Short-Form General Photography Contract: Fill & Download for Free

Your options while in school are about the same as post-graduation: anything you can make or shoot that someone wants to buy, or hire you to do. In theory, since you are still in classes, companies are usually happy to hire you at substandard rates.A short list of possibilities:Stock PhotosPortrait/Wedding PhotographyDesign TemplatesWebsite design/RevisionNewsletters and Direct-mail marketing piecesFlyers, programs, contracts, etc. (any general-purpose documents, whether they flex your skills or slide under them).Hopefully this gives you some ideas. You’re pretty much competing with anyone else in this field; your inexperience can get you into places more experienced/pricy designers can’t, and if you can stay with your employer, you’ll be making market rates in a few years.

None where people live. Pacific Islands are expanding not sinking and many are expanding.“Of all the apocalyptic imagery summoned by global warming’s proponents, the most compelling has been the threat of coastal devastation from rising sea levels. In his best-selling work “Earth in the Balance,” Al Gore argued that the selfishness of Western industrialization would obliterate small, impoverished countries.”WRONG WRONG WRONGThe fact islands are expanding on sinking is also evidence that any global warming is too tepid to matter. New atoll research summarizes the reality of the positive news for Pacific sea levels. GREAT NEWS -Alarmism Dies In The Maldives: 97% Of 186 Island Coasts Have Grown (59%) Or Not Changed (38%) Since 2005By Kenneth Richard on21. December 2020Despite sea level rise, a 2019 global analysis (Duvat, 2019) found 89% of 709 island coasts have been either stable or growing in size in recent decades. A new Maldives-only study (Duvat, 2020) finds rapid (>3 to >50%) coastal growth in 110 of 186 Maldives islands from 2005 to 2016. Just 5 islands – 2.7% – actually contracted in size during this period.Last year Dr. Virginie Duvat published a global assessment of how the Earth’s islands and atolls are faring against the ongoing challenge of sea level rise since satellite monitoring began in the 1980s.Fortunately she found “no widespread sign of physical destabilization in the face of sea-level rise.” In fact, a) none of the 30 atolls analyzed lost land area, b) 88.6% of the 709 islands studied were either stable or increased in area, c) no island larger than 10 hectare (ha) decreased in size, and d) only 4of 334 islands (1.2%) larger than 5 ha had decreased in size.Image Source: Duvat, 2019This year Dr. Duvat has focused on the Maldives islands, a region characterized as one of the most vulnerable to sea level rise perturbation. About 80% of the islands are less than 1 meter (m) above sea level.Considering the Maldives population (>400,000) has been doubling every 25 years since the 1960s and nearly 1.3 million tourists visit many of the 188 inhabited islands every year, the Maldives islands are critical to ongoing assessment of the effects of modern sea level change.And, fortunately, like it has for the rest of the globe, the Maldives are faring quite well.Due significantly to human ingenuity – engineering feats such as island raising, artificially expanding island areas, and “armoring” shorelines – most of the Maldives have actually expanded in size in recent decades.Since 2005, 110 (59.1%) of the 186 islands studied grew by ≥3%. Of those 110 expanding islands, 57 grew by ≥10% and 19 grew by ≥50% (Duvat, 2020). Again, that’s just in the last decade.Of the islands that didn’t expand in size, 38.2% (71 islands) were classified as stable (defined as neither growing or contracting by more than 3%). This leaves only 5 islands out of 186 (2.7%) that decreased in size since the 1980s.Put another way, 97.3% of Maldives islands have been either stable or growing in size since 2005.Image Source: Duvat, 2020Another new study (Kench et al., 2020) helpfully presents the long-term context of Holocene sea level for the Maldives. We find that islands that are above sea level today were submerged beneath seawater as recently as 3,000 years ago.From about 4,000 to 2,000 years ago, Maldives sea levels were about 0.5 m above where they are today. Natural oscillations of ~0.8 m in a few centuries have occurred in the last few thousand years, including dips during the Late Antique Little Ice Age (~1600 years ago) and Little Ice Age (~400 years ago).Modern sea level changes do not appear to fall outside the range of natural variability.Image Source: Kench et al., 2020"Not here to worship what is known, but to question it" - Jacob Bronowski. Climate and energy news from Germany in English - by Pierre L. GosselinMe with straw hat helping (resting?) burn palm logs to make coral cement April, 1963 ManihikiI have first hand experience. I worked on the very small Manihiki coral atoll in 1963. There was no airport then. Recently the island constructed an air plane runway as evidence of its stability. This same story is happening across the Pacific.New MANIHIKI air field built because of the atoll’s stability.MANIHIKI is a beautiful but small atoll that is expanding not sinking as predicted.The false predictions of sinking islands is just political fear mongering. Some dishonest politicians want to scare you into voting for Them.The Maldives are growing not sinking as sea levels are falling there.The Maldives Are Not Sinking13,023 views“An excerpt of the documentary "Global Warming Doomsday Called Off!" In this clip professor Nils Axel Morner, from Stockholm University travels to the Maldives and finds out that the ocean levels have dropped in recent years.Richard GuyHello Professor you are perfectly right the sea levels are not rising. You dont have to go to the Maldives however you can stay home in Stockholm and study what has been happening in Scandenavia for hundreds of years.The sea levels have been falling there as well as all around the world. Ancient villages in Norway and Sweden which were once on the sea are now hundreds of miles inland. The same in happening on Alaska and New Jersey and New York and on both coasts of the United States. So the Media hype of rising seas is maintained for a reason. In a recent conference in Sicily which I attended on ses level recession a lecturer from Australia said that the Australian government has rezoned the Coastline as a future floof plain and as a result foreshore land values have dropped. As soon as the land prices drop large corporations buy up the foreshore. Go Figure.?”Richard Guy" "Author of "The Mysterious Receding Seas"Are Pacific Atolls Sinking Under The Waves?–New Study Says NotFEBRUARY 1, 2013Maldivesend metaBy Paul Homewood“The prospect of low lying islands in the Pacific disappearing under the waves is enough to get greenies wetting their knickers and Ed “Dopey” Davey, the UK Energy Secretary, putting his hands in our pockets to give billions away to the Maldives and the rest.Of course, we already know that the Maldive government itself does not believe any of this rubbish. That’s why they are building new airports and tourist developments, as if they were going out of fashion!But what do the proper scientists think, as opposed to the discredited rent seeking variety?A new study by EC Rankey, “Nature and stability of atoll island shorelines: Gilbert Island chain, Kiribaati, Equatorial Pacific” , takes a close look at the issue.In a study that integrated field observations, differential global positioning system data, historical aerial photographs and ultra-high resolution remote sensing images that examined the nature, spatial patterns and rates-of-change of the shorelines of 17 islands on the Maiana and Aranuka atolls of Kiribati’s Gilbert Island chain, Rankey (2011) obtained a wealth of data that come to bear on this important question. And the conclusions he derives from that information are vastly different from the data-sparse contentions of the world’s climate alarmists.Rankey found, for example, that short-term (four-year) rates of shoreline changes can indeed be dramatic, with significant intrusion of seawater over sloping shores. However, much longer (forty-year) rates of change are much smaller; and not all of his analyses depict shrinking dry-land surfaces, as some of the studied islands have actually been accruing above-water area. And so it is that he forthrightly and correctly states that "the atoll islands are notwashing away."Similar island surface responses have been found by Webb and Kench (2010), who studied 27 other atoll islands in the central Pacific, using historical aerial photography and satellite images over periods ranging from 19 to 61 years, during which time interval they say that instrumental records indicated a rate of sea-level rise of 2.0 mm per year in the central Pacific. Yet in spite of this sea level rise, they too found "no evidence of large-scale reduction in island area," noting that the islands "have predominantly been persistent or expanded in area on atoll rims for the past 20 to 60 years," adding that 43% of the islands "increased in area by more than 3% with the largest increases of 30% on Betio (Tarawa atoll) and 28.3% on Funamanu (Funafuti atoll)."Years earlier, Connell (2003) had also found no evidence for the oft-repeated island doomsday claims, demonstrating the great importance of real-world data – as opposed to climate model simulations – when it comes to considering the current and future status of the Earth’s many islands. And so it is that Rankey concludes his analysis by counselling that "solutions must consider the natural complexity of these [island] systems, rather than advocate overly simplistic notions of the causes of, and the solutions to, coastal change."It looks like the Maldives can carry on building their new airports after all!James Grant MatkinNovember 7, 2015 11:46 pmYes this article makes much sense. Indeed another potential answer to the Pacific Islands failing to sink into oblivion these past 200 years due to life giving C02 is the fact the seas are hardly rising at all. The oceans rose only 5 inches rather than 6 inches as originally thought over the past 100 years according to very recent research at Harvard and Rutgers. Think about the your experience with tides and waves at the seashore and you realize this small increase is imperceptible or de minimus. The massive sea rise soon as much as 50 feet predicted by the climate alarmists is unbelievable nonsense. The National Geographic published an article on this issue scolding the alarmists for their wild predictions about dooms day soon for the islands. Fifty years ago I lived on a small Pacific Atoll in the Cooks – Manihiki and it has just like the Maldives added a new airport because the land is expanding. Finally, the Antarctica is also expanding rapidly and now holds the record as the coldest place on earth raising the issue of another ice age creeping up on us. This is the largest glacier on the planet and so its expansion will retard further any ocean rise.https://notalotofpeopleknowthat.wordpress.com/2013/02/01/are-pacific-atolls-sinking-under-the-wavesnew-study-says-not/This Pacific Island Was Expected to Disappear, But It's Actually Growing LargerWhat's going on!?DAVID NIELD15 FEB 2018The Polynesian island nation of Tuvalu has long been marked as a prime candidate to get swallowed up by the ocean as sea levels rise, but new research shows the land mass of the nation is actually expanding.Friday, 08 January 2016 Item titleDelingpole: ‘Sinking’ Pacific Island Actually Getting Bigger ShockJames Delingpole // Brietbart“Tuvalu – the Pacific island group often cited by climate alarmists as the nation most immediately at risk from rising sea levels caused by ‘global warming’ – is not sinking after all.In fact it’s getting bigger, scientists now admit.A University of Auckland study examined changes in the geography of Tuvalu’s nine atolls and 101 reef islands between 1971 and 2014, using aerial photographs and satellite imagery.It found eight of the atolls and almost three-quarters of the islands grew during the study period, lifting Tuvalu’s total land area by 2.9 percent, even though sea levels in the country rose at twice the global average.Co-author Paul Kench said the research, published Friday in the journal Nature Communications, challenged the assumption that low-lying island nations would be swamped as the sea rose.“We tend to think of Pacific atolls as static landforms that will simply be inundated as sea levels rise, but there is growing evidence these islands are geologically dynamic and are constantly changing,” he said.“The study findings may seem counter-intuitive, given that (the) sea level has been rising in the region over the past half century, but the dominant mode of change over that time on Tuvalu has been expansion, not erosion.”If only they’d done their study a bit earlier they could have saved a lot of alarmists a lot of worry.As recently as last year, anxious wonks produced a paper for the World Bank arguing that the situation in Tuvalu (pop. 11,000) and nearby Kiribati (pop.107,000) was so dire that Australia and New Zealand should open their doors to the fleeing refugees.According to the paper:“The worsening impacts of climate change have provided a new moral imperative for providing open access.”In 2007, Grist went so far as to cite Tuvalu of one of climate change’s most “tragic” victims.‘Climate Change in Tuvalu’ even has its own Wikipedia page. It records possibly Tuvalu’s greatest moment of glory on the international stage when it seized the opportunity at the 2009 Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen to grandstand about its terrible plight.In December 2009 the islands stalled talks at United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, fearing some other developing countries were not committing fully to binding deals on a reduction in carbon emission, their chief negotiator stated “Tuvalu is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to climate change, and our future rests on the outcome of this meeting.”[57]When the conference failed to reach a binding, meaningful agreement, Tuvalu’s representative Ian Fry said, “It looks like we are being offered 30 pieces of silver to betray our people and our future… Our future is not for sale. I regret to inform you that Tuvalu cannot accept this document.”[58]Fry’s speech to the conference was a highly impassioned plea for countries around the world to address the issues of man-made global warming resulting in climate change. The five-minute speech addressed the dangers of rising sea levels to Tuvalu and the world. In his speech Fry claimed man-made global warming to be currently “the greatest threat to humanity”, and ended with an emotional “the fate of my country rests in your hands”.[59]Tuvalu’s plight also formed part of the basis for arguably the most hysterical fake news claim in the history of climate alarmism: the UN’s prediction that by the end of 2010, climate change would have created “50 million environmental refugees”.The UN has since removed the claim from most of its websites. Happily, it can still be glimpsed in the Guardian archives:Rising sea levels, desertification and shrinking freshwater supplies will create up to 50 million environmental refugees by the end of the decade, experts warn today. Janos Bogardi, director of the Institute for Environment and Human Security at the United Nations University in Bonn, said creeping environmental deterioration already displaced up to 10 million people a year, and the situation would get worse.“There are well-founded fears that the number of people fleeing untenable environmental conditions may grow exponentially as the world experiences the effects of climate change,” Dr Bogardi said. “This new category of refugee needs to find a place in international agreements. We need to better anticipate support requirements, similar to those of people fleeing other unviable situations.”In reality, the total number of environmental refugees fleeing climate change so far around the world is close to zero.But that hasn’t stopped a few chancers from trying it on…Seventeen people from the Pacific – including 11 from Tuvalu and five from Kiribati – have already made refugee claims in New Zealand, citing climate change as part of their basis of claim. None have been successful (four have yet to be determined and 13 have been rejected) because the refugees convention does not recognise climate change as grounds for protection.To climate skeptics, the fact that Tuvalu is not drowning will come as no surprise whatsoever.Their favorite sea levels expert – Nils-Axel Mörner – has written numerous papers on the subject.In 2012, he wrote:In Tuvalu, the President continues to claim that they are in the process of being flooded. Yet, the tide-gauge data provide clear indication of a stability over the last 30 years.”Delingpole: ‘Sinking’ Pacific Island Actually Getting Bigger Shock | Brietbart“EDITORIAL: Pacific islands not sinking from global warmingNew study debunks Al Gore’s hysterical fairy taleBy THE WASHINGTON TIMES - The Washington Times - Friday, June 11, 2010ANALYSIS/OPINION:“Of all the apocalyptic imagery summoned by global warming’s proponents, the most compelling has been the threat of coastal devastation from rising sea levels. In his best-selling work “Earth in the Balance,” Al Gore argued that the selfishness of Western industrialization would obliterate small, impoverished countries.“Although the sea level has risen and fallen through different geological periods, never has the change been anywhere near as rapid as that now expected as a consequence of global warming,” he wrote. “… [I]sland nations like the Maldives and Vanuatu (formerly New Hebrides), will be devastated if the projections made by scientists turn out to be accurate.” Mr. Gore solemnly predicted that millions of poor inhabitants would be forced to flee their homelands in a desperate bid for survival - unless we adopt his political agenda. It just isn’t so.In a forthcoming issue of the journal Global and Planetary Change, researchers from the University of Auckland in New Zealand and the Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji documented changes in 27 vulnerable, low-lying reef islands in the Central Pacific. Using aerial photographs taken as early as 1944, the areas were carefully mapped and compared with modern satellite images.It turns out that the islands did, in fact, change over time, but they are hardly sinking. Overall, 20 grew or remained stable. The island of Funamanu, for example, expanded from 7.4 acres to 9.5 acres in size - a 28 percent growth. Only seven islands shrunk, with the biggest percentage change occurring on Tengasu, which dropped from a tiny 1.7 acres to 1.5 acres - a diminishment of 9,670 square feet, the size of Mr. Gore’s Tennessee mansion.According to various studies, sea levels appear to have risen about 8 inches since the year 1860, but these Pacific islands continue to prosper nonetheless. This new study attributed size differences over time to the effect of ocean swells pounding and eroding windward shorelines. On leeward sides protected from the swells, coastlines grew. In other words, nature struck a near-perfect balance, wholly unaffected by the purported evils of America’s internal-combustion engines.This research was not conducted by scientists who disputed climate change, but even they noted the suspicious absence of verification for a key alarmist claim. “The lack of monitoring seems a gross oversight given the international concern over small island stability and pressing concerns of island communities to manage island landscapes,” the report stated.So the islands aren’t sinking, the Hockey Stick has been thoroughly debunked, the Himalayas still have snow and the polar bears are alive and well. As just about every tenet in the Church of Global Warming has been debunked, it’s time for the movement’s high priest, Mr. Gore, to offer a refund to those from his flock who bought his work of fiction.James Matkin • a minute agoYes. The sea level exaggerations by alarmist Al Gore are truly a hoax lacking scientific validity, only intended to scare the public into following big government politics. UNCERTAINTY is the reality for the science on this issue. Only real life observation is reliable like that of Nils Morner expert oceanographer scholar, not flawed computer models. SeeThe Antarctic sea ice and sea surface temperatureNils-Axel MörnerWhilst there is a general hysteria of global warming, increasing temperature and rising sea level, new records from Antarctica indicate the opposite: a significant increase in the extent of sea ice over the last 30 years (in the order of 1 million square km) and a decrease in sea surface temperature south of Lat. 60°S (in the order of 0.4 °C).Why is this?First, the global warming hysteria is just what it is: a large-scale hysteria, which is primarily based on disinformation:– The warming during the 20th century seems primarily driven by the Sun.– There is negative evidence of CO2-driven process.– The cooling over the last 17 years and 11 months is predominantly driven by the Sun.– Sea level is by no means rising at an alarming rate.Secondly, events taking place south of the Circum-Antarctic circulation belt are bound to be driven by other, often negatively correlated, effects than those recorded north of this belt:– South of the Circum-Antarctic circulation belt ocean circulation and wind currents may generate climatic signals quite opposite to those in the north.– An expansion of the sea ice over the last 30 years is not surprising.– Nor is an increase in sea surface temperature of 0.4 °C since 2003 surprising.But it all calls for an observationally based view of climate; in stead of a general hysteria.”- See more at: Nils-Axel Mörner Calls Global Warming “A Large-Scale Hysteria”…Antarctic Sea Ice Expansion “Not Surprising”http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/jun/11/pacific-islands-not-sinking-from-global-warming/WORLD Leading Authority : Climate and Sea Level Science Is A “Quasi Religion” Hijacked By An Activist AgendaClimate Alarmists Have Been Wrong About Virtually EverythingItem AuthorWritten by Alex NewmanMaldives to open four new airports in 2020M@LDIVES JANUARY 5, 2020Four new airports will come into operation this year, Maldives government announced Wednesday.Transport minister Aishath Nahula told local media that construction of airports on the islands of Hoarafushi in Haa Alif atoll, Funadhoo in Shaviyani atoll, Madivaru in Lhaviyani atoll, and Maavarulu in Gaaf Dhaal atoll is nearing completion.Funadhoo airport will come into operation this month, followed by Maavarulu in March, Madivaru in April and Hoarafushi in August, she said.The airports being developed in Funadhoo, Madivaru and Maavarulu were amongst five new airports scheduled to open last year. However, the projects ran into several difficulties, with only two of the planned five airports opening in 2019.Maldives Transport and Contracting Company (MTCC) was awarded a MVR 50 million (USD 3.23 million) contract in 2018 to reclaim 21 hectares of land off the northwestern end of Funadhoo and build a 1,200-metre runway. The company had completed the runway along with an apron and taxiway in March.Another MVR 57 million (USD 3.69 million) contract was awarded to the public company in 2018 to develop a 1,200-metre runway, a taxiway, an apron and a jetty at Maavarulu.MTCC was also contracted in 2018 to reclaim 16 hectares of land from the lagoon of Hoarafushi and the neighbouring uninhabited island of Maafinolhu for the airport development project.Meanwhile, Madivaru airport is nearing completion.Kuredu Holdings, which owns and operates several resorts in Lhaviyani atoll, is investing USD 13 million to develop the airport. The project involves reclaiming some three hectares of land from the lagoon of Madivaru, building a 1.2-kilometre runway, and a training academy for aviation officials from flagship carrier Maldivian and seaplane operator Trans Maldivian Airways (TMA).The company can develop a city hotel to incentivise the airport operation.Lhaviyani atoll has one of the highest concentrations of tourism activity in the Maldives, with several resorts already operating in the atoll, including Kuredu Resort Maldives, Komandoo Island Resort and Spa, Hurawalhi Maldives, Palm Beach Island Maldives Resort and Spa, Atmosphere Kanifushi, Kanuhura Maldives, Fushifaru Maldives, Cocoon Maldives, Kudadoo Maldives Private Island by Hurawalhi, and Innahura Maldives Resort.Over 1.5 million tourists from across the globe visit the Indian Ocean island nation every year to holiday in one of the 150 plus resorts and some 500 guesthouses located in all corners of the country. The multi-billion dollar tourism industry, which is the country’s main economic activity, relies heavily on the domestic transport infrastructure, especially air travel.Maldives, the most dispersed country on the planet with 1,192 islands spread over roughly 90,000 square kilometres, already has 14 airports, including four international airports. The government has contracted both local and international companies to develop additional domestic airports across the archipelago in a bid to boost tourism.Maldives to open four new airports in 2020CLIMATE “Deniers” Were Right – Island Nation Growing, Not ‘Sinking’ With Sea Level Rise!Posted: February 10, 2018 | Author: Jamie Spry | Filed under: Alarmism Debunked, Alarmism uncovered,– Saufatu Sopoanga, fmr Prime Minister of Tuvalu, at the 58th Session of the United Nations General Assembly New York, 24th September 2003THE Pacific island nation of Tuvalu has long been cited as proof that rising seas caused by man-made climate change are going to drown Pacific and Indian island atolls.THE climate-obsessed fake news media has gleefully pawned the emotional link between climate change and ‘sinking’ tropical islands for eons … “The tiny pacific island nation of Tuvalu looks set to become a victim of global warming, with the entire country predicted to be washed away in 50 years.” (BBC 2002)TUVALU’s plight even formed part of the basis for arguably the most hysterical fake news claim in the history of climate alarmism: the UN’s prediction that by the end of 2010, climate change would have created “50 million environmental refugees”!CLIMATISM, along with the climate sceptic “denier” community have been citing real science, data and observations that have consistently contradicted the fashionable claims of “sinking islands” for years, only to be given the standard respect from the lame-stream activist media…crickets.WHAT has now become even more apparent is that the purported plight of Pacific and Indian Ocean Island nations like Kiribati, Tuvalu, Seychelles and the Maldives serve merely as emotional arguments to promote the global climate agenda, whilst cash-strapped and over-populated island nations use the associated climate guilt as a vehicle to pursue compensation to be paid by Western nations. Economic outcomes in line with the United Nation’s wealth redistribution agenda.DELLERS with a great summary of the latest “scientific” study out of Nature journal that has sent another alarmist claim to the propaganda graveyard…The planet’s atmosphere is very large and the amount of human emissions of Co2 plant food in comparison are very small. ln fact they are so small they are NEAR ZERO. Therefore, it is impossible to even imagine how this minute amount of a non-toxic wholly beneficial gas could have any impact on the earth’s climate.The greenhouse metaphor and science hypothesis is fake. There is no greenhouse cover on the earth because Co2 from trace human activities is too minute to matter. Human activities simply do not matter to the climate.Think about it - how could a trace gas almost zero like Co2 at 0.29% in the atmosphere (not even 1%) from humans have any effect on the climate? It cannot. The greenhouse hypothesis is demolished on the facts of size.The Rice Video - Carbon Dioxide in perspective by The Galileo MovementThe Rice Video - Carbon Dioxide in perspective by The Galileo MovementThe amount of Co2 today at just 400 ppm. Co2 today pales in comparison with the past when there was more than 5000 ppm which is > 10 X as much! [ Remember with breath out we exhale > 35,000ppm of Co2 into the atmosphere.]The entire misnamed greenhouse gases (these are infared gases that have absolutely nothing to do with greenhouses) together make up less than 4% of the earth’s atmosphere. The major gases are Nitrogen at 76.56% and Oxygen at 20.54 %. How can such a puny amount < 4% control the climate warming? It cannot.NO EVIDENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGING TO GLOBAL WARMINGThe earth is cooling and the historical data shows long term decline in temperatures for the past 7000 years. The Alarmists fooled by the chaotic randomness of weather in the short term - less than one thousand years.There is no Global Warming. One (1) degree total rise in temperature spread out over 140 years does not Global Warming make... that translated to less than 0.007 degrees per year which is NOTHING !The earth continues with declining temperatures of the interglacial ice age that hit us 2.4 million years ago. Natural variability is the only way to understand the earths seesawing temperatures. Distorting the scientific meaning of climate change by using too short a timeline (not even 30 years) is a major source of error and confusion.Climate change occurs when changes in Earth's climate system result in new weather patterns that last for at least a few decades, and maybe for millions of years. WikipediaWhen the media and alarmists jump on the claim that 2016 was the hottest year they are wrong as the rise is so small as to be within the range of statistical error. More important one year of weather is irrelevant to determining climate change or global warming, where even centuries may be to short. Remember this caution, ‘When you look out a window, the weather you see is not climate.’Essex and McKintrickThe evidence from available data does not show new weather patterns that lasted long enough to register as either global warming or global cooling as a matter of climate change in the past 100 years. The reason is too much variation over too short time intervals. We have been fooled by the chaotic, nonlinear randomness of the weather.Over the past 400,000 years there have been 4 interglacial periods all warmer than today making nonsense of the radical claim that the climate changed with the dawn of industrialization based only on the evidence of a couple decades of warming data. As the sun ages the temperature shows a long term decline with little relief except for short decadal seesaw warming. Below are series of 8 temperature graphs starting at 500 millions past and ending as the last 19 years. The series shows a declining temperature trend line that is not interrupted by long term global warming.Temperature decline over past 500 million yearsTemperature decline over the past 65 million years[Note when spread over a long horizon you see the temperature trend without the noise of natural variation seesawing hot or cold over a few decades.]Temperature decline over past 400,000 years.Temperature decline over past 7000 yearsTemperature decline over past 3000 yearsTemperature decline over past 2000 yearsUS temperature decline over past 100 years.Global temperature pause over past 19 yearsYes, there was a weather scare in the seventies as temperatures plunged and Arctic Ice expanded. The cooling concern is recorded in major media including the NY Times. Pretending it wasn’t colder or no one cared is just nonsense and suggests mendacity is in charge.The “driving forces” of climate change are natural and not Co2 plant food emissions. A new Chinese study confirms climate change comes from natural cycles. This research is based on the longest actual temperature data of more than 400 years from 1659 to 2013, warming.AbstractThe identification of causal effects is a fundamental problem in climate change research. Here, a new perspective on climate change causality is presented using the central England temperature (CET) dataset, the longest instrumental temperature record, and a combination of slow feature analysis and wavelet analysis. The driving forces of climate change were investigated and the results showed two independent degrees of freedom —a 3.36-year cycle and a 22.6-year cycle, which seem to be connected to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation cycle and the Hale sunspot cycle, respectively. [Emphasis added]. Moreover, these driving forces were modulated in amplitude by signals with millennial timescales.James Matkin 
This research is very relevant and should make climate alarmists pause in their crusade against Co2 emissions from fossil fuels. Far too much focus on Co2 like a one trick pony in a big tent circus where solar radiation is a more compelling show. The thrust of recent research has demonstrated that climate changes continually and is determined by natural forces that humans have no significant control over. Many leading scientists have presented research of other "driving forces" and cautioned against the arrogance of many that "the science is settled." See Judith Curry of the Georgia Institute of Technology and blogger at Climate Etc. talks with EconTalk host Russ Roberts about climate change. Curry argues that climate change is a "wicked problem" with a great deal of uncertainty surrounding the expected damage as well as the political and technical challenges of dealing with the phenomenon. She emphasizes the complexity of the climate and how much of the basic science remains incomplete. The conversation closes with a discussion of how concerned citizens can improve their understanding of climate change and climate change policy.
http://www.econtalk.org/arc...https://www.nature.com/articles/...JAMES MATKIN•2017-08-23 10:03 PMThe great failure of the Paris accord is the failure to accept that the IPCC Al Gore hypothesis of anthropogenic warming is not settled science. Indeed, none of the predictions of doom have occurred. New research confirms the view of leading climate scientists and scholars that trace amounts of Co2 emissions are not destabilizing the planet. Co2 is essential plant food and therefore green energy. The “driving force” of climate change is natural and not Co2 plant food emissions. A new Chinese study confirms climate change comes from natural cycles. This research is based on the longest actual temperature data of more than 400 years from 1659 to 2013, including the period of anthropogenic warming. The authors Geli Wang & Peicai Yang and Xiuji Zhou are scientists at the CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE and Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China 中国气象科学研究院 Their study confirms THE DRIVING FORCES OF GLOBAL WARMING AND CLIMATE CHANGE ARE NOT ANTHROPOGENIC (human activity). The driving forces are “the El Niño–Southern Oscillation cycle and the Hale sunspot cycle, respectively.” The title of the study published in the prestigious NATURE Journal is: Identification of the driving forces of climate change using the longest instrumental temperature record Identification of the driving forces of climate change using the longest instrumental temperature record This means that climate change cannot be stopped as Paris attendees believed. Co2 is very beneficial plant food and we need more not less. Why climate change is good for the world | The SpectatorIt is good news for civilization that the Paris targets are not being met around the world.https://www.nature.com/news/prov...Taking advantage of the Global Medieval Warming period (hotter than today’s feared warming) Genghis Khan established what would later become the largest contiguous empire in history. His calvary was his prime weapon and they depended on a moderate climate and they needed an abundance of grain all across the world to keep strong. They could stand cold weather but not if starving.Medieval warm periodYou are browsing the search results for "Medieval warm period"New Study: Medieval Warm Period Not Limited To North Atlantic, But Occurred In South America As WellBy P Gosselin on3. November 2018Global warming alarmist scientists like claiming that the well documented Medieval Warm Period (MWP) was merely a regional phenomenon, and not global. However a new publication by Lüning et al adds yet another study that shows the warm period from 1000 years ago was indeed global. ================================ Image source: here. Preindustrial climate change in South […]Posted in Paleo-climatology | 6 ResponsesNew Paleoclimate Findings Show Medieval Warm Period Across Africa And Arabia…Natural Climate DriversBy P Gosselin on10. February 2018Paleoclimate data still spotty and incomplete, leaving climate models vague, uncalibrated and filled with uncertainty Paleo-climatological data, used for the reconstruction of past climate from proxy records such as ice cores, tree rings, sediment cores etc., have not had adequate geographical coverage. Lake Tanganyika, Tanzania, where a sediment core was extracted. Credit: Andreas31, CC BY-SA 3.0. For […]Posted in Paleo-climatology | 13 ResponsesNew Study Confirms Medieval Warm Period Was Indeed Global, And As Warm As TodayBy P Gosselin on29. August 2017Here’s another blow to the global warming alarmist scientists, who have been claiming that the Medieval Warm Period was a local, North Atlantic phenomenon, and did not really exist globally. What follows is a report on yet another paper contradicting this now worn out claim. =================================== China: Warm phase of the 20th century was not […]Posted in Paleo-climatology | 26 ResponsesBody Of Proof: Large Number Of Studies Show Medieval Warm Period “Prominent In Southern Hemisphere”By P Gosselin on31. May 2016Remember how in the late 1990s/early 2000s the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) was made to disappear, and it was claimed that it was mainly a local, North Atlantic phenomenon. Unfortunately for those trumpeting this claim, a comprehensive worldwide survey of scientific literature is now showing that the MWP was in fact a global phenomenon, suggesting large-scale natural […]Posted in Cooling/Temperature, Paleo-climatology | 2 ResponsesNew Comprehensive Map By Scientists Confirms Medieval Warm Period Was Real And Global, Climate Models FaultyBy P Gosselin on23. December 2015One of the biggest obstacles global warming alarmists have had to deal with is the inconvenient existence of the Medieval Warm Period (MWP), as there are reams of literature showing that this period was as warm or even warmer than today. Photo right: Fritz Vahrenholt (Die kalte Sonne) Yet, a number of global warming activists and alarmist […]Posted in Paleo-climatology | 41 ResponsesAgain! 2nd Baltic Sea Report, Hans Von Storch, Show Medieval Warm Period 0.5°C Warmer Than Today!By P Gosselin on10. June 2015How many times must a hockey stick be broken, before alarmists stop wetting their beds? … The answer my friend, is blowing in the wind. ====================================== Second climate status report on the Baltic Sea Region: Medieval Warm Period was Half A Degree Warmer Than Today By Dr. Sebastian Lüning and Prof. Fritz Vahrenholt [Translated, edited by […]Posted in CO2 and GHG, Cooling/Temperature, Paleo-climatology | 31 ResponsesMore Glacier Studies Confirm Roman And Medieval Warm Periods Were Just As Warm As TodayBy P Gosselin on30. October 2014New studies confirm: Glaciers in the Alps already had “fevers” during the Roman and Medieval warm periods By Sebastian Lüning and Fritz Vahrenholt (Translated, edited, condensed by P Gosselin) Everywhere activists and climate alarmists are claiming climate change is happening faster than ever and that the earth is dangerously approaching a tipping point. For example […]Posted in Glaciers | 11 ResponsesGerman Public Television Stuns Its Readers, Concedes Medieval Warm Period May Have Been 0.5°C Warmer Than Today!By P Gosselin on28. December 2013In Germany climate science used to be considered completely settled. Global temperatures had been pretty much steady for a thousand years before skyrocketing upwards as soon as man really started industrializing about 150 years ago, Germans were told again and again. But today Germany’s major media are beginning to realize that this view is perhaps quite naïve […]Posted in Media / Bias, Paleo-climatology, Scepticism, Solar Sciences, Tectonics/Volcanoes | 18 ResponsesTibetan Temperature Reconstruction Shows Medieval Warm Period Was Warmer Than Today!By P Gosselin on13. April 2013A team of scientists led by HE YuXin of the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Hong Kong examined two lake cores extracted from the Tibetan Plateau in order to reconstruct the past temperature development. Source: East_Asia_topographic_map.png: Ksiom, the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 The two cores coming from two different lakes […]Posted in Paleo-climatology, Solar Sciences | 2 ResponsesMedieval Warm Period Was Not “Just A Local Phenomenon” – Study Also Finds It In South AmericaBy P Gosselin on13. October 2012Dr. Sebastian Lüning’s and Prof Fritz Vahrenholt’s website has an article today. Photo source Marturius / License:Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported ============================ No North Atlantic Phenomenon: Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age Found in the Andes (Translated from the German by P Gosselin) The Little Ice Age and the Medieval Warm Period […]Posted in Paleo-climatology | 2 ResponsesMedieval Warm Period And Little Ice Age Show Up In South America Too – Far Far Away From North AtlanticBy P Gosselin on6. June 2012Based on data from a few carefully selected tree rings, dogmatic warmist scientists like to insist that the Medieval Warm Period really did not exist globally and was only a local North Atlantic phenomenon. The climate, they tell us, was pretty much steady over the last couple thousand years – until man began to prosper […]Posted in Drought and Deserts, Paleo-climatology, Solar Sciences | 3 ResponsesNew Tree Ring Study Shows Little Ice Age And Medieval Warm Period Were Global

So… you’re more concerned about radiation exposure to fairly slow photographic film than radiation exposure to three astronauts in Apollo 11, along with the twenty-four other astronauts who traversed the full Van Allen belts?It helped considerably that NASA had James Van Allen working with them. Van Allen and his team at the University of Iowa had originally proposed these belts, and in 1958 they had an experiment onboard the USA’s very first satellite, Explorer 1, that confirmed the existence of the belts. Of course, if you’re a Moon Landing Denialist, you’ll probably have to discount the existance of Dr. Van Allen and the University of Iowa, but then you’re stuck with no radiation belts. Must be hard, wading through all that truth to find just the interrelated bits you have arbitratily decided to deny.Anyway, Explorers 1 and 3 measured the inner belt in 1958, and Pioneer 1, later that year, proved the existence of the outer belt. A number of NASA scientists worked out the best path through the Van Allen belts, one that would allow the ship to accelerate before encountering any of the belts, and basically miss the inner belt entirely. The whole time spent in the belts would be less than an hour. And of course, the Apollo command module was well shielded.The average exposure to a spaceship traversing the Van Allen belts was calculated at about 11.4 rads for the whole trip. But thanks to shielding, the actual exposure seen by astronauts traversing the Van Allen belts was measure at 0.38 rad = 3.8mSv, half the does of radiation that you’d get from a cat scan of your chest. The average background radiation on earth (a mix of radioisotope decay and cosmic ray interactions) would average 3.01 mSv over a year, or more, depending on where you live. It’s about 6.24 mSv for the USA, annually. Film doesn’t significantly fog from that background radiation sitting on a shelf for six months… or does it.Kodak recommends using high speed film (ISO 500 or greater) within six months to avoid any detectable fogging from earth’s background radiation. So it’s possible that under very close examination, the trip through the Van Allen belts might have caused a very minor bit of fogging of very high speed film, but it would be undetectable on slower films. So we ought to be pretty good out to the 6 month point. So bottom line — the Van Allen Belts didn’t fog Apollo’s films.Curiously, Kodak’s fastest ordinary stock film is TMax P3200, which not surprisingly is rated at ISO3200. They store bulk stocks of the stuff in a former salt mine to prevent long term fogging from background radiation. Once spooled, boxed, and released to the usual environment of Earth, Kodak rates the film for one year of useful life. This is twice as fast as anything that flew to the moon and back.Most films fog faster from heat than radiation, which is why refrigeration or freezing will preserve older film stocks — particualrly a consern in these days among film enthusiasts working with end-of-life film stocks. But the freezing does not shield film from radiation.NASA Space CamerasAlso consider the gear. The Apollo team used modified Hasselblad 500EL cameras, bodies made thicker, and painted white, mostly for thermal considerations. Heat was a far more destructive problem for film emulsion than radiation, in the opinion of the team behind the camera systems. On Earth, most of the storage-fogging of film is due to heat, not radiation, short of very high speed films. The 500EL had actually been developed for NASA, adding an electric motor drive to Hasselblad’s iconic 500 series.Since the Apollo program, NASA has more experience with film and space. The International Space Station goes through an intense part of the Van Allen Belts about once every hour. This intense area is known as the South Atlantic Anomaly. It is strong enough to crash laptop computers.The film was pre-loaded in similar thickened film magazines, and they brought them all in magazines, no bothering to load the magazines on the LEM, or to drop those rolls into pre-paid mailers.They have done considerable experiments with film, confirming the rather obvious premise that radioactivity affects on high ISO film were more than on low ISO film. Also they found transparency films were much less affected by radiation than negative film, to the point where it was difficult to see obvious radiation damage. Specifically, the Apollo 11 film magazines were loaded with the special-designed film NASA contracted Kodak to develop. Each magazine held film for 160 color or 200 monochrome photos.This was all tested out on the Apollo 8 mission — the one I saw lift off, in person, as a kid. They used three magazines that were loaded with 70 mm wide, perforated Kodak Panatomic-X fine-grained, 80 ASA (now called ISO) monochrome, two with Kodak Ektachrome SO-368 (many accounts report this as SO-68, but that may be a propagated typo), one with Kodak Ektachrome SO-121, and one with 1,600 ASA Kodak 2485 color transparency film. There were 1100 color, black and white, and filtered photographs returned from the Apollo 8 mission. The exact mix of films brought on Apollo 11 isn’t know, but they used the same films tested on Apollo 8. They knew what they were doing.Other Sources of ExposureIt wasn’t just the Van Allen Belts that concerned our astronauts, again, more concerned about their long-term health than the cameras. In space and on the moon, they are outside of the protecting magnetosphere of the Earth, and subject to exposure to cosmic rays. On the moon, that’s about 110-380 mSv per year on average, but there is also potential exposure to solar activity. Of course, the Apollo 11 mission was only 8 days, 3 hours, 13 minutes.Just as the crossing of the Van Allen Belts was meticulously monitored, so was the radiation exposure of the astronauts on the moon. This is exposure, not absorption, but we can extrapolate worst case from it, and we can expect that their cameras and film had similar exposure. The kind of exposure is primarily proton radiation directly from galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and particularly harmful neutron radiation scatted from nearby GCR impacts.For humans, that’s not particulaly good news, because both proton and neutron radiation, high energy transfer (HET) radition, is not what you want. However, film is more affected by low energy transfer (LET) radiation, like gamma, X-ray, electrons, etc. About 1% of the GCR makeup is electrons (beta particles). So in rough terms, we’re seeing 1.8mSv to 11.4mSv addtional exposure on the moon.Since Apollo 8 didn’t land on the moon, we have some idea of the exposure of space. The recorded exposure was less than an additional 1mSv for their time in space.The Mechanics of FogBut different sorts of radiation will have different effects. X-Rays and other LETs will directly expose film. Standard photographic film certainly isn’t as X-ray sensitive as X-ray films, which are specifically made to be sensitive to X-rays. But an X-ray photon will have a chance of striking silver halide particles in regular film. If the X-ray is intense enough, it can fog the film.When run through an X-Ray scanning belt at the airport, you’re getting very intense rays that may be projected in a pattern that shows up on the film. Patterned noise can’t be corrected. And of course, even the airport X-Ray machine is fairly weak, somewhere in the neighborhood of 0.1 uSv per scan. That’s about the same radiation you get from eating one banana. This is why the airports correctly state that fogging (if their gear is correctly calibrated) is unlikely for film under ISO 800. I always had mine hand-checked back in the day, anyway.Cosmic rays, on the other hand, as mentioned, are mostly HETs, rays of “atom pieces”, mostly neutrons, protons, and HZEs (heavy ions), with a few electrons. The HETs don’t directly interact with the silver halide particles in film. However, sometimes a cosmic ray collides with other matter and releases muons (also called heavy electrons), which have the potential to fog film. On earth, more of the reminants of cosmic rays are muons, but in space, it’s going to be much less, given the lack of all that atomosphere to collide with. But there’s still the ship, the camera body, etc.But it’s also important to know about film. The quantum efficiency of film is often under 5%… you need lots of photons hitting silver halide crystals to expose anything. Film is curiously very digital, too, though you don’t think in those terms. There are very, very fine silver halide crystals, as small as 0.2 microns in some emulsions. I’m not sure about muons, but you need at least four good photo hits to create the sliver of metallic silver that, upon development, will catalyze the entire crystal to black. There’s no in-between, either a silver halide turns entirely to sliver in the developer, or it’s bleached away. It’s that tiny pattern of irregular dots that forms your image.So Is There Fog, And Can We See It?So given just the Van Allen traversal, we might detect fog only on the fastest kind of film used, the ASA/ISO 1600 Transparency Film. But factoring in moon time and space time, there’s enough exposure that you would expect to find small amounts of fog on all of the Apollo films.The question then is, what does that look like? Fogging from light leaks in your old camera, fogging from repeated exposure to airport X-Ray machines, that’s more visible than you’d expect because it’s likely to be patterned fog. The extra background exposure didn’t just impact film as background noise, but all over.But for our mission, there’s not much pattened noise likely. The Apollo 11 capsule could block beta particles completely — or they do no good at all, as in the case of muons. On the moon, there’s only the film magazine providing coverage, and the camera was always moving, and the film is moving, so patterned noise is very unlikely. So you’d expect the fogging to be uniformly random across the film… much like noise in a digital sensor. It’s random and thus patternless. You’d find at statistical lowering of your signal to noise ratio, you’d maybe find more than expected grain in the very dark areas of a shot. That’s about it.Kodak: They Knew Fog!As an interesting side note: Kodak accidently discovered the Atomic testing being done in New Mexico back in 1945 (When Kodak Accidentally Discovered A-Bomb Testing). Kodak made very, very radiation sensitive X-Ray film which, as one might expect, was very sensitive to X-Rays. Kind of its job. They had run into a problem with packaging materials for these films being contaminated with very, very low levels of radium. So over the course of weeks, these nearly undetectable bits of radium would leave spots on the X-Ray film. They solved this problem by directly controlling their own milled materials, in which they could control every aspect of packaging.In 1945, one of their mills, on the Wabash River in Vincennes, Indiana, was delivering spotty X-Ray films. They investigated and found that the materials were contaminated. But not with radium, but with a new radioactive material never seen before. Then another mill, 450 miles away, was also exhibiting this problem. Ultimately, the culprit turned out to be Cerium-141, "one of the more prolific fission products of the atom bomb” with a half-life of 30 days. So they were able to figure out that it did not originate at their materials warehouses.The investigation ultimately lead to the US Atomic Tests, and a threat by Kodak to sue the government. They struck a deal in which the AEC would inform Kodak in advance of any future tests!The Nature of Space FogSo one basic issue with fog is that it’ll lower you overall dynamic range. You get a flat, low contrast image.But that’s actually a problem that’s always been an issue in photography. In the days of film, if your exposure was off even a little bit, you wound up with a flat, low contrast image. Some lenses, particularly long telephotos at narrower apertures, can deliver fairly flat images. So these things are routinely corrected. In the film era, you’d choose a higher contrast paper for adjusting the contrast of your photos.Now, when we’re looking at color films, the layering of the film, the chemical composition, etc. suggests that you don’t necessarily get the same level of fogging on each layer.The actual images from the Apollo program all have a bit of green shift — without correction, they print greener than expected. And they’re pretty flat as well — just what you’d expect based on a bit of general fogging. Again, that’s a flat background random effect, so you can see no pattern in the image. And of course, even in the 1960s, you could adjust color when printing… in fact, you had to, since most color films had a strong color bias to the film stock itself.Modern Scans of Apollo Photos, With and Without Color CorrectionsThanks to Del de la Haye for pointing me to these — they’re excellent. These also address the sometimes-asked question, “why where all the photos so good.” When I publish a set of 50 or 60 shots I’ve taken of an event, same thing — those are the curated shots out of 150, 500, 800, whatever. And they’re edited for quality from the raw image (aka the modern version of the negative). Same idea here, only with better gear.Apollo 11 Image LibraryProject Apollo ArchiveApollo 11 Magazine 40/S (v1 / levels-adj)Apollo 11 Magazine 40/S (v2)A Couple of Longer Term Tests on Film In SpaceNASA: The Effects of Space Radiation on Flight FilmNASA: The Effect of Radiation on Selected Photographic FilmRead MoreApollo Rocketed Through the Van Allen BeltsWhy Aren't The Van Allen Belts A Barrier To Spaceflight?South Atlantic AnomalyTravel Horror: What Happened Film X-Ray Scan 11 TimesXKCD Radiation Chart