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It is not hard but it is hard to crack because we think that it is hard.I’m not an UPSC topper, i’m not an IAS/IPS/IFS. I’m also getting prepared for this exam like all of you but i find it is easy to crack because i have taken up some steps by which i find it is easy to myself and now whatever i’m going to share with all of you ,i hope, will help you to move for this exam in an easy way.To a maximum number of candidates why is it felt as the toughest one?Ans - Because the syllabus is very vast in nature and how we will cover the entire syllabus in a smart way?For that…………..At first, try to know the syllabus and exam pattern properly.PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION ( this has two parts)Preliminary examination is of objective types and here marks will not be counted for final merit list. Passing marks are needed to sit for mains examinations.Phase i ( 200 marks )Current affairs ( 60–70% questions come here)History of IndiaGeography of the world (Physical, Social, Economic)Indian Polity and Governance-ConstitutionEconomic and Social DevelopmentGeneral Issues (Environmental Ecology, Bio-Diversity, Climate change etcs.)General SciencePhase ii / CSAT ( 200 marks )Comprehension Skill (English) ( 60–70% questions come here)Interpersonal SkillsLogical Reasoning and Analytical AbilityDecision making and problem solvingGeneral mental abilityBasic NumeracyData InterpretationMain examination syllabusI. Any Indian Language (300 marks)II. English (300 marks)These two papers just need to qualify which is compulsory and marks obtained will not be considered or counted.Questions in mains examinations are of descriptive types and here in every paper you have to face twenty questions.Essay paper ( 250 marks )Here, you are required to write an essay on a specific topic within word limits.General studies paper 1 ( 250 marks )Indian heritage/ culture, World history and geographyGeneral studies paper ii ( 250 marks )Governance, constitution, polity, social justice and international relationshipsGeneral studies paper iii ( 250 marks )Technology, Economic development, Bio-diversity, Environment, security and disaster managementGeneral studies paper iv ( 250 marks )Ethics, integrity and aptitudeOptional paperOptional paper is divided into two partsPaper i ( 250 marks )Paper ii ( 250 marks )Interview ( for 275 marks )What the commission actually demands from us ?UPSC needs information from us and for that we have to be informative. We should know the proper background/history with proper facts and figures for whatever we are following.Analytical power is also very important because not only we have to gather information but also we must have the capability to analyse the current scenario of our country and of our world with the application of what we know in a proper way. In short to say theoretical knowledge must be applied to analyse the current scenario in such a way that whether those theoretical parts are applicable for the current pattern of our country and of our world or not to solve the present problems or to make a better way for those.Now the question is how ?Phrase i ( preliminary examination)Current affairs - For current affairs you must follow the HINDU news paper regularly and try to make notes from the HINDU as well as you have to follow YOJANA / KURUKSHETRA magazine and here you can follow any one of these two but you should follow thoroughly for whatever you follow. If possible try to follow a popular news channel regularly and whatever you follow for current affairs from news papers, you should note down those regularly and if you regularly invest 1 - 1.30 hours for current affairs, it is enough for you and especially for some burning topics you should always focus on the background or the real cause of those burning news topics as well as try to know the influence of those burning issues on our present scenario in our society and in our country as well.For the more you may follow the monthly current affairs of VISION IAS and INSIGHT IAS, IAS today.in as well as you may follow Press Information Bureau, PRS | Home ( these two are very good as well as helpful too) and the websites of various ministries of our central government too.How to proceed for reading newspapers and how to make notes from newspapers …………………………….First of all, i want to say that before going to follow any newspaper for UPSC exam, you should keep three things in your mind -Which newspaper you should follow.What you should follow from newspapers and how you should follow.How you will make notes from newspapers.so, now how to start……………………At first, pick the right one which is apt for UPSC exam because if you don’t follow the right one, you will face lots of difficulties. That’s why i will like to suggest you to follow the HINDU or the Indian Express but where the maximum number of candidates follow the HINDU, i’ll like to suggest you to follow the HINDU otherwise you can follow the Indian Express. Both the newspapers are equally good in quality so you can pick up any news paper between these two mentioned above.Next important part is what to follow and how to followHow to follow any news from newspapersBefore going to follow any news from newspapers, you should keep two things in your mind and those are…………………….Background of any newsInfluence or effects of that news in the present scenario of our country.Here, i am drawing an example with these two rules…………..recently, “Demonetisation” has happened in our country and due to this incident rs. 500 and rs. 1000 have been changed widely in our entire county. So when you will read this news, you should follow two ways to have a clear picture on demonetisation.Background/cause of demonetisation - Recent demonetisation of rs.500 and rs.1000 notes is taken to control black money, counterfiet currency and corruption with the help of SWISS Bank officials.For this our central govt. have set up a SIT to deal with investigations on individuals of tax evasion and income tax declaration scheme.Influence/effects of demonetisation -( Positive Sides of demonetisation )It mobilised tax revenue of nearly rs. 65,000 cr.It has helped our govt. to cut tax rates and interest rates respectively to encourage investments while being on track to attain the fiscal deficit and growth targets.Demonitisation has boosted cashless transactions with some prominent features like no service tax on cashless transaction below rs. 2000, announced monthly jackpots for people using cashless transactions in govt. services, reducing self assessment tax from 8% to 6% with annual turnover of less than 2 cr, providing cash banks ranging from 0.25% to 0.75% on various transactions like fuel, stamp papers, govt. registrations etc, and other incentivesDue to demonetisation terror activism also became slow down due to lack of money in the present scenarioOur govt. have mobilised tax revenue of nearly rs. 65,000 cr.( Negative sides of demonetisation )In the financial year, 2015–16 our GDP was 7.6% but due to demonetisation it has came down by 0.5% to 1.5%India’s tax to GDP ratio is quite slow at 16.6% in comparison with other countries’ economicsSmall and medium size enterprises got negatively affected due to less cash in the market for continuing transaction or buying or selling. The labour wages in this sector are largely paid in cash and wages have been adversely affected by the demonetisation move. Unemployment has also been reported owing to decline in demand of SME goods as the purchasing power of the consumers has contracted in the short term. Other sectors within the SME space like restaurants and transport operators have also been negatively impacted since economic activity has declined and also due to the fact that there is high tendency in this segment to accept payments through cash only.Agriculture in our country has also widely affected due to demonetisation. This is one sector where all transactions are in cash and, given the values involved, involve the higher denomination notes. The withdrawal of the old currency notes has put pressure on the mandis; farmers are having problems in selling their produce as both the parties have to agree on the mode of payment. Also since there is acute shortage of Rs 500 denomination notes presently, change for the high denomination Rs 2000 notes is not readily available with the vegetable and fruit vendors. This is also taking the buyers away from these vendors to big retail markets thus impacting the livelihood of the unorganised sector.Employed sectors have also adversely affected due to demonetisation. We all know that manufacturing sector which accounts for the highest employment of skilled and semi-skilled labourers, is witnessing slowdown in production; not only less jobs are being created but lay-offs are also taking place at a higher rate.SO, this is the way you should follow in reading any news from newspapers as well as in making notes too. ( background - proper facts and figures with positive sides and negative sides too )Now the most important part is what to read and what not to readFor Prelims you should follow important govt. schemes, policies, important events, organisations, scientific and other developmentsFor MAINS you should follow development in areas in all gs papers, analysis of issues ( you have to analyse important issues with positive sides and negative sides along with proper background), schemes and policies of govt in details, and other important facts and figures. Here one thing you should keep in your mind that you have to deeply analyse those which you followed for prelims. In mains you should not only know the news but also you should deeply analyse the news with proper reasons.Now i have divided all the pages of the HINDU as i personally follow this news paper otherwise if you follow the Indian Express, you will also find the similarity i’m going to share with you.Front page - Read thoroughly and try to find issues related with latest developments.City/ State based - focus on important decisions and latest policy developments and skip any local newsNation related news - here you have to find those news which are related with the latest schemes, policies, decisions of our govt. But here you should mostly read those related with your gs papers.Editorial news ( vvi ) - you have to thoroughly follow the editorial news as here there are important news with proper analysis and important opinions by some experts. Don’t leave any line or any portion untouched because here every line or every portion is very important. So here you should have an average idea with clear conceptions and if possible try to mark important opinions too.International news - Here you should follow the news which highlights our country’s relation with other countries.Business - It is very important for prelims as well as in gs paper 3 in mains too. Here you should follow events, organisations, economic developments, economic policies but you should skip company or PSU related newsSports - There is no importance in following this area but if you find some development issues in any sports field, you can keep that in mind.So, in short to say, when you will follow the newspaper for UPSC exam, you should keep three things in your mind and those are - important govt. policies/schemes, india’s relation with other countries or india’s position to the eye of the world, development related issues and if you follow the previous years’ question papers, you will find that 95% question covered these three areas for the maximum time. So you should pay an eagle eye on these three areas with proper analysis.And one more important part is that don’t follow current affairs from prelims perspective rather than try to follow the newspaper from mains perspective because in main not only you have to know what is the news but also you have to know why is the news and how the impact of the news is on our current scenario. So if you follow current affairs from mains perspective, current affairs for prelims will automatically be covered well.And if you find any problem with any news article, you can surely take the help of internet. You can follow WIKIPEDIA, INVESTOPEDIA, BUSINESS STANDARDS etc.Prelims gs papers - For this section just try to follow the books of NCERT thoroughly as well as try to follow the books of Arihant Macbook publication. The books of Arihant publication are also very good. Here in these books everything is described in point wise as well as in concise and notes format. As well as with these books try to keep some more books too and those are - Indian polity by M. LAXMIKANTH, Indian Economy by Ramesh Singh, Indian history by V.K.Agnihotri /Krishna Reddy , for geography of Spectrum Publication and for general science you can follow the objective general science of Arihant Publication/ Lucent’s general science as well you can try for the books of Pratijogita Darpan too. I think, these books are enough. But pay your main focus on NCERT books.CSATHere maximum questions are passage oriented and this portion is a matter of pratice. So the more you will practice, the more benefits you will have here. you can follow the prelims gs paper ii of Tata magrow hill publication as well as you should practice by following previous years’ question papers.For math you can follow R.S.Agarwal / quantitive aptitude by Dinesh Khattar of Pearson publication, M. Tyra ( for short tricks ) and for practice you can follow the math practice set of Kiran publication for SSC CGL ( here in this book of Kiran Publication you will have different types questions in every chapter )For reasoning, R.S.Agarwal / reasoning book of B.S.sijwali and Indu Sijwali of Arihant Publication. ( CSAT is a matter of practice. So, the more you will practice , the more you will have your accuracy here. )For solving passage oriented questionsAt first, go through the passage thoroughly. Don’t skip any line or any portion.Underline the important or relevant words or line or portions.Try to find out the proper reasoning for what you have asked that means when you have got a general idea of the passage, look at the questions. Each question is to be answered separately. Sentences from the original passage should not be transferred to your answer directly. Comprehension test is not merely a test of your intelligent understanding of the passage but also a test of your capacity to express your ideas in clear, correct and idiomatic language ( though questions are objective types, yet it is also very important ).Try to find out what is important and what is not and you can do this only after reading the passage very carefully. What is not important should be left out.Every passage is very important for every question. So try to know the inner meaning of every passage separately.Always try to answer to question with the basis of the inner meaning but don’t try to answer on the basis of outer face of the passage.Try to link up every passage with its meaning.Most importantly it’s a matter of practice so the more you will practice, the more you will have accuracy in this portion.Try to follow a dictionary regularly for at least two pages in every day.ESSAY WRITINGTHE STEP BY STEP PROCESS FOR WRITING AN ESSAYThe first step in writing an essay is to be sure that you should have clearly understood what the essay topic exactly means or demands from you. Suppose, you are asked to write an essay on " a cricket match you have recently enjoyed" but "the game of cricket" is completely different and if you write on the latter subject, you are on the wrong track.Then thinking over the prescribed essay topic you should set some ideas or points according to the demands of your essay topic. As for an example i'm taking the above mentioned topic that is - A CRICKET MATCH YOU HAVE RECENTLY ENJOYED and for that you should think of how did you reach the stadium?, how much you were excited for that cricket match?, how much the persons or your friends with whom you went to enjoy the match were excited?,how was the stadium?,how was the reaction or excitement within the spectators for that match?,how did the match begin?,which team won the toss?, how was the players' performance?, who played well in that match?, how was your reaction or excitement with your favourite player? and how your favourite player performed in that match?centering round the star players how was the spectators' reaction?,how much satisfied you were in watching that match?,how did that match end?,how was the reaction of the winning team?, how was the presenting ceremony?,who came there as chief guests? etc......... these points you should set in your mind before writing.The next important part is to arrange your ideas or points and here you should set which point will come first, which will be second,which will come in third position........... this way you should logically set points and if you do so,your points or ideas will surely come in the correct order.Now you have to develop every point into separate paragraphs. Here you should be aware of the fact that is every paragraph should deal with only one particular point or idea as in one your one particular paragraph if you put the reaction of the spectators, in that particular one you should explain only the reaction of the spectators and nothing else and when you will go to the next paragraph, the reaction of the spectators should not be there rather than something new points should be in the next paragraph and there you have to develop that particular point only. This way you have to proceed.Don't use the same point or same idea again and again.The final step is revision and it's also essential.********Here one more important thing is the main body of your essay should have the proper link with your introduction and conclusion and whatever your conclusion is but that should be positive and in your conclusion you can even add your personal views too and one more important thing is your introduction too should be in such a way that whenever an examinerwill pay its eyes on your introduction, that introduction as if creats an interest within itself to read your presentation from starting to the end with proper interest. in short to say " YOUR INTRODUCTION AND CONCLUSION SHOULD BE INTERESTING AS WELL AS POSITIVE TOO.""Essay writing is an art. How you are starting,how you are explaining and even how you are finishing always make a great value in essay writing and if you want to be strong in these three, practice is the only key to be a master in essay writing and the more you will think of your essay topics,the more new ideas you will gain and this will help you to write an essay completely from different angle and if you do so perfectly, your essay can be classy for that prescribed topic and these are also key factors to present a particular topic within word limits perfectly according to the demands of your essay topic"Now when you will go for mains exam, you have to move very cautiously and for that you should know what to study and what not to study and after knowing this you have pay more focus on important areas.Compulsory language paperEssay – 100 marksReading comprehension – 60 marksPrécis writing – 60 marksTranslation:a) English to compulsory language chosen – 20 marksb) Compulsory language to English – 20 marksGrammar and basic language usage – 40 marksThe questions asked are of matriculation or equivalent standardsChoose your language wisely. It is recommended that you select the language that you learnt at school and have some grip overWrite and practice. If you have lost touch writing in the regional language after your schooling, writing practice is a must. You should be at ease writing and also must not forget common spellings and punctuationPracticing question papers also improves your speed.Practice translations.Work on your handwriting if you think it is not neat. Handwriting should be legible.Now how to move for language paperRead the question paper first thoroughly.Attempt the questions you are most sure of. If you are strong in grammar, finish off the grammar part quickly.If grammar is your weak point, attempt the comprehension passage first. This is generally easy since you can find the answers in the passage itself.In your essay, write in simple but effective language. Attempt the essay question last with at least 40 minutes to spare. Once you are done with the other sections, you will have enough ‘flow’ to write your essay. Also, you should not waste time writing an elaborate essay in the beginning.Avoid grammatical and spelling mistakes.Follow this rule when you do the translation question:If you are more comfortable in English than in the vernacular language, do the Indian language to English translation first. You will find this easier than the English to Indian language.If you are well-versed in the Indian language more compared to English, do the English to Indian language translation first.Compulsory English Language paperThis paper consists ofEssayComprehensionPrecis WritingAnd some grammatical questionsNow how to move for this portionFollow the basic grammar books like J.C.Nesfield or Wren Martin.Follow the common errors book by UPKAR publicationFor essay, precis and comprehension do practice regularly. These three parts are completely standing on your practice.General studies paper 1 ( Indian heritage/ culture, world history and geography )Maximum questions come from History, political philosophies, Indian society and GeographyIn Historical portion maximum question come from modern history. So, you have to pay an eagle eye on modern history. For modern history you can follow “History of modern india” by Bipan Chandra, “India’s struggle for independence” by Bipan Chandra, “India since independence” by Bipan Chandra, “ a brief history of modern india by Rajiv Ahir, “mastering modern world history” by Norman lowe, “History of the world” by Arun Dev as well as try to follow Indian history and culture by V.K.Agnihotri or Indian History by Krishna Reddy. These are enough for history section.In Indian art and culture maximum questions come from salient aspects of art forms and literature and architecture from ancient to modern times and for this section you can follow “India’s ancient past” by Ramesh sharma, “Facets of Indian culture” of Spectrum Publication, CCRT website is also very good, you can follow this too. Here in this part you must pay more focus on some portions and those are - Classical dances, important festivals, architecture of temples, themes of india’s ancient history, literature and music/musical instrumentsPolitical philosophy is also an important part and here the focus area is - communism, socialism and capitalism. Try to know the theories properly.Society of India - this part is also very important. Here the focus areas are - features of Indian society and diversity of India, role of women/women organisations/poverty and developmental issues/urbanization and their remedies, effects of globalization on Indian society, social empowerment/communalism/regional and secularism and for this area there is no need to follow any book. Try to follow daily news paper, websites of various departments, economical/political weekly ( follow business standard/ economics times on internet)Geography - Focus areas are - physical geography,natural resources,industrial sectors, natural disorders and for this section follow the basic NCERT books of 6–12 std, and indian and world geography of Spectrum Publication.As well as try to follow the previous years’ question papers and do practice answer writing as well.General studies paper ii ( governance, polity, constitution, social justice and international relationships )Try to follow Indian Polity by M. Laxmikanth thoroughly, follow daily newspaper as well. Try to follow the websites of various ministries for their annual reports. As well as try to follow M.Laxmikanth as well for international relationships.And follow previous years’ questions as well.General studies paper iii ( Technology, economic development, bio-diversity, environment, security and disaster management )In the entire main exams this gs paper iii is the most difficult one as well as it’s very vast as well. So you have to move very cautiously.Here are some steps to follow………….Try to enrich your base levelThis area is mostly related with current affairs. So try to follow the daily news paper as well as try to take the help of internet as well. (vvi ) current affairs are mostly related with economy and environment related.Try to focus on what to study and what not to studyTry to know economic budget, economic surveyHere your conception must be clear.Make notes mostly related with current affairs.This paper is diverse in nature. So your idea also must be diverse in nature as well as you have to relate whatever you are reading for this particular section with current affairs properly.Do practice answer writing regularlyHow to move for gs paper iii ( important areas)Indian economyQuestions are related with Economic growth and planningFocus areas are - Five year planning, NITI aayog, taxation policies, various govt. programs/schemes/policies, economic budget, inclusive growth and for this try to follow std. economic books, books of NCERT as well as try to follow Yojana/ kurukshetra magazine as well. Try to follow India yearbook and here one more important part is that whenever you will know the govt. policies/schemes, try to know its aim and how the policies/schemes will be implemented.Agriculture - corps and furmingFocus areas - Croping patterns, irrigation, AMPC model, E- tech areas and for this section try to follow basic NCERT books, std geo books of spectrum/Khullar/ Majid HussainAgriculture - Policy measuresFocus areas - Subsides, MSP, DBT, PDS reforms, FCI reforms, economics of animal rearing and for this section you have to follow eco survey on subsides and PDS, follow current affairs and take the help pf internet as wellFood processingFocus areas - what is food processing, backward and forward linkages, domestic/export markets, various govt. schemes. For this section you have to follow MOFPI websites, food processing reports as well as follow the reports of CCI/IBEF/ASSOCHAM etc. Here in this section internet has a big role.Land reformsFocus areas - historical perspective, recent changes,movements and for this section try to follow the basic NCERT books of History and Bipan Chandra. You can follow PIB news as well (vvi).LPG ReformsFocus areas - Effects of liberalization process, changes in industrial policy, induatrial growth and for this section you should follow economic survey and any std. book on economics and follow this area very well from that bookInfrastructure - Try to follow the newspaper and websites of ministry as wellInvestment models - Focus areas - Different models and strategies, need for PPP terms in India and for this section try to follow economic survey and try to know PPP terms very well as well as try to follow NCERT books and any std. economic book and follow the ministries websitesEnvironment and EcologyFollow current affairs as well as try to folow YAJONA/Kurukshetra magazine as well. Follow the official sites of ministries as well, you can follow India Yearbook. you can follow basic books too and for that Shankar IAS environment and ecology is very good as well as you can follow the book of Lexis Nexis publicationScience and technologyFollow current affairs, science reporter magazine and follow websites of ministriesDisaster managementFollow disaster management act, websites of ministriessecurity managementFollow the websites of ministries, ARC reports, institute of defence studies and analysis reports and you can follow some books of magraw hill publication/ Lexis Nexis or books of different publications.This paper is mostly based on internet and current affairs as well as you have to focus on this paper properly and mainly you have to know what to read and what not to read ( means important areas) and accordingly you have to move for this subject. Regular answer writing is also a necessary part.Try to follow previous years’ question papers.General studies paper iv ( Ethics and Integrity )This paper is to test the candidates’ attitude and approach to issues relating to integrity, probity in public life and his problem-solving approach to various issues and conflicts faced by him in dealing with society.You should always keep one thing in mind that ethics is not same as morals or what we read in moral science, but it is the ethics in the public administration, how does one treat, how does one solve the problems, your attitude towards women, refugee, migrants and etc. these are the qualities as public administrator a candidate should develop proactively.Important areas in Ethics to focusIf you follow the previous years’ question papers, the question papers are divided into two main parts as ……………● Part I – Theory● Part II – Case Studies.Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants and consequences of Ethics in human actions; dimensions of ethics, ethics in private and public relationshipsThis section is all about the ethics how you inculcate it and how you deal with the society, how do you see whether the action is ethical or not and what are the principles that you follow to ensure that the action is ethical or not.Under ethics and human interface the questions maybe asked in the part I section based on the factors essence, determinants and consequences of ethics in human actions, dimensions of ethics, ethics in private and public relationships and these areas in focus will be covered under Part I.Human Values: Lesson from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers and administrators; role of family, society and educational institutions in inculcating valuesUnder this area in focus will be lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers and administrators under this a candidate should concentrate on points like how do people acquire values and majority of people acquire values when they read about the personality of importance like freedom fighters.Under this area, the UPSC may give some statement of any great personalities and would ask to discuss it by applying it to the present context.For e.g. any of the Gandhi’s statement or saying would be given and asked to discuss with the context to the present environment.Here’s a glimpse how to answer these kinds of questions, the answer should be in 100 words.● Cover the first 25-30 words of your answer what the lines from the great personality means or stands for not literally but philosophically● Next, in 70-80 try to write about an incident relating to the saying which would have occurred in the society recentlyFor an e.g. if the question is about Gandhi’s saying on industrialization then a candidate approach should be towards the recent Make in India and should discuss more on cottage industries correlating the saying to the present context.What a candidate should always keep in mind while attempting to such answers are it is easy to answer these question in thinkers point of view, which UPSC does not want and what it looks for is how much the candidate has analyzed, utilized and applied it to the current context.How to answer to this sectionTo answer the questions in this part, you have to take different sayings of various great personalities and should make sure that the saying is not a common statement but which they could relate it to the present context and apply it.For an e.g. if it is about corruption, then should try to use it to the present situation and examples of scandals or scams which they would have read in the newspaper or witnessed in their life.It is recommended to aspirants to consider few books about 5-6 of great thinkers whom you admire, like or follow. Candidates can choose 3 books of Western Personalities like Socrates, Aristotle, and Plato and 2 books of Indian Origin like Gandhi, Ambedkar or anyone whom you like and get inspired. Here candidates, instead of memorizing their date of birth, the birthplace which is not of importance for this section one should give importance on what they preached in ethics.The next thing to focus in this area is role of family, society and educational institutions in inculcating values.From where do we acquire values?We acquire values in from our family, society, and education institutionAttitude: Content, Structure, function; its influence and relation with thought and behavior; moral and political attitudes; social influence and persuasionIn this area, the question may be asked either in Part 1 or Part 2 i.e. either in theory or case study.Let’s take an example: Narendra Modi government want to bring Swachch Bharat Abhiyan successfully. And, you are a district administrator in a particular district and in that district half of the villagers don’t use toilets and half of the villagers use toilets. What measures would you take to change the attitude of the people who are not using toilets?Attitude is a most important concept used by the media a lot so how would you change the attitude. There are three types called as ABC model and they are:● Affection● Cognitive● Behavioural basedAs a district collector, you would go through each model and make a case study on each model.In one of the previous year question paper, UPSC has asked the migration of village population to urban areas and why is this happening. And, this question was completely based on attitude.And, any candidate who would have approached and attempted the answer mentioning attitude would have definitely scored high.In this area, you should focus on Attitude: content, structure, function, its influence and relation with thought and behaviour for Part 2 of the question paper i.e. Case Study while the moral and political attitudes; social influence and persuasion would be for Part 1 of the Ethics Question Paper i.e. theory.Aptitude: Foundational values for civil service, integrity, impartiality and nonpartisanship, objectivity, dedication to public service, empathy, tolerance and compassion towards the weaker-sections.Here youshould use some ethical words in their answers and some of the words are:Integrity: Theory related question maybe asked on this in Part 1 of the question paper like what is integrity? Or Definition of integrity.Here, the UPSC may give five related words and ask to write for 50 words each carrying 5 marks.There may be case study based on this.These are the important list of words that a candidate should embed in their answer in order to enhance their answer and score high.● Integrity: not compromising on anything if someone offers your bribe will you compromise● Impartiality: Don’t show nepotism either for political parties or common man● Nonpartisanship: no biases for different political parties● Objectivity: be neutral● Dedication to public service● Empathy● Tolerance● Compassion towards weaker sectionThe first words mentioned are the universal administrative values, while the rest four as an administrator one should acquire especially in the developing country where there is inequality a lot.Hence, if you have observed, UPSC comes up with questions bringing in characters in the questions like 90 years old or a person who would have walked for 100km to reach your place.Candidates can refer the ‘Ethics in Governance’ to cover this area as it gives a clear definition of the last five words or concepts including Nolan Committee Recommendations.5. Emotional IntelligenceQuestions may be asked in both Part 1 and Part 2, for an e.g. questions like have undergone any emotional intelligence and how did you overcome it.Its definition, concepts and how would you apply them in administration.Here’s a scenario as an example, a thousand of protestors are protesting in front of a district administration office and as an administrator and you know the protest is for the wrong reason. How would you handle the situation?Here as an administrator, one has to follow the three procedures of Emotional Intelligence and they are:● Understand your emotions and control them● Understand others emotion and control them● Then, act according to solve the issue genuinely and effectively6. Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and the worldThis area again can be covered under the Human Values.7. Public or Civil Service Values and Ethics in Public AdministrationCandidates can refer ‘Ethics in Governance’The laws, rules, regulation and conscience as sources of ethical guidance; accountability and ethical governance; strengthening of ethical and moral values in governance candidates can refer IGNOU8. Ethical issues in international relations and funding corporate governanceQuestions may be asked Part 2 i.e. case studyInternational relations funding candidates can take the example of Nepal Earthquake video how funding aided or any current similar such scenariosCorporate governance: corporate social responsibility; ethics and governance are not only required in administration but also applicable in the corporate offices, as an administrator in corporate offices or private offices, in any situation how would you deal them. E.g.: in sexual harassment cases.9. Probity in Governance: Concept of public service; philosophical basis of governance and probity; information10. Sharing and transparency in government, Right to information, codes of ethics, codes of conductTo cover Areas 9 and 10, candidates can refer CCS, 1964 – The Central Civil Services (Conduct) Rules, 1964, which is of 300-400 pages.It is also observed that every year two questions are asked on the case study from this section as discussed in the beginning.11. Citizen’s Charters, Work Culture, Quality of Service delivery, utilization of public funds, challenges of corruptionUPSC may ask direct questions on Citizen’s CharterTo frame a Citizen’s Charter, hence candidate should be aware of how to frame a Citizen’s Charter and the rules and regulation that should be followed before framing a citizen charter.Source: Ethics in GovernanceThe questions on this area would be mostly on case study.Takeaway from this article on Ethics Syllabus● Many concepts are not yet explored by the UPSC; hence candidates should not ignore the untouched areas● Importance of conceptual clarity● Must know Code of Conducts● Citizen’s Charter, RTI● Probity in Governance Reports● Sources to refer: Ethics in Governance; IGNOU; Arora● Public Administration related case studies and its application● Prelims CSAT Paper and solve decision-making questionEthics, Integrity and Aptitude for Civil Services Examinationby G. Subba Rao and P.N. Roy ChowdhuryEthics - Integrity and Aptitudeby Santosh Ajmera and Nanda Kishore ReddyIAS Mains General Studies Paper 4 ETHICS INTEGRITY & APTITUDEby Arihant ExpertsHow to attempt the Case Study Questions of the Ethics GS Paper IV in the UPSC Main Exam● Write an outline of the scenario first● Write down the four options available to him● Next Step start the merits and demerits of all the optionsFor E.g. Corruption: Under merits, you could mention I’m against corruption and I will not accept bribe while under demerits you can mention you will lose monetary benefits● Finally, analyse the merits and demerits and come up with a solution.Follow the previous years’ question papers as well.Optional PaperThis paper is completely depending on your own interest. Here you can choose any subject according to your own interest. Whatever you choose, you must have interest in that one, or try to feel that subject or love that subject and most importantly before going to choose any subject as your optional one try to follow previous years' question papers as well as the syllabus of every optional subject and if you do so, you will know better that which subject will be better for you to take up as your optional one and most importantly choose any subject as per your own capacity too.Art of answer writing in mainsGive an introduction at firstexplain your introduction with proper facts and figuresand then the conclusionyour explanation must have a proper link between your introduction and your conclusion as wellThe more perspectives you will explain your answer from, the more chances you will have to carry higher marks and UPSC also demands this from us. As for an example, if you write a history question, try to explain or write that answer not only from historical perspective but also you should try to explain that one from the perspectives of geography, polity, sociology, economics etc but your perspectives by which you are explaining must have a proper link with what the question is demanding actually from you.Pay your focus on the quality within the proper word limitsYour answer must be divided into some paragraphsTry to highlight important quotes or important opinionsTry to use simple sentence and input simple words known to allDon't go beyond the question demands or question topicTry to answer to the point. Don't give anything extra.Your answer must be positive overall. You must be optimistic in answering to questionsDon't input your personal views as I want to say......... or according to me.............. (must not be)Try to answer in the indirect form as we should do................ or our country.............. (like this)If you want to criticise, your criticism must be constructive or logical tooIf you can make proper diagram or chart in your answer, it will be also helpful tooTry to avoid sticking off your answers or lines repeatedly.Focus on your handwriting too because it is also very importantOne of the most important parts is that if possible, try to answer from the perspective of current affairs too and if you can answer from this particular one also, your answer will obviously go to the rich quality but always remember that your answer must have a proper link with whatever you explain.Some more important strategiesBe serious and confident as well.Try to follow current affairs until you can’t have success in this exam because in our present UPSC exam pattern Current affairs has a very big as well as very important role too.Try to make notes personally.Try to do practice answer writing daily.Make a specific target for every day and try to fulfil that in any way.Try to spend a large number of time for your self study.Don’t rely only on your coaching materials.Try to focus on the quality but not on the quantity.Follow the previous years’ question papers.You should try to know everything in details for whatever you follow or read. Don’t leave any chapter untouched.Always try to have a clear idea on every fact and figure.Try to revise for ten times for whatever you personally follow. Revision is also a must.Highlight important areas.Focus on actual facts and figures.Try to know as well as try to answer to your questions from different perspectives. The more perspectives you will answer to your questions from, the more chances you will have to carry higher marks.Focus on your handwriting as well.I hope that all of these can help you a lot to move for this exam with a peaceful mind because i also personally follow all of these which i have mentioned above.And for any kind of improvement i heartily welcome all of your suggestions .Thank you.

It is not tough but it is hard to crack because we think that it is hard.I’m not an UPSC topper, i’m not an IAS/IPS/IFS. I’m also getting prepared for this exam like all of you but i find it is easy to crack because i have taken up some steps by which i find it is easy to myself and now whatever i’m going to share with all of you ,i hope, will help you to move for this exam in an easy way.To a maximum number of candidates why is it felt as the toughest one?Ans - Because the syllabus is very vast in nature and how we will cover the entire syllabus in a smart way?For that…………..At first, try to know the syllabus and exam pattern properly.PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION ( this has two parts)Preliminary examination is of objective types and here marks will not be counted for final merit list. Passing marks are needed to sit for mains examinations.Phase i ( 200 marks )Current affairs ( 60–70% questions come here)History of IndiaGeography of the world (Physical, Social, Economic)Indian Polity and Governance-ConstitutionEconomic and Social DevelopmentGeneral Issues (Environmental Ecology, Bio-Diversity, Climate change etcs.)General SciencePhase ii / CSAT ( 200 marks )Comprehension Skill (English) ( 60–70% questions come here)Interpersonal SkillsLogical Reasoning and Analytical AbilityDecision making and problem solvingGeneral mental abilityBasic NumeracyData InterpretationMain examination syllabusI. Any Indian Language (300 marks)II. English (300 marks)These two papers just need to qualify which is compulsory and marks obtained will not be considered or counted.Questions in mains examinations are of descriptive types and here in every paper you have to face twenty questions.Essay paper ( 250 marks )Here, you are required to write an essay on a specific topic within word limits.General studies paper 1 ( 250 marks )Indian heritage/ culture, World history and geographyGeneral studies paper ii ( 250 marks )Governance, constitution, polity, social justice and international relationshipsGeneral studies paper iii ( 250 marks )Technology, Economic development, Bio-diversity, Environment, security and disaster managementGeneral studies paper iv ( 250 marks )Ethics, integrity and aptitudeOptional paperOptional paper is divided into two partsPaper i ( 250 marks )Paper ii ( 250 marks )Interview ( for 275 marks )What the commission actually demands from us ?UPSC needs information from us and for that we have to be informative. We should know the proper background/history with proper facts and figures for whatever we are following.Analytical power is also very important because not only we have to gather information but also we must have the capability to analyse the current scenario of our country and of our world with the application of what we know in a proper way. In short to say theoretical knowledge must be applied to analyse the current scenario in such a way that whether those theoretical parts are applicable for the current pattern of our country and of our world or not to solve the present problems or to make a better way for those.Now the question is how ?Phrase i ( preliminary examination)Current affairs - For current affairs you must follow the HINDU news paper regularly and try to make notes from the HINDU as well as you have to follow YOJANA / KURUKSHETRA magazine and here you can follow any one of these two but you should follow thoroughly for whatever you follow. If possible try to follow a popular news channel regularly and whatever you follow for current affairs from news papers, you should note down those regularly and if you regularly invest 1 - 1.30 hours for current affairs, it is enough for you and especially for some burning topics you should always focus on the background or the real cause of those burning news topics as well as try to know the influence of those burning issues on our present scenario in our society and in our country as well.For the more you may follow the monthly current affairs of VISION IAS and INSIGHT IAS, IAS today.in as well as you may follow Press Information Bureau, PRS | Home ( these two are very good as well as helpful too) and the websites of various ministries of our central government too.How to proceed for reading newspapers and how to make notes from newspapers …………………………….First of all, i want to say that before going to follow any newspaper for UPSC exam, you should keep three things in your mind -Which newspaper you should follow.What you should follow from newspapers and how you should follow.How you will make notes from newspapers.so, now how to start……………………At first, pick the right one which is apt for UPSC exam because if you don’t follow the right one, you will face lots of difficulties. That’s why i will like to suggest you to follow the HINDU or the Indian Express but where the maximum number of candidates follow the HINDU, i’ll like to suggest you to follow the HINDU otherwise you can follow the Indian Express. Both the newspapers are equally good in quality so you can pick up any news paper between these two mentioned above.Next important part is what to follow and how to followHow to follow any news from newspapersBefore going to follow any news from newspapers, you should keep two things in your mind and those are…………………….Background of any newsInfluence or effects of that news in the present scenario of our country.Here, i am drawing an example with these two rules…………..recently, “Demonetisation” has happened in our country and due to this incident rs. 500 and rs. 1000 have been changed widely in our entire county. So when you will read this news, you should follow two ways to have a clear picture on demonetisation.Background/cause of demonetisation - Recent demonetisation of rs.500 and rs.1000 notes is taken to control black money, counterfiet currency and corruption with the help of SWISS Bank officials.For this our central govt. have set up a SIT to deal with investigations on individuals of tax evasion and income tax declaration scheme.Influence/effects of demonetisation -( Positive Sides of demonetisation )It mobilised tax revenue of nearly rs. 65,000 cr.It has helped our govt. to cut tax rates and interest rates respectively to encourage investments while being on track to attain the fiscal deficit and growth targets.Demonitisation has boosted cashless transactions with some prominent features like no service tax on cashless transaction below rs. 2000, announced monthly jackpots for people using cashless transactions in govt. services, reducing self assessment tax from 8% to 6% with annual turnover of less than 2 cr, providing cash banks ranging from 0.25% to 0.75% on various transactions like fuel, stamp papers, govt. registrations etc, and other incentivesDue to demonetisation terror activism also became slow down due to lack of money in the present scenarioOur govt. have mobilised tax revenue of nearly rs. 65,000 cr.( Negative sides of demonetisation )In the financial year, 2015–16 our GDP was 7.6% but due to demonetisation it has came down by 0.5% to 1.5%India’s tax to GDP ratio is quite slow at 16.6% in comparison with other countries’ economicsSmall and medium size enterprises got negatively affected due to less cash in the market for continuing transaction or buying or selling. The labour wages in this sector are largely paid in cash and wages have been adversely affected by the demonetisation move. Unemployment has also been reported owing to decline in demand of SME goods as the purchasing power of the consumers has contracted in the short term. Other sectors within the SME space like restaurants and transport operators have also been negatively impacted since economic activity has declined and also due to the fact that there is high tendency in this segment to accept payments through cash only.Agriculture in our country has also widely affected due to demonetisation. This is one sector where all transactions are in cash and, given the values involved, involve the higher denomination notes. The withdrawal of the old currency notes has put pressure on the mandis; farmers are having problems in selling their produce as both the parties have to agree on the mode of payment. Also since there is acute shortage of Rs 500 denomination notes presently, change for the high denomination Rs 2000 notes is not readily available with the vegetable and fruit vendors. This is also taking the buyers away from these vendors to big retail markets thus impacting the livelihood of the unorganised sector.Employed sectors have also adversely affected due to demonetisation. We all know that manufacturing sector which accounts for the highest employment of skilled and semi-skilled labourers, is witnessing slowdown in production; not only less jobs are being created but lay-offs are also taking place at a higher rate.SO, this is the way you should follow in reading any news from newspapers as well as in making notes too. ( background - proper facts and figures with positive sides and negative sides too )Now the most important part is what to read and what not to readFor Prelims you should follow important govt. schemes, policies, important events, organisations, scientific and other developmentsFor MAINS you should follow development in areas in all gs papers, analysis of issues ( you have to analyse important issues with positive sides and negative sides along with proper background), schemes and policies of govt in details, and other important facts and figures. Here one thing you should keep in your mind that you have to deeply analyse those which you followed for prelims. In mains you should not only know the news but also you should deeply analyse the news with proper reasons.Now i have divided all the pages of the HINDU as i personally follow this news paper otherwise if you follow the Indian Express, you will also find the similarity i’m going to share with you.Front page - Read thoroughly and try to find issues related with latest developments.City/ State based - focus on important decisions and latest policy developments and skip any local newsNation related news - here you have to find those news which are related with the latest schemes, policies, decisions of our govt. But here you should mostly read those related with your gs papers.Editorial news ( vvi ) - you have to thoroughly follow the editorial news as here there are important news with proper analysis and important opinions by some experts. Don’t leave any line or any portion untouched because here every line or every portion is very important. So here you should have an average idea with clear conceptions and if possible try to mark important opinions too.International news - Here you should follow the news which highlights our country’s relation with other countries.Business - It is very important for prelims as well as in gs paper 3 in mains too. Here you should follow events, organisations, economic developments, economic policies but you should skip company or PSU related newsSports - There is no importance in following this area but if you find some development issues in any sports field, you can keep that in mind.So, in short to say, when you will follow the newspaper for UPSC exam, you should keep three things in your mind and those are - important govt. policies/schemes, india’s relation with other countries or india’s position to the eye of the world, development related issues and if you follow the previous years’ question papers, you will find that 95% question covered these three areas for the maximum time. So you should pay an eagle eye on these three areas with proper analysis.And one more important part is that don’t follow current affairs from prelims perspective rather than try to follow the newspaper from mains perspective because in main not only you have to know what is the news but also you have to know why is the news and how the impact of the news is on our current scenario. So if you follow current affairs from mains perspective, current affairs for prelims will automatically be covered well.And if you find any problem with any news article, you can surely take the help of internet. You can follow WIKIPEDIA, INVESTOPEDIA, BUSINESS STANDARDS etc.Prelims gs papers - For this section just try to follow the books of NCERT thoroughly as well as try to follow the books of Arihant Macbook publication. The books of Arihant publication are also very good. Here in these books everything is described in point wise as well as in concise and notes format. As well as with these books try to keep some more books too and those are - Indian polity by M. LAXMIKANTH, Indian Economy by Ramesh Singh, Indian history by V.K.Agnihotri /Krishna Reddy , for geography of Spectrum Publication and for general science you can follow the objective general science of Arihant Publication/ Lucent’s general science as well you can try for the books of Pratijogita Darpan too. I think, these books are enough. But pay your main focus on NCERT books.CSATHere maximum questions are passage oriented and this portion is a matter of pratice. So the more you will practice, the more benefits you will have here. you can follow the prelims gs paper ii of Tata magrow hill publication as well as you should practice by following previous years’ question papers.For math you can follow R.S.Agarwal / quantitive aptitude by Dinesh Khattar of Pearson publication, M. Tyra ( for short tricks ) and for practice you can follow the math practice set of Kiran publication for SSC CGL ( here in this book of Kiran Publication you will have different types questions in every chapter )For reasoning, R.S.Agarwal / reasoning book of B.S.sijwali and Indu Sijwali of Arihant Publication. ( CSAT is a matter of practice. So, the more you will practice , the more you will have your accuracy here. )For solving passage oriented questionsAt first, go through the passage thoroughly. Don’t skip any line or any portion.Underline the important or relevant words or line or portions.Try to find out the proper reasoning for what you have asked that means when you have got a general idea of the passage, look at the questions. Each question is to be answered separately. Sentences from the original passage should not be transferred to your answer directly. Comprehension test is not merely a test of your intelligent understanding of the passage but also a test of your capacity to express your ideas in clear, correct and idiomatic language ( though questions are objective types, yet it is also very important ).Try to find out what is important and what is not and you can do this only after reading the passage very carefully. What is not important should be left out.Every passage is very important for every question. So try to know the inner meaning of every passage separately.Always try to answer to question with the basis of the inner meaning but don’t try to answer on the basis of outer face of the passage.Try to link up every passage with its meaning.Most importantly it’s a matter of practice so the more you will practice, the more you will have accuracy in this portion.Try to follow a dictionary regularly for at least two pages in every day.ESSAY WRITINGTHE STEP BY STEP PROCESS FOR WRITING AN ESSAYThe first step in writing an essay is to be sure that you should have clearly understood what the essay topic exactly means or demands from you. Suppose, you are asked to write an essay on " a cricket match you have recently enjoyed" but "the game of cricket" is completely different and if you write on the latter subject, you are on the wrong track.Then thinking over the prescribed essay topic you should set some ideas or points according to the demands of your essay topic. As for an example i'm taking the above mentioned topic that is - A CRICKET MATCH YOU HAVE RECENTLY ENJOYED and for that you should think of how did you reach the stadium?, how much you were excited for that cricket match?, how much the persons or your friends with whom you went to enjoy the match were excited?,how was the stadium?,how was the reaction or excitement within the spectators for that match?,how did the match begin?,which team won the toss?, how was the players' performance?, who played well in that match?, how was your reaction or excitement with your favourite player? and how your favourite player performed in that match?centering round the star players how was the spectators' reaction?,how much satisfied you were in watching that match?,how did that match end?,how was the reaction of the winning team?, how was the presenting ceremony?,who came there as chief guests? etc......... these points you should set in your mind before writing.The next important part is to arrange your ideas or points and here you should set which point will come first, which will be second,which will come in third position........... this way you should logically set points and if you do so,your points or ideas will surely come in the correct order.Now you have to develop every point into separate paragraphs. Here you should be aware of the fact that is every paragraph should deal with only one particular point or idea as in one your one particular paragraph if you put the reaction of the spectators, in that particular one you should explain only the reaction of the spectators and nothing else and when you will go to the next paragraph, the reaction of the spectators should not be there rather than something new points should be in the next paragraph and there you have to develop that particular point only. This way you have to proceed.Don't use the same point or same idea again and again.The final step is revision and it's also essential.********Here one more important thing is the main body of your essay should have the proper link with your introduction and conclusion and whatever your conclusion is but that should be positive and in your conclusion you can even add your personal views too and one more important thing is your introduction too should be in such a way that whenever an examinerwill pay its eyes on your introduction, that introduction as if creats an interest within itself to read your presentation from starting to the end with proper interest. in short to say " YOUR INTRODUCTION AND CONCLUSION SHOULD BE INTERESTING AS WELL AS POSITIVE TOO.""Essay writing is an art. How you are starting,how you are explaining and even how you are finishing always make a great value in essay writing and if you want to be strong in these three, practice is the only key to be a master in essay writing and the more you will think of your essay topics,the more new ideas you will gain and this will help you to write an essay completely from different angle and if you do so perfectly, your essay can be classy for that prescribed topic and these are also key factors to present a particular topic within word limits perfectly according to the demands of your essay topic"Now when you will go for mains exam, you have to move very cautiously and for that you should know what to study and what not to study and after knowing this you have pay more focus on important areas.Compulsory language paperEssay – 100 marksReading comprehension – 60 marksPrécis writing – 60 marksTranslation:a) English to compulsory language chosen – 20 marksb) Compulsory language to English – 20 marksGrammar and basic language usage – 40 marksThe questions asked are of matriculation or equivalent standardsChoose your language wisely. It is recommended that you select the language that you learnt at school and have some grip overWrite and practice. If you have lost touch writing in the regional language after your schooling, writing practice is a must. You should be at ease writing and also must not forget common spellings and punctuationPracticing question papers also improves your speed.Practice translations.Work on your handwriting if you think it is not neat. Handwriting should be legible.Now how to move for language paperRead the question paper first thoroughly.Attempt the questions you are most sure of. If you are strong in grammar, finish off the grammar part quickly.If grammar is your weak point, attempt the comprehension passage first. This is generally easy since you can find the answers in the passage itself.In your essay, write in simple but effective language. Attempt the essay question last with at least 40 minutes to spare. Once you are done with the other sections, you will have enough ‘flow’ to write your essay. Also, you should not waste time writing an elaborate essay in the beginning.Avoid grammatical and spelling mistakes.Follow this rule when you do the translation question:If you are more comfortable in English than in the vernacular language, do the Indian language to English translation first. You will find this easier than the English to Indian language.If you are well-versed in the Indian language more compared to English, do the English to Indian language translation first.Compulsory English Language paperThis paper consists ofEssayComprehensionPrecis WritingAnd some grammatical questionsNow how to move for this portionFollow the basic grammar books like J.C.Nesfield or Wren Martin.Follow the common errors book by UPKAR publicationFor essay, precis and comprehension do practice regularly. These three parts are completely standing on your practice.General studies paper 1 ( Indian heritage/ culture, world history and geography )Maximum questions come from History, political philosophies, Indian society and GeographyIn Historical portion maximum question come from modern history. So, you have to pay an eagle eye on modern history. For modern history you can follow “History of modern india” by Bipan Chandra, “India’s struggle for independence” by Bipan Chandra, “India since independence” by Bipan Chandra, “ a brief history of modern india by Rajiv Ahir, “mastering modern world history” by Norman lowe, “History of the world” by Arun Dev as well as try to follow Indian history and culture by V.K.Agnihotri or Indian History by Krishna Reddy. These are enough for history section.In Indian art and culture maximum questions come from salient aspects of art forms and literature and architecture from ancient to modern times and for this section you can follow “India’s ancient past” by Ramesh sharma, “Facets of Indian culture” of Spectrum Publication, CCRT website is also very good, you can follow this too. Here in this part you must pay more focus on some portions and those are - Classical dances, important festivals, architecture of temples, themes of india’s ancient history, literature and music/musical instrumentsPolitical philosophy is also an important part and here the focus area is - communism, socialism and capitalism. Try to know the theories properly.Society of India - this part is also very important. Here the focus areas are - features of Indian society and diversity of India, role of women/women organisations/poverty and developmental issues/urbanization and their remedies, effects of globalization on Indian society, social empowerment/communalism/regional and secularism and for this area there is no need to follow any book. Try to follow daily news paper, websites of various departments, economical/political weekly ( follow business standard/ economics times on internet)Geography - Focus areas are - physical geography,natural resources,industrial sectors, natural disorders and for this section follow the basic NCERT books of 6–12 std, and indian and world geography of Spectrum Publication.As well as try to follow the previous years’ question papers and do practice answer writing as well.General studies paper ii ( governance, polity, constitution, social justice and international relationships )Try to follow Indian Polity by M. Laxmikanth thoroughly, follow daily newspaper as well. Try to follow the websites of various ministries for their annual reports. As well as try to follow M.Laxmikanth as well for international relationships.And follow previous years’ questions as well.General studies paper iii ( Technology, economic development, bio-diversity, environment, security and disaster management )In the entire main exams this gs paper iii is the most difficult one as well as it’s very vast as well. So you have to move very cautiously.Here are some steps to follow………….Try to enrich your base levelThis area is mostly related with current affairs. So try to follow the daily news paper as well as try to take the help of internet as well. (vvi ) current affairs are mostly related with economy and environment related.Try to focus on what to study and what not to studyTry to know economic budget, economic surveyHere your conception must be clear.Make notes mostly related with current affairs.This paper is diverse in nature. So your idea also must be diverse in nature as well as you have to relate whatever you are reading for this particular section with current affairs properly.Do practice answer writing regularlyHow to move for gs paper iii ( important areas)Indian economyQuestions are related with Economic growth and planningFocus areas are - Five year planning, NITI aayog, taxation policies, various govt. programs/schemes/policies, economic budget, inclusive growth and for this try to follow std. economic books, books of NCERT as well as try to follow Yojana/ kurukshetra magazine as well. Try to follow India yearbook and here one more important part is that whenever you will know the govt. policies/schemes, try to know its aim and how the policies/schemes will be implemented.Agriculture - corps and furmingFocus areas - Croping patterns, irrigation, AMPC model, E- tech areas and for this section try to follow basic NCERT books, std geo books of spectrum/Khullar/ Majid HussainAgriculture - Policy measuresFocus areas - Subsides, MSP, DBT, PDS reforms, FCI reforms, economics of animal rearing and for this section you have to follow eco survey on subsides and PDS, follow current affairs and take the help pf internet as wellFood processingFocus areas - what is food processing, backward and forward linkages, domestic/export markets, various govt. schemes. For this section you have to follow MOFPI websites, food processing reports as well as follow the reports of CCI/IBEF/ASSOCHAM etc. Here in this section internet has a big role.Land reformsFocus areas - historical perspective, recent changes,movements and for this section try to follow the basic NCERT books of History and Bipan Chandra. You can follow PIB news as well (vvi).LPG ReformsFocus areas - Effects of liberalization process, changes in industrial policy, induatrial growth and for this section you should follow economic survey and any std. book on economics and follow this area very well from that bookInfrastructure - Try to follow the newspaper and websites of ministry as wellInvestment models - Focus areas - Different models and strategies, need for PPP terms in India and for this section try to follow economic survey and try to know PPP terms very well as well as try to follow NCERT books and any std. economic book and follow the ministries websitesEnvironment and EcologyFollow current affairs as well as try to folow YAJONA/Kurukshetra magazine as well. Follow the official sites of ministries as well, you can follow India Yearbook. you can follow basic books too and for that Shankar IAS environment and ecology is very good as well as you can follow the book of Lexis Nexis publicationScience and technologyFollow current affairs, science reporter magazine and follow websites of ministriesDisaster managementFollow disaster management act, websites of ministriessecurity managementFollow the websites of ministries, ARC reports, institute of defence studies and analysis reports and you can follow some books of magraw hill publication/ Lexis Nexis or books of different publications.This paper is mostly based on internet and current affairs as well as you have to focus on this paper properly and mainly you have to know what to read and what not to read ( means important areas) and accordingly you have to move for this subject. Regular answer writing is also a necessary part.Try to follow previous years’ question papers.General studies paper iv ( Ethics and Integrity )This paper is to test the candidates’ attitude and approach to issues relating to integrity, probity in public life and his problem-solving approach to various issues and conflicts faced by him in dealing with society.You should always keep one thing in mind that ethics is not same as morals or what we read in moral science, but it is the ethics in the public administration, how does one treat, how does one solve the problems, your attitude towards women, refugee, migrants and etc. these are the qualities as public administrator a candidate should develop proactively.Important areas in Ethics to focusIf you follow the previous years’ question papers, the question papers are divided into two main parts as ……………● Part I – Theory● Part II – Case Studies.Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants and consequences of Ethics in human actions; dimensions of ethics, ethics in private and public relationshipsThis section is all about the ethics how you inculcate it and how you deal with the society, how do you see whether the action is ethical or not and what are the principles that you follow to ensure that the action is ethical or not.Under ethics and human interface the questions maybe asked in the part I section based on the factors essence, determinants and consequences of ethics in human actions, dimensions of ethics, ethics in private and public relationships and these areas in focus will be covered under Part I.Human Values: Lesson from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers and administrators; role of family, society and educational institutions in inculcating valuesUnder this area in focus will be lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers and administrators under this a candidate should concentrate on points like how do people acquire values and majority of people acquire values when they read about the personality of importance like freedom fighters.Under this area, the UPSC may give some statement of any great personalities and would ask to discuss it by applying it to the present context.For e.g. any of the Gandhi’s statement or saying would be given and asked to discuss with the context to the present environment.Here’s a glimpse how to answer these kinds of questions, the answer should be in 100 words.● Cover the first 25-30 words of your answer what the lines from the great personality means or stands for not literally but philosophically● Next, in 70-80 try to write about an incident relating to the saying which would have occurred in the society recentlyFor an e.g. if the question is about Gandhi’s saying on industrialization then a candidate approach should be towards the recent Make in India and should discuss more on cottage industries correlating the saying to the present context.What a candidate should always keep in mind while attempting to such answers are it is easy to answer these question in thinkers point of view, which UPSC does not want and what it looks for is how much the candidate has analyzed, utilized and applied it to the current context.How to answer to this sectionTo answer the questions in this part, you have to take different sayings of various great personalities and should make sure that the saying is not a common statement but which they could relate it to the present context and apply it.For an e.g. if it is about corruption, then should try to use it to the present situation and examples of scandals or scams which they would have read in the newspaper or witnessed in their life.It is recommended to aspirants to consider few books about 5-6 of great thinkers whom you admire, like or follow. Candidates can choose 3 books of Western Personalities like Socrates, Aristotle, and Plato and 2 books of Indian Origin like Gandhi, Ambedkar or anyone whom you like and get inspired. Here candidates, instead of memorizing their date of birth, the birthplace which is not of importance for this section one should give importance on what they preached in ethics.The next thing to focus in this area is role of family, society and educational institutions in inculcating values.From where do we acquire values?We acquire values in from our family, society, and education institutionAttitude: Content, Structure, function; its influence and relation with thought and behavior; moral and political attitudes; social influence and persuasionIn this area, the question may be asked either in Part 1 or Part 2 i.e. either in theory or case study.Let’s take an example: Narendra Modi government want to bring Swachch Bharat Abhiyan successfully. And, you are a district administrator in a particular district and in that district half of the villagers don’t use toilets and half of the villagers use toilets. What measures would you take to change the attitude of the people who are not using toilets?Attitude is a most important concept used by the media a lot so how would you change the attitude. There are three types called as ABC model and they are:● Affection● Cognitive● Behavioural basedAs a district collector, you would go through each model and make a case study on each model.In one of the previous year question paper, UPSC has asked the migration of village population to urban areas and why is this happening. And, this question was completely based on attitude.And, any candidate who would have approached and attempted the answer mentioning attitude would have definitely scored high.In this area, you should focus on Attitude: content, structure, function, its influence and relation with thought and behaviour for Part 2 of the question paper i.e. Case Study while the moral and political attitudes; social influence and persuasion would be for Part 1 of the Ethics Question Paper i.e. theory.Aptitude: Foundational values for civil service, integrity, impartiality and nonpartisanship, objectivity, dedication to public service, empathy, tolerance and compassion towards the weaker-sections.Here youshould use some ethical words in their answers and some of the words are:Integrity: Theory related question maybe asked on this in Part 1 of the question paper like what is integrity? Or Definition of integrity.Here, the UPSC may give five related words and ask to write for 50 words each carrying 5 marks.There may be case study based on this.These are the important list of words that a candidate should embed in their answer in order to enhance their answer and score high.● Integrity: not compromising on anything if someone offers your bribe will you compromise● Impartiality: Don’t show nepotism either for political parties or common man● Nonpartisanship: no biases for different political parties● Objectivity: be neutral● Dedication to public service● Empathy● Tolerance● Compassion towards weaker sectionThe first words mentioned are the universal administrative values, while the rest four as an administrator one should acquire especially in the developing country where there is inequality a lot.Hence, if you have observed, UPSC comes up with questions bringing in characters in the questions like 90 years old or a person who would have walked for 100km to reach your place.Candidates can refer the ‘Ethics in Governance’ to cover this area as it gives a clear definition of the last five words or concepts including Nolan Committee Recommendations.5. Emotional IntelligenceQuestions may be asked in both Part 1 and Part 2, for an e.g. questions like have undergone any emotional intelligence and how did you overcome it.Its definition, concepts and how would you apply them in administration.Here’s a scenario as an example, a thousand of protestors are protesting in front of a district administration office and as an administrator and you know the protest is for the wrong reason. How would you handle the situation?Here as an administrator, one has to follow the three procedures of Emotional Intelligence and they are:● Understand your emotions and control them● Understand others emotion and control them● Then, act according to solve the issue genuinely and effectively6. Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and the worldThis area again can be covered under the Human Values.7. Public or Civil Service Values and Ethics in Public AdministrationCandidates can refer ‘Ethics in Governance’The laws, rules, regulation and conscience as sources of ethical guidance; accountability and ethical governance; strengthening of ethical and moral values in governance candidates can refer IGNOU8. Ethical issues in international relations and funding corporate governanceQuestions may be asked Part 2 i.e. case studyInternational relations funding candidates can take the example of Nepal Earthquake video how funding aided or any current similar such scenariosCorporate governance: corporate social responsibility; ethics and governance are not only required in administration but also applicable in the corporate offices, as an administrator in corporate offices or private offices, in any situation how would you deal them. E.g.: in sexual harassment cases.9. Probity in Governance: Concept of public service; philosophical basis of governance and probity; information10. Sharing and transparency in government, Right to information, codes of ethics, codes of conductTo cover Areas 9 and 10, candidates can refer CCS, 1964 – The Central Civil Services (Conduct) Rules, 1964, which is of 300-400 pages.It is also observed that every year two questions are asked on the case study from this section as discussed in the beginning.11. Citizen’s Charters, Work Culture, Quality of Service delivery, utilization of public funds, challenges of corruptionUPSC may ask direct questions on Citizen’s CharterTo frame a Citizen’s Charter, hence candidate should be aware of how to frame a Citizen’s Charter and the rules and regulation that should be followed before framing a citizen charter.Source: Ethics in GovernanceThe questions on this area would be mostly on case study.Takeaway from this article on Ethics Syllabus● Many concepts are not yet explored by the UPSC; hence candidates should not ignore the untouched areas● Importance of conceptual clarity● Must know Code of Conducts● Citizen’s Charter, RTI● Probity in Governance Reports● Sources to refer: Ethics in Governance; IGNOU; Arora● Public Administration related case studies and its application● Prelims CSAT Paper and solve decision-making questionEthics, Integrity and Aptitude for Civil Services Examinationby G. Subba Rao and P.N. Roy ChowdhuryEthics - Integrity and Aptitudeby Santosh Ajmera and Nanda Kishore ReddyIAS Mains General Studies Paper 4 ETHICS INTEGRITY & APTITUDEby Arihant ExpertsHow to attempt the Case Study Questions of the Ethics GS Paper IV in the UPSC Main Exam● Write an outline of the scenario first● Write down the four options available to him● Next Step start the merits and demerits of all the optionsFor E.g. Corruption: Under merits, you could mention I’m against corruption and I will not accept bribe while under demerits you can mention you will lose monetary benefits● Finally, analyse the merits and demerits and come up with a solution.Follow the previous years’ question papers as well.Optional PaperThis paper is completely depending on your own interest. Here you can choose any subject according to your own interest. Whatever you choose, you must have interest in that one, or try to feel that subject or love that subject and most importantly before going to choose any subject as your optional one try to follow previous years' question papers as well as the syllabus of every optional subject and if you do so, you will know better that which subject will be better for you to take up as your optional one and most importantly choose any subject as per your own capacity too.Art of answer writing in mainsGive an introduction at firstexplain your introduction with proper facts and figuresand then the conclusionyour explanation must have a proper link between your introduction and your conclusion as wellThe more perspectives you will explain your answer from, the more chances you will have to carry higher marks and UPSC also demands this from us. As for an example, if you write a history question, try to explain or write that answer not only from historical perspective but also you should try to explain that one from the perspectives of geography, polity, sociology, economics etc but your perspectives by which you are explaining must have a proper link with what the question is demanding actually from you.Pay your focus on the quality within the proper word limitsYour answer must be divided into some paragraphsTry to highlight important quotes or important opinionsTry to use simple sentence and input simple words known to allDon't go beyond the question demands or question topicTry to answer to the point. Don't give anything extra.Your answer must be positive overall. You must be optimistic in answering to questionsDon't input your personal views as I want to say......... or according to me.............. (must not be)Try to answer in the indirect form as we should do................ or our country.............. (like this)If you want to criticise, your criticism must be constructive or logical tooIf you can make proper diagram or chart in your answer, it will be also helpful tooTry to avoid sticking off your answers or lines repeatedly.Focus on your handwriting too because it is also very importantOne of the most important parts is that if possible, try to answer from the perspective of current affairs too and if you can answer from this particular one also, your answer will obviously go to the rich quality but always remember that your answer must have a proper link with whatever you explain.Some more important strategiesBe serious and confident as well.Try to follow current affairs until you can’t have success in this exam because in our present UPSC exam pattern Current affairs has a very big as well as very important role too.Try to make notes personally.Try to do practice answer writing daily.Make a specific target for every day and try to fulfil that in any way.Try to spend a large number of time for your self study.Don’t rely only on your coaching materials.Try to focus on the quality but not on the quantity.Follow the previous years’ question papers.You should try to know everything in details for whatever you follow or read. Don’t leave any chapter untouched.Always try to have a clear idea on every fact and figure.Try to revise for ten times for whatever you personally follow. Revision is also a must.Highlight important areas.Focus on actual facts and figures.Try to know as well as try to answer to your questions from different perspectives. The more perspectives you will answer to your questions from, the more chances you will have to carry higher marks.Focus on your handwriting as well.Next important part is that here to know everything and to keep all of the facts and figures in mind are very difficult indeed. So, we should know what are important and what are less important and according to that we should move for this exam. No doubt,here hard work has a big role but smart strategy has a greater role than hard work. So always we should focus on the smart strategy and for every subject we should think at first what we have to avoid completely or how we have to move for every paper. There is no need to take up extra load. We should do those whatever are appropriate for this exam.I hope that all of these can help you a lot to move for this exam with a peaceful mind because i also personally follow all of these which i have mentioned above.And for any kind of improvement i heartily welcome all of your suggestions .Thank you.

It can and it will as a Sovereign Nation free of historical baggage and political burden that it carries to this day. Have patience to read through.Now a bit about History1. Pakistan was carved out of India. (The 1947 Indian Independence Act (1947 c. 30 (10 & 11. Geo. 6.)) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that partitioned British India into the two new independent dominions of India and Pakistan. The legislature representatives of the Indian National Congress, the Muslim League, and the Sikh community came to an agreement with Lord Mountbatten on what has come to be known as the 3 June Plan or Mountbatten Plan. This plan was the last plan for independence. Indian Independence Act 1947 - Wikipedia.2. The sole basis of creation of Pakistan was Islam and a separate land for its followers. Most of them left India but a vast majority preferred to stay back in the Hindu State being their native place. (The end of the British Empire in India in August 1947 resulted in the creation of two separate states of India and Pakistan. The division was based on religious lines, a Muslim majority in Pakistan and a Hindu majority in India. The Road to Partition 1939-1947 - The National Archives).3. India was not a Secular State at the time. Constitution was not yet written and the word Secularism was not part of it. (With the 42nd Amendment of the Constitution of India enacted in 1976, the Preamble to the Constitution asserted that India is a secular nation. institutions to recognise and accept all religions, enforce parliamentary laws instead of religious laws, and respect pluralism. Secularism in India - Wikipedia)4. The Indian Independence Act of 1947 (based on the Mountbatten Plan) provided for the lapse of paramountcy of the British Crown over the Indian states. It also gave each of these rulers the option to accede to the newly born dominions India or Pakistan or continue as an independent sovereign state. https://www.thebetterindia.com/124500/sardar-patel-vp-menon-integration-princely-states-india-independence/5. As for Kashmir, a princely state with a Hindu king ruling over a predominant Muslim population, it had remained reluctant to join either of the two dominions. As partition-related violence raged across the two new nations, the government of Pakistan pressured Kashmir to join it. Pro-Pakistani rebels, funded by Pakistan, took over much of western Kashmir, and in September 1947, Pashtun tribesmen streamed over the border from Pakistan into Kashmir. Watching the prospects of Kashmir slipping out of its hand, Pakistan planned an invasion. On October 22, 1947, over 5,000 Pakistani lashkars (armed tribesmen) Army, invaded Kashmir. Two days later, a desperate Maharaja Hari Singh offered to accede to India in return for immediate military assistance. The Indian Army was asked to assist the Ruler. The Kashmir conflict: How did it start?6. This delay is explained in the dithering approach of Nehru, the then Prime Minister of India. “Things came to a head at the end of October 1947 when raiders from the North West Frontier Province entered the state, killing, looting, and raping along. On October 26, they had reached the outskirts of Srinagar. Hari Singh agreed to sign the Instrument of Accession.7. On the same day a historic meeting was held in Delhi with Mountbatten, the governor general, as chairman. A young army colonel named Sam Manekshaw, who attended the meeting, recalled: 'As usual Nehru talked about the United Nations, Russia, Africa, God Almighty, everybody, until Sardar Patel lost his temper.He said, 'Jawaharlal, do you want Kashmir, or do you want to give it away?' He [Nehru] said, 'Of course, I want Kashmir.' Then he [Patel] said:' Please give your orders.' The blunder of the Pandit8. The Ruler of Jammu & Kashmir exercised that option by signing Instrument of Accession and joined the Indian dominion on 26 Oct 1947.9. Indian Army removed most of the Pakistan Army and its sponsored tribals from Kashmir Valley. Nehru's sentimental attachment to the Mountbattens deeply vitiated the Kashmir issue. It was certainly the most important factor for the failure to find a solution in the first years of the conflict. Events took a turn for the worse at the end of December 1947 when the Governor General managed to convince Nehru that India had to refer the Kashmir issue to the UN instead of conducting a military counterattack in West Punjab. Patel did not agree. But at this precise point in time the Sardar, who had so far looked after the relations with the princely states, was sidetracked. On December 23, he wrote his resignation, but was prevented (by Gandhi) from pressing for it. From that day, with Patel out of Kashmir affairs, things went from bad to worse. In the first months of 1948, during the UN hearings, the British showed where their interests lay. The original Indian complaint was completely left aside and the Security Council began adopting anti-India resolutions. The blunder of the Pandit10. India referred the dispute to the United Nations on 1 January. In a resolution dated August 13, 1948, the UN asked Pakistan to remove its troops, after which India was also to withdraw the bulk of its forces. Once this happened, a "free and fair" plebiscite was to be held to allow the Kashmiri people to decide their future. India, having taken the issue to the UN, was confident of winning a plebiscite, since the most influential Kashmiri mass leader, Sheikh Abdullah, was firmly on its side. An emergency government was formed on October 30, 1948 with Sheikh Abdullah as the Prime Minister. A brief history of the Kashmir conflict11. Pakistan ignored the UN mandate and continued fighting, holding on to the portion of Kashmir under its control. On January 1, 1949, a ceasefire was agreed, with 65 per cent of the territory under Indian control and the remainder with Pakistan. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1399992/A-brief-history-of-the-Kashmir-conflict.html12. Abdullah had already started his crusade (particularly with the US administration) for Kashmir's independence. He remained Nehru's friend till his scheming became too dangerous for India. https://www.rediff.com/news/2004/jun/16spec3.htm13. While it was Mountbatten who persuaded Nehru to take the J&K issue to the UN, it was Sheikh Abdullah, who, driven by his ambition to be ruler of an independent Kashmir and his hatred for the Maharaja, persuaded Nehru to give special status to J&K. Among his reasons were – occupation of one third of J&K by Pakistan, reference to the UN and plebiscite. The most sinister aspect of proposed Article 370 was the provision that any changes could be brought about in it only by the concurrence of the constituent assembly of the J & K State. Clause 3 of Article 370 is clear. The President may, by public notification, declare that this Article shall cease to be operative but only on the recommendation of the Constituent Assembly of the State. In other words, Article 370 can be revoked only if a new Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir is convened and is willing to recommend its revocation. Read more at http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/article-370-the-untold-story/Impediments to Integration14. Article 370 has been the biggest impediment to integration of J&K State into Indian Union. That it was incorporated in the Indian Constitution by the machination of two individuals – Sheikh Abdullah and Nehru is all the more regrettable. Nehru had to eat the humble pie when he had to arrest the Sheikh for his divisive and anti-national stance on 8 Aug 1953 but he did not let go of his concept of keeping J&K a separate entity. Article 370 included in the Constitution on a temporary provision should have been gradually abrogated. This has not happened in sixty years. In fact whenever someone mentions this, vested interests raise an outcry that legitimate rights of Kashmiris are being trampled upon. It is often forgotten that J&K state is not a homogeneous entity. Apart from Valley Muslims, Jammu has a predominantly Hindu population while Ladakh has a mix of Buddhist and Muslims. Then you have the Gujjars & Bakarwals. Read more at http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/article-370-the-untold-story/15. Temporary provisions of the arrangement and powers to revoke are evident in Clause 3 of Article 370. “(3) Notwithstanding the anything in the foregoing provisions of the article, the President may, by public notification, declare that this Article shall cease to be operative or shall be operative only with such exceptions and modifications and from such date as he may notify. Provided that the recommendation of the Constituent Assembly of the State referred to in Clause (2) shall be necessary before the President issues such a notification. Read more at:http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/article-370-the-untold-story/16. The main impediment to a final peace has always been the Pakistani military. Not only have Pakistan’s generals fuelled the insurgency and sheltered and abetted terrorist groups such as Jaish-e-Mohammed and Lashkar-e-Taiba, but, by smothering Pakistani democracy, they have also made reconciliation between the two countries all but impossible. The Pakistani military needs an enemy in order to justify its vast budgets and regular interventions in domestic politics. Why the War Between India and Pakistan for Kashmir Burns On17. Despite the Indian efforts to incorporate J & K into the Indian Union, Pakistan and China have not constitutionally integrated the territories of erstwhile J & K under their control. The State of Governance in PoK is explained here. See the Picture below. https://brill.com/view/book/9789004359994/BP000007.xml?lang=enNow how can India solve the problem without Pakistan.18. The answer needs legal understanding. Read on.a. J&K, although attached to India, retained most of its sovereignty, only transferring certain matters to the central State. At this stage, J&K kept control over the status of its citizens as well as jurisdictional monopoly over civil and criminal matters. Moreover, by not automatically recognizing the future Constitution of India, it enshrined the principle that the State would still be governed by its own constitutional framework. It was for the Constitution of India to uphold and regulate this dual system.b. As a consequence, only articles 1 and 370 of the Indian Constitution directly apply to J&K, article 370 specifically dealing with the relations between J&K and India.c. Hence, any extension of India’s jurisdiction beyond what is already specified in the Instrument of Accession shall beforehand seek the approval of the State government and J&K’s own constituent assembly.d. As such The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1950 was issued, and extended Parliament’s jurisdiction over matters in the Union List (Seventh Schedule, Constitution of India 1950), as well as the application of a number of articles of the Constitution. This resulted in a political crisis between the government of India and that of J&K, ultimately solved by the Delhi Agreement of 24 July 1952 concluded by both governments, where the special status of J&K was confirmed, along with its complete internal autonomy.e. The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954 implemented this agreement with the approval of the J&K government. While progressively extending the jurisdiction of Parliament and the Indian Constitution, it also amended or restricted the application of specific articles of the latter in regard to the specificity of J&K.f. J&K enacted a new Constitution in 1956, where it reiterated its inclusion within the Indian Union (art. 3). Yet the goal of this constitution is the “pursuance of the accession of this State [J&K] to India …, to further define the existing relationship of the State with the Union of India as an integral part thereof” (Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir 1956: Preamble).g. J&K vows to be an integral part of India, benefiting from the latter’s protection and advantages as rights, whilst picking and choosing the duties the “motherland” otherwise imposes on the rest of the country. How then can the relationship between India and the State of Jammu and Kashmir be defined? A dual constitutional system is at play here, where two distinct sovereignties have organized their relationship beyond the scope of federalism. Normative hierarchy is blurred, as the Constitution of India is but an empty vessel in regard to J&K—where only the The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954 holds force. Notwithstanding, to seek greater integration is not the same as being integrated. As such, J&K cannot be characterized as integrated into India under international law. Indeed, the latter would imply equal status between citizens of both territories (UN General Assembly 1960: principle VII).h. J&K’s legal status within the Indian Union as sui generis remains by definition hard to grasp, as it does not easily fit into pre-conceived legal categories, whether through an international or comparative lens. However, the daily judicial inner workings of Srinagar do not induce a similar sense of “exoticism,” as the proceedings follow their course much in the same manner as in the rest of India. Moreover, despite J&K’s gradual legal integration, there does not seem to be any reluctance on the part of Kashmiri litigants to trust and use what could be described as an “imported” judicial administration.i. Therefore, in light of both its British origin and the goal of smoothening the administration of justice with greater legal certainty and security, the substantive legal integration of J&K into the Indian legal framework does not seem to be a problem for the ordinary Kashmiri litigant.j. High Court’s decision in State of J&K v. Sawhney (2003) seeks in fact to protect the existence of permanent residency, and indirectly one of its most important aspects: i.e. that the administration of justice in J&K still be in the hands of Kashmiris.k. In his famous ethnography of the French administrative Supreme Court (Conseil d’État), Bruno Latour (2010) defined Law as “fractal.” Exploratory anthropological fieldwork further tends to show how J&K’s growing substantive legal integration into the Indian legal framework is closely linked to and largely accepted through—on the assurance of being administered by Kashmiri judicial officers—the permanent residency status.Source: A Journey to the Brink of India’s Legal Landscape: Jammu and Kashmi...How to apply Legal/Political provisions to Integrate J & K finally19. Since Kashmiris accept the Indian legal integration as long as it is administered by its own Judicial Officers there is a scope to extend the benefits of the Indian Constitution if Permanent Resident status is not violated. However Ladakh, Jammu and Non Kashmiri and Non-Muslim citizens of J & K demand complete accession and merger with the Indian Union. Ladakhis want no part in Kashmir's secessionist movement but they want to secede from Jammu and Kashmir and turn their district and the adjoining Zanskar region into a Union Territory. It is a longstanding demand, championed by all local politicians. Kashmir tangle: The Third Angle and Not Many Understand 'Jammu and Kashmir' - Ayushman Jamwal’ Blog and What do people of Jammu and Kashmir think about Article 370?20. Ram Jethmalani, prominent lawyer, former Union Minister and Chairman of Kashmir Committee said in Nov 2014, “The Constitution of J&K was not formulated by the Constituent Assembly of India, but by its Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir. That was a plebiscite. It is the Constituent Assembly of J&K which incorporated some provisions of the Indian Constitution. The plebiscite has therefore taken place. Kashmiris are not living under the Constitution of India but under the Constitution which was framed by the Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir which has willingly accepted a part of the Indian constitution.” https://www.dailypioneer.com/2015/sunday-edition/kashmir-problem-a-nehruvian-blunder.html21. On March 1, 2019, the 77th and 103rd constitutional amendments were extended to Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) by a presidential order, with the concurrence of the J&K Governor. These relate to reservations in promotions for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the State services and special provisions for the advancement of economically weaker sections, respectively. A blow against Article 37022. 1954 presidential order extended various provisions of the Indian Constitution to J&K. This order was made with the concurrence of the State government and also ratified by the State Constituent Assembly. After the J&K Constitution came into effect in 1957, the State Constituent Assembly was dissolved. Since then, more than 40 such orders have been made, through which most constitutional provisions have been extended to the State. The sheer number of such orders, as well as the circumstances under which they were made, have considerably eroded J&K’s special status under Article 370. A blow against Article 37023. In December 2018, the President assumed all the functions of the State government and the Governor through a proclamation under Article 356. In an order passed on the same day, the President directed that all powers assumed by him would be exercisable by the Governor as well, “subject to the superintendence, direction, and control of the President”. A blow against Article 37024. Union Home Minister Amit Shah has hit the ground running with back-to-back meetings with senior officials of various ministries and agencies in the past few days. Sources suggest that among the crucial things on his table is the long-pending delimitation of constituencies in Jammu and Kashmir. This is, in the main to correct an inequity and anomaly of regional disparity long suffered by Jammu province and also provide representation to all reserved categories in the state assembly. Another section of thought is that Kashmir Valley claims that it has no SC or ST while Gujjars, Bakerwals and Gaddies were given ST status in 1991 and form 11 per cent of the population but have no political reservation.25. The last time a delimitation exercise took place in the state was also under President's Rule, as far back as 1995 in extremely difficult circumstances by the Justice (retd) KK Gupta Commission. Incidentally, the Constitution provides for delimitation every 10 years, the next delimitation of assembly constituencies should have logically taken place in 2005. However, in 2002, the Farooq Abdullah government chose to freeze delimitation until 2026 by amending the Jammu & Kashmir Representation of the People Act 1957 and Section 47(3) of the Constitution of Jammu & Kashmir. The Governor is competent to amend Section 47 of the Constitution to delete the objectionable proviso which barred the setting up of a delimitation commission. Furthermore, Section 3 of the Representation of People Act gives the Governor the mandate to constitute a delimitation commission.26. One needs to be mindful that the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir, enacted in 1957, was based on the Maharaja's Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir of 1939, which was still in force. After accession to India, the State Constituent Assembly was constituted under the 1939 Constitution, but Sheikh Abdullah's administration arbitrarily carved out 30 seats for Jammu region and 43 seats for Kashmir region and two seats for Ladakh region. This regional disparity became entrenched thereafter: Kashmir (46), Jammu (37) and Ladakh (4). According to the 2011 census, the total population of Jammu Division was 53,78,538 of which Dogras are the dominant group comprising 62.55 per cent of the population. Against this Kashmir Division or the intermontane valley population in 2011 was 68,88,475 with 96.40 per cent Muslims. Though it has 15.73 per cent of the state's area, it holds 54.93 per cent of the population. Ladakh has 58.33 per cent of the area accounting for 2.18 per cent of the population, a mere 2,74,289 people reside there of which 46.40 per cent are Muslims, 12.11 per cent Hindus and 39.67 per cent Buddhist.27. In terms of area, geographically, Jammu is about 26,293 square kilometres, Kashmir is 15,948 square kilometres, and Ladakh is far bigger at 59,000 square kilometres. However, since Jammu has 37 seats, on an average, each Assembly constituency is about 710 square kilometres (26,293/37=710.62). In Kashmir, the average area of an Assembly constituency is 346 square kilometres (15,948/46=346.69).28. On a cursory glance, we find that constituencies in Jammu are also bigger, voter-wise, than those in Kashmir. It is easy to extrapolate the results after fair delimitation that the new seat arrangement would be in favour of Jammu and Ladakh, both not in sync with Kashmiri Muslim domination of the State. If a delimitation is done at this juncture, these angularities or bias in favour of Kashmir may get obliterated, and lead to an increase in the number of seats in the Jammu region. This will reduce the political weight of Kashmir in the state and national polity. This would be the end of the J & K divisive politics. https://www.firstpost.com/politics/delimitation-of-jk-assembly-seats-will-end-partisanship-that-favours-kashmir-turned-state-into-rotten-borough-of-valley-6774741.html29. Hence the new Constituent Assembly will be Jammu and Ladakh dominated. Would it wait for Kashmiri Muslims to hold their sway over Article 370 and 35 A? Unlikely.30. With the gradual dilution of Article 370 the Parliament can postpone the amendment of the Constitution itself to abrogate Article 370 but can take the concurrence of the new J & K Constituent Assembly to accept the Presidential Order on abrogating it being the temporary provision.That is the case in detail on how India can tell Pakistan to take a hop on J & K and prepare to return the PoK and Aksai Chin acceded illegally to China.Turning Off the Comments to avoid slanging match over it. It is just a scholarly attempt to answer the question.PS: Comments are open now as requested by some followers personally.Summary of my arguments is as under:Pakistan carved out of India by British Government.Islam as the sole basis of creation of Pakistan. India was Hindu State as a corollary. It became Secular only in 1976 (29 years after Independence) having defeated the ideology of Religion having helped create Bangladesh on Linguistic basis in 1971.543 princely States had option to join either Islamic Pakistan or Hindu India in 1947. Rulers had the choice, not the population as per Mountbatten Plan.Ruler of J & K wanted to be Independent. His State avoided joining either Nation till forced by Pakistani Irregular invasion and consequent slaughter of Non Muslim citizens. He signed Instrument of Accession on 26 Oct 1947 after Patel forced Nehru to accept it.Indian Army defeated and reclaimed 65% of Territory before Nehru in his folly of believing Mountbatten and trusting his childhood friend Sheikh Abdullah accepted UN monitored ceasefire.Nehru forced the Indian Parliament to make special provisions for his friend sheikh Abdullah to get the same status as his bete noire Maharaja Hari Singh, the erstwhile Ruler of J & K. Article 370 was inserted as a temporary provision to help the State stabilise and amalgamate gradually.Pakistan refused to accept the UN resolution to vacate the J & K for UN monitored plebiscite. It continued irregular warfare to retake Kashmir till as late as 1999. Having failed on all fronts it adopted Terrorism as a State Policy since 1990 and started inducting Islamic Terrorists to reclaim Kashmir Valley.Having been comprehensively isolated and defeated in Military, Diplomatic and economic front after advent of Modi Govt in 2014 especially since 2016 Surgical strikes and 2018 Air strikes besides Blacklisting of Masood Azhar and Grey Listing by FATF Pakistan has limited options in Kashmir.India has a chance to proceed ahead with complete integration of Kashmir by following measures:Delimitation of electorate to reduce seats in Kashmir.Winning a Pro India Constituent Assembly dominated by Dogras, Gujjars, Ladakhis and patriotic Kashmiris (Satisfied with Permanent Resident Status and Panchayati Raj) .Abrogation of Article 370 by Presidential Order.Endorsing the Presidential Order through new Constituent assembly.Promoting secession in PoK, Gilgit-Baltistan to become part of Integrated J & K since Pakistan and China have not integrated them to date.This does not require Pakistan at all except as a restive spectator unless it wants to go to war and lose all of Pakistan less Punjab.