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Abstract It is fascinating to think that the ideas of two 19th century naval architects could offer useful insights for 21st century scientists contemplating the exploration of our planetary system or monitoring the long-term effects of a neurosurgical procedure on gait. The Froude number, defined as Fr = v2/gL, where v is velocity, g is gravitational acceleration and L is a characteristic linear dimension (such as leg length), has found widespread application in the biomechanics of bipedal locomotion. This review of two parameters, Fr and dimensionless velocity β = (Fr)1/2, that have served as the criterion for dynamic similarity, has been arranged in two parts: (I) historical development, including the contributions by William Froude and his son Edmund, two ship designers who lived more than 130 years ago, the classic insights of D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson who, in his magnum opus On Growth and Form, espoused the connection between mathematics and biology, and the pioneering efforts of Robert McNeill Alexander, who popularised the application of Fr to animal locomotion; and (II) selected applications, including a comparison of walking for people of different heights, exploring the effects of different gravitational fields on human locomotion, establishing the impact of pathology and the benefits of treatment, and understanding the walking patterns of bipedal robots. Although not all applications of Fr to locomotion have been covered, the review offers an important historical context for all researchers of bipedal gait, and extends the idea of dimensionless scaling of gait parameters.1. Introduction Bipedalism is the fundamental evolutionary adaptation that sets hominids—and therefore humans—apart from other primates [1]. A toddling infant, taking its first few halting steps on the living room carpet, uses essentially the same walking pattern as a 2 m tall adult striding down the road [2]. However, it is not only humans who utilise bipedalism as their primary mode of terrestrial locomotion; prehistoric dinosaurs, some of which had a height of over 5 m, used a running gait [3], while the hopping crow stands less than 0.3 m tall [4]. This leads to the obvious question: how do we compare the gait patterns of all these different animals? The
This paper was presented in part as a keynote lecture at the 7th annual conference of the Gait and Clinical Movement Analysis Society in Chattanooga, Tennessee on 18 April 2002. ∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +27-21-406-6235; fax: +27-21-448-7226. E-mail address: [email protected] (C.L. Vaughan). answer lies in the field of physical similarity and dimensional analysis [5]. It was the naval architect William Froude who, 130 years ago, introduced a non-dimensional parameter that served as the criterion for dynamic similarity when comparing boats of different hull lengths [6]. This parameter, now known as the Froude number or Fr, is equal to v2/gL where v is velocity, g is gravitational acceleration, and L is a characteristic length (in nautical engineering, the hull length). This review of the contribution of naval architecture—the Froude number—to our understanding of bipedal locomotion has been compiled in two parts, numbered I and II, and seven sections, numbered 2.1–3.4. 2. Part I: historical development 2.1. William and Edmund Froude William Froude was born in Devon, England in 1810 and studied classics and mathematics at Oxford University (cf.Fig. 1. (a) William Froude (1810–1879) and (b) his third son Robert Edmund Froude (1846–1924). Reproduced with the permission of Russell [7]. Fig. 1a). Following graduation he worked in the field of civil engineering, assisting Isambard Kingdom Brunel with the building of the Bristol and Exeter Railway in 1838. By 1846, he had retired from full time employment to run the family estates but it was also an opportunity to turn his attention to the sea and ships that had always exercised a special fascination for him [7]. His work was influenced by a particularly expensive mistake [8]. Froude had been consulted by his old boss Brunel and the mistake involved the design of a huge iron-clad ocean liner, the Great Eastern, which was the largest ship in the world at that time. Even though the designers had included paddle wheels and a screw propeller, as well as auxiliary sails (Fig. 2a), the sheer size of the ship meant that it had insufficient power. Its speed was so slow that there was no way the ship could earn enough to pay for the cost of its fuel [8], a significant shortcoming, since the Great Eastern laid the undersea telegraph cable between Co. Kerry, Ireland and Newfoundland, Canada in 1869, linking the continents of Europe and North America for the first time. Although Froude was involved with the engineering of the Great Eastern in only a minor capacity, he clearly appreciated how poorly naval architects in the mid-19th century understood wave resistance and the effects of size. Froude’s own approach to science, and indeed religion, is summed up in a phrase that he often quoted: “Our sacred duty [is] to doubt each and every proposition put to us including our own” [9]. He turned his attention to experimentation in the River Dart on two scale models, called Raven and Swan, in which he demonstrated that there was no ideal form and that performance varied with speed. With this evidence he persuaded the government to fund the building in the early 1870s of a towing tank, almost 100 m long, across the road from his house. With the assistance of his third son Robert Edmund (Fig. 1b), born in 1846, he was able to tow his models at a known speed through still water using a steam-powered winch that pulled the carriage along a track suspended over the tank (Fig. 2b). The drag force acting on the models was monitored by a custom-designed dynamometer [10]. What Froude observed was that large and small models of geometrically similar hulls produced different wave patterns when towed at the same speed (Fig. 2c). However, if the larger hull was pulled at greater speeds, there was a speed at which the wave patterns were nearly identical. This occurred when the ratio of the velocity squared to the hull length was the same for both large and small hulls. He had thus demonstrated that geometrically similar hulls would also be dynamically similar, in terms of wave resistance, when this ratio—now known as the Froude number—was constant. In his own words [6]: That “Law of Comparison” is that if the speeds of the ships are proportional to the square roots of their dimensions, their resistances at those speeds will be as the cubes of their dimensions. From 1873 until his death in 1879 in Simonstown, a naval base near Cape Town, South Africa (Fig. 3), William Froude published many papers in journals such as Nature [11] and in other scholarly publications [6,10,12]. After the passing of his father, Edmund continued the family tradition of research on hydrodynamics, publishing his own findings on wave-making resistance of ships, and introducing the analogy of a simple pendulum [13]. He was also well known for having recommended the suitable dimensions of screw propellers [14]. By the time of Edmund’s own death in 1924, the father and son had left an indelible legacy—between them they published 34 papers in the Transactions of the Institution of Naval Architects—with every ship in the world today owing its performance to their insights and steadfast endeavour.Fig. 2. (a) The Great Eastern was a ship which convinced William Froude that naval architects of the mid-19th century did not understand wave resistance and the effects of size. Reproduced with the permission of the Maritime Museum, Valentia Island, Co. Kerry, Ireland. (b) The towing tank built by William Froude in the early 1870s where he conducted hydrodynamic experiments on scale models. Reproduced with the permission of Russell [7]. (c) William Froude conducted experiments on the resistance of model boats of different lengths, allowing him to study diverging bow waves [12]. Reproduced with permission of the Royal Institution of Naval Architects.Fig. 3. William Froude’s gravestone in Simonstown, a naval base near Cape Town, with the first author (CLV) standing nearby. 2.2. D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson While the Froudes had concentrated on the movement of ships, it was the polymath D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson who first recognised the connection between the Froude number and animal locomotion, although his derivation of Froude’s Law was based on skin friction and did not acknowledge the interaction between gravity and inertia. Born in Edinburgh, Scotland in 1860, he won prizes for the Classics, Greek, mathematics and modern languages in his final year of high school [15]. After beginning his medical studies at Edinburgh University, he switched to science at Cambridge University, earning a BA in zoology in 1883. The following year Thompson was appointed Professor at Dundee (later incorporated within the University of St. Andrews) and occupied this chair until his death in 1948, a remarkable record of 64 years (Fig. 4). Thompson possessed a unique set of skills: he was a Greek scholar, a biologist and a mathematician. Although he was a prolific writer, publishing almost 300 scientific articles and books [16], he is best known for his famous book On Growth and Form, first published in 1917 [17]. His primary thesis was that all living creatures could only be properly understood in terms of pure mathematics. These arguments were advanced in beautiful prose that was a pleasure to read with poetry in the sentences [18]. Thompson’s understanding of the relationship between scale, Froude and bipedal locomotion are best revealed in Fig. 4. D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson (1860–1948), author of On Growth and Form [17]. Reproduced with the permission of O’Connor and Robertson [15]. three quotations that have been extracted from his magnum opus On Growth and Form [17]. On page 17, he introduces the concept of dynamic similarity: For scale has a very marked effect upon physical phenomena, and the effect of scale constitutes what is known as the principle of similitude, or of dynamical similarity. This statement forms the basis for a discussion on the strength of a muscle and the resistance of a bone to crushing stress, both of which vary with their cross-sections. In considering the movement of terrestrial animals, living under the direct action of gravity, he argues that there is a limit to the size of an animal, with an elephant approaching the limit. Then on page 23 Thompson introduces the analogy between two dynamically similar animals and two steamships and their propulsion: In two similar and closely related animals, as also in two steam engines, the law is bound to hold that the rate of working must tend to vary with the square of the linear dimensions, according to Froude’s Law of steamship comparison. He explores the movement of birds and fish through a fluid medium and shows that by applying Froude’s Law their velocities squared are proportional to a linear dimension (e.g. the animal’s length). Finally, on page 30, he compares bipedal walking patterns by means of a pendulum model:Fig. 5. The tiny inhabitants of Lilliput await the revival of Captain Lemuel Gulliver, in a scene from Jonathan Swift’s book, Gulliver’s Travels, which was first published in 1726. The different-sized characters in this classic inspired Thompson [17] to apply Froude’s Law to compare their stride lengths. Now let two individuals walk in a similar fashion with a similar angle of swing. The arc through which the leg swings will vary as the length of the leg, but the time of the swing will vary as the square root of the pendulum length. Therefore the velocity will also vary as the square root of the length of the leg. In a later abridged edition of On Growth and Form, which John Tyler Bonner had the temerity to edit [18], an illustration of a simple pendulum was included, and the step lengths of characters from Jonathan Swift’s book Gulliver’s Travels (Fig. 5) were compared. The inhabitants of Lilliput and Brobdingnag, with heights of 0.15 and 20 m, respectively, would have had step lengths of 0.06 m and 8.4 m on the basis of geometric similarity. By extending Thompson’s argument, and applying Froude’s Law and dynamic similarity to the inhabitants, we see that they would have had walking velocities of 0.29 and 3.3 m/s, respectively. These values can be compared to Captain Lemuel Gulliver’s height of 1.8 m, a step length of 0.76 m and walking velocity of 1.2 m/s. 2.3. Robert McNeill Alexander Despite the widespread impact of Thompson’s book [17], the legacy of the Froudes and their contribution to the understanding of scale and propulsion in biology lay dormant for decades. The one person who changed that and so popularised the application of the Froude number to animal locomotion was Robert McNeill Alexander, Professor of Zoology at the University of Leeds. Through the publication of his books on biomechanics [19–22], his book chapters that arose from special conferences on animal locomotion [23–26], and most importantly his articles in high impact journals [3,4,27–36], Alexander has ensured that the Froude number can now take its rightful place as an important parameter for us to employ when studying bipedal gait. It all started in 1976 with a study to estimate the speeds of dinosaurs [27]. Because there were reasonably well-documented dinosaur tracks from which stride lengths could be measured (Fig. 6), Alexander used observations of living animals, including humans, and applied these to dinosaurs. He argued that the movements of animals of geometrically similar form but of different sizes would be dynamically similar when they moved with the same Froude number Fr = v2/gL, where L was the height of the hip joint above the ground. He also posited that geometrically similar movements required equal values of the relative stride length, the dimensionless ratio λ/L, where λ was the stride length (Fig. 6). Then, based on data from mammals as diverse as jirds (a type of gerbil), men and horses, he plotted Fr as a function of λ/L on logarithmic coordinates and established the empirical relationship λ L = 2.3(v2/gL) 0.3 (1) And this equation could then be rewritten as v = 0.25 g0.5λ1.67L−1.17 (2) Since g was known (9.8 m/s2), while λ could be measured directly from the dinosaur footprints and L estimated from intact dinosaur skeletons, v could be readily calculated. The estimated speeds were rather low, between 1.0 and 3.6 m/s,Fig. 6. Alexander [27] showed that it was possible to estimate the running speed v of a dinosaur, with hip height L and a stride length of λ (calculated from the fossil record and preserved footprints respectively), using the Froude number data for contemporary animals. Adapted with permission from reference [3]. but it was difficult to know if the tracks were made when the dinosaurs were walking or running [27]. Others used Alexander’s approach [37], and a new track site showed that some dinosaurs probably achieved speeds of up to 11 m/s [38]. While Alexander continued to refine the relationship between relative stride length and Fr (Fig. 7a), the release of Fig. 7. (a) Relationship between relative stride length λ/L and the Froude number v2/gL for bipeds (kangaroos and humans) and quadrupeds [3], with the curve through the data represented in Eq. (1) (note the logarithmic scale on each axis). (b) Phase difference between the forefeet versus the Froude number for quadrupedal mammals, with a logarithmic scale on the horizontal axis. These graphs have been adapted with permission from references [3,31] respectively. the movie Jurassic Park in the early 1990s led to further debate about the maximum speed at which a bipedal dinosaur could run [36,39]. Using arguments based on Froude numbers [3,27] as well as bone strength [3,40], Alexander concluded [36] that Tyrannosaurus rex was probably not very good at chasing Jeeps!……………………Upcoming

The internet has democratised information. We can investigate any “knowledge community” without fear of rebuke and rebuttal.I will write about the internet first, then please be patient, I will answer the question.in 1995 the top 10 uses of the internet wereTop 10 uses of the InternetDecember 21, 1995by Diane MyersComments 4Based on a recent survey of Internet traffic, the 10 most popular uses of the Internet in descending order of use are:Electronic mail. At least 85% of the inhabitants of cyberspace send and receive e-mail. Some 20 million e-mail messages cross the Internet every week.Research.Downloading files.Discussion groups. These include public groups, such as those on Usenet, and the private mailing lists that ListServ manages.Interactive games. Who hasn’t tried to hunt down at least one game?Education and self-improvement. On-line courses and workshops have found yet another outlet.Friendship and dating. You may be surprised at the number of electronic “personals” that you can find on the World Wide Web.Electronic newspapers and magazines. This category includes late-breaking news, weather, and sports. We’re likely to see this category leap to the top five in the next several years.Job-hunting. Classified ads are in abundance, but most are for technical positions.Shopping. It’s difficult to believe that this category even ranks. It appears that “cybermalls” are more for curious than serious shoppers.The survey shows that individuals, corporations, business people, and groups use Internet primarily as a communications vehicle as these users reduce their use of fax machines, telephones, and the postal service. E-mail should remain at the top of the list. The Internet has continued and will continue to change how we view the world. — by Diane Myers, Analyst Communications, End Use, In-Stat, Scottsdale, AZ. (602) 483-4442More great EDN articles:1st .com domain name is registered, March 15, 1985ARPANET establishes 1st computer-to-computer link, October 29, 1969History of the internetThe Next Killer App? The Internet, and It’s Here NowDecember 1, 1995: EDN launches this site10 tips for a successful engineering resumeElectronic products from hellThe 5 greatest engineers of all time6 famous people you may not know are engineersBook review: A guide to sensors in automotiveApple teardowns and analysisToyota’s killer firmware: Bad design and its consequencesSlideshow: The most-popular MCUs everBogatin’s Rules Of ThumbCommon op-amp circuitsUnderstanding the basics of setup and hold timeEDN’s Design Ideas Create radio receiver circuits with the LM386 audio amplifier Encode dozens of buttons with only four lines Cancel PWM DAC ripple with analog subtraction Latching power switch uses momentary pushbutton Transcendental resistors simplify precision design Simplify the battery gauge with a 1-dot bar graph display Charge-pump topology doubles voltage, breaks DC pathEDN TeardownsFree PCB ECAD: The Ultimate listFinding a quick-turn PCB shopEDN Moment in Tech HistoryICs of the 1930s & 1940s60 years of electronics through the eyes of EDN4 comments on “Top 10 uses of the Internet”Measurement.Blues March 19, 2018 “A 2016 survey by techboomers reveals the following:nhttps://techboomers.com/t/uses-of-the-internetnn1. Email and personal communicationn2. Social networks and mass communicationn3. General researchn4. Information about hobbies and Interestsn5. Log in to ReplyPaulChau August 14, 2018 “The internet has somehow ingrained itself so deeply into every day life that I think a lot of people forget that they are using it in some of their daily activity. It's so common and expected to be using email and social media that we sometimes don't reme Log in to ReplyStephenGiderson August 31, 2018 “The internet has somehow ingrained itself so deeply into every day life that I think a lot of people forget that they are using it in some of their daily activity. It's so common and expected to be using email and social media that we sometimes don't reme Log in to ReplyAmarpreet Singh October 4, 2018 “Overseeing Twitter is a critical internet based life advertising procedure. There are an assortment of reasons why we are putting such a great amount of accentuation on appropriate administration and setting up of a Twitter. In this way, here we'll list d Log in to ReplyLeave a ReplyYou must Register or Login to post a comment.I will mention that in 2007 the number one use of the internet was pornography, and the number two use was family History/Genealogy.For 2019–2020Pornography StatisticsBelow are a sample of porn stats. Each statistic or quote has been carefully researched and referenced with the original source in our Porn Stats PDF document. In this way, this compilation of stats, quotes, and figures do not act as a last word on the subject, but as a first word, providing a good starting place for your own research.Stats on the Porn Industry“It seems so obvious: If we invent a machine, the first thing we are going to do—after making a profit—is use it to watch porn.” – Damon Brown, Author of Playboy’s Greatest CoversIt’s projected that virtual reality (VR) porn should be a $1 billion business by the year 2025. That’s third behind an expected $1.4 billion virtual reality video game market and $1.23 billion VR NFL-related content.Pornographers are hoping VR porn will boost porn website revenues that have been mostly stagnant from 2010 to 2015. In that time, adult content increased roughly 0.3% to $3.3 billion.In 2006, estimated revenues for sex-related entertainment businesses were just under $13 billion in the US. These estimates included video sales and rentals, Internet sales, cable, pay-per-view, phone sex, exotic dance clubs magazines, and novelty stores.28,258 users are watching pornography every second.$3,075.64 is spent on porn every second on the Internet.88% of scenes in porn films contain acts of physical aggression, and 49% of scenes contain verbal aggression.79% of porn performers have used marijuana, and 50% have used ecstasy.1 in 5 mobile searches are for pornography.“Amateurs come across better on screen. Our customers feel that. Especially by women you can see it. They still feel strong pain.” – Carlo Scalisi, Owner of 21 Sexury VideoThere are higher percentages of subscriptions to porn sites in zip codes that…Are more urban than rural.Have experienced an increase in higher than average household income.Have a great density of young people (age 15-24).Have a higher proportion of people with undergraduate degrees.Have higher measures of social capital (i.e. more people who donate blood, engage in volunteer activities, or participate in community projects).The Most Up-to-Date Pornography StatisticsSorry but I can’t find current usage statistics for Family History/Genealogy.Joseph Smith did NOT copy/plagiarise anything from the 1823 First Edition of Ethan Smith’s View of the Hebrews. The 1825 Second addition provides evidence, if not proof, of the spread of Hebraic words and culture throughout both American continents. It is available as a free download “voh.pdf” I think from BYU.I haven’t read The Late War. I will Google later.The Late War between the United States and Great BritainFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to navigation Jump to searchThis article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page.(Learn how and when to remove these template messages)This article needs additional citations for verification.(December 2013)Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable.(December 2013)The Late War between the United States and Great Britain is an educational text written by Gilbert J. Hunt and published in New York in 1816. The Late War is an account of the War of 1812 written in the style of the King James Bible.[1]Contents1 Contents2 3rd Edition Preface3 Association with the Book of Mormon4 References5 External linksContentsThe Late War is a history of the War of 1812. It begins with President James Madison and the congressional declaration of war, writing "James, whose sir-name was Madison, delivered a written paper to the Great Sanhedrin of the people, who were assembled together." It continues, later describing the Burning of Washington, the Battle of New Orleans, and the Treaty of Ghent.The Late War was written in "biblical style", that is, emulating the style of the King James Bible, and is published with chapter and verse notation.[2]For example, the author introduces the Battle of Queenstown with the text:AND it came to pass, on the morning of the thirteenth day of the tenth month,2 That Stephen, a chief captain of Columbia, sir-named Van Rensselaer, essayed to cross the river which is called Niagara, with his whole army.Near the conclusion of the work, the Battle of New Orleans is described:And it came to pass, in the one thousand eight hundred and fifteenth year of the Christian era, in the first month of the year, and on the eighth day of the month, Being on the Sabbath day, (which, as it is written in the scriptures, Thou shalt remember and keep HOLY,) That the mighty army of the king, which had moved out of the strong ships of Britain, came, in their strength, to make conquest of the territory of Columbia, which lieth to the south ;3rd Edition PrefaceIn the third edition (1819), G J Hunt added a preface encouraging the use of the work in schools:[3]"The reception of it into schools, will render familiar to children the chief actions in the contest [the War], and teach them, at the same time, to respect their country and its institutions.""It seems to me one of the best attempts to imitate the biblical style ; and if the perusal of it can induce young persons to relish and love the sacred books whose language you have imitated, it will be the strongest of all recommendations."Association with the Book of MormonIn the 21st century, speculation arose that The Late War influenced the 1830 work The Book of Mormon. Believers in a miraculous origin for the Book of Mormon dismiss that claim.[1][4]ReferencesPhileas Gagnon. Essai de Bibliographie Canadienne. Quebec. 1895. Volume 1. p 235.Marcus Cunliffe. The Nation Takes Shape: 1789-1837. University of Chicago Press. 1959. p 134.Mason Locke Weems. The Life of Washington. Harvard University Press. 1962. p xliv.Paul A. Gilje. Free Trade and Sailors' Rights in the War of 1812. Cambridge University Press. 2013. p 286.Eran Shalev. American Zion: The Old Testament as a Political Text from the Revolution to the Civil War. Yale University Press. 2013. pp 98 & 99.Benjamin L., McGuire (2013), "The Late War Against the Book of Mormon", Interpreter: A Journal of Mormon Scripture, 7: 323–35, ISBN 9781494498573From the preface: "It seems to me one of the best attempts to imitate the biblical style""Late war, between the United States and Great Britain, from June, 1812, to February, 1815 : Hunt, Gilbert J : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive". Digital Library of Free & Borrowable Books, Movies, Music & Wayback Machine. 2001-03-10. Retrieved 2014-02-28."Book of Mormon/Plagiarism accusations/The Late War - FairMormon". FairMormon. Retrieved 2014-02-28.External linksWikisource has original text related to this article:The late war, between the United States and Great Britain, from June, 1812, to February, 1815Read The Late War at Internet Archive.Internet Archive, to which I belong, has free e-borrowing.A Comparison ofThe Book of MormonandThe Late War Between the United States and Great Britainfirst published Jan 11, 2014last edited Mar 9, 2014Joseph most likely grew up reading a school book called The Late War by Gilbert J. Hunt and it heavily influenced his writing of The Book of Mormon.SummaryIn October 2013, the authors conducted a data analysis comparing The Book of Mormon to over 100,000 books from the pre-1830's era. Out of the top matches, we discovered a book called The Late War Between the United States and Great Britain, a scriptural style account of the War of 1812 published in New York in 1816. Between 1817 and 1819 it was marketed "for the use of schools throughout the United States" under the title The Historical Reader.The Book of MormonAs far as I know Joseph was home-schooled by his father Joseph Smith Sr. As soon as Joseph Jr was fit enough after his leg operation when he was 11 y.o., he was needed to work on the family farm.Book of Mormon/Plagiarism accusations/The Late WarBook of Mormon/Plagiarism accusations/The Late War< Book of Mormon‎ | Plagiarism accusationsFairMormon Answers Wiki Table of ContentsWas the Book of Mormon influenced by the language and themes of "The Late War" by Gilbert Hunt?Summary: It has been claimed by critics Chris and Duane Johnson that the Late War is a potential source of influence on Joseph Smith in his "composition" of the Book of Mormon. These articles, along with the much more detailed and in-depth reviews from scholars associated with the Interpreter Foundation, refute these charges. The article from Ben McGuire uses the same statistical method to revise the Johnson's conclusions. The article from Bruce Schaalje uses Bayesian logic to see how likely it is that Joseph used the Late War as a source. The article from Stanford Carmack uses other literary evidence to suggest that the Late War likely played little to no role in the authorship of the Book of Mormon. The articles we have written here take a large swath of specific examples that the Johnson's have pointed to for such "influence" and shows problems and complications with them.Jump to Subtopic:Question: Did Joseph Smith plagiarize passages from Gilbert Hunt's book The Late War, between the United States and Great Britain, from June, 1812, to February, 1815?Question: Does the Book of Mormon phrase "curious workmanship" originate from Gilbert Hunt's The Late War?Question: Does Gilbert Hunt's The Late War talk of 2000 "striplings" who go to war?Question: Is Gilbert Hunt's phrase "the fourth day of this seventh month" in The Late War a source for the Book of Mormon phrase "the fourth day of this seventh month" in Alma 10:6?Question: Was the Book of Mormon description of a cataclysm at the time of Christ's death derived from a similar description in Gilbert Hunt's The Late War?Question: Are there similarities between the description of forts in the Book of Mormon and Gilbert Hunt's The Late War?Question: Does the Book of Mormon mention "steel" of "fine workmanship" as described in Gilbert Hunt's The Late War?Question: Does the Book of Mormon, like Gilbert Hunt's The Late War, talk of "freemen who came to the defence of the city, built strong holds and forts, and raised up fortifications in abundance"?Question: Were the Three Nephites of the Book of Mormon based upon three of the "lying prophets among the savages" in Gilbert Hunt's The Late War?Question: Is there significance to the fact that both the Book of Mormon and Gilbert Hunt's The Late War mention a "rod of iron"?Question: Do both the Book of Mormon and Gilbert Hunt's The Late War talk about people maintaining a "standard of liberty"?Question: How similar are the Late War and the Book of Mormon in their descriptions of Christopher Columbus?Question: Could Gilbert Hunt's The Late War have given Joseph Smith the idea of using brass plates as a way of recording information?Question: Does Gilbert Hunt's The Late War describe "Boats and barges built from trees after the fashion of the ark"?Question: Was the Book of Mormon phrase "it came to pass" derived from Gilbert Hunt's The Late War?Question: Could Joseph Smith have learned about Hebraisms from Gilbert Hunt's "The Late War"?Question: Does Gilbert Hunt's book The Late War contain rare phrases that do not appear in other works but only appear in the Book of Mormon?Question: Could the Book of Mormon been influenced by the Late War in its use of lions in similes?Question: Are the descriptions of Nephi (from the Book of Mormon) and Fulton’s (from The Late War) ships similar enough to suggest authorial relationship?Question: Could the fact that Orson Pratt considered cureloms to possibly be mammoths support the theory that Joseph Smith used Gilbert Hunt's The Late War in "authoring" The Book of Mormon?Question: Are the Book of Mormon's and the Late War's descriptions of travel to "faraway lands" similar enough to suggest an authorial relationship?Question: Are the Book of Mormon and the Late War's descriptions of the pitching of tents similar?Question: Do the Late War and the Book of Mormon describe "burned martyrs" in a similar way?Question: Do the Late War and the Book of Mormon describe a "Spiritual being entering hearts" in a similar way?Question: Do the Late War and the Book of Mormon share a similarity in describing women as "tender"—prey to the lusts of men?Question: Do the Late War and the Book of Mormon describe their battle casualties in a similar way?Question: Is the phrase "a mock and a bye-word among all nations" in Gilbert Hunt's The Late War a "rare phrase"?Question: Is the phrase "he hearkened unto the counsel of the wicked one" in Gilbert Hunt's The Late War a "rare phrase"?Question: Is the phrase "it came to pass, that they gathered together" in Gilbert Hunt's The Late War a "rare phrase"?Question: Is the phrase "and a part thereof" in Gilbert Hunt's The Late War a "rare phrase"?Question: Is the phrase "about twenty and four" in Gilbert Hunt's The Late War a "rare phrase"?Question: Is the phrase "and slew seven of" in Gilbert Hunt's The Late War a "rare phrase"?Question: Is the phrase "and wist not what" in Gilbert Hunt's The Late War a "rare phrase"?Question: Is the phrase "your women and your children" in Gilbert Hunt's The Late War a "rare phrase"?Question: Is the phrase "were compelled to flee before" in Gilbert Hunt's The Late War a "rare phrase"?Question: Is the phrase "to come out against" in Gilbert Hunt's The Late War a "rare phrase"?Question: Is the phrase "they were like unto" in Gilbert Hunt's The Late War a "rare phrase"?Question: Is the phrase "they were astonished beyond measure" in Gilbert Hunt's The Late War a "rare phrase"?Question: Is the phrase "they humbled themselves and" in Gilbert Hunt's The Late War a "rare phrase"?Comparison between Tecumseh/Moriavon Town and Teancum/MoriantonInterpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship, "The Late War Against the Book of Mormon"Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship, "A Bayesian Cease-Fire in the Late War on the Book of Mormon"Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship, "Is the Book of Mormon a Pseudo-Archaic Text?"Question: Did Joseph Smith plagiarize passages from Gilbert Hunt's book The Late War, between the United States and Great Britain, from June, 1812, to February, 1815?Book of Mormon Central, KnoWhy #502: Is the Book of Mormon Like Any Other Nineteenth Century Book? (Video)An assumption is being made that Joseph Smith must have read Gilbert Hunt's The Late War in the absence of any evidence to support itChris Johnson, Duane Johnson, in "A Comparison of The Book of Mormon and The Late War Between the United States and Great Britain,"[1]propose a number of parallel sentence structures between Gilbert Hunt's book The Late War and the Book of Mormon. The authors conclude that Joseph Smith read Hunt's book while in school (without any actual evidence that Joseph ever actually saw the book). They base this conclusion upon the assumption that the book was widely available, and therefore Joseph must have read it. Hence, they conclude that Joseph constructed the Book of Mormon by using structural elements of The Late War. The evidence is presented as a series of comparisons between the Book of Mormon and The Late War.Seventy-five of the parallels identified as significant between the two texts came from the Copyright statements of the two booksSeventy-five of the parallels identified as significant between the two texts came from the Copyright statement. Why? Because the copyright statement was a fill-in-the-blank form. It had a certain set of language that was standardized for the period. So books copyrighted in the same general area at the same general time, such at The Late War and the Book of Mormon, would have nearly identical copyright statements. And this study found 75 parallels between the two. This shouldn't surprise us, because of course, both books had copyright statements that were reliant on a common source. And we can see from this dense material that there is a relationship between the two. But anyone who actually looks at the texts will also see that this has nothing to do with what might be termed the creative content in each work.Most of the similarities occur simply because both The Late War and the Book of Mormon use the language of the King James BibleMost of the similarities occur because they both use the language of the King James Bible. For both, the language choice seems like a stylistic decision (and not determined by the content). And in fact, the Book of Mormon quotes from Isaiah a couple of dozen chapters. This creates a relationship between the Bible and both of these books. The computer model doesn't have a way of separating style or word choice from content and meaning (and both texts can use the same phrase in different ways). We have to read it to realize that while one is simply copying the Bible (mining it for phrases), the other is creating theological discussion by taking a passage and expanding on it. 2 Nephi 2 quotes from Genesis about Adam and Eve, and then goes from there to provide commentary and discussion about the theology involved. The Late War may use the language or even quote from the Old Testament, but it never goes through commentary and theological discussion. That isn't its purpose. Sometimes the same passages get used. The Late War makes references to a specific battle and describes it as a David versus Goliath encounter. The Book of Mormon uses the David and Goliath narrative in an allusion to the Old Testament. They are very, very different ways of using the Old Testament text - even if on the surface, they use the same bit of material. All of this is important because if The Late War served as a model, or lent its language, we would expect perhaps to see other things influenced by it as well. And, we don't. But the computer model isn't capable of judging the quality of the parallels being offered.The authors employ a fallacy that is called the Texas Marksman (or the Texas Bulls Eye)The authors of the study present us these lists of similarities. In presenting this list, we get presented with a fallacy that is called the Texas Marksman (or the Texas Bulls Eye). Essentially, the way the reference works is that you shoot a bunch of rounds into the side of your barn, and then you go up to the holes and paint your target around them (giving you the best and tightest clustering). Usually, the way these models work in accepted applications is that you start by testing the model in situations where you already know the outcome. That way, you can see how reliable your new model is. And if it is highly reliable in known cases, then you can start cautiously applying it to unknown models (you don't create your own target this way).By intuiting that it must be right, this model used with The Late War simply skipped the testing part. But this created one of the biggest obvious problems with the theory. They didn't stop with the Book of Mormon. They ran a test on a Jane Austin novel, and found a source (a relatively unknown book from 1810). Why is this important? Austin was a prolific writer, sending thousands of letters during her lifetime detailing what she was reading, her influences, writing about her writing, and so on. We have a huge body of literature devoted to dealing with her writing (she was one of the most important writers of the period). So when you have a statistical model that produces a brand new source, not noticed by anyone previously, not mentioned in any of her letters, and so on - there ought to be a bit of a red flag raised. But there wasn't. Had this theory been introduced to academic literary theorists - this would have been the major point of dispute (since they don't really care about the Book of Mormon).Furthermore, the methodology employed by the Johnson's itself has been criticized by experts in the field. Consider the thoughts of Harold Love on the work of Donald W. Foster, who argued for the authorship of Shakespeare of an unattributed poem from 1612 using "a trawling of the vast electronic databases now available in search of phrasal parallels and rare vocabulary"[2]:"Instead of using the mathematics of probability to compare frequencies of stylistic usage, the new attributionists look on the widest of available scales for characteristic words and word clusters, which are assumed either to be conscious recollections of earlier texts (including those of the same author) or subconscious examples of authorial idiolect." ("Attributing Authorship" p. 149)Love further critiqued the methodology, saying:"considered as a method for establishing attributions for older texts, it runs all the dangers that Greg and Schoenbaum identified with the ‘parallelographic school’ of the early twentieth century. Chief among these is knowing when a similarity in expression actually constitutes a parallel close enough to be enrolled as evidence for derivation or common authorship" ("Attributing Authorship" p. 148).And also noted:"What I will call as a convenient shorthand the ‘memory mechanism’ approach, with all its promise, offers no formal method of verification, but relies on the inherent plausibility or implausibility of the patterns presented." ("Attributing Authorship" p. 151)Did this model that the Johnson's used really find a previously unknown and unidentified source of Jane Austin's work? Or did it simply create the illusion of doing this by painting a bulls eye after clustering its data? Scholarly analysis places confidence in the latter position (as a side note, discovering a new source for Jane Austin would be a thesis-significant sort of discovery). The paper the Johnsons wrote was submitted to Dialogue (who are usually sympathetic, given the purpose of the journal, to these types of claims and theories) yet they rejected the proposal. All indications would tell us that the methodology used to establish connections between The Late War and and the Book of Mormon is dubious and the supposed parallels of the same caliber.Look,(1) Joseph Smith was too poor to buy any books.(2) There was a library several miles away from Joseph’s home, but there is no record of him ever being a member. I think in those days you had to pay for membership, as well as pay late fees. He wouldn’t had a dime or nickel or to spare for “frivolities”.(3) Once Joseph got back into the “swing” of translation, he only took 65 days with the help of the Holy Spirit, to finish the translation.There is no way that Joseph had the raw intelligence and education to speed read both weeks.Joseph’s wife Emma stated that Joseph couldn't write a decent letter without help.(4) The issue of the authenticity of The Book of Mormon was first raised in the 1920’s.It was researched by Elder B.H. Roberts of the Council of the Seventy.His scholarship in producing his two manuscripts was mediocre.For example, he only read the 1823 First Edition of View of the Hebrews, but if he had bothered to study the 1825 Second Edition he would have found evidence, if not proof, of Hebraic words and culture across both of the American continents.Also, once the First Presidency and The Council of the Twelve (Apostles) decided that they didn’t have time to study and review their Roberts’ manuscript, even though they requested it, the manuscript, it should have been put the vault or destroyed.Roberts’ second manuscript, not published until 1985, should also have been destroyed by Roberts prior to his death. He doesn’t draw any conclusions, which I consider cowardly scholarship.If you are going to write something which requires answers to questions, have both the morality and intestinal fortitude to write conclusions.This is the only fault which I can find in Brother Roberts’ service to The Lord.In Doctrine and Covenants 64:9–10 The Lord states “I will forgive whom I will forgive, but of you it is required to forgive all [people]. (you can find it at Doctrine and Covenants 64I hope this answers your question.