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Links between Trump associates and Russian officialsFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to navigationJump to searchThis article is part ofa series aboutDonald TrumpPresident of the United StatesIncumbentPresidencyTransitionInaugurationTimelineExecutive actions proclamationspardonsTrips 201720182019internationalSummits RiyadhSingaporeHelsinkiHanoiDMZShutdowns Jan 20182018–2019PollsProtestsDeath of al-BaghdadiAppointmentsCabinet formationAmbassadorsFederal judges GorsuchKavanaughSupreme Court candidatesU.S. AttorneysDismissals ComeyPoliciesEconomy tax cutstariffsChina trade warEnvironmentParis withdrawalForeign policyIran dealJerusalemGolanImmigration travel banwallfamily separationmigrant detentionsnational emergencyInfrastructureSocial issues cannabisSpacePossible impeachmentEfforts to impeachImpeachment inquiryTrump–Ukraine scandalshowPresidential campaignshideControversies involving RussiaBusiness projects in RussiaElection interference timelinetransition periodthreadsAssociates' links with Russian officialsSteele dossierTrump Tower meetingClassified information disclosureSpecial Counsel investigationCrossfire Hurricanetransition period201720182019chargesMueller ReportBarr lettershowBusiness and personalvteThe FBI and several United States congressional committees have been investigating links between Russian government officials or their affiliates and individuals associated with Donald Trump, the current President of the United States, since he was a candidate for the office as part of their investigations of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections. Some of Trump's campaign members, business partners, administration nominees, and family members have been subjected to intense scrutiny following intelligence reports on such Russian interference. The investigations have revealed that a number of them had various types of links to or contacts with Russian officials, business people, banks, and Russian intelligence agencies. Several investigations are underway to determine whether Trump or any of his associates have had improper dealings during their contacts with Russian officials.[1][2][3][4]FBI investigations began in late July 2016 and are ongoing.[5]In May 2017, former FBI Director Robert Mueller was appointed as special counsel in the FBI's investigation.[6]The Senate Intelligence Committee[7]and the House Intelligence Committee are also conducting inquiries.[8]In May 2017, Glenn A. Fine, the acting Defense Department Inspector General, confirmed he was investigating Michael Flynn for misleading Pentagon investigators about his income from companies in Russia and contacts with officials there when he applied for a renewal of his top-secret security clearance.[9]In October 2017, Paul Manafort and Rick Gates were indicted and arrested.[10]Flynn and George Papadopoulospleaded guilty to lying to the FBI during the Russia investigation.The New York Times reported on February 14, 2017, that phone records and communications intercepts showed that Trump associates—including members of the Trump campaign—had "repeated contacts" with senior Russian intelligence officials during the 2016 campaign. Paul Manafort was the only Trump associate who was specifically identified as participating in these communications.[11]CNN reported on March 23, 2017, that the FBI was examining "human intelligence, travel, business and phone records and accounts of in-person meetings" indicating that Trump associates may have coordinated with "suspected Russian operatives" to release damaging information about the Hillary Clinton campaign.[12]CNN reported on September 19, 2017, that Manafort had been a target of a FISA wiretap both before and after the 2016 election—beginning sometime after he became the subject of an FBI investigation in 2014—and extending into early 2017. Some of the intercepted communications raised concerns among investigators that Manafort had solicited assistance from Russians for the campaign, although the evidence was reportedly inconclusive.[13]On April 30, 2018, The New York Times published a list of interview questions for Trump that the Mueller investigation had provided to the president's attorneys. Among the questions was "What knowledge did you have of any outreach by your campaign, including by Paul Manafort, to Russia about potential assistance to the campaign?"[14]On March 22, 2019, Special Counsel Robert Mueller concluded a lengthy investigation and submitted a final report. On March 24, 2019, Attorney General William Barr sent a four-page letter summarizing that report to the heads and ranking members of the Senate and House Judiciary Committees which stated that Mueller "did not find that the Trump campaign or anyone associated with it conspired or coordinated with Russia to influence the 2016 U.S. presidential election."[15][16]On March 27, Mueller privately wrote to Barr, stating that the March 24 Barr letter "did not fully capture the context, nature, and substance of [the special counsel's] office's work and conclusions", resulting in "public confusion about critical aspects of the results of [the] investigation". Mueller requested Barr release the Mueller Report's introductions and executive summaries ahead of the report; Barr declined.[17]Contents1Overview1.12016 campaign1.220171.2.1Intelligence services1.2.2Newspaper reports1.2.3FBI help1.2.4Washington Post letter1.2.5March 20171.320192Trump administration members2.1Michael Flynn2.2Jared Kushner2.3Wilbur Ross2.4Anthony Scaramucci2.5Jeff Sessions2.6Rex Tillerson3Trump campaign members3.1Michael R. Caputo3.2Paul Manafort3.3Rick Gates3.4Carter Page3.5George Papadopoulos3.6Roger Stone3.7Donald Trump Jr.4Trump business partners4.1Michael Cohen5Trump supporters5.1Nigel Farage5.2Andrei Nikolaev5.3Erik Prince5.4Peter W. Smith6Trump–Russia dossier7See also8References9Further reading10External linksOverview[edit]For many years, there has been intensive public scrutiny of Trump's ties to Russia.[18][19]In a book excerpt published in Politico, former Guardian Russia correspondent Luke Harding stated that files declassified in 2016 indicated that Czech spies closely followed Trump and then-wife Ivana Trump in Manhattan and during trips to Czechoslovakia in the time after their marriage in 1977.[20][21]Natalia and Irina Dubinin, daughters of then-Soviet ambassador Yuri Dubinin, are cited as indicating that a seemingly chance meeting of their father with Trump in the autumn of 1986, was part of Dubinin's assignment to establish contact with America's business elite and a determined effort by the Soviet government to cultivate Trump in particular.[20]This effort extended through a series of subsequent events, also documented in Donald Trump's book The Art of the Deal, including a meeting in 1986 between the Ambassador and Trump at Trump Tower and Dubinin's subsequent invitation to Trump to visit Moscow (which was handled via KGB-affiliated Intourist and the future Russian Permanent Representative to the United Nations Vitaly Churkin).[20]Harding also asserts that the "top level of the Soviet diplomatic service arranged his 1987 Moscow visit. With assistance from the KGB... The spy chief [Vladimir Kryuchkov] wanted KGB staff abroad to recruit more Americans."[20]Harding cited Trump as writing in The Art that the trip included a tour of "a half dozen potential sites for a hotel, including several near Red Square" and that he "was impressed with the ambition of Soviet officials to make a deal".[20]As of their last update on April 19, 2019,The New York Times had documented that "Donald J. Trump and 18 of his associates had at least 140 contacts with Russian nationals and WikiLeaks, or their intermediaries, during the 2016 campaign and presidential transition."[22]As of their last update on June 3, 2019, The Moscow Project — an initiative of the Center for American Progress Action Fund — had documented "272 contacts between Trump's team and Russia-linked operatives ... including at least 38 meetings.... None of these contacts were ever reported to the proper authorities. Instead, the Trump team tried to cover up every single one of them."[23]2016 campaign[edit]During the 2016 campaign, Trump repeatedly praised Russian president Vladimir Putin as a strong leader, leading to jokes about their "bromance".[24][25]On various occasions from 2013 to 2015, Trump has said regarding Putin, "I do have a relationship with him", "I met him once", and "I spoke indirectly and directly with President Putin, who could not have been nicer". However, from 2016, during Trump's election campaign, Trump's stance changed. During a press conference Trump claimed, "I never met Putin, I don't know who Putin is ... Never spoken to him", and during another interview Trump said, "I have no relationship with him".[26]2017[edit]Several Trump advisers, including former National Security Advisor Michael Flynn and former campaign manager Paul Manafort, have been connected to Russian officials, or to Viktor Yanukovich and other pro-Russian Ukrainian officials.[27][28]Russian agents were overheard during the campaign saying they could use Manafort and Flynn to influence Trump.[where?][when?][by whom?][29]Members of Trump's campaign, and later his White House staff, particularly Flynn and Jared Kushner, were in contact with Russian government officials both before and after the November election,[30]including some contacts which they initially did not disclose.[31]As of May 2017, the FBI is investigating several alleged links between Trump associates and representatives of the Russian government.[32]Intelligence services[edit]British and Dutch intelligence services have given information to their United States counterparts about meetings in European cities between Russian officials, associates of Putin, and associates of then-President-elect Trump. American intelligence agencies also intercepted communications of Russian officials, some of them within the Kremlin, discussing contacts with Trump associates.[33]Newspaper reports[edit]The Wall Street Journal reported that United States intelligence agencies monitoring Russian espionage found Kremlin officials discussing Trump's associates in the spring of 2015. At the time, U.S. intelligence analysts were reportedly confused, but not alarmed, by these intercepted conversations. In July 2017, the conversations were re-examined in light of a recently disclosed Trump Tower meeting involving Donald Trump Jr. and Russian lawyer Natalia Veselnitskaya.[34][35]The New York Times reported that multiple Trump associates, including Manafort and other members of his campaign, had repeated contacts with senior Russian intelligence officials during 2016, although officials said that, so far, they do not have evidence that Trump's campaign had cooperated with the Russians to influence the election. Manafort said he did not knowingly meet any Russian intelligence officials.[36]Flynn and now-Attorney General Jeff Sessions subsequently confirmed contacts after having initially denied them.[33]Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov told CNN that the "electoral process" was not discussed during these meetings, and that Russian ambassador Sergey Kislyak had also met with "people working in think tanks advising Hillary or advising people working for Hillary" during the campaign.[37]Russian diplomat Sergey Kislyak met with a number of U.S. officials.In particular, Kislyak met with several Trump campaign members, transition team members, and administration nominees. Involved people dismissed those meetings as routine conversations in preparation for assuming the presidency. Trump's team has issued at least twenty denials concerning communications between his campaign and Russian officials;[38]several of which later turned out to be false.[39]FBI help[edit]The Trump administration reportedly asked the FBI for help in countering news reports about alleged contacts with Russia.[40]Former ambassadors Michael McFaul and John Beyrle said they were "extremely troubled" by the evidence of Russian interference in the U.S. election. Both supported an independent investigation into the matter, but dismissed as "preposterous" the allegations that Kislyak participated in it, particularly through his meetings with the Trump campaign: "Kislyak's job is to meet with government officials and campaign people," McFaul stated. "People should meet with the Russian Ambassador and it's wrong to criminalize that or discourage it."[41]Washington Post letter[edit]According to three officials who reviewed a letter sent to The Washington Post in December 2016, a meeting took place in Trump Toweron December 1 or 2 between Kushner, Kislyak, and Flynn. In the meeting, Kushner is alleged to have requested that a direct Russian-encrypted communications channel be set up to allow secret communication with Russia which would circumvent safeguards in place by the United States intelligence community. The alleged goal would be to allow Flynn to speak directly to Russian military officials about Syria and other issues. No such communications channel was actually set up, according to the sources.[42]After the meeting, Kislyak sent a report of the meeting to the Kremlin using what he thought were secure channels, but it was intercepted by American intelligence. Kislyak was reportedly taken aback by the request and expressed concern of the security implications that would be at stake in having an American use secure communications between the Kremlin and diplomatic outposts.[43][44]March 2017[edit]Former Acting CIA Director Michael Morell stated in March 2017 that he had seen no evidence of collusion between Trump and the Kremlin. "On the question of the Trump campaign conspiring with the Russians here, there is smoke, but there is no fire, at all," Morell said.[1]In a March 2017 interview, James Clapper, the Director of National Intelligence under President Obama, said that at the time of the intelligence community's report on the issue in January 2017, there was no evidence of any collusion between the Trump campaign and Russian operatives.[2]Former FBI Director James Comey, who was dismissed from his position in May 2017, subsequently testified under oath as follows: "In one conversation, Trump suggested that if there were some 'satellite' associates of his who did something wrong, it would be good to find that out."[45]David A. Graham, staff writer at The Atlantic, has written: "It's no wonder Trump is upset about the dossier, but his mantra that 'there was no collusion [and] everybody including the Dems knows there was no collusion' rings false these days. While there's not yet any public evidence to indicate a crime was committed, or that Trump was involved, it is clear that the Trump campaign and later transition were eager to work with Russia, and to keep that secret."[46]2019[edit]After 22 months of investigation, Special Counsel Robert Mueller submitted his report to the Justice Department on March 22, 2019.[47]It was summarized by Attorney General William Barr in conjunction with Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein. In Barr's summary of the report, he told the Senate Judiciary and House Judiciary Committee's chairs and ranking members that Mueller "did not find that the Trump campaign or anyone associated with it conspired or coordinated with Russia to influence the 2016 U.S. presidential election."[15][16]Trump administration members[edit]Michael Flynn[edit]See also: Special Counsel investigation (2017–2019) § Michael FlynnFlynn statement of offenseIn December 2015, Michael Flynn was paid $45,000 by Russia Today, a Kremlin-supported television channel, for delivering a talk in Moscow, and Russia provided him a three-day, all-expenses-paid trip.[9]As a retired military intelligence officer, Flynn was required to obtain prior permission from the Defense Department and the State Department before receiving any money from foreign governments; Flynn apparently did not seek that approval before the RT speech.[48]Two months later, in February 2016 when he was applying for renewal of his security clearance, he stated he had received no income from foreign companies and had only "insubstantial contact" with foreign nationals.[49]Glenn A. Fine, the acting Defense Department Inspector General, confirmed he is investigating Flynn.[9]On November 10, 2016, President Obama warned President-elect Trump against hiring Flynn.[50][51]Trump appointed Flynn as National Security Advisor on November 18, 2016, but Flynn was forced to resign on February 13, 2017, after it was revealed that on December 29, 2016, the day Obama announced sanctions against Russia, Flynn discussed the sanctions by phone with Russian ambassador Sergey Kislyak. Flynn had earlier acknowledged speaking to Kislyak but denied discussing the sanctions.[52][53]On March 2, 2017, The New York Times reported that Flynn and Kushner met with Kislyak in December 2016 to establish a line of communication between the Trump administration and the Russian government.[54]In May 2017, it was further reported that at that December meeting, Kushner and Flynn asked the Russians to set up a direct, encrypted communications channel with Moscow, so that Flynn could speak directly to Russian military officials about Syria and other matters without the knowledge of American intelligence agencies. Kislyak was hesitant to allow Americans access to Russia's secure communications network, and no such channel was actually set up.[43][44]On May 31, 2017, the House Intelligence Committee served Flynn with subpoenas for testimony and production of personal documents and business records.[55][56]On September 13, The Wall Street Journal reported that Flynn promoted a Russian-backed, multibillion-dollar Middle Eastern nuclear plant project while working in the White House.[57]The project involved building 40 nuclear reactors across the Middle East, with security provided by Rosoboron, a Russian state-owned arms exporter that is under American sanctions.[58]On September 15, BuzzFeed reported that Flynn, Kushner, and Bannon secretly met with King Abdullah II of Jordan on January 5, 2017, to press for the nuclear power plant project.[59]On December 1, 2017, Flynn pleaded guilty to lying to the FBI,[60]and is yet to be sentenced.Jared Kushner[edit]The special counsel investigated Kushner's finances, business activities, and meetings with Russian banker Sergey Gorkov and Russian ambassador Sergey Kislyak.[61]In April 2017, it was reported that Donald Trump's son-in-law and senior advisor, Jared Kushner, on his application for top secret security clearance, failed to disclose numerous meetings with foreign officials, including Sergey Kislyak and Sergey Gorkov, the head of the Russian state-owned bank Vnesheconombank. Kushner's lawyers called the omissions "an error". Vnesheconombank said the meeting was business-related, in connection with Kushner's management of Kushner Companies. However, the Trump administration provided a different explanation, saying it was a diplomatic meeting.[62]According to U.S. officials, investigators believe that Kushner has important information regarding the FBI investigation.[63]In mid-December 2016, when Trump "was openly feuding with American intelligence agencies", Kushner met for thirty minutes with Russian banker Sergey N. Gorkov, "whose financial institution was deeply intertwined with Russian intelligence" and is "under sanction by the United States". By late May 2017, the meeting had "come under increasing scrutiny" by the Senate Intelligence Committee, as "current and former American officials" said "it may have been part of an effort by Mr. Kushner to establish a direct line to Mr. Putin outside established diplomatic channels."[43][64]Wilbur Ross[edit]As reported in the Paradise Papers, Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross has shares in Navigator, a publicly traded shipping company that has contracts with The Russian gas company Sibur, held in off-shore accounts. Co-owners of Sibur have ties to Vladimir Putin and are under U.S. sanctions.[65]Anthony Scaramucci[edit]In July, 2017, Anthony Scaramucci, a Trump campaign member who was appointed White House Communications Director, was involved in discussions about joint investments between his firm and a sanctioned Russian government fund. Scaramucci met with Kirill Dmitriev, head of the Russian Direct Investment Fund, a $10 billion state investment firm under U.S. government sanctions. Scaramucci confirmed the meeting took place, saying he had "long known" Dmitriev, and criticized American sanctions as ineffective.[66]In June 2017, CNN published a story about an alleged congressional investigation into Scaramucci's relationship with the fund. However, the story was quickly retracted as "not solid enough to publish as-is", and resulted in the resignation of three CNN employees.[67]Jeff Sessions[edit]Attorney General Jeff SessionsIn March 2017, it was revealed that while still a U.S. Senator, Attorney General Jeff Sessions, an early and prominent supporter of Trump's campaign, spoke twice with Russian ambassador Kislyak before the election – once in July 2016 and once in September 2016. At his January 10 confirmation hearing to become Attorney General, he stated he was not aware of any contacts between the Trump campaign and the Russian government, adding that he "did not have communications with the Russians." On March 1, 2017, he stated his answer had not been misleading, clarifying that he had "never met with any Russian officials to discuss issues of the campaign."[68]On March 2, 2017, after meeting with senior career officials at the Justice Department, Sessions announced that he would recuse himself from any investigations into Russia's interference in the 2016 presidential election.[69]In such investigations, Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein has served as the Acting Attorney General. On January 23, 2018, The New York Times reported that Sessions had been interviewed by Mueller's team the previous week.[70][71]Rex Tillerson[edit]Former ExxonMobil CEO Rex Tillerson, who was appointed Secretary of State by President Trump, has close ties to Russia and Vladimir Putin. He managed the Russia account of ExxonMobil, and was appointed Exxon CEO in 2006 largely on the strength of his Russian relationships. In 2011, Tillerson struck a major deal with Russia and its state-owned oil company Rosneft, giving ExxonMobil access to oil resources in the Russian Arctic. In recognition, Tillerson was awarded the Russian Order of Friendship, Russia's highest decoration for foreign citizens. Tillerson has known Putin since his work in Russia during the 1990s, and according to John Hamre, "he has had more interactive time with Vladimir Putin than probably any other American with the exception of Henry Kissinger".[72][73][74]Trump campaign members[edit]Michael R. Caputo[edit]Republican public relations and media consultant Michael R. Caputo worked for Gazprom in Russia, and later as an adviser on the Trump campaign. Caputo lived in Russia from 1994 to 2000, employed by Gazprom-Media, and at the end of that period he contracted with Gazprom to do public relations work oriented toward raising Vladimir Putin's support level in the U.S.[75][76][77]He returned to the U.S. where his former mentor Roger Stone convinced him to move to Miami Beach, Florida; there Caputo founded a media advising company. Caputo moved back to Europe in 2007 while advising a politician's campaign for parliament in Ukraine.[78]Caputo worked as the campaign manager for Carl Paladino's 2010 run for Governor of New York state.[79][80]Caputo was put in charge of the Trump campaign's communications for the New York state Republican primary from approximately November 2015 to April 2016, then left the campaign in the summer of 2016. In an inquiry by the House Intelligence Committee as part of their investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. presidential election, Caputo denied having ties to the Russian government while working on the Trump campaign.[75][81]On June 18, 2018, Caputo admitted in a CNN interview that he told the Mueller investigation about his contacts with Henry Greenberg, a Russian claiming to have information about Hillary Clinton, in contrast to what he told the House Intelligence Committee in 2017.[82][83]Caputo has since modified his testimony to the now closed House Intelligence Committee investigation to reflect his contact with Henry Greenberg.[83]Paul Manafort[edit]Further information: Special Counsel investigation (2017–2019) § Paul Manafort and Rick GatesSee also: Trials of Paul ManafortGrand jury indictment against Paul J. Manafort Jr. and Richard W. Gates III, unsealed October 30, 2017.On February 14, 2017, The New York Times reported that Paul Manafort had repeated contacts with senior Russian intelligence officials during 2016. Manafort said he did not knowingly meet any Russian intelligence officials.[36]Intercepted communications during the campaign show that Russian officials believed they could use Manafort to influence Trump.[84]On June 2, 2017, special counsel Robert Mueller assumed the criminal probe into Manafort,[85]which predates the 2016 election and the counterintelligence probe that in July 2016 began investigating possible collusion between Moscow and associates of Trump. Manafort was forced to resign as Trump campaign chairman in August 2016 amid questions over his business dealings in Ukraine years earlier.[85]On September 18, 2017, CNN reported that the FBI wiretapped Manafort from 2014 until an unspecified date in 2016 and again from the fall of 2016 until early 2017, pursuant to two separate Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) court orders. It has not been confirmed that Trump's conversations with Manafort were intercepted as part of this surveillance. CNN also confirmed that "Mueller's team ... has been provided details of these communications."[86]In October 2017, Manafort was indicted by a federal grand jury and arrested on twelve criminal charges including conspiracy, money laundering, failure to register as an agent of a foreign power, and false statements.[87]The charges arose from his consulting work for a pro-Russian government in Ukraine and are unrelated to the Trump campaign.[88]Manafort pleaded not guilty and was placed under house arrest.[89]On February 22, 2018, Manafort was indicted on 32 federal charges including tax evasion, money laundering and fraud relating to their foreign lobbying before, during and after the 2016 campaign.[90]The following day, after Rick Gates plead guilty to some charges, he was indicted on two additional charges relating to pro-Russian lobbying in the United States.[91]On September 14, Manafort entered a plea deal with prosecutors, pleading guilty to a charge of conspiracy against the US and a charge of conspiracy to obstruct justice, while also agreeing to co-operate with the Special Counsel investigation.[92]Mueller's office stated in a November 26, 2018, court filing that while supposedly co-operating Manafort had repeatedly lied about a variety of matters, breaching the terms of his plea agreement.[93]On December 7, 2018, the special counsel's office filed a document with the court listing five areas in which they say Manafort lied to them.[94]In January 2019, Manafort's lawyers submitted a filing to the court in response to this accusation. Through an error in redacting, the document accidentally revealed that while he was campaign chairman, Manafort met with Konstantin Kilimnik, who is believed to be linked to Russian intelligence. The filing says Manafort gave him polling data related to the 2016 campaign and discussed a Ukrainian peace plan with him.[95]Rick Gates[edit]Rick Gates, a longtime business partner and protege of Paul Manafort, was a senior member of the Trump campaign. He continued to work for Trump after Manafort's resignation and Trump's election as President, but in March 2017 was forced to resign from a pro-Trump lobbying group due to questions about his Russia ties. Gates worked with Manafort to promote Viktor Yanukovych and pro-Russian factions in Ukraine. Russian oligarch Oleg Deripaska was the biggest investor in Davis Manafort, a lobbying and investment firm that employed Gates.[96][97][98]In October 2017, Gates was indicted by a federal grand jury and arrested on twelve criminal charges including conspiracy, money laundering, failure to register as an agent of a foreign power, and false statements.[87]The charges arose from his consulting work for the pro-Russian government in Ukraine and are unrelated to the Trump campaign.[88]Gates pleaded not guilty and was placed under house arrest.[89]On February 22, 2018, Gates was indicted on 38 federal charges including tax evasion, money laundering and fraud relating to their foreign lobbying before, during and after the 2016 campaign.[90]The following day, Gates plead guilty to making false statements to the FBI and conspiracy to defraud the United States and agreed to cooperate with Mueller investigation.[99]The second set of indictments were to stand pending Gates' cooperation and assistance in the Mueller investigation.Carter Page[edit]In a March 2016 interview, Trump identified Carter Page, who had previously been an investment banker in Moscow, as a foreign policy adviser in his campaign.[100]Page became a foreign policy adviser to Trump in the summer of 2016. During the investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. elections, Page's past contacts with Russians came to public attention.[101]In 2013, Page met with Viktor Podobnyy, then a junior attaché at the Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the United Nations, at an energy conference, and provided him with documents on the U.S. energy industry.[102]Page later said he provided only "basic immaterial information and publicly available research documents" to Podobnyy.[101]Podobnyy was later one of a group of three Russian men charged by U.S. authorities for participation in a Russian spy ring. Podobnyy and one of the other men were protected by diplomatic immunity from prosecution; a third man, who was spying for Russia under non-diplomatic cover, pleaded guilty to conspiring to act as an unregistered foreign agent and was sentenced to prison.[101]The men had attempted to recruit Page to work for the SVR, a Russian intelligence service. The FBI interviewed Page in 2013 as part of an investigation into the spy ring, but decided that he had not known the man was a spy, and never accused Page of wrongdoing.[101]Page was dropped from the Trump team after reports that he was under investigation by federal authorities.[103]The FBI and the Justice Department obtained a FISA warrant to monitor Page's communications during October 2016, after they made the case that there was probable cause to think Page was acting as an agent of a foreign power. Page told The Washington Post that he considered that to be "unjustified, politically motivated government surveillance."[100]According to the Nunes memo, the 90-day warrant was renewed three times.In February 2017, Page stated he had no meetings with Russian officials during 2016, but two days later did not deny meeting with Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak during the 2016 Republican National Convention in Cleveland. Page's revised account occurred after news reports revealed that Attorney General Jeff Sessions had likewise met with Kislyak. In March 2017, Page was called on by the Senate Intelligence Committee investigating links between the Trump campaign and Russian government.[104][105]On March 9, 2017, Hope Hicks, a Trump spokesperson, distanced the campaign from Page, stating that Page was an "informal foreign policy adviser" who did "not speak for Mr. Trump or the campaign."[106]In September 2017, Page filed a defamation lawsuit against the media company Oath Inc. for its outlets' reporting of his alleged meetings with Russian officials.[107]The suit was dismissed in March 2018 for lacking factual accusations of defamation.[108]George Papadopoulos[edit]George Papadopolous, of Chicago, Illinois, pleaded guilty on October 5, 2017, to making false statements to FBI agents, in violation of 18 U.S.C. 1001. The case was unsealed on October 30, 2017.In March 2016, George Papadopoulos, a foreign policy adviser on the Trump campaign, sent an email to seven campaign officials with the subject line "Meeting with Russian Leadership - Including Putin", offering to set up "a meeting between us and the Russian leadership to discuss US-Russia ties under President Trump". Trump campaign advisers Sam Clovis and Charles Kubic objected to this proposed meeting.[109]In May 2016, Ivan Timofeev, an official for the Russian International Affairs Council, emailed Papadopoulos about setting up a meeting with Trump and Russian officials in Moscow. Papadopoulos forwarded the email to Paul Manafort, who responded, "We need someone to communicate that [Trump] is not doing these trips."[110][111]Papadopoulos was arrested in July 2017 and has since been cooperating with Special Counsel Robert Mueller's investigation.[112]In October 2017 he pleaded guilty to a single charge of making a false statement to FBI investigators.[113]The guilty plea was part of a plea bargain in which he agreed to cooperate with the government and "provide information regarding any and all matters as to which the Government deems relevant."[114]Following this, on September 7, 2018, Papadopoulos was sentenced to 14 days in prison, 12 months supervised release, 200 hours of community service and was fined $9,500.[115]Roger Stone[edit]Roger Stone, a former adviser to Donald Trump and self-proclaimed political "dirty trickster", said in March 2017 that during August 2016, he had been in contact with Guccifer 2.0, a hacker persona who publicly claimed responsibility for at least one hack of the DNC, believed to be operated by Russian intelligence.[116]In a 2019 filing, prosecutors claimed Stone communicated with Wikileaks, and sought details about the scope of information stolen from the Democratic Party.[117]Just prior to the election, the Clinton campaign accused Stone of having prior knowledge of the hacks, after he wrote, "Trust me, it will soon [sic] the Podesta's time in the barrel" on Twitter shortly before Wikileaks released the Podesta emails.[118]Stone claimed he was actually referring to reports of the Podesta Group's own ties to Russia.[119]In his opening statement before the United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligenceon September 26, 2017, Stone reiterated this explanation: "Note that my tweet of August 21, 2016, makes no mention whatsoever of Mr. Podesta's email, but does accurately predict that the Podesta brothers' business activities in Russia ... would come under public scrutiny."[120]Stone has reportedly stated privately to some Republican colleagues that he has communicated with Julian Assange on at least one occasion, although Stone and his two attorneys have since denied this.[121]Instead, Stone has "clarified ... that the two have a mutual journalist friend", who Stone ultimately named as Randy Credico.[119][122]Stone awaits trial on charged of witness tampering, obstructing an official proceeding, and five counts of making false statements.[123][124]Stone pleaded not guilty and denied wrongdoing in press interviews.[125]Donald Trump Jr.[edit]In May 2016, Donald Trump Jr. met with Aleksandr Torshin and Maria Butina at an N.R.A.-sponsored dinner. Both Torshin and Butina worked to broker a secret meeting between then-candidate Trump and Russian president Putin.[126]Main article: Trump campaign–Russian meetingOn June 9, 2016, Donald Trump Jr., Jared Kushner and Paul Manafort had a meeting with Russian lawyer Natalia Veselnitskaya after being promised information about Hillary Clinton. Trump Jr. told The New York Times the meeting was about the Magnitsky Act.[127]However, in emails proposing the meeting, publicist Rob Goldstone did not mention the Magnitsky Act and instead promised "documents and information that would incriminate Hillary" as "part of Russia and its government's support for Mr. Trump", to which Donald Trump Jr. responded, "if it's what you say I love it."[128][129]On October 9, 2017, CNN reported that Scott S. Balber, formerly a lawyer for Donald Trump and now the billionaire Agalarov's[who?]lawyer, obtained a memo from Veselnitskaya which showed that her focus at the meeting was repealing the Magnitsky Act sanctions, "not providing damaging information on Clinton".[130]Subsequently, Foreign Policy published the full memo she took to the meeting.[131]Trump business partners[edit]Michael Cohen[edit]On May 30, 2017, as inquiries into alleged Russian meddling in the U.S. election expanded, both the House and Senate congressional panels asked President Donald Trump's personal lawyer Michael Cohen, who is one of Trump's closest confidants,[132]to provide information and testimony about any communications he had with people connected to the Kremlin.[133][132]On May 31, 2017, the House Intelligence Committee served Cohen with subpoenas for testimony and production of personal documents and business records.[55][56]Trump supporters[edit]Nigel Farage[edit]On June 1, 2017, The Guardian reported that Nigel Farage, former leader of the United Kingdom Independence Party and one of the first non-American political figures to meet Trump following the election, was a person of interest in the FBI investigation, which Farage denied. Farage had previously met the Russian Ambassador to the United Kingdom Alexander Yakovenko, Roger Stone and Julian Assange, and The Guardian's source was quoted as saying, "If you triangulate Russia, WikiLeaks, Assange and Trump associates, the person who comes up with the most hits is Nigel Farage".[134]Andrei Nikolaev[edit]Andrei Nikolaev, son of Russian billionaire businessman Konstantin Nikolaev who financially supported Maria Butina from 2012 to 2014, is a Trump supporter that volunteered at the Trump Campaign headquarters and was in the Washington D.C. Trump International Hotelduring Trump's inauguration in January 2017.[135][136][137]Erik Prince[edit]On April 3, 2017, The Washington Post reported that around January 11, 2017, nine days before Donald Trump's inauguration, Erik Prince, founder of the Blackwater security company, secretly met with an unidentified Russian who is close to Vladimir Putin, in the Seychelles. The Trump administration said it was "not aware of any meetings" and said that Prince was not involved in the Trump transition. According to U.S., European, and Arab officials, the meeting was arranged by the United Arab Emirates and the purpose was to establish a back-channel link between Trump and Putin. The UAE and Trump's associates reportedly tried to convince Russia to limit its support to Iran and Syria. Prince also appeared to have close ties to Trump's chief strategist, Stephen Bannon.[138]The Seychelles meeting took place after previous meetings in New York between Trump associates and officials from Russia and the Emirates, while official contacts between the Trump administration and Russian agents were coming under close scrutiny from the press and the U.S. intelligence community. U.S. officials said the FBI is investigating the Seychelles meeting; the FBI, however, refused to comment.[139]Two intelligence officials confirmed to NBC News that the Seychelles meeting took place. One of them corroborated The Washington Post's account, but said it is not clear whether the initiative to arrange a meeting came from the UAE or Trump's associates and that no Trump transition people were directly involved. A second official said that the meeting was about "Middle East policy, to cover Yemen, Syria, Iraq and Iran", not Russia.[140]Prince's spokesperson said, "Erik had no role on the transition team, this is a complete fabrication. The meeting had nothing to do with President Trump. Why is the so-called under-resourced intelligence community messing around with surveillance of American citizens when they should be hunting terrorists?" A senior Trump administration official called the story of a Trump-Putin back-channel "ridiculous".[140]The New York Times reported on May 19, 2018, that Donald Trump Jr. met with intermediary George Nader, Erik Prince, and Joel Zamelin Trump Tower on August 3, 2016. Nader reportedly told Trump Jr. the crown princes of Saudi Arabia and the UAE were eager to help his father win the election, and Zamel pitched a social media manipulation campaign. Trump Jr. reportedly responded favorably and Nader subsequently had frequent meetings with Steve Bannon, Michael Flynn and Jared Kushner.[141]The Times reported that Prince had arranged the August 2016 meeting; Prince had stated in his November 30, 2017, testimony to the House Intelligence Committee that he had no formal communications or contact, nor any unofficial role, with the Trump campaign.[142]Peter W. Smith[edit]In a May 2017 interview with the Wall Street Journal, Peter W. Smith, with a long history of Republican donation and support, said he had set up an operation to try to obtain emails from Russian hackers, which he believed had been deleted from Hillary Clinton's computer server. He claimed to be working on behalf of Trump campaign advisor Michael Flynn.[143][144][145]In ill health, days later, the 81-year-old Smith committed suicide.[146]Trump–Russia dossier[edit]Main article: Trump–Russia dossierAugust 22, 2017, Fusion GPStestimony transcript of Glenn R. SimpsonOn October 31, 2016, a week before the election, David Corn of Mother Jones magazine reported that an unnamed former intelligence officer had produced a report (later referred to as a dossier) based on Russian sources and had turned it over to the FBI.[147]The officer, who was familiar to the FBI and was known for the quality of his past work, was later identified as Christopher Steele. The FBI found Steele and his information credible enough that it considered paying Steele to continue collecting information, but the release of the document to the public stopped discussions between Steele and the FBI.[148]Corn said the main points in the unverified report were that Moscow had tried to cultivate Donald Trump for years, that it possessed compromising or potentially embarrassing material about him that could possibly be used to blackmail him, and that there had been a flow of information between the Trump campaign and the Kremlin[149]which involved multiple in-person meetings between Russian government officials and individuals working for Trump.[150][151]The dossier also claimed that the Kremlin's goal had been to "encourage splits and divisions in the Western alliance".[147]On January 10, 2017, CNN reported that classified documents presented to Obama and Trump the previous week included allegations that Russian operatives possessed "compromising personal and financial information" about Trump. CNN stated it would not publish specific details on the memos because they had not yet "independently corroborated the specific allegations".[152]Following CNN's report, BuzzFeed then published a 35-page dossier that it said was the basis of the briefing.[153]The document included unverified claims that Russian operatives had worked with the Trump campaign to help him get elected, and also alleged that Russia had collected "embarrassing material" involving Trump that could be used to blackmail him.[154]Trump denounced the unverified claims as false, saying it was "disgraceful" for U.S. intelligence agencies to report on them.[155][156]On March 30, 2017, Paul Wood of BBC News revealed that the FBI was using the dossier as a roadmap for its investigation.[157]On April 18, 2017, CNN reported that information from the dossier had been used as part of the basis for renewing a FISA warrant to continue monitoring former Trump foreign policy advisor Carter Page in October 2016.[158]On January 9, 2018, the ranking member of the Senate Judiciary Committee, Dianne Feinstein, unilaterally released the transcript of Fusion GPS' Glenn R. Simpson from August 22, 2017.[159]See also[edit]Russia portalUnited States portalForeign electoral intervention