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ICMARKETS won't let me withdraw funds I deposited using my Visa Debit Cheque Card on my Live Account Number: 2031776 registered on the 19th of July 2018. Initially I had uploaded a FNB Master Card and then alter another FNB Master Card and stopped using those cards as I had closed down those accounts with my local Bank. On the 27th of September 2019 I uploaded a new Nedbank Visa Cheque Card and made a deposit of 1,050.00 UK Pounds using the Visa Card. Later I decided to no longer use the funds for live trading and made a withdrawal request. I requested to withdraw the whole amount of funds I had on my live account 2031776 but the funds never reached my Bank Account. I emailed IC Markets to query my withdrawal and I was told that I had a negative balance of 4.32 UK Pounds then I instructed it be deducted from the positive 1,050.00 UK Pounds that I deposited. I then requested a withdrawal of 1,000.00 UK Pounds.I have confirmed that the funds must go to my Visa Cheque Card and not the FNB Master Card which I no longer use. All was confirmed on a telephone call but I am still yet to receive the funds and its now been more than 2 weeks since that withdrawal request. I require the help of Recoveryex,com assistance in resolving the matter, which they did and the funds reflect in my Bank Account.

1 Background This question touches upon another of my obsessions, about Gerontology or how to live a longer, brighter more active life as you inevitably age. I have a deep personal interest in this.In late September 1973 I had a minor heart attack on a commuter train heading towards my then-home. That sharpened my interest in this subject which I have pursued for all the years since. And I've not just researched this topic, I have practised some of its recommendations for a while. In this area the advance of science does not stand still. There is not only a constant advance but occasional world-changing breakthroughs, as you will see below.I am going to focus on calorie restriction and begin and end on the best available protocols for that, but the major advance in epigenetic understanding and how it is not yet complete, is the central topic of this Answer.This question leads to the long Answer and the many references as given below.1.1 Definition “A sustained Calorie Deficit” means consuming much less than the 2.000 calories a day required to allow normal human daily activity requirements. Much research has shown that consuming much less can lead to a longer life.2 CaveatIn my view the majority of people live on a kind of inertial drive, living a habitual life, continuing to do whatever interests them, surviving as they must and can, continuing in the behaviour patterns of their parents within their culture. That’s what most people do on receiving this information. They take it easy.I am not medical doctor. Pay no attention to all to this if that’s what you want to do or can’t help doing.This series of six articles plus the commentary at Section 10 gives you the best information I know about - specifying how you might and probably could live a healthier, longer and brighter life by taking some supplements and slightly changing your diet, should you choose to do so.It also tells you how I expect this information is going to change the world and the future. It’s already doing that, and that’s not much to do with me.This is an immense subject and one of the largest Answers I’ve ever put up on Quora.If you want to jump to the Answers at Section 10, please do so.2.1 First Digression: Forgive Me For The Things I‘ll Try To Tell YouWhen I was a lot younger I wrote a bit of doggerel called “God Only Wise” Because there’s a Hymn about that which begins “Immortal, invisible, God only wise.”Eventually everybody acquires more information than they can, or do, act upon. One verse from my song-poem was“Forgive me for the things I’ll try to tell you. Is this communication quite allowed?These words won’t change your actions or your vision, so I will melt away into the cloud.I am the half-invisible man - see if you can.”3 Warning - A Brief Summary of Extensive Research Plus Personal Experience FollowsThis following series of six articles would take about an hour and a quarter to read. The articles are usually the summary of a great deal of referenced research which you can follow to the depth you wish. I would like my unmet friends on Quora to benefit from this advice to the extent they can. The six articles about this topic are at3.1 What’s Wrong With Big Pharma? – George Tait Edwards – a 19 minute read at Medium3.https://medium.com/@georgetaitedwards/whats-wrong-with-big-pharma-f3e2be06feab - December 16, 2016A general introduction to this topic and an introduction to eight products that might extend your healthspan, but see Section 10 below for a provisional update3.2 Some Economic Implications of The Longer-Living Society — Part 2 -Feb 18 2016 - a ten-minute readHow longer lifespans may affect the economy and commercial activity.3.3 The Transition to a Longer Living Society — Part 3 — The Effects of Various AMPK Activators March 22 2016 - a 16 minute read.About my background and interests and the new science of epigenetics focusing on how 5' Adenosine Monophosphate-activated Protein Kinase (or AMPK) can be activated to increase the healthspan and lifespan3.4 The Transition to a Longer-Living Society — Part 4 — The Choices of AMPK-Stimulant Pills - March 22 2016 - A seven minute readWhat pills do what, so far as I knew in March 2016.3.5 The Transition to the Long-Living Society Part 5 – George Tait Edwards – Medium - dated December 22 2017 -a nine-minute readMaybe.3.6 Living the Healthier Longer Life and Smiling at Unseen Sitations September 25 2018“This is a brief guide about the protocols which might enable you to live a longer healthier life if you so choose and if you can afford these protocols and if you really want to understand and adopt the actions leading to a longer healthier life. Few do.”The later articles and Answers are better informed, partly due to scientific progress, than the earlier ones.These articles set the contextual scene for what follows. Very briefly the following discussion has the headings:Professor Clive Mckay in Cornell University in the 1930s showed that underfeeding rats substantially extends their livesDr Roy Walford followed through by studying how calorie restriction with optimal nutrition in mammals extends their healthy livesthe role of supplements in life extension and the healthier lifespan -many activities like exercise and some supplements activate the cellular machinery which reduces or reverses agingThe Minimal, Optimal and LD50 Levels of SeleniumSome problems with calorie restrictionthe recent epigenetic breakthrough of Dr David Sinclair and the seven human sirtuins which control agingthe wider implications of that breakthrough, particularly with regard toNASA and interplanetary travelChina and the partial healthspan removal of the dependency limits on economic developmentlonger lives and higher economic growtha commentary on and additions to the Professor David Andrew Sinclair protocolsthe most useful additivesThe Optimal Calorie Restriction DietsThe 5–2 DietThe Newcastle StudyConclusions4 Clive McCay in Cornell University in the 1930s showed that underfeeding animals extends their livesSee Clive McCay - Wikipediawhich begins“Clive Maine, McCay (1898—1967) was an American biochemist, nutritionist, gerontologist, and professor of animal husbandry at Cornell University from 1927-1963. His main interest was the influence of nutrition on aging.[1] He is best known for his work in proving that caloric restriction increases the life span of rats, which is seen as seminal in triggering further research and experiments in the field of nutrition and longevity[2 ] Scientists are still trying to understand the connection between caloric restriction and longevity.”It took almost fifty years before McCay’s research was properly accepted. Many media reviews said “Men are not rats” in a kind of uninformed echo of the dismissal of Darwin’s evolutionary theory with the expression “Men are not monkeys.”See Honoring Clive McCay and 75 Years of Calorie Restriction Research andDietary restriction in rats and mice: A meta-analysis and review of the evidence for genotype-dependent effects on lifespan which begins“Laboratory survival experiments have shown that dietary restriction (DR) can increase median and maximum lifespan” in rats and mice.A 50% cut in calorie consumption was shown to double the lifespan of rats and mice.We now know these results apply to a wide range of animals - perhaps them all.5 Dr Roy Walford followed through Extending McCay’s Observations with a lifetime of research about how calorie restriction in mammals extends their healthy lives5.1 Walford’s Research and booksSee Roy Walford - Wikipedia which begins“Roy Lee Walford, M. D. (June 29, 1924 - April 27, 2004) was a pioneer in the field of caloric restriction. He died at age 79 of respiratory failure as a complication of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (commonly known as Lou Gehrig’s or motor neurone disease). He was a leading advocate of calorie restriction as a method of life extension and health improvement.”Walford wrote several books. The most popular four areIn addition to these four books, Dr Walford authored or co-authored a further four books, all listed in Wikipedia.Maximum Lifespan was a best selling book in the USA. Walford invented, practised, developed and was a lifelong advocate of the “CRON Diet” [Calorie Restriction with Optimal Nutrition] and his later books such as “The Anti-Aging Plan…” and “The 120-year Diet” provide recipes for weeks of low-calorie highly nutritious meals. Walford took the view that the CRON Diet was a “rectangularising” technology which might enable people to live as long as the eldest person had, hence the 120-year references in the titles and subtext of his books.See CRON-diet - Wikipedia and 5-2 Day CRON Diet For Weight Loss and Longer Life which are both developments of Walford’s research.The best scientific book reporting on his researches and those of a colleague isR. H. Weindruch and R. L. Walford (1988). The Retardation of Aging and Disease by Dietary Restriction. New York: Charles C. Thomaswhich I think is probably the most authoritative tome about this issue so far produced. It is a fully referenced academic text, not a difficult read, but it isn’t light reading either.Calorie restriction is one method of stimulating the operation of a particular control chemical in the blood - a substance called AdenineMethylPhosphateKinase or AMPK about which more below.But calorie restriction isn’t everything.5.2 Roy Walford and Albert Hibbs “Broke the Bank” At RenoRoy Walford was very capable. and in 1947 he and Albert Hibbs, an expert in statistical analysis, analysed the bias of roulette wheels and “broke the bank” at Reno casinos. After they made a small fortune the casinos caught on to what they were doing and “threw them out”. They won enough to buy a yacht and sail the Caribbean for a year, pay for part of Walford’s medical education and Walford bought a house from his winnings. See Paragraph 2 in Roy Walford - Wikipedia where these events are reported.5.3 Walford in Biosphere 2 - 26 September 1991 to 25 September 1993Biosphere 2 - Wikipedia was the ambitious and expensive attempt to demonstrate that scientists knew enough about the environment to create another enclosed stable biosphere in the Arizona Desert. Biosphere 1 is the Earth, and Biosphere 2 was “a 3.14-acre (1.27-hectare)[1] structure originally built to be an artificial, materially closed ecological system, or vivarium. It remains the largest closed system ever created.”[2] Wikipedia continues:“Biosphere 2 was originally meant to demonstrate the viability of closed ecological systems to support and maintain human life in outer space.[3]“It was designed to explore the web of interactions within life systems in a structure with different areas based on various biological biomes. In addition to the several biomes and living quarters for people, there was an agricultural area and work space to study the interactions between humans, farming, technology and the rest of nature as a new kind of laboratory for the study of the global ecology. Its mission was a two-year closure experiment with a crew of eight humans ("biospherians").[4]”Dr Roy Walford was one of these eight, and became the doctor and dietician within Biosphere 2.“Long-term it was seen as a precursor to gain knowledge about the use of closed biospheres in space colonization. As an experimental ecological facility it allowed the study and manipulation of a mini biospheric system without harming Earth's biosphere.”By Dr Starbuck at Flickr - Flickr - Photo Sharing!, CC BY 2.0, File:Biosphere 2 Habitat & Lung 2009-05-10.jpgThe above photograph shows one view of Biosphere2 from the outside. The sheer size of the different biomes was impressive. As Wikipedia says“Its seven biome areas were a 1,900-square-meter (20,000 sq ft) rainforest, an 850-square-meter (9,100 sq ft) ocean with a coral reef, a 450-square-meter (4,800 sq ft) mangrove wetlands, a 1,300-square-metre (14,000 sq ft) savannah grassland, a 1,400-square-meter (15,000 sq ft) fog desert, and two anthropogenic biomes: a 2,500-square-meter (27,000 sq ft) agricultural system and a human habitat with living spaces, laboratories and workshops. Below ground was an extensive part of the technical infrastructure. Heating and cooling water circulated through independent piping systems and passive solar input through the glass space frame panels covering most of the facility, and electrical powerwas supplied into Biosphere 2 from an onsite natural gas energy center.[5]”Because of Walford’s knowledge of CRON diets, when Biosphere 2 could not grow enough food to feed the Biospherans, so Walford put them all on a low-calorie high-nutrition diet, and the Biosperans“consumed the same low-calorie, nutrient-dense diet which Roy Walford had studied in his research on extending lifespan through diet.[19]“Medical markers indicated the health of the crew during the two years was excellent. They showed the same improvement in health indices such as lowering of blood cholesterol, blood pressure, enhancement of immune system. They lost an average of 16% of their pre-entry body weight before stabilizing and regaining some weight during their second year.[20]“Subsequent studies showed that the Biospherians' metabolism became more efficient at extracting nutrients from their food as an adaptation to the low-calorie, high nutrient diet.[21]”The initial Biosphere 2 1991–1993 experiment failed. Too much carbon dioxide built up inside the structure and the internal atmosphere had to be vented to guarantee the health and lives of the eight inhabitants by restoring their reduced oxygen levels.A further trial of the facility was attempted in 1994 but was aborted after six months.5.4 The Death of Dr Roy Lee Walford 24 April 2004But although Roy Walford improved the health of the other seven Biosperans, and despite his personal mission to enjoy a much longer life by practising the CRON diet which he preached, over ten years after after he left the Biosphere 2 facility, he developed Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neurone disease (MND), or Lou Gehrig's disease. We now think we know that CRON practitioners need to take specific vitamin supplementation because Calorie Restriction with some Optimal Nutrition may lead to a higher probability of MND.6 The role of supplements in life extension and the healthier lifespanAs Walford acknowledges, and as his death perhaps proved, although a low-calorie diet may increase the lifespan, unless sufficient vitamins are also taken, then a potentially longer life is likely to be ended by vitamin deficiency. There are two problems (which Walford stressed) with supplements:first, all of the esential vitamins and minerals might not have been discovered, andsecond, the correct level of vitamins and minerals to optimise health has not been determined.Many innocent readers might think that the Recommended Daily Allowances (or RDAs) of vitamins are all that is required. But the RDAs were established by reference to the minimal amount of a particular vitamin required (as Walford put it) to “avoid the development of some interesting disease.” For optimal health, higher vitamin doses are likely be required.One illustration of the problem can be shown by reference to the optimal dose of the mineral selenium in the diet. One use of selenium within the bloodstream is to make glutathione peroxidase which detects cancerous cells and destroys them by firing a hydrogen peroxide bullet at the walls of these errant cells, but selenium does much else.7 The Minimal, Optimal and LD50 Levels of Selenium7.1 There are at least three levels of effect which occur on taking many supplements or medicines - there isa minimal level which may be the RDA level at which you will experience average health and lifespan - below that level, there may be no systemic effectthe optimal level at which better systemic results occur andthe LD50 level at which 50% of people or animals will experience bad symptoms and will die.See the Lethal Dose Table at http://whs.rocklinusd.org/documents/Science/Lethal_Dose_Table.pdf which quotes the LD50 levels of a eleven out of thirteen substances (two are “Not established”or “not known”).These eleven LD50 levels are calculated as the level of milligrams of the substance to the kilograms of body weight. Four of these substances are poisonous (Chlorine, used as a poison gas in WWW1, Lorchel mushroom, Arsenic, and Snake Venom) but six of these (Aspirin, Table Salt, Sugar, Cola containing Caffiene, Alcohol and Vitamin A) are in regular use as part of many people’s normal experience.Some Government health services used to recommend a daily tablet of 82mg of aspirin to reduce the risk of heart attacks. Then it was discovered that on the first day individuals forgot to take their aspirin, the probability of heart attacks rose. That daily aspirin dose is no longer universally recommended. SeeLow-Dose Aspirin Late in Life? Healthy People May Not Need ItJury still out on aspirin a day to prevent heart attack and strokeStudy: Daily Aspirin Did Not Reduce Risk of First Heart Attack, StrokeThe referenced Table is an illustration of the Paracelsus (1493–1541) Principle that “It is the dose that makes the poison.” See The dose makes the poison - Wikipedia. Many items in daily regular use are safe in small doses but poisonous in large ones. The high consumption of sugar is definitely the major cause of metabolic syndrome which results in the earlier death of about 75% of people in the UK but the sugar manufacturers have paid for research (in their commercial interest) to demonise fats and reduce the public perception of the role of sugar in causing coronary disease, cancers and central nervous system diseases.Some Western polar explorers have died after eating the liver of a polar bear which is very high in vitamin A. See Will I die if I eat polar bear liver? Locals know better.Where nations have a diet high in selenium, cancer is observed to be reduced. The Japanese, for example, eat a great deal of selenium-containing fish, and have some cancer rates of about 25% of the equivalent Western experience.The US NIH gets it partially right at Office of Dietary Supplements - Selenium when it states“Selenium is a trace element that is naturally present in many foods, added to others, and available as a dietary supplement. Selenium, which is nutritionally essential for humans, is a constituent of more than two dozen selenoproteins that play critical roles in reproduction, thyroid hormone metabolism, DNA synthesis, and protection from oxidative damage and infection [1].“Selenium exists in two forms: inorganic (selenate and selenite) and organic (selenomethionine and selenocysteine) [2]. Both forms can be good dietary sources of selenium [3]. Soils contain inorganic selenites and selenates that plants accumulate and convert to organic forms, mostly selenocysteine and selenomethionine and their methylated derivatives.”That source goes on to say“Recommended IntakesIntake recommendations for selenium and other nutrients are provided in the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) developed by the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (formerly National Academy of Sciences) [6]. DRI is the general term for a set of reference values used for planning and assessing nutrient intakes of healthy people. These values, which vary by age and sex, include:Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA): Average daily level of intake sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97%–98%) healthy individuals; often used to plan nutritionally adequate diets for individuals.Adequate Intake (AI): Intake at this level is assumed to ensure nutritional adequacy; established when evidence is insufficient to develop an RDA.Estimated Average Requirement (EAR): Average daily level of intake estimated to meet the requirements of 50% of healthy individuals; usually used to assess the nutrient intakes of groups of people and to plan nutritionally adequate diets for them; can also be used to assess the nutrient intakes of individuals.Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL): Maximum daily intake unlikely to cause adverse health effects.Table 1 lists the current RDAs for selenium in mcg. For infants from birth to 12 months, the FNB established an AI for selenium that is equivalent to the mean intake of selenium in healthy, breastfed infants.Table 2 in this source lists the food sources of seleniumNote that the consumption of too many Brazil nuts is the fastest way to overdose on Selenium.This table indicates that about 55mcg of Selenium is the RDA which, like many of the RDA levels, is also an adequate intake which just happens to be equal to the average food intake, but it should be noted that “Intake at this level is assumed to ensure nutritional adequacy; established when evidence is insufficient to develop an RDA.”But there is a lot of evidence which indicates that the genuine AI level is many times that noted by the NIH. The minimal average level of selenium usually encountered in the average diet may be about 60 mcg. (millionths of a gram) which helps cancer prevention a little, but about 320mcg. may be required for optimal cancer prevention and the ingestion of above 800 to 1000mcg is likely to cause “blind staggers” and nervous system disability. Any supplements of selenium must take into account the normal dietary intake. One advertisement of the benefits of selenium in the diet is at 7 Science-Based Health Benefits of Selenium. The statements in that source are contradictory, because it states that“A review of 69 studies that included over 350,000 people found that having a high blood level of selenium defended against certain types of cancer, including breast, lung, colon and prostate cancers (8).It’s important to note that this effect was only associated with selenium obtained through foods, not supplements.” Then it quotes another study that“For example, a review of 16 controlled studies including over 433,000 people with coronary heart disease showed that taking selenium supplements decreased levels of the inflammatory marker CRP.“Additionally, it increased levels of glutathione peroxidase, a powerful antioxidant (11).”This indicates that selenium may help lower heart disease risk by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress in the body. Oxidative stress and inflammation have been linked to atherosclerosis, or the buildup of plaque in the arteries.”The four major forms of selenium supplements are selenate and selenite and the more bio-available forms are selenomethionine and selenocysteine. Walford recommended taking two kinds (selenite and selemethionine) because the biological pathways for its use are complex and both kinds of these supplements seem most effective.If a plot of the international data of selenium intake and cancer incidence is made on a graph, the regression line indicates that zero cancer incidence may occur at about a daily consumption of about 320mcg of selenium. I’ve calculated that, and the US NIH could, if it did not have the agenda of proving that what Americans eat on average is OK when it isn’t.8. Some Problems with Calorie RestrictionThe major problem with calorie restriction is that it can infrequently lead to anorexia and bulemia and the diseases caused by the lack of crucial vitamins. Some people feel very well when eating comparatively little. As Gandhi is said to have said, “The less I eat the better I feel.”Most studies report that eating a bit less, whatever your weight may be, improves all kinds of aspects of life. See Eating Less Improves Mood, Sleep, And Sex Drive in Healthy People, Study FindsBut there are definitely adverse effects from long term rigorous under-eating. Although most anorexics may be very healthy providing that the 50% calorie level is not reduced, when diets far below this are practised, the body may start digesting its major organs. A smaller heart is not conducive to survival. A very low body weight of below five stone seems to be associated with a heart attack if a low-weight anorexic tries to eat a hearty meal.This also is not a theory. That’s how Karen Carpenter died.9 The epigenetic breakthrough of Professor David Andrew SinclairThis development is, in my opinion, the most significant advance ever made in understanding the cellular systems which are responsible for aging and death. SeeThe Transition to a Longer Living Society Part 1 – George Tait Edwards – Mediumwhich discusses this breakthrough. You should also read about what the Sirtuins do:“And an excellent article about The sirtuin family’s role in aging and age-associated pathologies authored by Jessica A. Hall, John E. Dominy, Yoonjin Lee, and Pere Puigserver can be seen athttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc... with the official citation ofJ Clin Invest. 2013;123(3):973–979. doi:10.1172/JCI64094.”That article summarises the current state of knowledge about where Sirtuins 1–7 reside and what they do. Just to provide a brief taste, the overview states“There are 7 mammalian sirtuins, SIRT1–7, which are evolutionarily united by their highly conserved NAD+-binding, catalytic domain (7). Despite this commonality, however, a growing body of evidence suggests that their differences may far outweigh their similarities. This is highlighted by distinct expression patterns, catalytic activities, and — ultimately — biological functions. The mammalian sirtuins have discrete subcellular localizations, with a subset of sirtuins residing in predominantly nuclear (SIRT1, SIRT6, and SIRT7), cytosolic (SIRT2), or mitochondrial (SIRT3, SIRT4, and SIRT5) compartments (8). Most sirtuins display protein deacetylase activity, such that they deacetylate internal lysine residues that are acetylated upon their ε-amino groups. Exceptions include SIRT4, which is known only for ADP-ribosyltransferase activity (9), and SIRT5, which has very effective demalonylase and desuccinylase activity and only weak deacetylase activity (10, 11).”The article summarises the functions of each of the seven Sirtuins and should be read in full. And see Section C of The Transition to a Longer Living Society — Part 3 — The Effects of Various AMPK Activators which says in Section C2 that:“The genius of David Sinclair is that he and his associates have shown that many of the products which appear to extend human life and improve health are all acting through the same process. All of the many products — for example, resveratrol from the skin of red grapes, metformin diagnosed for Type II diabetics, NAD+ as a particularly active form of vitamin B3 and astragalus from Chinese medicine, and many others — as well as lifestyle changes such as dieting and exercise, all act by stimulating an improved activation of a substance called AMPK (the acronym for 5' Adenosine Monophosphate-activated Protein Kinase) which is the key repairer of the cellular genetic material. AMPK moves around within each cell snipping off the erroneously attached material and the histones re-wrap the genes which become correctly silent once more. Different activators may stimulate AMPK in particular kinds of cells.“The expression of parts of genes which should be silent appears to be the major cause of a great deal of aging. Research has shown that people with type II diabetes who are taking metformin are about a third less likely to develop the three main diseases of aging — less likely to develop heart attacks, cancers and nervous system disabilities such as Parkinsons, Alzheimers or Motor Neuron disease. Furthermore, as Professor David Sinclair has pointed out, there are AMPK stimulants which are up to 500 times more effective than resveratrol and which may reduce the risks of these three main expressions of metabolic syndrome to very low, nearly nil, levels.”10 The wider implications of that breakthroughThese are mentioned at my blog at Living the Healthier Longer Life and Smiling at Unseen Situations by George Tait Edwards on An eMail to A Few FriendsNASA and interplanetary travel NASA has funded part of Sinclair’s epigenetic researches because we now know that interplanetary travel or even trips to and from the Moon are likely to expose the astronauts to cancer-causing levels of radiation. That damage can be limited or prevented by protective pills which minimise the genetic damage to cellular tissue and that’s what NASA is hoping to get from Sinclair. See Section 4 of Living the Healthier Longer Life and Smiling at Unseen Sitations which says: “NASA is very interested in Professor David Andrew Sinclair’s reaearch and are now part of it. See the Science News report Scientists unveil a giant leap for anti-aging which saysAnd “There are two major problems with space flight. First, the hard radiation in interplanetary space damages the central genetic double helix within the cells, making these genes unfold a bit, and they then express parts of the genetic code which should be silent, causing rapid-acting cancers. Second, the lack of gravity even after short trips of two weeks in free fall causes higher blood pressure in the brain which does not do astronauts any good.“The correction of mistaken genetic expression is what AMPK stimulators achieve. The lowering of blood pressure and the removal of excess blood sugar also reduces CNS problems. On Sinclair’s LinkedIn entry athttps://www.linkedin.com/pulse/l...it is stated that“Astronauts experience DNA damage in space that can lead to cancer and premature aging, so when news of the study began to circulate, NASA got in touch. Sinclair has another project now — “What we’ve been working on with the NASA scientists is to formulate the [NAD] pill for a journey to Mars,” Sinclair said.”At present, the radiation on a trip to Mars would kill the occupants of the spaceship, but Sinclair’s research is very likely to provide a survival pill for that journey, with profound implications for human life on Earth.”China and the healthspan removal of some of the dependency limits on economic development Sinclair is in communication with the Chinese Government “at the highest levels” and it seems likely that China may become the first nation to avoid the high costs of an ageing population by perhaps using resveratrol to avoid metabolic syndrome diseases. It is normally possible to calculate the dependency ratio, or the ratio of the numbers of the non-working young and the retired old compared to the total population. But if the previously retired older workers discover a new lease and length of working life then the dependency ratio falls and moves towards the ratio of the non-working young plus the many fewer dependent oldsters in the total population. When the working population increases due to more people working for many years beyond the previously normal retiral age, this causes an upswing in the number of workers and economic growth. If China implements Sinclair’s research and produces a nationwide rise in the health of the elderly and their lifespan this creates a larger working population. This issue is so significant I will consider it at more length elsewhere. In the meantime see Section 4 - the “China” section ofLiving the Healthier Longer Life and Smiling at Unseen Sitations which remarks“The most intelligent government in the world — the Chinese one — are in discussions with Prof Sinclair. The highest levels of the Chinese Government appear to be involved in these discussions, as Professor Sinclair reports atDavid Sinclair’s beginner’s guide to anti-ageing“In passing, he [David Andrew Sinclair] mentions he’s advising a large Asian nation (China, he clarifies after some questions) on how economic growth and a healthy population intersect.“This gets down to how do you transform the planet economically and not just [with] health,” he says.“The advice I’m giving that nation — and it’s at the highest level — they now want to know how do they raise up not just the economics, but the health [of their people]. Because they are very clever, they know [the two] have to go hand in hand.”As they do. My interests in Shimomuran macroeconomics and gerontology have converged in the epigenetic understandings of Sinclair and his comments about how the future of economics goes hand-in-hand with the future of China and the rest of the world.Longer Healthier Lives and Higher Long-Term Chinese Economic Growth There are three major economic impacts arising from Sinclair’s epigenetic research. First, a healthier population is a more productive workforce and higher productivity would be the natural result from the removal of metabolic sydrome throughout China. Second, a longer living people will increase China’s population and produce a larger GDP as all the requirements of that longer-living group will increase demand for housing and everything else. Third, this new death control technology will add a few percentage points (I calculate +1.25% pa) to China’s GDP for about two generations.10 Commentary on and improvements to the Professor David Andrew Sinclair protocolAt first sight, the protocol being used by Professor David Andrew Sinclair appears to be excellent and. complete. This Doctor-Professor obviously knows what he is doing and his declared protocol is“I take 750 mg of NMN every morning, along with a gram of resveratrol and 500 mg of metformin.”I take 60mg of sub-lingual NMN every morning, (which because it is taken sublingually may be ten to fifteen times more effective than an oral dose, so about 600mg to 900mg of an equivalent oral dose) along with a gram of reseveratrol and 2000 mg of NHS-provided metformin (which helps deal with my DMT2).I don’t think that’s enough. That protocol does not prevent colds due to germs entering the mouth via mouth, it does not give you excellent respiration, and it does not give you higher bursts of stamina when you may need them.11 The Most Useful Additives11.1 Improving Respiration Through Daily Use of XylitolSee Living the Healthier Longer Life and Smiling at Unseen Sitations paragraph 3.6.1 which says“XylitolThis substance is a kind of “false sugar” and it is also classified as an alcohol. Germs use sugars to breed and they misidentify Xylitol in the mouth, nose and throat as a sugar and they grab it for breeding purposes. But Xylitol holds fast to unjacketed viruses and won’t let the germs go, so the germs die from the equivalent of a”blocked mouth”. SeeXylitol - WikipediaXylitol reduces dental caries, removes infections in the throat and nose and ear tubes, and destroys the possibility of pneumonia. A four-gram teaspoonful of Astaxanthin in your morning tea or coffee clears your throat of phlegm and enables you to breathe easily all day. See para 3.2 ofWhat’s Wrong With Big Pharma? – George Tait Edwards – Medium”11.2 Increasing Stamina Through B5 SupplementationVitamin B5 improves the capability to continue doing vigorous exercises. The most famous experiment with this vitamin is the gas jar experiment with mice, in which mice are placed in a glass jar half filled with water. The mice can only survive if they swim continually with their noses above the water. The survival time of mice in the water can be doubled by giving them vitamin B5.Vitamin B5 removes fatigue and improves stamina. It seems to deal with the “stitch” otherwise encountered in lengthy strenuous exercise of any kind. It may decrease the build-up of the lactic acid in muscles which causes stitch and muscle fatigue. A dose of about 50mg is enough for all usual purposes but for long runs or aerobic exercises 500mg can provide a much higher level of stamina.I think it likely that a day dose of 500mg of pantothenic acid might prevent heart attacks in those who may be prone to these but there has never been any adequate study of that possibility. Pantothenic acid/Vitamin B5 may be another preventive vitamin which increases stamina and physical capability when these are required.11.3 The Extra Supplements11.3.1 Using NaPca for the immediate treatment of Minor BurnsSee What’s Wrong With Big Pharma? – George Tait Edwards – Medium section 3.1 which says:“Superficial but painful skin burns caused by contact with boiling water or oil, or by touching a very hot oven tray or the inside of a hot oven, destroy the skin’s natural humectant and usually lead to very painful water blisters. If a water-based solution of sodium pyrrolidone carboxylic acid (NaPCA) is immediately sprayed on the burn, the levels of the skin’s natural humectant will be restored and the “burned skin” aftermath will disappear. NaPCA is deliquescent — it pulls water out of the air to keep your skin slightly moist.This restorative action will not happen unless the NaPCA spray is used immediately. Burns will develop as they usually do, if the skin is not sprayed immediately with NaPCA. If anyone burns themselves and waits for more than a few minutes, NaPCA will not reverse the burn blisters after they have appeared. NaPCA is not a restorative, it is a preventative of further damage in very recently burned skin.Try keeping some NaPCA spray in your kitchen and see. And see some research such as http://www.sphinxsai.com/2013/VOL5_NO.4_APRIL/PDFS_VOL5_NO.4/CT=06(1448-1451)AJ13.pdf”11.3.2 Stopping Brain Shrinkage Through DHARecent research has apparently shown that taking a high-end triple omega fish oil containing 250mg of DHA confers no health benefits.See No Benefit from Fish OilThe only benefit I have observed from fish oil is that it prevents the brain shrinkage after age 55 or so. Because the eyes are embedded in the brain, after about age 55 the deep lines appear above and below the eyes as a result of brain shrinkage.I personally believe that an unshrunk brain may confer some improved mental behaviour and the recent research might have been looking in the wrong place for benefits.12 Astaxanthin and the Prevention of ArthritisSee What’s Wrong With Big Pharma? – George Tait Edwards – Medium para 3.9 which says:“About 4 years ago my wife, who had already had a right shoulder replacement operation due to arthritis, could not turn over in bed without suffering agony. I decided to research how best to help remedy her condition by studying on the internet all the substances that relieve arthritis.“I discovered that 15mg of Astaxanthin daily completely restored normal joint operations and enabled her to lead a painless life. In my opinion that is an enormous benefit.“Nobody I have met seems to know about that. The suffering and painful joint replacement operations associated with arthritis are completely avoidable and probably quite unnecessary.“Ask your doctor about it if you like — he will probably tell you “It’s not been properly tested.” But if you (or a loved one) have arthritis you (and her or him) probably do not need to continue to suffer. It’s up to you and to them.”13 My Second Digression: Comments in mid-1985 from a Post Office Colleague - Skip This If You Want To13.1 Marking my CardsA Post Office colleague marked my cards pretty thoroughly by telling me“You seem to know more about everything than most people know about anything!”“Thanks for the compliment,” I replied.“It is not a compliment,” this fellow Scot insisted. “You are arrogant with it, so you are not nice to know.”I nodded. Sometimes I wasn’t. My friend trundled on:“Most of us want to reverse the decline of the UK, but you, you bastard, you research it, you write books about it, you write with Lord Lever about it in central pages of the Sunday Times, you lobby Parliament about it, and you get through to present your recommendations to Thatcher about it!”[He was simplifying events - it was not ever just me. Without the research and perspective and contributions of my co-author, John C Carrington, the first two books would not have been published by Tim Farmiloe, our Editor at Macmillan Academic. Without the friendship of Will Hutton and the understanding and contacts of Lord Lever and the help of Harold Evans, the then editor of the Sunday Times, my co-authored articles would never have been published in that then-great newspaper. And without the support of other members of the Grylls group - David Young, (later Lord Wartnaby) the Chairman of the Group, Michael Grylls MP (later Sir Michael Grylls) Bill Poeton (the chairman of the Union of Independent Companies) and Barry Baldwin then a director of PwC, my efforts would have come to nothing.When I once recited this personal history to the late, great Lord Harold Lever of Manchester, he observed“When you are trying to do the right things, helpful people will spring out of the ground.”Not always.]“What’s wrong with that?” I asked.“Most of us want to understand how world wars happen, but you, you bastard, you research it, you write essays about it, and you frighten your colleagues with bizarre predictions!”“They are only bizarre if you don’t understand power transition theory,“ I replied.“And apart from you, who does?” Nobody to whom I had ever spoken had known about it. No British university taught it, so my colleague had a point, but he was not finished:“Most of us want to understand how to live longer, but you, you bastard, you research it, you write essays about it, and you practice it, boring us all with your obsession about that subject!”“I see no problem with any of that!” I told my colleague.“You wouldn’t!” he said.13.2 Why should you pay attention to this Answer?Maybe for five main reasonsBecause you would probably live a healthier, happier longer live if you didBecause for most people throughout history, life has been nasty, brutish and short and the above-mentioned newish technologies can give you a much more pleasant, comfortable longer life, ending in a less troublesome deathBecause this Answer might be the best available guide about how to avoid being unhealthy in your later yearsBecause the only person who is most passionately interested - in how long you live and how well you live - is youBecause if you practice some of this guidance you will have not only a longer life but a greater life, you may be able to improve the three main life-dimensions - you might develop a better relationship with yourself, a deeper love with your partner and family, and a more productive relationship between yourself and the world - all based upon your better, longer healthspan and your improved mental focus. and capability13.3 Why might you not pay attention to this Answer?There might be three major reasons why you might not:I don’t always follow my own advice, so why should you? I sometimes struggle with my life objectives because of my undermind, the me I want to be is sometimes undermined by the person I used to be. All personal, interpersonal and social development involves an occasional and continual conflict between your past and your future. It’s easier to give up and go with the flow. Nobody can successfully completely bury their past personality but that behaviour-system can become just one of the minor facets of the developing diamond of your character.You might think old age is, as Shakespeare put it in As You Like it “Sans teeth, sans eyes, your taste, sans everything” but you can keep your teeth if you brush them, your eyes will stay sharper if you take the right dose (about 6mg) of carotene, you can taste and enjoy life for much longer, and you can keep all your faculties if you act to keep them.“If what you are saying is true, then I would already know about it.“ The billonaire owners of the Western media have a great interest in maintaining their wealth and power but a very limited interest in the transmission of truth. Most Western governments regard the old as as an expensive-to-support sector of the economy which needs costly health services and expensive care systems and at first sight these developments look as if they will greatly increase the numbers and the support costs of a much larger elderly population. A more adequate analysis arrives at Ruskin’s view - that “people are the wealth of the world”- and a healthier longer living more active working population will create much more wealth than their care burden. In fact much of the costly healthcare care systems of the most developed economies will no longer be required in the pill-popping post-Sinclair 21st century economies, as Sinclair has pointed out at length in his Facebook lectures. What you don’t know can really hurt you, but you cannot expect Western Media such as the upper-middle-class-dominated government-propaganda-distributing BBC or the French RTF or American Fox News or the right-wing, therefore stupid, billionaire-owned UK or US press media to inform you about all this. How could they tell you about developments they neither know about, nor understand themselves?13.4 How you can make the best use of this information.You should - you will- you are bound to - make the use of this information consistent with your character. You could cherry-pick the most appropriate findings most relevant to you. In particular, you don’t have to accept or reject all of this. If you have respiratory problems, stir some Xylitol into your morning tea or coffee and your mouth, nose and throat system will clear. (Don’t take sweets immediately afterwards, or you will ruin the defence system in your mouth.) If you want to protect your partner and children from burns, get some NaPCA for immediate use to reverse burned skin damage into your kitchen. If family members have had cancer, consider advising them to take a selenium supplement. If you have Diabetes Mellitus Type II, think about taking resveratrol and consider adopting the 8-week Newcastle Diet to completely get rid of DMT2 [I’m going to try to do that]. If you can afford it and want to live a much healthier longer life, consider practising the Sinclair plus protocol to health-en and youth-en yourself. But don’t think about it for too long. As Eliot has remarked“Time is no healer, for the victim is no longer here.”If you already know better, then use that knowledge. If you agree that ageing is not a disease as the FDA does, join their camp and do nothing. But I think the FDA is likely to have to change its current opinion as the full panoply of Sinclair developments come into view.The world is going to divide into the slightly richer quasi-immortals, who practise the best available but relatively more expensive epigenetic technologies, and the lower living, unhealthier classes which do not. That is already happening.14 Conclusions14.1 A “sustained calorie deficit”is a diet which contains much less than the 2,000 calories which is theoretically required to maintain the average person. Such a diet extends the healthspan and improves the lifespan but recent research has placed these results within a larger epigenetic framework and produced more powerful life-enhancing protocols than calorie reduction or the CRON diet can produce.14.2 This topic has been extensively scientifically researched byClive Maine, McCay (1898—1967) in Cornell University in the 1930s, where McCay doubled the average lifespan of rats by underfeeding them by 50% of the calories they “needed”Dr Roy Lee Walford (1924–2004) who made this topic the major focus of his life and who invented and practised Calorie Restriction with Optimal Nutrition (the CRON diet) starting a movement in that name14.3 The two most effective diets that have emerged from McCay’s and Walford’s researches areThe 5–2 Diet,which is very effective at reducing and controlling your weight if you stick to it. See the 38,700,000 hits on a Google Search for the 5–2 diet. There is a wealth of information on this topic. The 5–2 diet works by reducing food consumption to 600 calories or less on two days a week, and eating normally on the other five days. The two days on minimal calories seems to reduce the appetite for the other five days. Theoretically, if the”normal” days involve 2,000 calories, the average calories per day are 1,600, a 20% “calorie deficit” and that may be how it works.The Newcastle Very Low Calorie Diet (600 calories per day by milkshakes plus 200 via vegetables) developed by Roy Taylor at the University of Newcastle which within eight weeks not only reduces your weight but completely reverses diabetes if you can implement this diet (about four out of eleven can’t, but 7 out of eleven can). See “Information on Reversing Type II Diabetes athttps://www.ncl.ac.uk/media/wwwnclacuk/newcastlemagneticresonancecentre/files/2018%20Diabetes%20reversal%20info.pdf14.4 The recent development of Epigenetic Understandings by Professor David Andrew Sinclair are world-changing and will lift economic performance to larger GDP levels for about two generations.PS I have no commercial interest whatsoever in any of the supplements mentioned.One of my ex-bosses, the Finance Director (a man called Roy McClure) at the Further Education Funding Council, often said “There is never any excuse for not being thorough.”I agree with that, even if fewer Quorans read longer Answers.