with any recalls, including by initiating the procedures for returning items to you under our standard processes. You will be responsible for all costs and expenses you, we or any of our or your Affiliates incur in connection with any recall or threatened recall of any of Your Products (including the costs to return, store, repair, liquidate or deliver to you or any vendor any of these products).**F.7.4. Disposal of Unsuitable Units.** In the event any Amazon Fulfilment Unit is returned to our Site Fulfilment Centre on account of being an Unsuitable Unit, then we may, without limiting any of our other rights under this Agreement (including as described in Section F.3.2), (a) dispose of or destroy such Unit in case you fail to remove such Unit from our Site Fulfilment Centre within a period of thirty (30) days from the date we notify you that its removal is required, for instance because your use of FBA is suspended or terminated or your seller account is suspended, terminated or closed; and (b) immediately dispose of or destroy such Unit if: (i) we determine that such Unit has no replacement value; (ii) we determine that the Unit creates a safety, health or liability risk to Amazon, our personnel or any third party; or (iii) we obtain knowledge of your engagement in fraudulent or illegal activity; or (iv) we have cause to terminate your use of Services with immediate effect pursuant to Section 3 and are exposed to liability towards a third party. In addition, you will reimburse us for any damages incurred including any expenses we incur in connection with any Unsuitable Units.**F.8. Reporting**You are responsible for raising or collecting from customers any appropriate documentation including invoices, delivery challans, way bills, stock transfer forms (e.g., Form F) or any other statutorily required documentation for reporting of both dispatch and arrivals of the shipment of Units to and from Site Fulfilment Centres. You will be solely responsible for clearing any goods held up at any checkposts or seized by tax authorities as a result of non-compliance of any required documentation requirements.**F.9. Customer Service****F.9.1.** We will be responsible for all customer service issues relating to packaging, handling and shipment and customer returns, refunds and adjustments related to Amazon Fulfilment Units. We will determine on your behalf, whether a customer will receive a refund, adjustment or replacement for any Amazon Fulfilment Unit and we will require you to reimburse us where we determine you have responsibility in accordance with the Business Solutions Agreement (including these Service Terms and the Program Policies for the applicable Amazon Site). Except as provided in this *Section F-9* regarding any Amazon Fulfilment Units, customer service will be handled as set forth in your Seller Agreement. You will be responsible for VAT/CST related customer service enquiries including but not limited to pricing and tax obligations including but not limited to VAT/CST, sales, service and goods and services taxes invoices and credit memos.**F.9.2.** In situations relating to Amazon Fulfilment Units where the wrong item was delivered or the item was damaged or lost or is missing, unless we determine that the basis for such request is caused by you or any of your employees, agents or contractors, and for any breach of contractual obligation / non-performance of obligations by Amazon as covered under the Program Policies causing such damage or loss we will, at our option for any Amazon Fulfilment Unit (i) ship a replacement Unit to the customer and pay you the applicable replacement value (as described in the FBA Lost and Damaged Inventory Reimbursement Policy (https://sellercentral.amazon.in/gp/help/help.html/?itemID=G200213130&ref_=xx_G200213130_a_r0_cont_sgsearch)*)* for the replacement Unit or (ii) process a refund to the customer and pay you the replacement value for the Unit. Any customer refund will be processed in accordance with the Selling on Amazon Service Terms. Notwithstanding the terms of the Selling on Amazon Service Terms, we will be entitled to retain the applicable Fees payable to us under the Selling on Amazon Service Terms and these Service Terms, respectively. Except as expressly provided in this *Section F-9.2* you will be responsible for all costs associated with any replacement or return.**F.9.3.** If we provide a replacement Unit or refund as described in the preceding sentence to a customer and that customer returns the original Unit to us, we will be entitled to dispose of /destroy the Unit pursuant to *Section F-7*, or, if it is a Sellable Unit, we may, at our option, place such Unit back into your inventory in accordance with *Section F-6*. If we do put it back into your inventory, you will compensate us for the applicable replacement value of the returned Unit. Any replacement Unit shipped by us under these Service Terms will be deemed to be, and will be treated in the same manner as, an order and sale of such Unit from you to the customer via the Amazon Site in accordance with the Business Solutions Agreement and your Seller Agreement, and will be subject to all terms and conditions applicable thereto.**F.10. Compensation****F.10.1. Fees.** You will pay us the applicable fees (including storage, fulfilment, removal and disposal fees) set out in the FBA Fee Schedule for the Amazon Site (https://sellercentral.amazon.in/gp/help/200209150?ref=ag_200209150_cont_G1791&language=en_IN). You will be charged the Storage Fees beginning on the day (up to midnight) that the Unit arrives at the Site Fulfilment Centre and is available for fulfilment by Amazon (or in the case of any Unsuitable Unit, the arrival day (up to midnight)), until the earlier of: (a) the day (up to midnight) we receive a valid customer order for such product or a request from you to return or dispose of or destroy the Unit; or (b) the day (up to midnight) we actually ship the Unit to your designated return location or dispose of or destroy the Unit.**F.10.2. Shipping and Gift Wrap.** For any Amazon Fulfilment Units we will determine the amounts charged to the customer for shipping and gift wrap services for the Units that we fulfil through the FBA Program. As between you and us, these charges will be your tax inclusive charges to the customer, and we will report them to you. We will charge you (and you will pay us) a fee equal to the amount of such charges to the customer. You acknowledge and agree that you are responsible to account for any applicable taxes including but not limited to VAT/CST, sales, service and goods and services taxes on the shipping and gift wrap charges to customer.**F.10.3. Taxes on Fees Payable to Amazon.** In regard to these Service Terms you can provide a VAT / goods and services tax registration number or evidence of being in business, if you do not have a VAT / goods and services tax registration number. 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What does it mean when x implies y?Implications are most often understood as conditionals.A conditional is a statement of the formIf x, then ywhere x is the sufficient condition and y is the necessary condition. This means that x is sufficient for y, and y is necessary for x.But necessary and sufficient how?The simplest conditional is the truth-functional conditional, which says:If x is true, then y is true.In this case the truth of x is sufficient for the truth of y, and the truth of y is necessary for the truth of x.This kind of conditional is called the material conditional.The material conditional is the simplest in the sense that it is the most straightforward. It minimally gets something right about all conditionals: we can’t have both x and not-y, for whatever sense of “have”. Right?Right — at least, given the classical or bivalent understanding of the notion of truth: either a thing is true, or it is false. There is no neither true nor false (no gaps), and no both true and false (no gluts). So either we have a thing, or we do not have a thing. There is no neither having nor not having, and there is no both having and not having.People typically understand the behavior of the material conditional to be the behavior of truth. That is, people typically treat the concept of truth as a bivalent notion. But perhaps truth is not bivalent. No matter. The matierial conditional is. That’s what it expresses: bivalence.More precisely, it expresses the minimal bivalent relationship that can obtain between two things, where one depends on another. The material conditional tells us that we can’t both have a thing and not have another thing. As corollaries, it says we can have both things, or neither thing, or the latter thing but not the former — it doesn’t distinguish between these other three cases.But is the material conditional enough to account for all conditionals?No. The material conditional seems to fail when we have not-x — if not-x, then y? Or not-y? Other?Maybe we need not have the former thing, but still need the latter. Or merely might have the latter. Or maybe it doesn’t matter. What to do?Well. Conditionals with false antecedents are called counterfactuals.While the material conditional is in the indicative, counterfactuals are in the subjunctive, e.g.,If it were the case that x, then it would be the case that y.Contrast with the imperative, e.g.,Behave yourself.which is not a conditional at all — or, if it is, says something likeBehave yourself, or elseor ratherIf you don’t behave yourself, then [else]where [else] is something bad.We use imperatives to express commands — which are, conditionally, threats. By contrast, we use indicatives to express matters of fact. And we use counterfactuals to express hypotheticals, perhaps most importantly hypotheses about the future, as inIf x occurs tomorrow, then y will occur tomorrow.Now consider the following counterfactual:If you were 100 feet tall, then you would be greater than 1 inch tall.This counterfactual seems true. Now consider this counterfactual:If the moon were made of cheese, then Napoleon would be the king of France.This counterfactual seems false. Presumably, this is because it lacks a necessary connection between its antecedent and consequent. The moon’s being made of cheese or not seems to have no bearing on whether or not Napoleon is the king of France.The material conditional says this statement — or rather, the statementIf the moon is made of cheese, then Napoleon is the king of France— is true. If you think that it is not true, then you accept that the material conditional does not provide the correct semantics for such a statement. (Yes, I just employed another conditional!)So other, more complex forms of conditional may demand more complicated criteria. But absolutely none of them can violate the defining criterion of materiality: not-both-x-and-not-y.To augment our material conditional we might employ a strict conditional, which saysStrictly, x implies ywhere strictness distributes across the implication. So, if we treat strictness as necessity and the implication at issue as a conditional, then we getIf x is necessary, then y is necessary.But there are other ways to interpret strictness — it could stand for decidability, or provability, or knowledge, or belief, or obligation. And so on.These are called modes of evaluation. Truth itself is but one such mode. There are a variety of logics that capture our intuitive, colloquial, informal, commonsensical and everyday expressions about such modes. They are called modal logics. There are at least as many conditionals as there are modal logics.Generally, we think of conditionality as a kind of consequence relation. That is, y is some kind of consequence of x. But what kind of consequence? If we think that y is conditional on x, then we must mean that y istrue given x’s truth (i.e., the truth of x)decidable given x’s decidability (or the decision that x)provable given x’s provability (or the proof of x)knowable given x’s knowability (or knowledge of x)believable given x’s believability (or belief in x)obligatory given an obligation to xand so on.So there are at least as many kinds or modes of implication as there are modalized conditional statements (at least, if implications are conditionals).Furthermore, we can contrast necessity with its dual, possibility. If x is possible, then not-necessarily-not-x. Likewise, if x is necessary, then not-possibly-not-x.But can we go further?If we have not-possibly-x, does that mean necessarily-not-x? And if we have not-necessarily-x, does that mean possibly-not-x? Presumably so. This is called modal exchange.The modal logic I’ve described thus far is usually called system K.Perhaps necessarily-x implies possibly-x. Now we’re working in what’s usually called system D. According to system D, necessity entails possibility. System D is interesting because it admits that every statement (well-formed formula) is possible. So, say, contradictions are unnecessary. This is weird. For this reason, system D is a bad candidate for alethic necessity (i.e., the necessity of truth). However, it is a plausible candidate for the necessity of permission and obligation, which is pertinent in the study of ethics. The D-rule says obligation implies permission. Which makes sense: if you’re obligated to do something, you need to be permitted to do something!Notice that entailment is itself a kind of implication.Perhaps necessarily-x implies x, full stop. This makes sense. Now the modal logic we’re employing is called system T. System T is often treated as the minimal logic of alethic possibility and necessity. According to system T, necessity entails truth; truth entails possibility; and impossibility entails falsehood.Perhaps x implies necessarily-possibly-x. Now we’re working in what's usually called system B, after L.E.J. Brouwer. There is an interesting dual principle in system B, which says that possibly-necessarily-x implies x. Thus, system B is strong enough to validate the modal ontological argument that God exists: if it is possible that necessarily-x (i.e., God exists), then x. So God exists! Perhaps you don’t buy that though. Then you don’t buy system-B-style implications. So be it.Then there’s system S4, which says that necessarily-x implies necessarily-necessarily-x. Herein, necessity — but not possibility — is a non-contingent matter.Then we have system S5, which says that possibly-x implies necessarily-possibly-x. Now both necessity and possibility are non-contingent matters. If something is necessary, then according to S5 it is necessarily necessary. And if it is possible, then according to S5 it is necessarily possible.The upshot of system S5 is that iterations of modes can be reduced.To see this, ask: how many modalities are there?In systems K, D, T, and B there are an infinite number of distinct modalities. In system S4 there are no greater than 14; in system S5 there are no greater than 6 (true, necessary, possible, and their negations).But we also have a trivial modal system with only two modalities, true and false. Implication (if it is a conditional) in the trivial modal system is equivalent to the material conditional of classical propositional logic that we’ve already encountered. Expressive power is inversely proportional to deductive power. As we strengthen our logic — that is, as we strengthen our notion of implication — we weaken what is available for us to express thereof.If we want a more robust notion of implication-as-a-conditional, then we need to employ modal logic. Or we need to alter our concept of truth. Or both. Otherwise, we’re stuck with the annoyingly austere material conditional, which is the most-stringent and least-expressive of all conditionals.But how do the other modes of evaluation (strictness) fare?They all must employ some stronger or weaker form of modal logic. If not, then they’re just material conditionals. We know this because, again, material conditionals get at least the basics right: we can’t have true-antecedent and false-consequent. We can’t give that up without totally destroying the very notion of conditional! (And, concomitantly, the notion of implication, if implication is supposed to be some kind of conditional.)Let’s press forward.We met counterfactuals above, with antecedents that were merely possible or contrary-to-fact. We also have counterpossibles, whose antecedents are not merely not factual or not true, but impossible, as inIf 1+1=3, then Napoleon is the king of France.Not only is there no necessary connection between the antecedent and consequent, there could not be, in principle — because the antecedent is impossible!So is the above counterpossible conditional true? False? Indeterminate? Other?There are yet grander varieties of modal logic that can deal with such cases.And consider natural language expressions with possibly true antecedents and obviously false consequents, such asIf Trump is a good president, then I’m a monkey’s uncle.According to the semantics for material conditionals, this must be false if the antecedent is supposed to be true. But that's precisely the point! Were I to utter this in natural language, you would not mistake me for thinking there is some necessary or causal or other logical connection between the antecedent and consequent. You would not think I was venturing some counterfactual or counterpossible. You would not think that I was admitting that there is an instance wherein the antecedent is true.Rather, you would understand that what I was really asserting is that the antecedent is false — because the consequent is impossible. So really there is a kind of connection between them: absurdity. Obviously I’m not a monkey’s uncle — at least, I hope that’s obvious!What’s the takeaway from the above? Three questions deserve answers …First: are implications conditionals?I’m inclined to say yes, they are. Otherwise, I’m not sure what x implies y is supposed to mean.Certainly I think that all conditionals — and thus all implications — must minimally meet the truth-functional criterion of materiality. If x implies y, then it cannot be the case that x and not-y. But I grant that this doesn’t go far enough. It doesn't account for the myriad sorts of necessary connection we informally expect to obtain between the antecedents and consequents of our natural language expressions.Second: is there one unique and privileged kind of implication?I’m inclined to say no, there isn’t. There is evidently no exclusive, rigorous, and unequivocal semantics that undergirds each and every instance of natural language expression of the form, “If x, then y.” Rather, there is, perhaps as Wittgenstein would say, only a kind of family resemblance amongst conditional expressions in natural language. This is plainly evident, given the progress we’ve already made in distinguishing between modes or varieties of conditionals. I do not think that conditionals like, e.g., “If 1+1=2, then 1+2=3” and “If Trump is a good president, then I’m a monkey’s uncle” possess the same implicative status. So I think the aptness of such conditional expressions depends on (i) the content of x and y, and (ii) the context of utterance of the conditional as a whole. And if implications are conditionals, then they must fare the same way. (Notice the conditional!)Finally, with regard to the question at issue: how do I understand implications as a concept?Answer: I maintain that there exist various kinds of implication, and how I treat such concepts depends on their content and context. Generally, I understand them as sorts of conditionals, and I’m actively pursuing a more robust understanding of the behavior of such conditionals.If you disagree with me, then you must:provide a singular (unique and unequivocal) semantics that correctly evaluates all natural language conditionals, and/orreject the claim that all implications are conditionals.That is, you must provide counterexamples to one or both of the following material conditionals:If there exists a singular semantics, then it does not correctly evaluate all natural language conditionals; equivalently, for all natural language conditionals there exists no singular semantics. (Counterexample: such a singular semantics.)If something is an implication, then it is a conditional. (Counterexample: an implication that is not a conditional.)I’ve yet to manage to produce any such counterexamples. If you have, then please share, and I’ll modify or retract what I’ve asserted here.