Appendix Ii 6 Entry Form: Fill & Download for Free

NDA 2017 – UPSC NDA Application Form 2017NDA Application Form, The UPSC (Union Public Service Commission) conducts this NDA examination 2 time in a year. NDA I is being held for getting admission in the Navy , Army and Air Force wings of NDA for 139th course, and 101th Indian Naval Academy Course (INAC). Number of Post vacancies to be filled on the basis of this examination given below.Admission CourseTolal VacanciesNational Defence Academy (NDA) – Army208National Defence Academy (NDA) – Navy55Naval Academy (10+2) Cadet Entry Scheme55National Defence Academy (NDA) – Air Force72Total390Eligible candidates may submit NDA 2017 application form at upsconline.nic.in and download NDA 2017 admit card. After appearing for NDA 2017 exam candidates will be check NDA 2017 exam answer keys and also NDA 2017 Exam Result. On the NDA 2017 Exam basis the selected candidates will be appear in two stage selection process that will comprising of SSB interviews. Get full details of NDA 2017 such as Application Form, Exam Dates, Eligibility, Syllabus, Result, Cut off.Important Date And Events of UPSC NDA 2017, NDA Examination (I), 2017National Defence Academy & Naval Academy Examination (I), 2017Date of Notification18/01/2017Date / (s) of Examination23/04/2017Duration of ExaminationOne DayLast Date for Receipt of Applications10/02/2017 – 6:00pmDate of Upload18/01/2017Download NotificationNotification DownloadOnline ApplicationClick HereDate of Upload18/01/2017Last Date to Apply Application Form10/02/2017Download UPSC NDA 2017 Detail Notification – Check HereEligibility Criteria –The candidates applying for the examination should ensure that they fulfill all the eligibility conditions for admission to the Examination. Their admission at all the stages of the examination will be purely provisional subject to satisfying the prescribed eligibility conditions. Mere issue of Admission Certificate to the candidate will not imply that his candidature has been finally cleared by the Commission.Verification of eligibility conditions with reference to original documents is taken up only after the candidate has qualified for interview/Personality Test.Age limit –In order to appear in NDA (I) 2017, the candidate is born between 02.07.1998 and 01.07.2001. For the purpose of NDA (II) 2017, the candidate is born between 02.01.1999 and 01.01.2002.Qualification for NDA 2017Army Wing of National Defence Academy —12th Class pass of the 10+2 pattern of School Education or equivalent examination conducted by a State Education Board or a University.Air Force and Naval Wings of National Defence Academy and for the 10+2 Cadet Entry Scheme at the Indian Naval Academy —12th Class pass of the 10+2 pattern of School Education or equivalent with Physics and Mathematics conducted by a State Education Board or a University.Application Fee – NDA Application FormCandidates have to pay a fee = Rs. 100/-Either by depositing the money in any Branch of SBI by cash, or by using net banking facility of State Bank of India/State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur/State Bank of Hyderabad/State Bank ofMysore/State Bank of Patiala/State Bank of Travancore or by using Visa/MasterCard Credit/Debit Card.SC/ST candidates/Sons of JCOs/NCOs/ORs are exempted from payment of fee.“Pay by Cash” mode option will be deactivated at 23.59 hours of 09.02.2017 i.e. one day before the closing date;HOW TO APPLY for NDA 2017Candidates are required to apply online for NDA Application form by using the website upsconline.nic.in , Brief instructions for filling up the online NDA Application Form have been given in the Appendix-II. Detailed instructions are available on the Official website upsconline.nic.in .NDA 2017 Important Events – NDA Application FormCheck the important events of NDA 2017, related to Exam Date, Admit Card, Results, Application form of NDA ll 2017 are given below.Syllabus – NDA ExamPAPER I MATHEMATICS (Code No.1) (Max Marks-300)AlgebraMatrices and DeterminantsTrigonometryAnalytical Geometry of two and three dimensionsDifferential CalculusIntegral Calculus and Differential EquationsVector AlgebraStatistics and ProbabilityPAPER II GENERAL ABILITY TEST (Code No.2) (Max Marks 600)PART A – EnglishPART B – General KnowledgeA SECTION – PhysicsB SECTION – ChemistryC SECTION – General SciencesD SECTION – History, Freedom MovementsE SECTION – GeographyF SECTION – Current AffairsQuestions on Section A B C D E and F will carry 25%, 15%,10%, 20%,20%,and 10% weightage. There will be negative marking for incorrect response given by candidates.After the NDA exam the SSB interview comprising of two stages i.e. stage I and stage II.The stage (I) will consist of Officer Intelligence Rating (OIR) and Picture Perception & Description Test (PP & DT).The stage (II) will comprise of Interview, Group Testing Officer Tasks, Psychology Tests and the Conference. These tests will be organized over 4 or 5 days. Entire process will carry 900 marks.NDA Exams focuses mainly on English, General Knowledge and Mathematics.Question paper includes equations and questions related to subjects listed above.NDA 2017 Examination Centers –The Examination will be held at the following Centers –Agartala, Ahmedabad, Aizawl, Allahabad, Bengaluru, Bareilly, Bhopal,Chandigarh, Chennai, Cuttack, Dehradun, Delhi, Dharwad, Dispur, Gangtok,Hyderabad, Imphal, Itanagar, Jaipur, Jammu, Jorhat, Kochi, Kohima, Kolkata,Lucknow, Madurai, Mumbai, Nagpur, Panaji (Goa), Patna, Port Blair, Raipur,Ranchi, Sambalpur, Shillong, Shimla, Srinagar, Thiruvananthapuram,Tirupati, Udaipur and Vishakhapatnam.Applicants should note that there will be a ceiling on the number of candidates allotted to each of the centres except Chennai, Dispur, Kolkata and Nagpur. Allotment of Centers would on the first-apply-first-allot basis andonce the capacity of a particular centre is attained.Applicants, who cannot get a centre of their choice due to ceiling, are required to choose a Centre from the remaining ones. Applicants are, thus, advised that they may apply early so that they could get a Centre of their choice.N.B. : Notwithstanding the aforesaid provision, Commission reserves the right to change the Centres at their discretion if the situation demands. Candidates admitted to the examination will be informed of the time table and place or places of examination. Candidates should note that no request for change of centre will be granted.

I’d like to start this with a note about how the power of a Maia, a being as Sauron was, would not be generally limited to one specific set that could never change. Over time and depending on the circumstances the Ainur (to whom the Maiar belong to) could learn new things as well.So it is not an issue of “X can only ever do Y and nothing else”, and even with Sauron there seem to have been times were he gained new knowledge and learned new skills.So, on to the list — let’s see what we can find in Tolkien’s texts. I had too much fun with the research, so this turned out to be a list with lots of details… sorry about that!“But at length, after the fall of Fingolfin, Sauron, greatest and most terrible of the servants of Morgoth, who in the Sindarin tongue was named Gorthaur, came against Orodreth, the warden of the tower upon Tol Sirion. Sauron was become now a sorcerer of dreadful power, master of shadows and of phantoms, foul in wisdom, cruel in strength, misshaping what he touched, twisting what he ruled, lord of werewolves; his dominion was torment.”¹Changing shapes“Thu” by Roger GarlandLike all Maiar Sauron initially is able to change shapes as he wishes – or go without any visible shape at all. A few shapes that Sauron has turned into are:a werewolf, in the fight against Huana serpent/snake, in the fight against Huana vampire/bat, after the fight against Huana fair form, known as Annatar in the Second Age, in which he deceived Elves and Mena dark form, “an image of malice and hatred made visible”², which he turned into after the Fall of NúmenorThe form Sauron appears in as a Dark Lord in the First Age probably was different to the fair form he wore as Annatar, and also different to the dark form he made after the Fall of Númenor. He form he took in the Third Age after his return was probably different as well, but Tolkien rarely describes them.Sauron lost the ability to take on a fair form after the Fall of Númenor, where his fair form was drowned in the sea. Taking on new forms also became more and more difficult, as it took Sauron more and more time to create a new one once had lost his former shape. His ability to change forms therefore seemed to decrease with every death he suffered. According to the Ósanwe-kenta this was also due to all his evil deeds that he committed in these forms – his evil nature could no longer be masked by a fair appearance.After the destruction of the One Ring Sauron was unable to take on any new form.FlightChanging forms meant that at least in the beginning Sauron could also take on shapes in which he could fly (the vampire bat form for example). But I believe he also was able to travel fast without having any form at all.Farsightedness“No living creature could pass through that vale that Sauron did not espy from the tower where he sat.”¹Sauron’s eyes play an important part in his description, they are basically the most described part of his body. They are said to be fiery, they are said to never sleep. They are – of course – better than the average eyes of a human, so he could see things that were very far away.He did not have a spotlight eye as in the movies though.TelepathyThe communication of thoughts was natural to the Ainur especially at first, when they were not yet used to taking on shapes and using speech. Sauron therefore could communicate in thoughts and – if the other minds was not closed to him – read the thoughts of other minds.Spells, words of command and songs of powerIt seems like spells, words of command and songs of power are generally something connected to “magic” in Middle-earth, and they can have all sorts of functions. We get an example of that when Gandalf tries to seal the door of the Chamber of Mazarbul with a spell and the Balrog counters it. Both of them are Maiar, so it’s not unreasonable to assume that Sauron can use spells in a similar way, although we have no way of knowing what spells exist and if every person using magic has their own spells...An example for Sauron doing something like this is the song of power he used against Finrod in the First Age:“He chanted a song of wizardry,of piercing, opening, of treachery,revealing, uncovering, betraying.[…]”³“Sauron & Finrod” by Phobs (melkorwashere at tumblr)With this he was able to break the Orc-disguise of Finrod and his companions:“Behold! they are in their own fair shape,fairskinned, brighteyed. No longer gapeOrclike their mouths; and now they standbetrayed into the wizard's hand.”³Manipulation of natureSauron has an influence on his surrounding and can manipulate nature in general.FIRE:Sauron is often associated with Fire. A few examples are:His eyes are often described in relation to fire; in The Lord of the Rings Frodo sees Sauron’s eye in Galadriel’s mirror and it was “rimmed with fire, but was itself glazed, yellow as a cat's, watchful and intent, and the black slit of its pupil opened on a pit, a window into nothing”⁴. In the Lay of Leithian they are described as “sleepless eyes of flame”³.He used the Mountain of Fire, the Orodruin, as his forge to create the One Ring, and seemed to be able to control the volcano: “Now Sauron prepared war against the Eldar and the Men of Westernesse, and the fires of the Mountain were wakened again.”⁵Sauron’s hand “was black and yet burned like fire”⁶, and Gil-galad died because of it.So it’s very likely that he was able to use fire in various ways.DARKNESS:In The Lord of the Rings Sauron uses the weather in his assault of Minas Tirith. When Pippin asks Beregond about the shadow that comes from the east, and notices that the air “seems thick and brown”⁷. Beregond explains:“‘[…] this is no weather of the world. This is some device of his malice; some broil of fume from the Mountain of Fire that he sends to darken hearts and counsel. And so it doth indeed.”⁷And when the darkness fades with the arrival of the Rohirrim it’s said that Sauron had planned for it to last longer. But “morning came, morning and a wind from the sea; and darkness was removed […]”⁸.STORMS:On Caradhras, Boromir, Gimli and Gandalf were also discussing if Sauron possibly was responsible for their bad luck with the weather in the mountains:“‘I wonder if this is a contrivance of the Enemy,’ said Boromir. ‘They say in my land that he can govern the storms in the Mountains of Shadow that stand upon the borders of Mordor. He has strange powers and many allies.’‘His arm has grown long indeed,’ said Gimli, ‘if he can draw snow down from the North to trouble us here three hundred leagues away.’‘His arm has grown long,’ said Gandalf.”⁹WATER:There is also an account of Sauron’s arrival in Númenor that suggests that Sauron could control water to a certain extend:“Suddenly the sea became unquiet; it rose until it became like a mountain, and it rolled upon the land. The ships were lifted up, and cast far inland, and lay in the fields. Upon that ship which was cast highest and stood dry upon a hill there was a man, or one in man's shape, but greater than any even of the race of Numenor in stature.He stood upon the rock and said: ’This is done as a sign of power. For I am Sauron the mighty, servant of the Strong’.”¹⁰EARTH:At the Council Galdor discusses the possibility of Tom Bombadil defying Sauron, but says that he does not have the power and that this power would have to come from the earth itself. He then adds that “Sauron can torture and destroy the very hills”⁶.A DARK PRESENCE:I’m not sure how to call it. It seems that especially in the later days Sauron’s mere presence had a negative affect on everything and everyone around him. When he fled to Mirkwood after being defeated in the War of the Alliance his arrival there caused the darkening of the whole forest. There was barely any light, the air was “still and dark and stuff”¹¹. Even some of the streams there had black water, and were dangerous to drink from. And the whole forest was infested with giant spiders and other dark creatures.CraftsmanshipSauron originally was a Maia of Aulë who was a “a smith and a master of all crafts”¹², and Sauron “remained mighty in the lore of that people”¹³.“Now the Elves made many rings; but secretly Sauron made One Ring to rule all the others, and their power was bound up with it, to be subject wholly to it and to last only so long as it too should last. And much of the strength and will of Sauron passed into that One Ring; for the power of the Elven-rings was very great, and that which should govern them must be a thing of surpassing potency; and Sauron forged it in the Mountain of Fire in the Land of Shadow. And while he wore the One Ring he could perceive all the things that were done by means of the lesser rings, and he could see and govern the very thoughts of those that wore them.”⁵Sauron helped the Elves make many of their Rings of Power, and he made his own ring, the One Ring which he could use to rule the others. This shows that not only was he a skilled smith but that he was able to put his own power into objects and use them to enhance his own skills.“One to rule them all” by Aleksandra SkibaUsing his Ring he also created Barad-dûr. It took six hundred years to complete the fortress, so it was probably not done by Sauron alone. Apparently Sauron also used his powers on the tower on Tol Sirion when he took command there, because when he yielded the tower to Lúthien and she declared her power “the spell was loosed that bound stone to stone, and the gates were thrown down, and the walls opened, and the pits laid bare”¹⁴.Dol Guldur was probably enforced in a similar way, and Galadriel “threw down its walls and laid bare its pits”¹⁵ like Lúthien once did.NecromancyNecromancy usually refers to the communication with the dead, but it can also mean just sorcery or black magic in general. “The Necromancer” is one Sauron’s many names and titles. In almost every text that he appears in there is some sort of reference to it, but as usual we don’t get detailed information.“[…] In glamourythat necromancer held his hostsof phantoms and of wandering ghosts,of misbegotten or spell-wrongedmonsters that about him thronged,working his bidding dark and vile:the werewolves of the Wizard's Isle.”³Probably one of best known examples for his necromancy in terms of black magic are the Nazgûl.“And they became for ever invisible save to him that wore the Ruling Ring, and they entered into the realm of shadows. The Nazgûl were they, the Ringwraiths, the Enemy's most terrible servants; darkness went with them, and they cried with the voices of death.”⁵They used to be men, but Sauron gave them nine of the Rings of Power, and they slowly turned into wraiths. As long as Sauron holds their Rings they are completely under his control. Also worth mentioning: the Morgul knife of his servants, the Nazgûl, apparently could turn the living into wraiths.But there are references to necromancy as in communicating with the dead as well.In his discussion about houseless fëar (a soul without a body who refuses to go to the Halls of Mandos) Tolkien writes:“Some are filled with bitterness, grievance, and envy. Some were enslaved by the Dark Lord and do his work still, though he himself is gone. They will not speak truth or wisdom. To call on them is folly. To attempt to master them and to make them servants of one own's will is wickedness. Such practices are of Morgoth; and the necromancers are of the host of Sauron his servant.Some say that the Houseless desire bodies, though they’re not willing to seek them lawfully by submission to the judgement of Mandos. The wicked among them will take bodies, if they can, unlawfully. The peril of communing with them is, therefore, not only the peril of being deluded by fantasies or lies: there is peril also of destruction. For one of the hungry Houseless, if it is admitted to the friendship of the Living, may seek to eject the fëa from its body; and in the contest for mastery the body may be gravely injured, even if it be not wrested from its rightful habitant. Or the Houseless may plead for shelter, and if it is admitted, then it will seek to enslave its host and use both his will and his body for its own purposes. It is said that Sauron did these things, and taught his followers how to achieve them.”¹⁶Phantoms and illusionsSauron was a “master of shadows and of phantoms”¹.A good example can be found in the First Age, where Sauron convinces a man called Gorlim to betray his friends for the promise of being reunited with his wife. As it turns out his wife is already dead, and he had only seen a phantom created by Sauron:“On a time of autumn he came in the dusk of evening, and drawing near [Gorlim] saw as he thought a light at the window; and coming warily he looked within. There he saw Eilinel, and her face was worn with grief and hunger, and it seemed to him that he heard her voice lamenting that he had forsaken her. But even as he cried aloud the light was blown out in the wind; wolves howled, and on his shoulders he felt suddenly the heavy hands of Sauron's hunters. […] Then Sauron laughed; and he mocked Gorlim, and revealed to him that he had only seen a phantom devised by wizardry to entrap him; for Eilinel was dead.”¹⁴Deceit and manipulationOne of Sauron’s most dangerous traits was his talent for deceit and manipulation.“[…] he became the greatest and most trusted of the servants of the Enemy, and the most perilous, for he could assume many forms, and for long if he willed he could still appear noble and beautiful, so as to deceive all but the most wary.”⁵Some major examples that we know of:THE RUIN OF EREGION:“Sauron used all his arts upon Celebrimbor and his fellow-smiths, who had formed a society or brotherhood, very powerful in Eregion, the Gwaith-i-Mírdain; but he worked in secret, unknown to Galadriel and Celeborn. Before long Sauron had the Gwaith-i-Mírdain under his influence, for at first they had great profit from his instruction in secret matters of their craft.”¹⁷Celebrimbor and the Elven smiths then forged many of the Rings of Powers with Sauron’s help, while he created the One Ring. When the Elves then realised who he really was they turned away from him, and Sauron invaded Eregion, killing all the Mírdain.THE FALL OF NÚMENOR:The Númenoreans had already started doing evil things before Sauron ever came to Númenor, but once he came there the fate of Númenor was sealed.Sauron rose from prisoner to adviser of the King, encouraged the King in his hatred for the Elves and Valar, and in the end the King of Númenor started an invasion of Valinor which lead to the Drowning of the whole island in the waves.“And Sauron came. Even from his mighty tower of Barad-dûr he came, and made no offer of battle. For he perceived that the power and majesty of the Kings of the Sea surpassed all rumour of them, so that he could not trust even the greatest of his servants to withstand them; and he saw not his time yet to work his will with the Dúnedain. And he was crafty, well skilled to gain what he would by subtlety when force might not avail. Therefore he humbled himself before Ar-Pharazôn and smoothed his tongue; and men wondered, for all that he said seemed fair and wise.”²“Sauron and Ar-Pharazôn” by Soni Alcorn-HenderTHE CORRUPTION OF SARUMAN:Sauron used the Palantíri to turn Saruman to his side. While Saruman probably was an easy target because his mind already was not unlike Sauron, the communication through the Palantír certainly also played its part in Saruman’s downfall. At any rate that is what Gandalf believed.Easy it is now to guess how quickly the roving eye of Saruman was trapped and held; and how ever since he has been persuaded from afar, and daunted when persuasion would not serve. The biter bit, the hawk under the eagle’s foot, the spider in a steel web!”¹⁸THE MANIPULATION OF DENETHOR:Denethor was also manipulated through the Palantír by Sauron. Sauron could not influence him as much as he could with Saruman, but nevertheless he could make Denethor “believe that his victory was inevitable”¹⁹ and that led to Denethor’s despair.Control over large armiesEspecially while Sauron was in possession of his Ring he had a strong control over large armies. That included not only orcs but various kinds of beasts as well as trolls, and even men.In the Quenta Silmarillion Sauron is called “Lord of Werewolves”, in the Laws and Customs among the Eldar it says that “Necromancers are of the host of Sauron”¹⁶ and about the War of the Last Alliance against Sauron we know that there were all kinds of people and creatures in his armies, except for Elves. That includes Men, Dwarves, Orcs, Trolls, and beasts and birds.TortureAs a proper Dark Lord Sauron of course knows how to torment his prisoners. Most of it is probably done by his servants, but some of the tools for it were probably invented or improved by Sauron – like the flesh-eating chains mentioned in the Lay of Leithian (if that wasn’t a metaphor for tight chains).Sauron is also able to torture people without touching them directly, as happened during Sauron’s interrogation of Pippin in the Palantír:“‘I did not answer. He said: “Who are you?” I still did not answer, but it hurt me horribly; and he pressed me, so I said: “A hobbit.” ‘Then suddenly he seemed to see me, and he laughed at me. It was cruel. It was like being stabbed with knives. […]”¹⁸Corruption and breedingA last thing I want to mention is Sauron’s ability to corrupt and breed living beings. This is closely related to the three previous abilities I have mentioned, but deserves its own entry. Sauron was probably closely involved in the development of the Orcs, assisting Morgoth and continuing his work while Morgoth was imprisoned. He also “improved” the Trolls, teaching them the Black Language and making them more resistant to the sun.We can also find examples for the breeding of beasts.About the winged beast of the Witch-king it is said:“A creature of an older world maybe it was, whose kind, lingering in forgotten mountains cold beneath the Moon, outstayed their day, and in hideous eyrie bred this last untimely brood, apt to evil. And the Dark Lord took it, and nursed it with fell meats, until it grew beyond the measure of all other things that fly; and he gave it to his servant to be his steed.”²⁰Werewolves also seem to be most an invention of Sauron. He was called “Lord of Werewolves” in the First Age as already mentionded, and they often seem to come up whenever Sauron is involved. In The Silmarillion they are described like this:“Therefore an army was sent against him under the command of Sauron; and Sauron brought were-wolves, fell beasts inhabited by dreadful spirits that he had imprisoned in their bodies.”¹⁴Draugluin is said to be the first of them, and Carcharoth, the greatest werewolf, was raised and fed by Morgoth himself later on.In short: At the height of his powers – naturally available or learned over time – allowed Sauron to change forms and even become invisible, to reach far with his eyes or his mind, and to use all kinds of spells. He could affect and use many different parts of nature in various ways, and was skilled in necromancy and illusions. However one of his main talents was manipulation, and in combination with his Ring he was able to exert a frightening control over other beings, resulting in him being able to command large armies. In order to strengthen his armies he corrupted many people and beasts, and tried to improve his already existing servants and slaves. His skills as a craftsman were used not only to create magical rings but also to strengthen his fortresses.“Sauron” by morphym37 at tumblrFOOTNOTES¹ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien. The Silmarillion, Quenta Silmarillion, Chapter 18² J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien. The Silmarillion, Akallabêth³ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien. The Lays of Beleriand, III: The Lay of Leithian, VII⁴ J.R.R. Tolkien. The Lord of the Rings, Book II, Chapter 7⁵ J.R.R. Tolkien. Christopher Tolkien. The Silmarillion, Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age⁶ J.R.R. Tolkien. The Lord of the Rings, Book II, Chapter 2⁷ J.R.R. Tolkien. The Lord of the Rings, Book V, Chapter 4⁸ J.R.R. Tolkien. The Lord of the Rings, Book V, Chapter 5⁹ J.R.R. Tolkien. The Lord of the Rings, Book II, Chapter 3¹⁰ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien. The Lost Road and other Writings, Part 1, III: The Lost Road, (ii) The Numenorean Chapters, Chapter IV¹¹ J.R.R. Tolkien. The Hobbit, Chapter 8¹² J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien. The Silmarillion, Valaquenta, Of the Valar¹³ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien. The Silmarillion, Valaquenta, Of the Enemies¹⁴ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien. The Silmarillion, Quenta Silmarillion, Chapter 19¹⁵ J.R.R. Tolkien. The Lord of the Rings, Appendix B¹⁶ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien. Morgoth’s Ring, Part 3: The Later Quenta Silmarillion (II), Laws and Customs among the Eldar, Laws B¹⁷ J.R.R. Tolkien. Christopher Tolkien. Unfinished Tales of Númenor and Middle-earth, Part 2, The History of Galadriel and Celeborn¹⁸ J.R.R. Tolkien. The Lord of the Rings, Book III, Chapter 11¹⁹ J.R.R. Tolkien. Christopher Tolkien. Unfinished Tales of Númenor and Middle-earth, Part Four, The Palantíri²⁰ J.R.R. Tolkien. The Lord of the Rings, Book V, Chapter 6

This is the max they can do to scrutinize the physical testing.Its for Pilots. Leniency is expected in case of ground guty.GENERAL MEDICAL AND SURGICAL ASSESSMENT1.2.1. Every candidate, to be fit for the Air Force, must conform to the minimum standards laid down in the succeeding paragraphs. The general build should be well developed and proportionate.Surgical Sequelae and Abnormalities1.2.2. Sequelae of Fractures/ Old injuries. The residual effects of such fractures/ injuries are to be assessed for any functional limitation. If there is no effect on function, the candidate can be assessed fit. Cases of old fractures of spine are unfit. Any residual deformity of spine or compression of a vertebra will be cause for rejection. Injuries involving the trunks of the larger nerves, resulting in loss of function, or scarring, which cause pain or cramps, indicate unsuitability for employment in flying duties. The presence of large or multiple keloids will be cause for rejection.1.2.3. Scars and Birth Marks. Minor scars for e.g. as resulting from the removal of tuberculous glands do not, per se, indicate unsuitability for employment on flying duties. Extensive scarring of a limb or torso that may cause functional limitation or unsightly appearance should be considered unfit.1.2.4. Cervical Rib. A well fully developed unilateral cervical rib or a rudimentary large cervical rib with signs or symptoms referable to the rib is a cause for rejection. Rudimentary small cervical rib without signs or symptoms referable to it may be considered fit. However, the defect is to be recorded as a minor disability in the medical board proceedings. Bilateral cervical ribs without any neurovascular compromise will be acceptable.1.2.5. Asymmetry of the face and head, which will interfere with proper fitting of oxygen mask and helmet, will be a cause for rejection for flying duties.1.2.6. History relating to operations. A candidate who has undergone an abdominal operation, other than a simple appendicectomy, involving extensive surgical intervention or partial or total excision of any organ is, as a rule, unsuitable for flying duties. Operation involving the cranial vault (e.g.trephining), or extensive thoracic operations such as thoracoplasty make the candidate unfit for flying.Measurement and Physique1.2.7. Chest shape and circumference. The shape of the chest is as important as its actual measurement. The chest should be well proportioned and well developed with the minimum range of expansion of 5 cm. Decimal fraction lower than 0.5 cm will be ignored. 0.5 cm will be recorded as such and 0.6 cm and above will be recorded as 1 cm.1.2.8. Height, Sitting Height, Leg Length and Thigh Length. The minimum height for entry into ground duty branches will be 157.5 cm.1.2.9. Minimum height for Flying Branch Acceptable measurements of leg length, thigh length and sitting height for such aircrew will be as under: -(a) Sitting height - Minimum 81.50 cm- Maximum 96 .0 cm(b) Leg Length - Minimum 99.0 cm- Maximum 120.0 cm(c) Thigh Length - Maximum 64.0 cm1.2.10. On account of lower age group of NDA candidates a margin of up to 5.0 cm in height, 2.5 cm in leg length (minimum) and 1.0 cm in sitting height (minimum) may be given provided it is certified by the medical board that the candidate is likely to grow and come up to the required standard on completion of his training at NDA. The actual growth is to be confirmed at the time of V term medical at NDA.1.2.11. Weight(a) Male Candidates (except NDA candidates). Ideal weight relative to age and height is as depicted in Appendix A to this chapter. For male candidates (except NDA candidates), the maximum permissible variation from the ideal body weight is ± 1SD. Fraction of less than half a Kg will not be noted.(b) NDA Candidates. For NDA candidates, at entry, the weight chart prescribed by U.P.S.C. placed at Appendix B to this chapter will be applicable. placed at Appendix B to this chapter will be applicable. Fraction of less than half a Kg will not be noted. If a candidate is overweight by more than 10 % of the ideal weight, biochemical parameters will be assessed to rule out any underlying pathology. Candidates with weight between 10 to 20 % of ideal with normal biochemical profile, normal waist circumference (< 94 cm:Males and 89 cm: Females), normal BMI range (M< 25, F< 23) and normal waist to hip ratio (< 0.9: Males and <0.8: Females) may be assessed fit. It must be ensured that all the four obesity parameters mentioned before are normal. Abnormality in any one of them will be a cause for rejection. Genetic factors must also be considered in young age obesity. Skin fold thickness and measurement of body fat with body fat analyzers, where available, may be done. Such candidates, if found fit, would be advised to reduce weight to less than 10% of ideal which should be ensured by the time the candidate joins NDA and subsequently, AFA (this stipulation is also endorsed in the joining instructions of the candidate). Candidates with weight more than 20 % above the ideal, with or without biochemical abnormalities, or BMI more than 25 or waist circumference more than 94cm, or WHR > 0.9 will be declared unfit. If a candidate is underweight by more than 10% below the ideal, a detailed history and careful examination to rule out possible causes like tuberculosis, hyperthyroidism, diabetes etc will be carried out. If no cause is detected the candidate will be declared fit. If any cause is detected the fitness of the candidate will be decided accordingly.1.2.12. Physical Standards (For Females).(a) Height. The minimum height acceptable for various branches are as follows:-(i) Flying Branch - 162.5 cm.(ii) Medical / Dental branches – 142 cm(iii) Other Branches – 152 cmNote: For other than flying branches only – For candidates belonging to the North East region or hilly regions of Uttaranchal, a lower minimum height of 142 cm will be accepted.CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM1.3.1. Relevant history. History of chest pain, breathlessness, palpitation, fainting attacks, giddiness, rheumatic fever, chorea, frequent sore throats and tonsillitis should be given due consideration in assessment of the cardiovascular system.1.3.2. Pulse. The normal pulse rate varies from 60-100 bpm. Persistent sinus tachycardia (> 100 bpm), after emotional factors and fever are excluded as causes, as well as, persistent sinus bradycardia (< 60 bpm), should be referred for specialist opinion to exclude organic causes. Sinus arrhythmia and vagotonia should be also be excluded.1.3.3. Candidates are quite prone to develop White Coat Hypertension, which is a transient rise of Blood Pressure, due to the stress of medical examination. Every effort must be made to eliminate the White Coat effect by repeated recordings under basal conditions. When indicated, ambulatory BP recording must be carried out or the candidate admitted to hospital for observation before final fitness is certified. An individual with BP consistently greater than 140/90 mm Hg shall be rejected.1.3.4. Evidence of organic cardio vascular disease will be cause for rejection. Diastolic murmurs are invariably organic. Short systolic murmurs of ejection systolic nature and not associated with thrill and which diminish on standing, specially if associated with a normal ECG and Chest X-Ray, are most often functional. However an echocardiogram should always be done to exclude organic heart disease. In case of any doubt the case should be referred to cardiologist for opinion.1.3.5. Electro Cardiograms. Assessment of a properly recorded ECG (resting – 14 lead) should be carried out by a medical specialist. Note will be taken of wave patterns, the amplitude, duration and time relationship. At initial entry no abnormalities are acceptable except incomplete RBBB in the absence of structural heart disease, which must be excluded. In such cases, opinion of Senior Adviser or Cardiologist will be obtained.CHAPTER 4RESPIRATORY SYSTEM1.4.1. Pulmonary TB. Any residual scarring in pulmonary parenchyma or pleura, as evidenced by a demonstrable opacity on chest skiagram will be a ground for rejection.1.4.2. Pleurisy with Effusion. Any evidence of significant residual pleural thickening will be a cause for rejection. Old treated cases with no residual abnormality can be accepted if the diagnosis and treatment was completed more than two year earlier. In these cases, a CT scan chest and fibro optic bronchoscopy with bronchial lavage can be done alongwith USG, ESR, and Mantoux test. If all the tests are normal the candidate may be considered fit.1.4.3. Bronchitis. History of repeated attacks of cough/ wheezing/ bronchitis may be manifestations of chronic bronchitis or other chronic pathology of the respiratory tract. Such cases will be assessed unfit.1.4.4.Bronchial Asthma. History of repeated attacks of bronchial asthma/wheezing/ allergic rhinitis will be a cause for rejection.1.4.5. Radiographs of the chest. Definite radiological evidence of disease of the lungs, mediastinum and pleurae indicates unsuitability for employment in air force.CHAPTER 5GASTRO INTESTINAL SYSTEM1.5.1. Relevant History. The examiner should enquire whether the candidate has any past history of ulceration or infection of the mouth, tongue, gums or throat. Record should be made of any major dental alteration.1.5.2. When discussing a candidate’s medical history the examiner must ask direct questions about any history of heart burn, history of recurrent dyspepsia, peptic ulcer-type pain, persistent diarrhoea, jaundice or biliary colic.1.5.3. Dental Standards. The following dental standard will be followed:-(a) Candidate must have 14 dental points and the following teeth must be present in the upper jaw in good functional opposition with the corresponding teeth in the lower jaw, and these must be sound or repairable:-(i) Any four of the six anteriors, and(ii) Any six of the ten posteriors(iii) They should be balancing on both sides. Unilateral masticationis not allowed.(iv) Any removable or wired prosthesis are not permitted.(b) Candidate whose dental standard does not conform to the laid down standard will be rejected.(c) Candidate with dental arches affected by advanced stage of generalized active lesions of pyorrhoea, acute ulcerative gingivitis, and gross abnormality of the teeth or jaws or with numerous caries or septic teeth will be rejected.1.5.4 Gastro-Duodenal disabilities. Candidates who are suffering or have suffered, during the previous two years, from symptoms suggestive of chronic indigestion, including proven peptic ulceration, are not to be accepted, in view of the exceedingly high risk of recurrence of symptoms and potential for incapacitation. Any past surgical procedure involving partial or total loss of an organ (other than vestigial organs/ gall bladder) will entail rejection.1.5.5 Diseases of the Liver. If past history of jaundice is noted or any abnormality of the liver function is suspected, full investigation is required for assessment. Candidates suffering from viral hepatitis or any other form of jaundice will be rejected. Such candidates can be declared fit after a minimum period of 6 months has elapsed provided there is full clinical recovery; HBV and HCV status are both negative and liver functions are within normal limits.1.5.6 Disease of spleen. Candidates, who have undergone splenectomy, are unfit, irrespective of the cause for operation. Splenomegaly of any degree is a cause for rejection.1.5.7. Hernia. A candidate with a well-healed hernia scar, after successful surgery, will be considered fit six months after surgery, provided there is no potential for any recurrence and abdominal musculature is good.1.5.8. Abdominal Surgery.(a) A candidate with well-healed scar after conventional abdominal surgery will be considered fit after 6 months of successful surgery provided there is no potential for any recurrence of the underlying pathology and abdominal wall musculature is good.(b) A candidate after laparoscopic cholecystectomy will be considered fit three months after successful surgery.1.5.9. USG Abdomen: Disposal of cases with incidental ultrasonographic findings like fatty liver, small cysts, haemangiomas, septate gall bladder etc., will be based on clinical significance and functional capacity.CHAPTER 6UROGENITAL SYSTEM1.6.1. Relevant History. Enquiry should be made about any alteration in micturition, e.g. dysuria or frequency. Recurrent attacks of cystitis; pyelonephritis and haematuria must be excluded. Detailed enquiry must be made about any history of renal colic, attacks of acute nephritis, any operation on the renal tract including loss of a kidney, passing of stones or urethral discharges. If there is any history of enuresis, past or present, full details must be obtained.1.6.2. Urine Examination.(a) Proteinuria. Proteinuria will be a cause for rejection, unless it proves to be orthostatic.(b) Glycosuria. When glycosuria is detected, a blood sugar examination (Fasting and after 75 g glucose) and Glycosylated Hb is to be carried out, and fitness decided as per results. Renal glycosuria is not a cause for rejection.(c) Urinary Infections. When the candidate has history or evidence of urinary infection it will entail full renal investigation. Persistent evidence of urinary infection will entail rejection.(d) Haematuria. Candidates with history of haematuria will be subjected to full renal investigation.1.6.3. Glomerulonephritis.(a) Acute. In this condition there is a high rate of recovery in the acute phase, particularly in childhood. A candidate who has made a complete recovery and has no proteinuria may be assessed fit, after a minimum period of one year after full recovery.(b) Chronic. Candidate with chronic glomerulonephritis will be rejected.1.6.4. Renal Colic and Renal Calculi. Complete renal evaluation is required. Candidates with renal calculi will be rejected.1.6.5. Absence of Kidney. All candidates found to have congenital absence of one kidney or who have undergone unilateral nephrectomy will be rejected. Presence of horseshoe kidney will entail rejection. Solitary functioning kidney with diseased, non-functional contralateral kidney will entail rejection. Crossed ectopia, unascended kidney(s) will be a cause for rejection.1.6.6. Undescended Testis. Bilateral undescended testis / atrophied testis will be a cause for rejection. Unilateral undescended testis, if entirely retained in the abdomen, is acceptable. If it lies in the inguinal canal, at the external ring or in the abdominal wall, such cases may be accepted after either orchiectomy or orchipexy operation. In all doubtful cases surgical opinion must be obtained regarding fitness.1.6.7. Hydrocele or Varicocele. These should be properly treated before fitness is considered. Minor degree of varicocele should not entail rejection.CHAPTER 7ENDOCRINE SYSTEM1.7.1. Generally any history suggestive of endocrine disorders will be a cause for rejection.1.7.2. All cases of thyroid swelling having abnormal iodine uptake and abnormal thyroid hormone levels will be rejected. Cases of simple goiter with minimal thyroid swelling, who are clinically euthyroid and have normal iodine uptake and normal thyroid functions may be accepted.1.7.3. Candidates detected to have diabetes mellitus will be rejected. A candidate with a family history of diabetes mellitus will be subjected to blood sugar and Glycosylated Hb evaluation, which will be recorded.CHAPTER 8DERMATOLOGICAL SYSTEM1.8.1. Relevant history and examination. Careful interrogation followed by examination of the candidates skin is necessary to obtain a clear picture of the nature and severity of any dermatological condition claimed or found. Borderline skin conditions should be referred to a dermatologist. Candidates who give history of sexual exposure, or have evidence of healed penile sore in the form of a scar should be declared permanently unfit, even in absence of an overt STD, as these candidates are likely ‘repeaters’ with similar indulgent promiscuous behavior.1.8.2. Assessment of diseases of the Skin. Acute non-exanthematous and noncommunicable diseases, which ordinarily run a temporary course, need not be a cause of rejection. Diseases of a trivial nature, and those, which do not interfere with general health or cause incapacity, do not entail rejection.1.8.3. Certain skin conditions are apt to become active and incapacitating under tropical conditions. An individual is unsuitable for service if he has a definite history or signs of chronic or recurrent skin diseases. Some such conditions are described below:-(a) Palmoplantar Hyperhydrosis. Some amount of Palmoplantar Hyperhydrosis is physiological, considering the situation that recruits face during medical examination. However, conditions with significant Palmoplantar Hyperhydrosis should be considered unfit.(b) Acne Vulgaris. Mild (Grade 1) Acne consisting of few comedones or papules, localized only to the face may be acceptable. However moderate to severe degree of acne (nodulocystic type with or without keloidal scarring) or involving the back should be considered unfit.(c) Palmoplantar Keratoderma. Any degree of palmoplantar keratoderma manifesting with hyperkeratotic and fissured skin over the palms, soles and heels should be considered unfit.(d) Ichthyosis Vulgaris. Ichthyosis involving the upper and lower limbs, with evident dry, scaly, fissured skin should be considered unfit. Mild Xerosis (dry skin) could be considered fit.(e) Keloids. Candidates having any keloid should be considered unfit.(f) Onychomycosis. Clinically evident onychomycosis of finger and toenails should be declared unfit, especially if associated with nail dystrophy. Mild degree of distal discolouration involving single nail without any dystrophy may be acceptable.(g) Giant Congenital Melanocytic Naevus. Giant congenital melanocytic naevi, greater than 10 cm should be considered unfit, as there is a malignant potential in such large sized naevi.(h) Callosities, corns and warts. Small sized callosities, corns and warts may be considered acceptable after treatment. However candidates with multiple common warts or diffuse palmoplantar mosaic warts, large callosities on pressure areas of palms and soles and multiple corns should be rejected.(j) Psoriasis. Psoriasis is a chronic skin condition known to relapse and/or recur and hence should be considered unfit.(k) Leukoderma. Candidates suffering from minor degree of Leukoderma affecting the covered parts may be accepted. Vitiligo limited only to glans and prepuce maybe considered fit. But those having extensive degree of skin involvement and especially, when the exposed parts are affected, even to a minor degree, should not be accepted.1.8.4. A history of chronic or recurrent attacks of skin infections will be cause for rejection. A simple attack of boils or sycosis from which there has been complete recovery may be considered for acceptance.1.8.5. Individuals who have chronic or frequently recurring attacks of a skin disease of a serious or incapacitating nature e.g. eczema are to be assessed as permanently unfit and rejected.1.8.6. Any sign of Leprosy will be a cause for rejection.1.8.7. Naevi. Naevus depigmentosus, Beckers Naevus may be considered it. Intradermal Naevus, Vascular Naevi may be considered unfit.1.8.8. Ptyriasis Versicolor. Mild P Versicolor may be considered fit. Extensive Ptyriasis Versicolor may be considered unfit.1.8.9. Tinea Cruris and Tinea Corporis. Maybe considered fit on recovery.1.8.10. Scrotal Eczema. Maybe considered fit on recovery.1.8.11 Canities (premature graying stain) maybe considered fit if mild in nature and no systemic association is seen.1.8.12. Intertrigo. Maybe considered fit on recovery.1.8.13. Sexually Transmitted Diseases : Genital Ulcers. These should be considered unfit.1.8.14. Scabies. Maybe considered fit only on recovery. Genital scabies maybe made unfit.CHAPTER 9MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM AND PHYSICAL CAPACITYPhysical Endurance1.9.1. The assessment of the candidate’s physique is to be based upon careful observation of such general parameters as apparent muscular development, age, height, weight and the correlation of this i.e. potential ability to acquire physical stamina with training. The candidate’s physical capacity is affected by general physical development or by any constitutional or pathological condition.Spinal Conditions1.9.2. Relevant history. Past medical history of disease or injury of the spine or sacroiliac joints, either with or without objective signs, which has prevented the candidate from successfully following a physically active life, is a cause for rejection for commissioning. History of spinal fracture/ prolapsed intervertebral disc and surgical treatment for these conditions will entail rejection.1.9.3. Examination. Mild kyphosis or lordosis where deformity is barely noticeable and not associated with pain or restriction of movement may be accepted. When scoliosis is noticeable or any pathological condition of the spine is suspected, X-ray examination of the appropriate part of the spine needs to be carried out.1.9.4. X-Ray Spine. For flying duties, X-ray (AP and lateral views) of cervical, thoracic and lumbosacral spines is to be carried out. For ground duties, X-ray examination of spine may be carried out, if deemed necessary.1.9.5. Assessment. The following conditions detected radiologically will disqualify a candidate for Air Force service: -(a) Granulomatous disease of spine.(b) Arthritis / Spondylosis.(i) Rheumatoid arthritis and allied disorders.(ii) Ankylosing Spondylitis.(iii) Osteoarthrosis, spondylosis and degenerative joint disease.(iv) Non-articular rheumatism (e.g. lesions of the rotator cuff, tennis elbow, recurrent lumbago etc.)(v) Misc disorders including SLE, ,Polymyositis, and Vasculitis.(vi) Spondylolisthesis / spondylolysis(vii) Compression fracture of Vertebra(viii) Scheuerman’s Disease (Adolescent Kyphosis)(ix) Loss of cervical lordosis when associated with clinically restricted movements of cervical spine.(x) Unilateral / Bilateral Cervical ribs with demonstrable neurological or circulatory deficit.(xi) Any other abnormality is so considered by the specialist.1.9.6. Fitness for Flying Duties. The deformities/disease contained in para 1.9.5 above will be cause of rejection for all branches in IAF. In addition for candidates for flying branches the under mentioned rules will also apply: -(a) Spinal anomalies acceptable for flying duties: -(i) Bilateral complete sacralisation of LV5 and bilateral complete lumbarisation of SV1.(ii) Spine bifida in sacrum and in LV5, if completely sacralised.(iii) Complete block (fused) vertebrae in cervical and /or dorsal spine at a single level.Note: However, an annotation will be made of these anomalies in AFMSF-2.(b) Spinal conditions not acceptable for flying duties.(i) Scoliosis more than 15 degree as measured by Cobb’s method.(ii) Degenerative disc disease.(iii) Presence of Schmorl’s nodes at more than one level.(iv) Atlanto - occipital and atlanto-axial anomalies.(v) Hemi vertebra and/or incomplete block (fused) vertebra at any level in cervical, dorsal or lumbar spine and complete block (fused) vertebra at more than one level in cervical or dorsal spine.(vi) Unilateral sacralisation or lumbarisation (complete or incomplete) at all levels and bilateral incomplete sacralisation or lumbarisation.Conditions affecting the assessment of Upper Limbs1.9.7. Amputations. Candidate with an amputation of an upper limb will not be accepted for entry. Amputation of terminal phalanx of little finger on both sides is, however, acceptable1.9.8. Fingers and Hands. Deformities of the upper limbs or their parts will be cause for rejection. Syndactyly, polydactyly will be assessed as unfit except when polydactyly is excised.1.9.9. Wrist. Painless limitation movement of wrist will be graded according to the degree of stiffness. Loss of dorsiflexion is more serious than loss of palmer flexion.1.9.10. Elbow. Slight limitation of movement does not bar acceptance provided functional capacity is adequate. Ankylosis will entail rejection. Carrying angle of more than 15 degree for male and more 18 degree for female candidates will be a cause for rejection.1.9.11. Shoulder Girdle. History of recurrent dislocation of shoulder will entail rejection.1.9.12. Clavicle. Malunion / non-union of an old fracture clavicle will entail rejection.Conditions affecting the assessment of Lower Limbs1.9.13. Hallux Valgus. Mild cases (less than 20 degrees), asymptomatic, without any associated corn / callosities / bunion, are acceptable. Other cases will entail rejection. Shortening of first metatarsal is also considered unfit.1.9.14. Hallux rigidus. Hallux rigidus is not acceptable.1.9.15. Hammer Toes (single or multiple). Isolated single flexible mild hammertoe with no history of disabling symptoms may be accepted. Fixed (rigid) deformity or hammertoe associated with corns, callosities, mallet toes or hyperextension at metatarsophalangeal joint (claw toe deformity) is causes for rejection.1.9.16. Loss of Digits. Loss of any digit of the toes or fingers entails rejection.1.9.17. Extra Digits. Extra digits will entail rejection if there is bony continuity with adjacent digits. Cases of syndactly or loss of toes/fingers will be rejected.1.9.18. Flat feet. Feet may look apparent flat. If the arches of the feet reappear on standing on toes, if the candidate can skip and run well on the toes and if the feet are supple, mobile and painless, the candidate is acceptable. Restriction of the movements of the foot will also be a cause for rejection. Rigidity of the foot, whatever may be the shape of the foot, is a cause for rejection.1.9.19. Pes Cavus and Talipes (Club Foot). Mild degree of idiopathic pes cavus is acceptable. Moderate and severe pes cavus and pes cavus due to organic disease will entail rejection. All cases of Talipes (Club Foot) will be rejected.1.9.20. The Ankle Joints. Any significant limitation of movement following previous injuries will not be accepted. However, cases with no history of recurrent trouble and having plantar and dorsiflexion movement of at least 20 degree may be assessed fit for ground duties. Fitness for aircrew duties will be based on functional evaluation.1.9.21. The Knee Joint. History or clinical signs suggestive of Internal Derangement of Knee will need careful consideration. Fitness in such cases will be based on functional evaluation and possibility/progression/recurrance of the treated pathology.1.9.22. Genu Valgum (Knock Knee). If the distance between the internal malleoli is less than 5 cm, without any other deformity, the candidate is considered fit. If the distance between the two internal malleoli is more than 5 cm, he should be declared unfit.1.9.23. Genu Varum (Bow Legs). If the distance between the femoral condyles is within 10 cm the candidate should be considered fit.1.9.24. Genu Recurvatum. If the hyperextension of the knee is within 10 degrees and is unaccompanied by any other deformity, the candidate should be accepted as fit.1.9.25. Hip Joint. True lesions of the hip joint will entail rejection.CHAPTER 10CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMRelevant Personal History1.10.1. Mental Illness. A candidate giving a history of mental illness/psychological afflictions requires detailed investigation and psychiatric referral. Such cases should normally be rejected. Most often the history is not volunteered. The examiner should try to elicit a history by direct questioning, which may or may not be fruitful. Every examiner should form a general impression of the candidate’s personality as a whole and may enquire into an individual’s stability and habitual reactions to difficult and stressful situations.1.10.2. Insomnia, Nightmare, Sleepwalking or bed-wetting. History of insomnia, nightmares or frequent sleepwalking, when recurrent or persistent, will be a cause for rejection.1.10.3 Severe or ‘throbbing’ Headache and Migraine. Common types of recurrent headaches are those due to former head injury or migraine. Other forms of occasional headache must be considered in relation to their probable cause. A candidate with migraine, which was severe enough to make him consult his doctor, should normally be a cause for rejection. Even a single attack of migraine with visual disturbance or ‘Migrainous epilepsy’ is a bar to acceptance.1.10.4. Fits and convulsions. History of epilepsy in a candidate is a cause for rejection. Convulsions/fits after the age of five are also a cause for rejection. Convulsions in infancy may not be of ominous nature provided it appears that the convulsions were febrile convulsions and were not associated with any overt neurological deficit. Causes of epilepsy include genetic factors, traumatic brain injury, stroke, infection, demyelinating and degenerative disorders, birth defects, substance abuse and withdrawal seizures. Enquiry should not be limited only to the occurrence of major attacks. Complex Partial seizures may masquerade as “faints” and therefore the frequency and the conditions under which “faints” took place must be elicited. Such attacks indicate unsuitability for flying, whatever their apparent nature. An isolated fainting attack calls for enquiry into all the attendant factors to distinguish between syncope and seizures. For e.g. fainting in school is of common occurrence and may have little significance. Other complex partial seizures may manifest as vegetative movements as lip smacking, chewing, staring, dazed appearance and periods of unresponsiveness. In any event, a prolonged period of freedom from recurrence must have elapsed before fitness for flying duties can be considered and if the electroencephalogram does not show any specific abnormality.1.10.5. Heat stroke. History of repeated attacks of heat stroke, hyperpyrexia or heat exhaustion bars employment for air force duties, as it is an evidence of a faulty heat regulating mechanism. A single severe attack of heat effects, provided the history of exposure was severe, and no permanent sequelae were evident is, by itself, not a reason for rejecting the candidate.1.10.6. Head Injury or Concussion. A history of severe head injury is a cause for rejection. The degree of severity may be gauged from the history of duration of Post Traumatic Amnesia (PTA). Mild brain injury is associated with 0-1 hour PTA, moderate with 1 – 24 hours PTA, severe with 1-7 days PTA and very severe with > 7 days of PTA. Other sequalae of head injury are post concussion syndrome which has subjective symptoms of headache, giddiness, insomnia, restlessness, irritability, poor concentration and attention deficits; focal neurological deficit, posttraumatic epilepsy and posttraumatic neuropsychological impairment which includes deficits in attention concentration, information processing speeds, mental flexibility and frontal lobe executive functions and psychosocial functioning. Neuropsychological testing including pyschometry can assess these aspects. It is important to realize that sequelae may persist for considerable period and may even be permanent. Fracture of the skull need not be a cause for rejection unless there is a history of associated intracranial damage or of depressed fracture or loss of bone. When there is a history of severe injury or an associated convulsive attack, an electroencephalogram should be carried out which must be normal. Presence of burr holes will be cause for rejection for flying duties, but not for ground duties. Each case is to be judged on individual merits. Opinion of neurosurgeon and psychiatrist must be obtained before acceptance.Family History1.10.7. History of Psychological Disorders. When a history of nervous break down, mental disease, of suicide of a near relative is obtained, a careful investigation of the personal past history from a psychological point of view is to be obtained. While such a history per se is not a bar to air force duties any evidence of even the slightest psychological instability, in the personal history or present condition, should entail rejection.1.10.8. Epilepsy. If a family history of epilepsy is admitted an attempt should be made to determine its type. When the condition has occurred in a near (first degree) relative, the candidate may be accepted, if he has no history of associated disturbance of consciousness, neurological deficit or higher mental functions and his electroencephalogram is completely normal.1.10.9. Emotional Stability. The assessment of emotional stability the must include family and personal history, any indication of emotional liability under stress as evidenced by the occurrence of undue emotionalism as a child or of any previous nervous illness or breakdown. The presence of stammering, tic, nail biting, excessive hyperhydrosis or restlessness during examination could be indicative of emotional instability.1.10.10. Psychosis. All candidates who are suffering from psychosis are to be rejected. Drug dependence in any form will also be a cause for rejection.1.10.11. Psychoneurosis. Mentally unstable and neurotic individuals are unfit for commissioning. Juvenile and adult delinquency, history of nervous breakdown or chronic ill health are causes for rejection. Particular attention should be paid to such factors as unhappy childhood, poor family background, truancy, juvenile and adult delinquency, poor employment and social maladjustment records, history of nervous break down or chronic ill-health, particularly if these have interfered with employment in the past.1.10.12. Organic Nervous Conditions. Any evident neurological deficit should call for rejection.1.10.13. Tremors. Tremors are rhythmic oscillatory movements of reciprocally innervated muscle groups. Two categories are recognized: normal or physiologic and abnormal or pathologic. Fine tremor is present in all contracting muscle groups, it persists throughout the waking state, the movement is fine between 8 to 13 Hz. Pathologic tremor is coarse, between 4 to 7 Hz and usually affects the distal part of limbs. Gross tremors are generally due to enhanced physiological causes where, at the same frequency, the amplitude of the tremor is grossly enhanced and is elicited by outstretching the arms and fingers which are spread apart. This occurs in cases of excessive fright, anger, anxiety, intense physical exertion, metabolic disturbances including hyperthyroidism, alcohol withdrawal and toxic effects of lithium, smoking (nicotine) and excessive tea, coffee. Other causes of coarse tremor are parkinsonism, cerebellar (intention) tremor, essential (familial) tremor, tremors of neuropathy and postural or action tremors.1.10.14. Stammering. Candidates with stammering will not be accepted for air force duties. Careful assessment by ENT Specialist, Speech therapist, psychologist/ psychiatrist may be required.1.10.15. Basal E.E.G. Only those candidates for aircrew duties will be subjected to EEG examination as specified in para 2.9.13. Those with following EEG abnormalities in resting EEG or EEG under provocative techniques will be rejected for aircrew duties: -(a) Background Activity. Focal, excessive and high amplitude beta activity /hemispherical asymmetry of more than 2.3 Hz/generalized and focal runs of slow waves approaching background activity in amplitude.(b) Hyperventilation. Paroxysmal spikes and slow waves/spikes/focal spike pattern(c) Photo Stimulation. Bilaterally synchronous or focal paroxysmal spikes and slow waves persisting in post-photic stimulation period/suppression or driving response over one hemisphere.1.10.16. Non specific EEG abnormality will be acceptable provided opinion of Neuropsychiatrist / Neurophysician is obtained. The findings of EEG will be entered in AFMSF-2.CHAPTER 11EAR, NOSE AND THROAT1.11.1. Nose and paranasal sinuses.(a) Obstruction to free breathing as a result of a marked septal deviation is a cause for rejection. Post correction surgery with residual mild deviation with adequate airway will be acceptable.(b) Any septal perforation will entail rejection.(c) Atrophic rhinitis entails rejection.(d) Cases of allergic rhinitis will entail rejection for flying duties.(e) Any infection of para-nasal sinuses will be a cause for temporary rejection. Such cases may be accepted following successful treatment.(f) Multiple polyposis is a cause for rejection.1.11.2. Oral Cavity and Throat.(a) Candidates where tonsillectomy is indicated will be temporarily rejected. Such candidates may be accepted after successful surgery.(b) The presence of a cleft palate is a cause for rejection.(c) Any disabling condition of the pharynx or larynx including persistent hoarseness of voice will entail rejection.1.11.3. Eustachian Tube Dysfunction. Obstruction or insufficiency of eustachian tube function will be a cause for rejection. Altitude chamber ear clearance test will be carried out before acceptance for aircrew duties.1.11.4. Tinnitus. The presence of tinnitus necessitates investigation of its duration, localization, severity and possible causation. Persistent tinnitus is a cause for rejection, as it is liable to become worse through exposure to noise and may be a precursor to Otosclerosis and Meniere’s disease.1.11.5. Susceptibility to Motion Sickness. Specific enquiry should be made for any susceptibility to motion sickness. An endorsement to this effect should be made in AFMSF-2. Such cases will be fully evaluated and, if found susceptible to motion sickness, they will be rejected for flying duties.1.11.6. A candidate with a history of dizziness is unsuitable for employment on flying duties.1.11.7. Hearing loss.(a) Free field hearing loss is a cause for rejection.(b) Audiometric loss should not be greater than 20 db, in frequencies between 250 and 4000 Hz. In evaluating the audiogram, the baseline zero of the audiometer and the environmental noise conditions under which the audiogram has been obtained should be taken into consideration. On the recommendation of an ENT Specialist, an isolated unilateral hearing loss up to 30 db may be condoned provided ENT examination is otherwise normal.1.11.8. Ears. A radical / modified radical mastoidectomy, or a fenestration operation entails rejection even if completely epithelialised and good hearing is preserved. Cases of cortical mastoidectomy in the past with the tympanic membrane intact and presenting no evidence of disease may be accepted.1.11.9. External Ear. Cases of chronic otitis externa accompanied by exostoses or unduly narrow meatii should be rejected. Exaggerated tortuosity of the canal, obliterating the anterior view of the Tympanic Membrane will be a cause for rejection.1.11.10. Middle Ear. Tympanoplasty type I is acceptable twelve weeks after surgery, provided ear clearance test in altitude chamber is normal. The following middle ear conditions will entail rejection:-(a) Attic, central or marginal perforation.(b) Tympanic membrane scar with marked retraction.(c) Tympanoplasty type II onward but not type I(d) Calcareous plaques (tympanosclerosis) if occupying more than 1/3 of pars tensa.(e) Middle ear infections.(f) Granulation or polyp.(g) Stapedectomy/ Stapedolysis operation.1.11.11. Miscellaneous Ear conditions. The following ear conditions will entails rejection:-(a) Otosclerosis even if successfully operated.(b) Meniere’s disease.(c) Vestibular Dysfunction including nystagmus of vestibular origin.(d) Bell’s palsy.CHAPTER 12OPHTHALMIC SYSTEM1.12.1. Visual defects and medical ophthalmic conditions are amongst the major causes of rejection for flying duties. Therefore, a thorough and accurate eye examination is of great importance in selecting flying personnel.1.12.2. Personal and Family History and External Examination.(a) Squint and the need for spectacles for other reasons are frequently hereditary and a family history may give valuable information on the degree of deterioration to be anticipated. Candidates, who are wearing spectacles or found to have defective vision, should be properly assessed.(b) Ptosis interfering with vision or visual field is a cause for rejection till surgical correction remains successful for a period of six months. Candidates with uncontrollable blepharitis, particularly with loss of eyelashes, are generally unsuitable and should be rejected. Severe cases of blepharitis and chronic conjunctivitis should be assessed as temporarily unfit until the response to treatment can be assessed.(c) Naso-lachrymal occlusion producing epiphora or a mucocele entails rejection, unless surgery produces relief lasting for a minimum of six months.(d) Uveitis (iritis, cyclitis, and choroiditis) is frequently recurrent, and candidates giving a history of or exhibiting this condition should be carefully assessed. When there is evidence of permanent lesions such candidates should be rejected.(e) Cornea - corneal scars, opacities will be cause for rejection unless it does not interfere with vision. Such cases should be carefully assessed before acceptance, as many conditions are recurrent.(f) Cases with Lenticular opacities should be assessed carefully. As a guideline any opacity causing visual deterioration, or is in the visual axis or is present in an area of 7 mm around the pupil, which may cause glare phenomena, should not be considered fit. The propensity of the opacities not to increase in number or size should also be a consideration when deciding fitness.(g) Visual disturbances associated with headaches of a migrainous type are not a strictly ocular problem, and should be assessed in accordance with para 3.10.3 and 3.10.4. Presence of diplopia or detection of nystagmus requires proper examination, as they can be due to physiological reasons.(h) Night blindness are largely congenital but certain diseases of the eye exhibit night blindness as an early symptom and hence, proper investigations are necessary before final assessment. As tests for night blindness are not routinely performed, a certificate to the effect that the individual does not suffer from night blindness will be obtained in every case. Certificate should be as per Appendix “A” to this chapter.(j) Restriction of movements of the eyeball in any direction and undue depression/ prominence of the eyeball requires proper assessment.1.12.3. Visual Acuity/Colour Vision. The visual acuity and colour vision requirements are detailed in Appendix B to this chapter. Those who do not meet these requirements are to be rejected.1.12.4. Myopia. If there is a strong family history of Myopia, particularly if it is established that the visual defect is recent, if physical growth is still expected, or if the fundus appearance is suggestive of progressive myopia, even if the visual acuity is within the limit prescribed, the candidate should be declared unfit.1.12.5. Ophthalmic Surgeries. Radial Keratotomy, Photo Refractive Keratotomy / Laser in Situ Keratomileusis (PRK/LASIK) surgeries for correction of refractive errors are not permitted for any air force duties. Corneal Topography may be done in suspected cases. Candidates having undergone cataract surgery with or without IOL implants will also be declared unfit.Ocular Muscle Balance1.12.6. Individuals with manifest squint are not acceptable for commissioning.1.12.7. The assessment of latent squint or heterophoria in the case of aircrew will be mainly based on the assessment of the fusion capacity. A strong fusion sense ensures the maintenance of binocular vision in the face of stress and fatigue. Hence, it is the main criterion for acceptability.(a) Convergence(i) Objective Convergence. Average is from 6.5 to 8 cm. It is poor at 10 cm and above.(ii) Subjective Convergence (SC). This indicates the end point of binocular vision under the stress of convergence. If the subjective convergence is more than 10 cm beyond the limit of objective convergence, the fusion capacity is poor. This is specially so when the objective convergence is 10 cm and above.(b) Accommodation. In the case of myopes accommodation should be assessed with correcting glasses in position. The acceptable values for accommodation in various age groups are given in Table 1.Table 1. Accommodation Values - Age wise.Age in years 17-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45Accommodation 10-11 11-12 12.5-13.5 14-16 16-18.5 18.5-27in cm.1.12.8. Ocular muscle balance is dynamic and varies with concentration, anxiety, fatigue, hypoxia, drugs and alcohol. The above tests should be considered together for the final assessment. For example, cases just beyond the maximum limits of the Maddox Rod test, but who show a good binocular response, a good objective convergence with little difference from subjective convergence, and full and rapid recovery on the cover tests may be accepted. On the other hand, cases well within Maddox Rod test limits, but who show little or no fusion capacity, incomplete or no recovery on the cover tests, and poor subjective convergence should be rejected. Standards for assessment of Ocular Muscle Balance are detailed in Appendix C to this chapter.1.12.9. Any clinical findings in the media (Cornea, Lens, Vitreous) or fundus, which is of pathological nature and likely to progress will be a cause for rejection. This examination will be done by slit lamp and ophthalmoscopy under mydriasis.HAEMOPOIETIC SYSTEM1.13.1. All candidates will be examined for clinical evidence of pallor (anaemia), malnutrition, icterus, peripheral lymphadenopathy, purpura, petechae/ecchymoses and hepatosplenomegaly.1.13.2. In the event of laboratory confirmation of anaemia (<13g/dl in males and <11.5g/dl in females), further evaluation to ascertain type of anaemia and aetiology has to be carried out. This should include a complete haemogram (to include the PCV MCV, MCH, MCHC, TRBC, TWBC, DLC, Platelet count, reticulocyte count & ESR) and a peripheral blood smear. All the other tests to establish the aetiology will be carried out, as required. Ultrasonography of abdomen for gallstones, upper GI Endoscopy/ proctoscopy and hemoglobin electrophoresis etc may be done, as indicated, and the fitness of the candidate, decided on the merit of each case.1.13.3. Candidates with mild microcytic hypochromic (Iron deficiency anaemia) or dimorphic anaemia (Hb < 10.5 g/dl in females and < 11.5g/dl in males), in the first instance, may be made temporarily unfit for a period of 04 to 06 weeks followed by review thereafter. These candidates can be accepted, if the complete haemogram and PCV, peripheral smear results are within the normal range. Candidates with macrocytic / megaloblastic anaemia will be assessed unfit.1.13.4. All candidates with evidence of hereditary haemolytic anaemias (due to red cell membrane defect or due to red cell enzyme deficiencies) and haemoglobinopathies (Sickle cell disease, Beta Thalassaemia: Major, Intermedia, Minor, Trait and Alpha Thalassaemia etc) are to be considered unfit for service.1.13.5. In the presence of history of haemorrhage into the skin like ecchymosis / petechiae, epistaxis, bleeding from gums and alimentary tract, persistent bleeding after minor trauma or lacerations / tooth extraction or menorrhagia in females and any family history of haemophilia or other bleeding disorders a full evaluation will be carried out. These cases will not be acceptable for entry to service. All candidates with clinical evidence of purpura or evidence of thrombocytopenia are to be considered unfit for service. Cases of Purpura Simplex (simple easy bruising), a benign disorder seen in otherwise healthy women, may be accepted.1.13.6. Candidates with history of haemophilia, von Willebrand’s disease, on evaluation, are to be declared unfit for service at entry level.1.13.7. Human Immuno Deficiency Virus (HIV). Seropositive HIV status will entail rejection.CHAPTER 14ASSESSMENT OF WOMEN CANDIDATES1.14.1 History. Detailed menstrual and obstetric history, in addition to general medical history, must be taken and recorded as outlined in para 2.13.2. If a history of menstrual, obstetric or pelvic abnormality is given; an opinion of gynaecologist is to be obtainedExamination1.14.2. General Medical and Surgical Standards(a) Any lump in the breast will be a cause for rejection. Cases of Fibroadenoma breast after successful surgical removal may be considered fit with the opinion of a surgical specialist.(b) Galactorrhoea will be cause for temporary unfitness. Fitness after investigation/treatment may be considered based on merits of the case and opinion of the concerned specialist.1.14.3. Gynaecological Disorders(a) Any abnormality of external genitalia will be considered on merits of each case. Significant Hirsutism especially with male pattern of hair growth will be a cause for rejection. Doubtful cases if any will be decided based on the opinion of the specialists.(b) A detailed pelvic sonography will be conducted. If any abnormality is detected, the candidate will be examined by the concerned specialist. Following conditions will not be a cause for rejection:-(i) Small fibroid uterus (3 cm or less in diameter) without symptoms.(ii) Small ovarian cyst (3 cm or less in diameter) as such cysts are invariably functional.(iii) Congenital elongation of cervix (which comes up to introitus).(iv) Congenital uterine anomalies such as bicornuate uterus, uterus didelphys and arcuate uterus.(c) Acute or chronic pelvic infection and Endometriosis will be causes for rejection.(d) Severe menorrhagia will entail rejection, since it is likely to interfere with work ability. Amenorrhoea without pregnancy will be investigated and fitness will be considered on merits after examination and investigation by gynaecologist.(e) Complete prolapse of uterus will be a cause for rejection. Minor degree, after surgical correction, may be considered for fitness on merits.(f) Any other gynaecological condition not covered above will be considered on merits of each case by gynecologist.(g) Pregnancy will be a cause for rejection during commissioning for all branches other than medical and dental, where temporary unfitness will be given till 24 weeks after delivery.THIS IS THE MAX I COULD DO TO BAFFLE UP ANY CANDIDATE OVER THE MEDICAL REQUIREMENTS. ^_^ XDCourtesy : http://dgcamedicals.in/IAFMedstd.htm