Clear Copy Of Drivers Licence To Be Submitted With Claim: Fill & Download for Free

Section 179 in The Motor Vehicles Act, 1988179. Disobedience of orders, obstruction and refusal of information.(1) Whoever wilfully disobeys any direction lawfully given by any person or authority empowered under this Act to give such direction, or obstructs any person or authority in the discharge of any functions which such person or authority is required or empowered under this Act to discharge, shall, if no other penalty is provided for the offence be punishable with fine which may extend to five hundred rupees.(2) Whoever, being required by or under this Act to supply any information, wilfully withholds such information or gives information which he knows to be false or which he does not believe to be true, shall, if no other penalty is provided for the offence, be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one month, or with fine which may extend to five hundred rupees, or with both.______________Section 206 in The Motor Vehicles Act, 1988206. Power of police officer to impound document.(1) Any police officer or other person authorised in this behalf by the State Government may, if he has reason to believe that any identification mark carried on a motor vehicle or any licence, permit, certificate of registration, certificate of insurance or other document produced to him by the driver or person in charge of a motor vehicle is a false document within the meaning of section 464 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860) seize the mark or document and call upon the driver or owner of the vehicle to account for his possession of or the presence in the vehicle of such mark or document.(2) Any police officer or other person authorised in this behalf by the State Government may, if he has reason to believe that the driver of a motor vehicle who is charged with any offence under this Act may abscond or otherwise avoid the service of a summons, seize any licence held by such driver and forward it into the Court taking cognizance of the offence and the said Court shall on the first appearance of such driver before it, return the licence to him in exchange for the temporary acknowledgment given under sub-section (3).(3) A police officer or other person seizing a licence under sub-section (2) shall give to the person surrendering the licence a temporary acknowledgment therefor and such acknowledgment shall authorise the holder to drive until the licence has been returned to him or until such date as may be specified by the police officer or other person in the acknowledgment whichever is earlier: Provided that if any Magistrate, police officer or other person authorised by the State Government in this behalf is, on an application made to him, satisfied that the licence cannot be, or has not been, returned to the holder thereof before the date specified in the acknowledgment for any reason for which the holder is not responsible, the Magistrate, police officer or other person, as the case may be, may extend the period of authorization to drive to such date as may be specified in the acknowledgment.Section 207 in The Motor Vehicles Act, 1988207. Power to detain vehicles used without certificate of registration permit, etc.(1) Any police officer or other person authorised in this behalf by the State Government may, if he has reason to believe that a motor vehicle has been or is being used in contravention of the provisions of section 3 or section 4 or section 39 or without the permit required by sub-section (1) of section 66 or in contravention or any condition of such permit relating to the route on which or the area in which or the purpose for which the vehicle may be used, seize and detain the vehicle, in the prescribed manner and for this purpose take or cause to be taken any steps he may consider proper for the temporary safe custody of the vehicle: Provided that where any such officer or person has reason to believe that a motor vehicle has been or is being used in contravention of section 3 or section 4 or without the permit required by sub-section (1) of section 66 he may, instead of seizing the vehicle, seize the certificate of registration of the vehicle and shall issue an acknowledgment in respect thereof.(2) Where a motor vehicle has been seized and detained under sub-section (1), the owner or person incharge of the motor vehicle may apply to the transport authority or any officer authorised in this behalf by the State Government together with the relevant documents for the release of the vehicle and such authority or officer may, after verification of such documents, by order release the vehicle subject to such conditions as the authority or officer may deem fit to impose.State Amendment Rajasthan: In section 207, in the proviso to sub-section (1) the expression “or without the permit required by sub-section (1) of section 66” as occurring between the expression section 3 or section 4 and the expression he may, shall be deleted. [Rajasthan Act 2 of 1993, sec. 3 (w.e.f. 30-1-1993)].CommentsThe power of seizure is nothing else than a sovereign power which is delegated to the police in the discharge of their duties of law enforcement and in the enforcement of an orderly society. The power of seizure, the power of arrest, are sovereign powers which have to be exercised with extraordinary care and caution: K. Laxmi v. Sub-Inspector of Police (Traffic-West), AIR 1989 Kant 311._______________________________Vehicle impounded by policeYou have to move an application for release of your vehicle in court having proper jurisdiction with attaching a copy of all the documents, take help of an advocate.Further the traffic police must have issued a challan for that, mentioning all the offense with the name of the court and date of hearing of your matter.Please go to the court yourself or preferably with an advocate on that date and pay the fine awarded.Sections 451 and 457 of Code of Criminal Procedure, which read thus-"451. Order for custody and disposal of property pending trial in certain cases.-When any property is produced before any Criminal Court during any inquiry or trial, the Court may make such order as it thinks fit for the proper custody of such property pending the conclusion of the inquiry or trial, and. if the property is subject to speedy and natural decay, or if it is otherwise expedient so to do, the Court may, after recording such evidence as it thinks necessary, order it to be sold or otherwise disposed of.Explanation-For the purposes of this section, "property" includes (a) property of any kind or document which is produced before the Court or which is in its custody.(b) any property regarding which an offence appears to have been committed or which appears to have been used for the commission of any offence.457. Procedure by police upon seizure of property.-(1) Whenever the seizure of property by any police officer is reported to a Magistrate under the provisions of this Code, and such property is not produced before a Criminal Court during an inquiry or trial, the Magistrate may make such order as he thinks fit respecting the disposal of such property or the delivery of such property to the person entitled to the possession thereof, or if such person cannot be ascertained, respecting the custody and production of such property.(2) If the person so entitled is known, the Magistrate may order the property to be delivered to him on such conditions (if any) as the Magistrate thinks fit and if such person is unknown, the Magistrate may detain it and shall, in such case, issue a proclamation specifying the articles of which such property consists, and requiring any person who may have a claim thereto, to appear before him and establish his claim within six months from the date of such proclamation."Section 451 clearly empowers the Court to pass appropriate orders with regard to such property, such as-(1) for the proper custody pending conclusion of the inquiry or trial;(2) to order it to be sold or otherwise disposed of, after recording such evidence as it think necessary;(3) if the property is subject to speedy and natural decay, to dispose of the same._______________________Don't junk seized vehicles: Supreme Court tells policeTo prevent national waste, the Supreme Court on Monday, 21 April 2010 in the case General Insurance Council and Ors Vs State of A P and Ors on 19 April 2010 in the Supreme Court, permitted insurance companies/ owners concerned to take possession of seized vehicles, used in commission of offences, after getting the release order from the competent court.A Bench of Justices P. Sathasivam and Deepak Verma was disposing of a writ petition filed by the General Insurance Council and the four general insurance companies for implementation of earlier judgments so that the seized vehicles would not become junk and their road worthiness would be maintained.As per the 2005 National Crime Records Bureau report, out of 84,675 vehicles reported lost, 24,918 were recovered by the police and only 4,676 were found roadworthy. As a result, assets worth several hundred crores were lost, the petitioners said. By the time the vehicles were released, they were reduced to junk at police stations.Writing the judgment, Justice Verma said the information on all insured vehicles available with the Insurance Information Bureau (IIB), created by the Insurance Regulatory Development Agency, could be utilised to assist the police in identifying the insurer. Upon recovery of the vehicle in a police station, the insurer/complainant can call an all-India toll-free number, to be provided by the IIB, to give information on the recovered vehicle. Upon identification, this information can be communicated to the insurer and the police station concerned for necessary coordination.The Bench said the insurer could take possession of the vehicle after getting the release order from the jurisdictional court and take a photograph of the vehicle. The insurer would submit an undertaking/guarantee to remit the proceeds from the sale/auction of the vehicle in the event of the magistrate finally adjudicating that the rightful ownership did not vest with the insurer.It was common knowledge that as and when vehicles were seized and kept in police stations, they not only occupied substantial space but were also prone to decaying fast as they were exposed to weather conditions. Even a good maintained vehicle loses its roadworthiness if it is kept stationary in the police station for more than 15 days. Apart from the above, it is a matter of common knowledge that several valuable and costly parts of the vehicles are either stolen or cannibalised so that the vehicles become unworthy of being driven on road.To avoid all this, the Bench directed that all State governments/Union Territories to ensure macro implementation of the statutory provisions. The Director-Generals of Police were directed to ensure that the activities of every police station, especially in disposal of the seized vehicles, were taken care of by the Inspector-General/Commissioner of Police/Superintendent of Police concerned. Any police officer not complying with the directions should be dealt with an iron hand, the court said.

Military families have a long checklist of things to do when going through a PCS move. One of those tasks is vehicle registration.Rules and fees for vehicle registration vary by state. Some states don’t require vehicle registration if you’re on military orders, in some states military members are exempt from registration fees, and some states offer special consideration to veterans, such as discounts on registration or license plates.A quick note before you register your vehicle in your new state. Most states require insurance and many will require proof of insurance before you even register your vehicle. If you've moved, your insurance rates will change and your carrier may not offer coverage in your new state.What is the Law for Military Vehicles?The law and regulations that apply to your military vehicle may not be all that clear to the state Department of Motor Vehicles employees. Your situation may be unique in their experience. Don't get into an arguement, but if they are trying to put some unreasonable requirement on you ask them to show you the applicable statute or regulation. Don't accept just a statute number, actually look at the text. It may not say what they think it says. Have with you a copy of the relevant law; you can get these from your state Internet web site or at your library or bookstore. For example, in California you can buy the Motor Vehicle Code in an inexpensive paperback book. Be polite but firm; ask them to explain to you how the law applies to your vehicle. Don't accept some half-ass explanation. Keep saying, "I don't see how that applies to this vehicle". Ask to talk to the Supervisor, Office Manager and up the line. Expect to wait them out.AlabamaMilitary members stationed in Alabama but who aren't residents of Alabama don't have to register their vehicles with the Alabama Motor Vehicles Division as long as they have a current registration in their home state and valid insurance. Military members who are Alabama residents have the same registration process as civilians.AlaskaAs a non-resident you are not required to transfer your title or registration to Alaska. You may retain the registration in the state you are a resident of, according to the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act (SCRA).If you are an Alaskan resident military member stationed outside Alaska, you can renew your vehicle registration in Alaska by mail. Your LES must show Alaska as your home of record.ArizonaActive-duty military personnel stationed in Arizona who are not Arizona residents are exempt from paying the vehicle license tax portion of the annual vehicle registration.When the nonresident service member is assigned overseas and the spouse or dependent must remain in Arizona, the exemption still applies if the nonresident service person was on military assignment in Arizona at the time the overseas orders were issued.Arizona residents who are stationed out-of-state can renew their license online or by mail.Residents can get a one year Special Military Exemption from the payment of vehicle license tax and registration fees. It is available one time per deployment and may be applied for during the time period between the date of deployment until one year after the deployment ends or the member is released from duty. This exemption applies to no more than two vehicles, and each vehicle requires a separate form.ArkansasIf Arkansas is not your home of record you are exempt from assessment and personal property taxes. You must provide a copy of your leave and earnings statement for verification of your home of record and, therefore, cannot renew by phone or internet.For military personnel whose home of record is Arkansas, the requirements are the same as for an Arkansas resident, regardless of where you are stationed.CaliforniaIf you are a nonresident member of the military stationed in California, you can drive a vehicle as long as your out-of-state license remains valid and you're insured.As a California resident, you're eligible for a waiver of the late fee if you're deployed and your registration expires. (Training doesn't count.)ColoradoIf you are stationed in Colorado but a resident of another state, you can register your vehicle without paying ownership tax by completing this Nonresidence and Military Service Exemption From Specific Ownership Tax Affidavit (Form DR 2667) and taking it to your county title and registration office.If you are a Colorado resident stationed out-of-state you may apply for an extension for up to three years by mail. If you have a CDL your license is automatically extended for up to 3 years per Colorado Revised Statute 42-2-118(2) as long as a military ID or military orders are presented with the license.DelawareTo renew a vehicle registration when stationed outside of Delaware, you need to contact the state’s Registration Correspondence Section for an Out-of-State Inspection Packet to be mailed to you provided you are outside a 250 mile radius of a DMV location in Delaware. The packet consists of a safety inspection checklist and an emission test requirements.You can renew your license through the mail if stationed out-of-state.FloridaMilitary members who are both Florida residents and non-residents and are stationed in Florida on military orders are exempt from the $225 initial registration fee on a motor vehicle.HawaiiYou can either keep your home state’s registration or switch to Hawaii’s registration. If you choose to stay with your home state, you will be exempt from the annual weight tax and any excise taxes in Hawaii, but you’ll need to have a vehicle safety inspection.IdahoThere are no provisions in Idaho statute allowing the extension of vehicle registrations for military personnel, so check the expiration date of your vehicles before you deploy or move out of state. You can renew Idaho vehicle registrations from overseas or out of state online.IllinoisMilitary members on active duty outside Illinois, as well as their spouses and children, may drive with an expired license for up to 120 days after their return to the state. A Military Deferral Certificate(s) must be carried with your expired Illinois driver's license. Certificates are available at no charge and may be mailed to your out-of-state address.Vehicle registrations can be renewed online.IndianaIndiana law provides that the driver’s license of any Indiana resident in the military or their dependents remains valid for ninety days after discharge or post-deployment regardless of the expiration date of the license. You may renew your driver's license online if your name and residential address have remained the same since the last time you received a license and your last renewal was in a BMV license branch and you do not have a J restriction or any 2-9 restrictions.If you are a member of the military from another state who is stationed in Indiana, you may renew your vehicle registrations in Indiana.IowaIowa residents in the military must pay the same registration fees that apply to other residents when registering a vehicle in this state. A nonresident member of the military is not required to register a vehicle in Iowa, providing the vehicle is properly registered in the state of residency. A nonresident can register a vehicle in Iowa, if desired, in the same manner as any nonresident..KansasService members stationed outside of Kansas can renew vehicle registration online.KentuckyYou can renew your vehicle registration through the mail with your resident County Clerk's office or online.LouisianaService members registering vehicles in Louisiana, follow the same registration process as permanent residents.MaineYou can renew your registration and license online. You may be eligible for a waiver of the state excise tax if you are a non-resident stationed in Maine.MarylandIf you’re a service member not establishing residency because you are only temporarily stationed in Maryland, you do not need to register your vehicle if it is currently registered in your state of residence If you are establishing residency in Maryland you must title and register your vehicle within one year of moving to Maryland.Maryland residents who buy a used vehicle while stationed outside of Maryland can complete a form to temporarily register their vehicle in Maryland without the safety Inspection. The vehicle must be immediately inspected upon return to Maryland. The military personnel inspection waiver is valid for two years and may be renewed if necessary (if still stationed out-of-state).MassachusettsIf your vehicle was purchased, titled, and registered in your home state, you may retain your home state registration indefinitely, regardless of where you are stationed in the country. The only requirement is that you carry insurance at least equal to Massachusetts minimum levels.MichiganTo apply for a vehicle title and registration in Michigan, an Application for Certificate of Title and Registration must be completed and submitted to the state with payment via mail.MinnesotaIf you’re a non-resident student or member of the military located in Minnesota but claim residency in another state, you do not have to register your car as long as your registration remains current with your home state.Minnesota residents who are active duty military members stationed out-of-state or overseas are exempt from registration tax during your duration of military service, and for 1 year after you complete your military obligation. You must be the vehicle’s owner or co-owner, and your car must remain registered in Minnesota during your active service.MississippiMilitary personnel who are stationed in Mississippi, but claim another state as their home, are not required to obtain a Mississippi registration or tag. Military personnel who are residents of Mississippi are required to register their vehicle in Mississippi.MissouriFor military personnel stationed out of state, you must submit certain documents to register your vehicle, including the Certificate of Title, signed Application for Missouri Title and License (Form 108), your LES and more.MontanaA Montana resident who entered active military duty from Montana, including a National Guard or Reserve member, and who is stationed outside Montana, may register a motor vehicle that he or she owns and operates without paying certain light vehicle registration fees.NebraskaMilitary personnel stationed at a military base or any one of the various recruiting services in Nebraska and who have not established legal residence in Nebraska, may continue to operate their vehicles with current out-of-state license plates or may obtain current Nebraska license plates.NevadaOut-of-state residents on active duty are not required to register their vehicles in Nevada. Spouses are also exempt if the spouse lives in Nevada solely to be with the service member. Service members and spouses who choose to obtain a Nevada registration are eligible for an exemption from the Nevada Governmental Services Taxes on vehicles.The DMV will waive registration late fees for active duty military members assigned to combat or combat support positions.New HampshireRegardless of where you’re stationed, residents of New Hampshire need to register vehicles every year.New JerseyIf you are on active military duty and have been deployed, including New Jersey National Guard and Reserve, you and your immediate family are entitled to automatic extensions for your driver license, registration and inspection requirements. If you enter or are an active member of the U.S. Armed Forces and have a valid New Jersey registration, you can get a refund for the remainder of the registration period.New MexicoNonresident service members stationed in New Mexico can drive vehicles with the plates of your home state or switch registration to New Mexico.New YorkIf you are not able to visit the DMV to register a vehicle, another person can come for you with certain forms. The state of New York also offers a sales tax exemption for vehicles purchased out-of-state by service members.If your New York registration expires while on active duty, registrations can be extended for up to 60 days from return to New York State. Liability insurance coverage must be maintained at all times, including the period of extension.North CarolinaWhen registering your vehicle in the state of North Carolina, you must have certain documents and completed forms.North DakotaIf you’re in the military assigned to North Dakota, you must complete certain forms and out-of-state title must be submitted with completed application.OhioOhio military residents who are currently in state should follow the normal in-state vehicle registration. Non-resident military service members stationed in Ohio are not required to register their vehicles in the state.OklahomaActive duty military personnel who are either residents of, or stationed in, Oklahoma are entitled to a discounted annual registration fee.OregonIf you’re a resident of Oregon, register your vehicle in the state of Oregon. If you are in the military, you may provide a copy of your Leave and Earnings Statement (LES) showing Oregon as your home of record. You must still provide your actual residence address, even if it is in another state..PennsylvaniaA service member can maintain Pennsylvania vehicle registration or can title and register the vehicle in the jurisdiction in which he/she is stationed. If your vehicle is registered in Pennsylvania, you must renew the registration annually.Rhode IslandIf you are in the military in Rhode Island, you are required to renew your registration before it expires, even if you are out-of-state at the time.South CarolinaIf you’re a service member stationed in South Carolina, register your vehicle or renew your registration as normal.South DakotaService member stationed out of state can renew vehicle registration online or by mail.TennesseeYou can title, register, and transfer and renew registrations of their vehicles in the county where they are based. All transactions are done through the local county clerk. If Tennessee is listed as your home of record but you have no physical presence in the state, you can submit your application to any county clerk office.TexasIf you are in the military on active duty outside of the state, your Texas driver's license will remain valid unless your license has been suspended, canceled, or revoked. Once you are honorably discharged you will be given an extension of 90 days from the date of your discharge or your return to the state. Your driver's license will be expired after the extension.If you wish to avoid having to renew your driver's license when you return, you may renew by mail.UtahActive-duty military personnel whose legal residence is in another state are permitted to register their motor vehicles in their state of legal residence. Non-resident military personnel who purchase a vehicle in Utah must pay the sales/use tax on the vehicle if they plan to operate the vehicle in Utah; sales tax is due even if they choose to register the vehicle in their home state.Utah residents who are members of the U.S. Armed Services and are stationed out of state may obtain property tax exemption, emissions inspection exemption and safety inspection exemption.VirginiaWhile stationed in Virginia, if you purchase a vehicle, you can register that vehicle in your home state or in Virginia. Vehicles titled and registered in your name may be driven with valid out-of-state license plates.Members of the military may request an extension of their Virginia driver’s license. Note: Commercial driver’s licenses are not eligible for extensions.WashingtonNonresident military personnel on duty in Washington may keep their current state registration or get Washington plates.Washington residents stationed out-of-state can renew their registration online.Washington DCDistrict law requires that all vehicles housed and operated in the District of Columbia must be registered in the District unless the owner displays a reciprocity sticker issued by DC DMV.West VirginiaTo renew your registration while you're stationed out of state, you can renew online with all required information on your insurance, personal property taxes, and a valid credit card for payment.WisconsinVehicle registration renewals may be completed by the military member, a relative or a friend. Options for renewing include on-line, mail and in-person.Upon entering the military, a member may request a refund of the unused portion of a registration fee. A military member on active duty may receive credit for periods of non-operation of less than twelve months.

Linux, for all intents and purposes, is an open-source computer operating system that is available to all computer users. The truth of what Linux really is, is a little more complicated than that. Linux itself is not an operating system, but rather what is called a Kernel for an operating system. You may or may not know or have even heard the word kernel or what it means and so I will define it for you. A kernel for an operating system is the essential center of a computer operating system, the core that provides basic services for all other parts of the operating system. To put it simply, the kernel is the core of the operating system and it defines the most basic of computing functions for a computer or computer system. It is the first layer of software that takes information directly from computer hardware, such as the CPU, GPU, and RAM sticks. The scope of the kernel cannot be understated. The kernel is the layer of software that takes information from ALL of the computer hardware, not just the main components.So Linux is a layer of software that sits on top of and takes information directly from computer hardware. The only layer of software that starts up before the kernel is the bootloader, which is a very small layer of software that chooses which operating system to load, which will then load the operating system’s kernel. Your operating system is a lightbulb, and your bootloader is the lightswitch.The most important thing to take from this is that Linux itself is not an entire operating system; though most people, including myself, will refer to the operating system as Linux, but is rather the core component for an operating system.The history of Linux begins back in 1991 as a personal project from Finnish student Linus Torvalds to create a readily available, free, and open-source operating system kernel. Since the initial release of its source code in 1991, it has grown from a small number of C (C is a programming language) files under a license prohibiting commercial distribution to the 4.2.3 version in 2015 with more than 18 million lines of source code under the GNU General Public License v2. Quite impressive indeed considering Linux is entirely built by its own users. When Linus first posted his kernel on the internet, it took fellow internet nerds by storm for the opportunity to work on something that was groundbreaking to them. Linus opened his source code to criticisms and suggestions from the internet community and since then, it’s been built into the computer software it is today, entirely by criticisms and suggestions from the community. Let's take a look at the events that led Linus to develop his own kernel.After AT&T had dropped out of the Multics project, the Unix operating system was conceived and implemented by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie (both of AT&T Bell Laboratories) in 1969 and first released in 1970. Later they rewrote it in a new programming language, C, to make it portable. The availability and portability of Unix caused it to be widely adopted, copied and modified by academic institutions and businesses.Back in 1977, the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) was developed by the Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) from UC Berkeley. This Software distribution was based on the 6th edition of Unix from AT&T. Since BSD contained UNIX code that AT&T owned, you can guess how well that worked out for the CSRG. AT&T filed a lawsuit (USL v. BSDi) in the early 1990's against the University of California. There was no clear winner in this lawsuit. While BSD was free to continue development, the lawsuit settlement limited development and adoption of BSD. Neither party REALLY won.Shortly after the invention of BSD, a man named Richard Stallman started the GNU Project* with the goal of creating a free, UNIX-like** operating system in 1983. Throughout the GNU Project, Stallman wrote the GNU General Public License (GPL). The GNU Project took Stallman and his team into the early 1990's. At that time, there were a plethora of computing tools, such as C Compilers and the like, that were created under the GNU GPL and it looked like GNU was about to become the first free, UNIX-like operating system. There was just one issue; the GNU Kernel, at the time called Hurd, failed to attract enough attention and effort for development, which halted the GNU Operating System.All the while, in 1987, Dr. Andrew S. Tannenbaum (Ph.D. In astrophysics from the University of California, Berkeley) wrote a clone of UNIX and called it MINIX (MINi-unIX) for the IBM PC. It was targeted at students and others who wanted to learn how an operating system worked. Consequently, he wrote a book that listed the source code in an appendix and described it in detail in the text. The source code itself was available on a set of floppy disks. Within three months, a Usenet newsgroup, comp.os.minix, had sprung up with over 40,000 subscribers discussing and improving the system. One of these subscribers was a Finnish computer science student named Linus Torvalds who began adding new features to MINIX and tailoring it to his own needs. While some modification was allowed, MINIX was released under MIT licensing, which did restrict modification of the source code and redistribution. In addition, MINIX's 16-bit design was not well adapted to the 32-bit features of the increasingly cheap and popular Intel 386 architecture for personal computers.*Please note, GNU is a recursive acronym that stands for “GNU's Not UNIX***Also note, UNIX-like is exactly what it sounds like. It was built like a UNIX operating system, however, because it did not actually contain any UNIX code, it was not UNIX.**These factors led Linus to develop his own free, completely open-source kernel as a pet project. Linus has stated multiple times that if either the GNU Hurd or the 386BSD kernels had been available at the time, he probably wouldn't have written his own.In early 1991 (April), Linus began working on his pet project, the Linux Kernel. At the time, he'd written the kernel specifically for the hardware he was using in his personal computer because he wanted to use the functions of his new PC with an 80386 processor. Development of the Linux Kernel was done on MINIX and was compiled using the GNU C Compiler. Even today, the GNU C Compiler is still the main choice for compiling Linux and Linux packages written in C., though, it is not the only compiler available. For example, you could also use the Intel C Compiler to compile Linux if you wanted to. On August 25th 1991, he announced the development of his new system in a Usenet posting to the newsgroup “comp.os.minix”.Hello everybody out there using minix -I'm doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won't be big and professional like gnu) for 386(486) AT clones. This has been brewing since april, and is starting to get ready. I'd like any feedback on things people like/dislike in minix, as my OS resembles it somewhat (same physical layout of the file-system (due to practical reasons) among other things).I've currently ported bash(1.08) and gcc(1.40), and things seem to work. This implies that I'll get something practical within a few months, and I'd like to know what features most people would want. Any suggestions are welcome, but I won't promise I'll implement them :-)Linus ([email protected])PS. Yes - it's free of any minix code, and it has a multi-threaded fs. It is NOT portable (uses 386 task switching etc), and it probably never will support anything other than AT-harddisks, as that's all I have :-(.— Linus TorvaldsThen the final day of reckoning had come. On October 5th 1991, Linus Torvalds released his brand new Linux Kernel under its own license, which unfortunately, had a restriction on commercial activity. The software for the tools to use the kernel was software developed under the GNU Project licensed under the GNU General Public License, which was a free software license. The first release of the Linux Kernel, Linux 0.01, included a binary of GNU's BASH shell.In the "Notes for linux release 0.01", Torvalds lists the GNU software that is required to run Linux.Sadly, a kernel by itself gets you nowhere. To get a working system you need a shell, compilers, a library etc. These are separate parts and may be under a stricter (or even looser) copyright. Most of the tools used with linux are GNU software and are under the GNU copyleft. These tools aren't in the distribution - ask me (or GNU) for more info.In 1992, he suggested releasing the kernel under the GNU General Public License. He first announced this decision in the release notes of version 0.12. In the middle of December 1992 he published version 0.99 using the GNU GPL. Linux and GNU developers worked to integrate GNU components with Linux to make a fully functional and free operating system. Torvalds has stated, "making Linux GPL'd was definitely the best thing I ever did."Now, if you recall from earlier, the designation "Linux" was initially used by Torvalds only for the Linux kernel. The kernel was, however, frequently used together with other software, especially that of the GNU project. This quickly became the most popular adoption of GNU software. In June 1994 in GNU's bulletin, Linux was referred to as a "free UNIX clone", and the Debian project began calling its product Debian GNU/Linux. In May 1996, Richard Stallman published the text editor Emacs19.31, in which the type of system was renamed from Linux to Lignux. This spelling was intended to refer specifically to the combination of GNU and Linux, but this was soon abandoned in favor of "GNU/Linux". This name garnered varying reactions. The GNU and Debian projects use the name, although most people simply use the term "Linux" to refer to the combination.*As a side note and fun fact, in 1996 Linus announced there would be a Linux mascot. A penguin. The mascot's name is Tux.*The rest is, as they say, history. There were some controversies over licensing agreements with SCO v. IBM, but it's really not all that important anymore. All you need to know about that lawsuit is this, IBM was transferring UNIX code to Linux code. SCO owned UNIX code. SCO sued IBM. Red Hat (a Linux distribution centered around enterprise workstations) countersued SCO in defense. At the same time as their lawsuit, SCO began selling Linux licenses to users who did not want to risk a possible complaint on the part of SCO. Unfortunately for SCO, Novell also had claims to the copyrights to UNIX, so Novell sued SCO. Long story, short; SCO filed for bankruptcy shortly afterward.There was also a mess of people from different countries who wanted to trademark “Linux”. Not too important, just know that Linus bought the rights to the trademark and sold those rights to Linux International. All is well.There was, of course, some serious competition from Microsoft as well. Microsoft felt very threatened (reasonably so) by free software and tried to come up with strategies to counter those perceived threats. In the beginning of 2004, Microsoft published results from case studies called, “Get the Facts” on its own web page. The case study claimed that enterprise use of Linux on servers compared unfavorably to the use of Windows in terms of reliability, security, and total cost of ownership. This was somewhat of a #shotsfired moment from Microsoft as Linux had never compared themselves or even really advertised as being better than Microsoft. And Microsoft hadn't just published that case on their webpage, Microsoft had also trained employees who represent Microsoft in electronics stores (such as Best Buy) to convince the store, support, and employees not to support or help with questions regarding Linux. In fact, the employees were instructed to basically trash talk Linux to try and prevent customers from using it. In response, commercial Linux distributors produced their own studies to counter Microsoft's claims. Novell also produced studies showing that the claims were unfounded.In the autumn of 2006, Novell and Microsoft announced an agreement to co-operate on software inter-operability and patent protection. This included an agreement that customers of either Novell or Microsoft may not be sued by the other company for patent infringement. This patent protection was also expanded to non-commercial free software developers. The last part was criticized because it only included non-commercial free software developers.In July 2009, Microsoft submitted 22,000 lines of source code to the Linux kernel under the GPL V2 license, which were subsequently accepted. Although this has been referred to as "a historic move" and as a possible bellwether of an improvement in Microsoft's corporate attitudes toward Linux and open-source software, the decision was not altogether altruistic, as it promised to lead to significant competitive advantages for Microsoft and avoided legal action against Microsoft. Microsoft was actually compelled to make the code contribution when Vyatta principal engineer and Linux contributor Steven Hemminger discovered that Microsoft had incorporated a Hyper-V network driver, with GPL-licensed open source components, statically linked to closed-source binaries in contravention of the GPL licence. Microsoft contributed the drivers to rectify the license violation, although the company attempted to portray it as a charitable act, rather than one to avoid legal action against it. In the past Microsoft had termed Linux a "cancer" and "communist".By 2011, Microsoft had become the 17th largest contributor to the Linux kernel. As of February 2015, Microsoft was no longer among the top 30 contributing sponsor companies.So concludes the history of Linux and the impact it's had throughout the years.