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Modern US immigration law.For a country that was based on those seeking a better life, it's extraordinarily hard for most of the world to move to.For example as a Brit:You can't enter the green card lottery.You need either a H1B or O1, or L1 or another extremely hard Visa to work there. ( for example the window to get accepted for the easiest Visa is open for about 4 hours in a year)It's then even harder to actually move there permanently and have rights.Which doesn't really make sense to me considering.1) The nation is sparsely populated.2) There is a surplus of homes that need to be sold and huge stretches of the nation with depressed economies.3) The economics of immigration are shown to do wonders, especially if you using a rules based system around age, education and health.4) It's not like the US has an expensive benefits system that could cause people to move there and become a drain.5) The US population is ageing and China looks likely to overtake it's economy this century.So what is there to fear with new arrivals? especially younger, more educated, richer, healthier people?

The high cost of hiring anyone full-time these days.Each school has its own unique “culture.” One of the most difficult things to do is teach a group of children who know each other and know the school’s “culture,” but you’re new to all of it. That’s why the best substitutes are often former teachers from the same school where they now sub.Many schools used to have full-time substitutes that reported to the building every day and, if no sub was needed, they’d do office work. This allowed the subs to make a smooth transition into any classroom any day… They already knew the students and the school’s culture.In our current era of tight budgets for schools and government-forced expensive health benefits for full-time employees, many schools cut the full-time substitute positions, and instead contracted out their substitute needs. That is, a third party handles substitute teachers now. It saves money for the schools.It’s the same thing that’s happening in other sectors: when the government forces employers to provide expensive benefits to full-time employees, the employers save money by hiring part-timers and contracting out any employees they can. Full-time, single-school substitutes were the first to get cut.A lot of school janitors are losing their positions, too. They’re being replaced by third-party cleaning companies.

From my own experience, I found the assistant professor years the hardest financially because there was the greatest mismatch between aspiration and reality.As a graduate student, I expected to live frugally and my needs were modest. There was little money in the household, but enough to live on.When I was a postdoc and my husband was an assistant professor, we started a family and bought our first home. Through that period as I moved on to become an assistant professor and my husband got tenure, our finances were tight. We had a mortgage, childcare, and health expenses to meet. We were also saving for retirement and for the childrens’ college funds. But our salaries, while not bad in an absolute sense, weren’t keeping up with the growth in obligations.We took on extra work at the university for extra pay (summer teaching, extra advising duties), clipped coupons, and watched expenses closely. We could have eased the crunch by cutting back on saving for retirement or college … but we knew we’d be better off in the long run if we kept saving steadily. So, instead, we refinanced our mortgage to lower the interest rate every chance we got and we bought the kids’ toys and clothes secondhand.Once we were both full professors, income and expenses were much better synced again.Caveats:The above is anecdote about one family, not systematic data.My husband and I were fortunate enough to get full time tenure track jobs with benefits. Our financial crunch was finite in duration and was partly induced by our own choices.Academics in part-time or short term contracts without benefits are in a much more precarious economic situation. They may be significantly underpaid for years with no end in sight.