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Thanks Ruchika for A2A.Basics first.Processes of respiration:GlycolysisLink ReactionKreb’s cycleETSATP are the energy currency of the cell. They are formed by two types of mechanisms:SMP Pathway (direct ATP)Indirect ATPWhile direct ATP is given out in the reactions itself, indirect ATP is obtained after the final step i.e ETS.Before going to the details of the third step we need to know the end products of the respective reactions in order to understand Kreb’s Cycle.In Glycolysis after the step-wise disintegration of Glucose the final product is obtained in the form of Pyruvic Acid(2 moles)The 2 moles of Pyruvic Acid cannot enter the matrix of mitochondria hence converts into 2 moles of Acetyl CoA.Then starts TCA or The Kreb’s CycleThe Kreb’s Cycle gives 3 moles of NADH, 1 mole of FADH and 1 mole of ATP per cycle of substrate i.e per 1 mole of Acetyl CoA. However if the examiner is shanna(cunning), he/she would ask the net ATP i.e after ETS which would make the answer to 12 ATP(9+2+1) respectively.PS: Note that the answer is according to 1 mole of Acetyl CoA, it would have changed when asked with regard to Pyruvic Acid or Glucose due to the complexities of shunt mechanisms and its physical feasibility.Hope it might have helped. Thanks.

In terms of Federer’s legacy, we need to look at this question in two different ways.#1: How many weeks throughout the year can he be ranked #1?Federer has the record for longest time ranked #1 at 308 weeks. Adding on to the record and increasing the distance between himself and his closest competitors would be very cool. If you understand how the ATP rankings work, you’ll see that after Miami, Federer will have 8,660 points, with basically no points to defend until the grass tournament in Halle that ends on June 30th.After Miami, Nadal will regain the #1 ranking with 8,770 points, but must defend 4,680 out of a possible 5,500 points that he earned during the 2017 clay court season.It would almost be impossible for Nadal to win all five clay court tournaments. He has rarely played that much, and never won five consecutive tournaments in a single clay court season.Starting with Monte Carlo and ending in the French Open, Nadal will need to match last year’s performance almost to down to the match, in order to stay number one. If he only gets to the finals at Monte Carlo or Madrid, or Barcelona, he will drop to #2, unless he wins Rome and the French Open. (Note: If he repeats his 2017 performance, but loses one round earlier at Rome, he would only lead Federer by 10 ranking points!)The odds are that Federer will regain the #1 ranking and stay there without doing anything for up to 11 more weeks.But what if Federer wanted to regain the #1 ranking right now?He already did it this year by taking a wild card and winning at Rotterdam. All he needs to do is play a minor clay warm-up event at Houston, which has har tru, a slightly faster green clay. If he wins three matches against players who will probably be ranked no higher than #20–30, and reaches the finals, he would earn 150 points and pass Nadal with 8,810 points.If Federer follows his usual grass court preparation by playing Stuttgart (where he lost his first match), he will assuredly add to his base of 8,660 and pass Nadal for at least one week. Unless his level drops significantly from where he is right now, he will be favored to win both grass court tournaments, which could result in 8,910 points going into Wimbledon, and add another two weeks to his record with up to 321 weeks as the #1 ranked player.From there, he would have to win either Wimbledon or the US Open to have any chance to be #1 going into the month of October. By that time, he will have turned 37, and have to defend 2100 points (Shanghai title, Basel title, ATP Finals semis), and the odds of staying #1 become even lower.#2: What would have to happen to end the year ranked #1?Now it’s time to look at the ATP Singles race. Currently, Federer is #1 with 3100 points, and the year end ranking will be decided by who dominates the Slams and the Masters 1000 tournaments.Here are the candidates:Federer: I think he has is a very steep path to climb. Last year, Federer won 2 Slams, 3 Masters 1000s, and 2 ATP 500s for a total of seven tournaments, a feat he had not accomplished since 2007. In the eight years between 2008–2015, Federer has only won two Slams in a year once, and more than than two Masters 1000s once.If Federer wins the Halle 500, one more Slam, one Masters 1000 and the Basel 500, he would end the year with six tournament titles, which he has done three of the last five years. That would give him roughly 7100 points, plus whatever points he picks up in the ATP Finals. The ATP Finals is fast indoor hard courts, which will favor Federer’s game. Winning that would give him 8,600 points, plus however many points he picks up in his remaining tournaments.Nadal: Assuming he dominates the clay court season, Nadal will have a base of approximately 5,000 points. As the season wears on, Nadal’s results will probably suffer over the last half of the season; over his entire career, he has won only 15 total tournaments in the second half of the year. To reach 9,000 points, Nadal must either win a second Slam title after Roland Garros, or win a couple of hard court Masters 1000 titles (something he has done only twice since 2005). With injuries, Nadal finished only two tournaments in the second half of 2017 (he withdrew from two more due to injuries). Given his current health and age, it’s hard to imagine his body holding up throughout the rest of the year, so I think his most likely result is to finish in the 8,000 point range as well.Cilic: Of the next five players in the current rankings, Cilic may have the best chance. He is currently #3 in the singles race with 1,380 points, but he has the best all around record, having won tournaments on all surfaces, as well as winning the US Open and reaching the Finals at Wimbledon. He would have to have a breakthrough year, as he has never won more than four tournaments in one season (which he did in 2014). If he could win a Slam, reach the finals of another, and win a Masters 1000 title, he would have a base of 5,380 points, plus however many points he picks up the rest of the year. But because of his relative youth, he could play 16–17 other tournaments in addition to the four he has already played, plus his three hypothetical big results. By reaching the semi-finals in ten of these events, he could pick up approximately 3,000 more points, again putting him in the range of 8,000 points. But it’s unlikely, as he’s never had a season where he’s earned more than 5,200 points.Del Potro: The Argentine is only other player who has reached the semi-finals or better at the French, Wimbledon and the US Open. He has won 4 titles in a year three times in his career. He is a little more fragile than Cilic and played only 17 events last year. If he follows the same schedule, he, too would need to win a Slam, get to the finals of another and win a second Masters 1000 title to have a base of 4,960 points, plus whatever points he earns in the other 9 tournaments in his schedule. If he tries to chase points, maybe he could play in two or three more events. But unless he jumps to a completely different level, it’s tough to imagine him reaching 8,000 points.Zverev: The young German is the wild card. His results have not been great so far this year, but he has beaten Federer, Djokovic and had match points against Nadal. He won 5 titles last year (3 on hard courts, 2 on clay) and reached the finals of a grass court tournament. His problem has been consistency, as he has never reached a quarter final at a Grand Slam. I think he’s still too young at age 20 to make the jump this year, but he played 27 tournaments last year, so he will lots of chances to earn points and probably top out around 5,000–6,000 points.Dimitrov: The last player with the all-court game to win on every surface, Dimitrov won 4 events last year and was ranked as high as #3. But he hasn’t shown the consistency to really threaten the #1 ranking, and it would required a major breakthrough to dominate two of the Slams this year.The Field: The remaining top players are not threats on every surface and face too many hurdles to get through the major tournaments, as their lower seeding will force them to beat a number of top 10 players in order to win events. (Djokovic is the only player with the past record to make a run, but he is still struggling to find his form, and has lost his aura of invincibility on the tour, losing in two straight first rounds.)Conclusion: If Federer can win another Slam, he would probably have the inside shot at finishing the year #1, because he would also be favored on the fast indoor hard courts at the ATP Finals.It’s entirely possible that tennis will not be dominated by Nadal and Federer this year, due to age and injury. If the Slams are split up between four different players, someone could end up #1 with as few as 6,000 points. Nadal and Federer would still have the highest chance of ending the year #1, but it could open up some crazy possibilities going into the ATP Finals.

I think the biggest factor right now is that the psychological dynamic between these two players has completely reversed.From 2004–2014, Federer could never beat Nadal more than twice in a row, while Nadal had three streaks of five consecutive wins over Federer.Rafa’s mentality was that if he played his game, Federer had to play perfect tennis to beat him. Nadal’s game is based on his amazing defense, huge topspin and being the greatest fighter in tennis since Connors.He has spoken many times about his willingness and ability to suffer on the court, and I think this speaks to the way he wears down opponents physically as well as mentally. I have seen him win countless matches by making opponents work so hard to stay in the first set (even get up a break or win the set) that they break and never regain their level. Only players who have huge weapons and try to end the points quickly are immune to Nadal’s strategy. It doesn’t mean they win very often; it just means that they don’t get broken the same way Nadal breaks most other players.Federer’s improvement since 2015 has posed a new problem for Nadal, because he is not only a supremely gifted offensive player, but he has finally broken through his old mental obstacles about playing Nadal.For most of Federer’s career, he was so good he could play a little safe against just about anyone in the world and still win. If you look at his career percentages, Federer always had trouble winning break points because he chose to chip his backhand return and play his own brand of amazing defense. He just accumulated so many break points, eventually most players crack under the pressure. The only player in the world who did not do this was Nadal, who was always able to break down the Federer backhand with his high topspin crosscourt forehand. And when Federer actually played a good offensive point on a break point, Nadal seemed to raise his game and hit other worldly passing shots.It took many years, heartbreaking losses, getting older, and a number of coaches before Federer finally found the strategic and mental combination. You could see this evolution in the way Federer kept adding new shots and tactics to his game to solve the Nadal puzzle. First he started to hit drop shots. Then, he tried to come in more to the net. But these tactics stayed within the mental framework of trying to stay in rallies and play it safe.It was only under Ljubicic that Federer made the technical and mental improvements in his high backhand and off the backhand serve return that he finally committed to taking more chances. Those changes have allowed Federer to greatly improve his break point winning percentage. At 2008 Wimbledon, Federer in his prime won only 7% of his break points; at AO 2017, 36-year-old Federer won 30% of his break points.When Federer beat Nadal at the Australian Open this year, I felt that a big part of it was not only Federer’s new found willingness to take risks, but Nadal’s age and fatigue at playing two grueling five set matches in a row. I wrote about that match in detail here. Nadal served at 3–2 in the fifth, but wore down and missed forehands that he normally makes. Still, the match was played on fast hard courts, so Federer had an advantage.In their next match, at Indian Wells, the conditions were fast. Federer played with the same aggression and willingness to take risks, and it appeared that Nadal felt a little helpless for the first time against Federer.I thought the slow courts and humidity of Miami would favor Nadal, but he’s the one who cracked. He seemed confused and frustrated, because he wasn’t getting the same errors from Federer, or finding his rhythm with a lot of extended rallies. When he lost that match, I think he lost his belief in his game, similar to what happened in 2011 when Djokovic was on fire. We haven’t seen it often, and it only appears subtly, but Nadal is human. He got confused and frustrated when the style of play was out of his control. (Note: Against Djokovic, it was the case of someone actually able to outrun and outwork Nadal. Against Federer, it was the case of an aggressive player being able to hit winners too consistently.)When you have two all-time greats playing each other over the years, their current ranking or play against the rest of the world doesn’t matter. It becomes the case where the guy with the edge just knows he’ll come through and the other guy has the tiniest doubt in his mind. This difference in mentality translates into the one or two big points that change the course of a match. At Wimbledon in 2008, Nadal hit one of the most impossible up the line running forehand passing shots I’ve ever seen, resulting in the service break at 7–7 in the fifth. At the Australian Open in 2017, Nadal missed four running forehands to lose serve at 3–4 in the fifth.I think Federer’s decision to skip the clay court season entirely was not to rest his body, but to preserve the temporary change in their mental dynamic. Losing to Nadal on clay would give Nadal that familiar taste of victory, and restore him mentally for the rest of the season. (It’s like a basketball who doesn’t make a shot the whole game, but finally makes a couple of free throws. Seeing the ball go through the basket breaks the cold streak, and often this same player will get hot or hit a game winning shot.)Shanghai is an outdoor hard court, but rated the fastest surface of all the Masters 1000 tournaments this year. Federer again had the advantage. And Nadal tried to play as aggressively as Federer by serving big and trying to end points quickly.As I outlined in the article about the AO 2017 final, Nadal has had to change his game (bigger serving, more aggressive points, flattening out his ground strokes) in order to save his body. You can see those changes since Carlos Moya was added as a coach. (Note: he was wearing a knee band at Shanghai, so he must be worn down at this point of the season. I wonder whether he will get some rest before the London ATP Final.) The result has been another stellar season, with two Slam titles and the #1 ranking. But the down side is that he no longer poses that unique threat to Federer, who now looks comfortable playing his old nemesis.So, to answer your question, as long as Federer avoids slower surfaces, there isn’t anything that Nadal can control to improve his winning chances, except hope his opponent plays poorly. The count is now five straight Federer wins, and I don’t see that trend changing between now and the end of this season.Next year, who knows what will happen. Can Federer maintain this level at 37? Will Djokovic or Murray regain their form and push aside Federer and Nadal, so they don’t meet in tournaments again? Will injuries rear their ugly heads again? Or will Nadal find a new trick to counteract the factors that have put Federer in the driver’s seat?[UPDATE, 8/1/19] I was surprised to see this article is now over 1500 upvotes, so thanks for all the support. In the almost two years after I wrote this answer, almost everything has followed form. Nadal beat Federer easily on clay. Nadal tried one new tactic (serving flatter to the forehand) but it didn’t work well enough against Federer at Wimlbedon. And Djokovic regained his form and pushed the other members of the Big 3 aside. Federer played great tennis even as he turned 38.[UPDATE 9/25/19]: While Federer and Djokovic succumbed to injuries at the US Open, Nadal battled through his own injuries to win #19. Here’s an in-depth celebration of Nadal’s career: Tennis’ Last Man Standing